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Makin’ MapsMakin’ Maps
Map DesignMap Design Design is a process, a sequential ordering of Design is a process, a sequential ordering of
eventsevents Maps designed to communicate ideasMaps designed to communicate ideas Efficient and effective map design will facilitate Efficient and effective map design will facilitate
the transfer of knowledge between map author and the transfer of knowledge between map author and percipientpercipient
Props to Dr. Gant (Indiana), Dr. Clark (Arizona)Props to Dr. Gant (Indiana), Dr. Clark (Arizona)
Cartographic DesignCartographic Design Map designMap design - - artart of cartography of cartography
ability to arrange maps elements so that map is:ability to arrange maps elements so that map is: interesting to look atinteresting to look at effective in communicating informationeffective in communicating information
What Makes a Good Map?What Makes a Good Map?
How well does map communicate to your audience?How well does map communicate to your audience? What is the motive, intent, or goal of the map? What is the motive, intent, or goal of the map? Who will read the map? Who will read the map? Where will the map be used? Where will the map be used? What data is available for the composition of the What data is available for the composition of the
map?map? What resources are available in terms of both time What resources are available in terms of both time
and equipment?and equipment?
Deciding on a map Deciding on a map type…type…
Map Types: Point DataMap Types: Point Data
DotDot Picture SymbolPicture Symbol Graduated SymbolGraduated Symbol TopographicTopographic
Map Types: Line DataMap Types: Line Data
NetworkNetwork FlowFlow
Map Types: Area DataMap Types: Area Data
ChoroplethChoropleth Area qualitativeArea qualitative Stepped surfaceStepped surface Isoline / IsoplethIsoline / Isopleth
Map Types: Volume DataMap Types: Volume Data
[Isopleth, Stepped Surface][Isopleth, Stepped Surface] Realistic perspectiveRealistic perspective Hill-shadedHill-shaded
Image mapImage map
Choosing TypesChoosing Types
Check the dataCheck the data ContinuousContinuous DiscreteDiscrete Accuracy & PrecisionAccuracy & Precision ReliabilityReliability
Dimension (Point, Line, Area, Volume)Dimension (Point, Line, Area, Volume) Scale of Measurement (Nominal etc.)Scale of Measurement (Nominal etc.) Classification (equal interval, quintiles, etc)Classification (equal interval, quintiles, etc)
Basic Elements of Map Basic Elements of Map CompositionComposition
Basic Elements of Map Basic Elements of Map CompositionComposition
Basic map elements: Information commonly Basic map elements: Information commonly needed by the map reader needed by the map reader title, scale, legend, body of the map, north arrow, title, scale, legend, body of the map, north arrow,
cartographer, neatline, date of production, cartographer, neatline, date of production, projection used, and information about sourcesprojection used, and information about sources
Neatline
Base map
Projection NorthArrow
Source
Scale
Legend
Title &Subtitle
Map Authorand Date
ThematicOverlay
Elements (that should be) found on Elements (that should be) found on everyevery map map
Distance or ScaleDistance or Scale DirectionDirection LegendLegend Sources of information Sources of information When processedWhen processed
Does a North arrow make sense on this map?Does a North arrow make sense on this map?
Directional Indicator -Directional Indicator - North ArrowNorth Arrow include when an unusual orientation used (west up)include when an unusual orientation used (west up) include when direction not obviousinclude when direction not obvious typically used on large scale maps where direction typically used on large scale maps where direction
applicable everywhereapplicable everywhere use graticule on smaller scale maps instead of North use graticule on smaller scale maps instead of North
arrowarrow
Elements that enhance effective Elements that enhance effective communicationcommunication
NeatlinesNeatlines Locator maps Locator maps Inset mapsInset maps
Use of a Use of a Location Location
MapMap
So…. Those are the elements but So…. Those are the elements but how should we arrange them?how should we arrange them?
The ART of Cartography…..The ART of Cartography…..
The Need for DesignThe Need for Design
To appear professional and avoid errors, To appear professional and avoid errors, maps should reflect cartographic knowledge maps should reflect cartographic knowledge about map design.about map design.
A map has a visual grammar or structure A map has a visual grammar or structure that must be understood and used if the best that must be understood and used if the best map design is desired.map design is desired.
Cartographic convention (e.g. forests Cartographic convention (e.g. forests should be green).should be green).
External Controls affecting Map DesignExternal Controls affecting Map Design
1.1. Purpose of mapPurpose of map – client will dictate, influences – client will dictate, influences what you will show and howwhat you will show and how
2.2. Topic of mapTopic of map – influences choice of base map, – influences choice of base map, scalescale
3. Page layout/size3. Page layout/size – influences scale, level of detail – influences scale, level of detail you can showyou can show
Other factors you can think of…?Other factors you can think of…?
The Design ProcessThe Design Process CreativityCreativity VisualizationVisualization
incorporating visual images into thoughtincorporating visual images into thought must be able to must be able to visualizevisualize alternate solutions alternate solutions
ExperimentationExperimentation explore alternate solutionsexplore alternate solutions good design may require many iterationsgood design may require many iterations
AestheticsAesthetics harmony, composition, clarityharmony, composition, clarity
Cartographic research tells us that the Cartographic research tells us that the most most important elements of a mapimportant elements of a map are: are: BaseBase SymbolizationSymbolization TitleTitle LegendLegend
Base / symbols are “meat” of the mapBase / symbols are “meat” of the map BaseBase – locational framework – locational framework SymbolsSymbols – subject matter – subject matter
Need to design map so that these elements Need to design map so that these elements dominate the map layout/designdominate the map layout/design
Visual Ordering of Map ElementsVisual Ordering of Map Elements
Success of map depends on effective Success of map depends on effective visual visual orderingordering of map elements of map elements
2 forms of visual ordering:2 forms of visual ordering: Planar organizationPlanar organization – concerns the way we – concerns the way we
arrange elements on a pagearrange elements on a page Visual balanceVisual balance Focus of attentionFocus of attention
Hierarchical organization (visual hierarchy) Hierarchical organization (visual hierarchy) - - the manner in which importance of elements is the manner in which importance of elements is emphasizedemphasized
Figure-ground organizationFigure-ground organization ContrastContrast
Planar OrganizationPlanar Organization
Visual BalanceVisual Balance Sizing of elements relative to one anotherSizing of elements relative to one another Division of spaceDivision of space Relative positions of elements should appear Relative positions of elements should appear
logicallogical
Focus of Attention Focus of Attention Optical center vs. geometric centerOptical center vs. geometric center Natural eye movement across a pageNatural eye movement across a page
Optical Center vs. Geometric CenterOptical Center vs. Geometric Center
Optical Center
Geometric Center
Natural eye movement across a pageNatural eye movement across a page
Focus
Field
Fringe
Hierarchical organization Hierarchical organization (visual hierarchy)(visual hierarchy)
Figure-Ground organizationFigure-Ground organization ContrastContrast
Line character and weightLine character and weight TextureTexture ValueValue DetailDetail ColorColor
Figure-Ground OrganizationFigure-Ground Organization
FigureFigure Object of attention, standing out from the backgroundObject of attention, standing out from the background
GroundGround Formless background spaceFormless background space
Ways of establishing strong figure-ground relationshipsWays of establishing strong figure-ground relationships Value contrastValue contrast Textural contrastTextural contrast Pattern orientationPattern orientation Strong edgesStrong edges LocationLocation Floating figure above other elementsFloating figure above other elements Superimposition of textSuperimposition of text
Lack of contrast resulting Lack of contrast resulting in poor figure-ground in poor figure-ground
perceptionperception
Better contrast resulting in good figure-ground
perception
Figure-Ground Figure-Ground Value ContrastValue Contrast
Figure-GroundFigure-GroundTextural VariationTextural Variation
Centrally located features Centrally located features more easily seenmore easily seen
Figure ‘floating’ Figure ‘floating’ on top on Groundon top on Ground
Superimposition Superimposition draws attention to draws attention to
FigureFigure
ContrastContrast
Fundamental in developing strong Figure-Fundamental in developing strong Figure-Ground relationshipsGround relationships
Design principlesDesign principles Vary line widthsVary line widths Vary line characterVary line character Vary value (color or saturation)Vary value (color or saturation) Vary texture/patternVary texture/pattern
Symbol “weight”Symbol “weight”
Line weight Pattern Shading Hue
Example of good Example of good line contrast line contrast
Example of poor line contrast
Dimensions of ColorDimensions of Color
HUE
SATURATION
INTENSITY
Making the symbols and lettering…Making the symbols and lettering…
A word about A word about Scale and GeneralizationScale and Generalization
Smaller scale means fewer features.Smaller scale means fewer features. Smaller scale means smoother features.Smaller scale means smoother features. Smaller scale means combining features.Smaller scale means combining features. Smaller scale means displacing features.Smaller scale means displacing features.
Using Using symbols…symbols…
Type Placement and AttributesType Placement and Attributes
Need to consider the most effective way of Need to consider the most effective way of positioning type on a map positioning type on a map
Labeling Point SymbolsLabeling Point Symbols Labeling Linear FeaturesLabeling Linear Features Labeling AreasLabeling Areas Title and Legend textTitle and Legend text
Labeling Point SymbolsLabeling Point Symbols
Some guidelinesSome guidelines Name of ports and harbor towns placed seawardName of ports and harbor towns placed seaward Names of towns should be on side of a river Names of towns should be on side of a river
where the town is locatedwhere the town is located Do not overlap the coastlines or rivers with namesDo not overlap the coastlines or rivers with names
Labeling Linear FeaturesLabeling Linear Features
Roads, rivers, streams, highways, Roads, rivers, streams, highways, railroads…railroads…
Labels should be set as often as necessary Labels should be set as often as necessary along a feature to facilitate identificationalong a feature to facilitate identification
Ideally, Ideally, aboveabove a horizontal stretch a horizontal stretch but, not but, not always possiblealways possible
For For rivers, italics preferredrivers, italics preferred Keep text off of featureKeep text off of feature
Labeling AreasLabeling Areas
Oceans, bays, large lakes, countries, states, Oceans, bays, large lakes, countries, states, counties…counties…
Show extent of the feature by letterspacing Show extent of the feature by letterspacing labellabel
Text: Selection and PlacementText: Selection and Placement
New York
BM 232
US Route
66
200
L a
ke
M u d
POINT LINE AREAFigure 7.2 Some cartographic label placement conventions. Points: right and above preferred with no overlap.Lines: Following the direction of the line, curved if a river. Text should read up on the left of the map anddown on the right. Areas: On a gently curved line following the shape of the figure and upright.
CA
NV
Text placementText placement
Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara
Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara
L a g o o n
Path right
Path Down
Title and Legend TextTitle and Legend Text
TitleTitle generally the most important text on generally the most important text on map – largest type sizemap – largest type size
Subtitle Subtitle – smaller type size– smaller type size Can use Can use title boxestitle boxes to overlap other map to overlap other map
featuresfeatures Wording of titlesWording of titles also very important also very important
Notice:
Water Features in italics
Position of text around points
Figure/groundrelationships
TypographyTypography Functions of letteringFunctions of lettering
General reference mapsGeneral reference maps Names placesNames places Labels featuresLabels features
Thematic mapsThematic maps Names placesNames places Labels featuresLabels features Used for titles, legends, etc.Used for titles, legends, etc.
Characteristics of letteringCharacteristics of lettering Typeface Typeface – letters, numbers, special characters of one – letters, numbers, special characters of one
specific design (Ex: Times New Roman)specific design (Ex: Times New Roman) Fonts Fonts – full set of characters of one size of a typeface (Ex: – full set of characters of one size of a typeface (Ex:
Times New Roman 10 point)Times New Roman 10 point) PlacementPlacement SpacingSpacing
Main Concerns in Selecting TypeMain Concerns in Selecting Type Legibility and DiscernibilityLegibility and Discernibility HarmonyHarmony Traditionally, best to limit number of typefaces Traditionally, best to limit number of typefaces
used on a map to 1 or 2used on a map to 1 or 2 Reduced complexityReduced complexity Cleaner looking mapCleaner looking map Choice of typeface should have meaning if using more Choice of typeface should have meaning if using more
than 1than 1 Best on simpler maps to use 1 typeface, vary the Best on simpler maps to use 1 typeface, vary the
form (size, style) to provide contrast between form (size, style) to provide contrast between featuresfeatures
Style/formStyle/formPlainPlain cultural featurescultural featuresItalicItalic water, natural featureswater, natural features
BoldBold emphasisemphasisSizeSizeCaps – Caps – label larger features (countries, oceans, label larger features (countries, oceans,
large cities)large cities)Upper&lower case – Upper&lower case – for smaller, less dominant for smaller, less dominant
featuresfeatures
Qualitativedifferences
Quantitativedifferences
Size of TypeSize of Type What does 12 point font mean?What does 12 point font mean? Point systemPoint system used to determine height of type used to determine height of type Archaic system of measurement from early days of Archaic system of measurement from early days of
printing (using metal block type)printing (using metal block type) Measured from top of highest ascender in font to Measured from top of highest ascender in font to
bottom of lowest descenderbottom of lowest descender In metal block terms : In metal block terms : 1 point = .014”1 point = .014”
72 points = 1” tall type72 points = 1” tall type so…6 pt. = .084”so…6 pt. = .084”
For a page size map, a lower limit of 6 points For a page size map, a lower limit of 6 points fairly safe – still discerniblefairly safe – still discernible
1) Consult this powerpoint off webpage1) Consult this powerpoint off webpage 2) Really think about the design2) Really think about the design 3) Look at examples from last year’s class, 3) Look at examples from last year’s class,
but…but… Your map should be waaay more kick ass than Your map should be waaay more kick ass than
theirstheirs
So, when you make your map…So, when you make your map…