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5/13/2018 makalah erma - slidepdf.com
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_UISI UOLCLKGITIL LCMIC
TI@FIB UVHD_G IKVHFC^LC^
Dc~u~ul Hmob :
Ov`i{itc
Imu`lc Uovti`i
^@U Umu~ Fovguimcti~ Molkghlk@ildcvc
S isi~il Filkul Fcli Ilig Cldhlo~ci
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GITI UOLKILTIV
Cldhlo~ci idimib lokivi tvhuc~ silk mibillsi tovgolim ~fv~ojig divc dm gimi, ^obclkki gobcduil ikvivc~ `ovuigil `iti
uolnibivcil uhghg fikc `ishvcti~ uolddg Cldhlo~ci, Go~fvil
tilib silk tclkkc fovi~im divc goidiil kohmhkc imi` lokvc clc silk
tovmotig uidi ”qhmnilcn fomt‐ iti vilkgicil kllk iuc silk
tovfoltilk divc jlk umi ^`itvi- Ji{i bclkki Fimc, Mot~il kllk
iuc diuit ~iji dcmcbit ~ofikic folnili- totiuc igbcvlsi `o`fovcgil
fovgib `omc`uib givoli `olkildlk `itovc silk `olsfvgil tilib,
Jidcmib ~ojig vit~il tibl silk mim- fovdcvc uovgoflil uovgoflil
mi~ dc umi Ji{i dil ^`itvi dcfi{ib uolkomhmiil Bcldci Fomildi,
Uidi `i~i ~ogivilk- uovgoflil tov~oft tomib fovimcb big `cmcg dc
fib{i fidilfidil uovgoflil dcfi{ib Uo`ovcltib Cldhlo~ci, Bi~cm
ti`i `olnigu gomiui ~i{ct- givot- ghuc- gcli- tob dil to`figi jki
nhgmit ~ciu `o`olbc ghl~`~c dimi` lokvc iti dc og~uhv go lokivimicl, ^omicl ^`itvi dil Ji{i- tovti`i dc Cldhlo~ci fikcil tc`v
bi~cm f`c fovui vo`uibvo`uib tomib mi`i dcgolim hmob lokivi
lokivi micl fovcgmc` 4 `~c`, Clcmib silk `olsofifgil tovjidclsi
uoljijibil >-? ifid dclokovc clc, Mibil silk ~fv dolkil bi~cm silk
`omc`uib- vigsit silk tcdig `olkovtc igil lcmic bi~cm f`c Cldhlo~ci
~ovti voldiblsi tivia uoldcdcgil filk~i `olsofifgil tc`fmlsi vi~i
clkcl `o`cmcgc divc lokivi micl, @igi bflkil dikilk fovfib `oljidc
uoljijibil,
Uidi `i~i gclc- dc`ili `hdovlc~i~c ~ovclk iniu dc~imib ivtcgil-
idi ~ogomh`uhg hvilk silk `i~cb clkit ltg `ovjg uidi ~ojivib
c
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Cldhlo~ci- toltilk i{im `milsi tovjidc uoljijibil dc f`c uovtc{c
gcti,
_lcglsi ~ojivib tov~oft fgil bilsi novcti ltg dcgolilk-
givoli aigtilsi mibil dc lokivi clc `i~cb totiu ~fv dil {ivki do~i
divc ~omvb uomh~hg tilib icv totiu `o c̀mcgc ^D@ silk voldib, Hmob
givoli Sisi~il Filkl Fcli Ilig Cldhlo~ci "SFFIC# silk `o`fi{ibc
Uhlnhm Ikvh- fovtogid ltg `olko`fimcgil gouovnisiil uidi {ivki
do~i Molkghlk [otil ltg go`fimc `olkkiltlkgil gouovnisiil
uidi mibil ~fv silk dc`cmcgc hmob do~ilsi clc, _ltg ct dimi`
`igimib clc igil dcjomi~gil ~onivi vclkgi~- fib{i bi~cm f`c diuitdctclkgitgil lcmic ti`fiblsi dolkil fovfikic nivi ~ouovtc silk
dctilkgil uidi Fif CC ~omiljtlsi,
cc
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DIATIV C^C
GITI UOLKILTIV ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, c
DIATIV C^ C ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ccc
FIF C UOLDIB_M_IL
9,9 Mitiv Fomigilk ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9
9,6 @ig~d dil Tjil ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, 6
FIF CC UO@FIBI^IL
6,9 Uolclkgitil Lcmic Ti`fib Uhlnhm Ikvh ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, 4
6,6 Uo`i~ivil Hlmclo ,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, 4
6,> @olkhmib UvhdgUvhdg Uhlnhm Ikvh ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, ?
FIF CCC UOL_T_U
>,9 Go~c`umil,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1
>,6 ^ivil^ivil ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, ,, 1
FIF CQ MI@UCVIL
4,9 Uoti Do~i Molkghlk dil ~ogctiv ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, 2
4,6 Ahth Uhlnhm Ikvh
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FIF C
UOLDIB_M_IL
9 , 9 Mitiv Fomigilk
Uhlnhm Ikvh dctjgil ~ofikic mibil uovtilcil hvkilcg silk
dcgictgil dolkil uomitcbil fikc ~c~{i ~c~{c ^@U(^@G Um~ FM@ ,
^ofikic mifhvithvc` imi` ltg mhgi~c fovuvigtog ~c~{i ~c~{c
dcfi{ib Ikvh Gvcgm`, Uivi ~c~{i jki tovmcfit milk~lk
dolkil uvh~o~ `ivgotclk dil uvhdg~c jki Ikvh Vo~oivnb,
@i~clk`i~clk dcfi{ib fc`fclkil ~tiaa uolkijiv silk fovtcldig~ofikic ~uovqc~hv,
Idiul SFFIC `olkbiviugil divc ~omvb gokcitil clc-
igil diuit `olkbi~cmgil lcmic ti`fib divc bi~cm ikvh fc~lc~, Ikvh
fc~lc~ dc GU@ clc liltclsi diuit `oljidc uovnhlthbil fikc {ivki
do~i, Tovti`i igil dc dcvcgillsi ui~iv cldg dc gh`umog~ GU@
silk diuit `oli`ulk ~o`i bi~cm f`c {ivki do~i, ^ouovtc
dcgotibc fib{i dibmlsi ~ofikcil fo~iv {ivki do~i fov`iti
uolnibivcil ~ofikic uotilc,Tovgict dolkil `hdovlc~i~c silk tov~
fovgo`filk dil `ovi~gc do~i Molkghlk [otil- tovmcbit idilsi
gonoldovlkil divc {ivki ltg fovucldib `iti
uolnibivcil,@oljim mibil mombv idimib ucmcbil silk dc~gic fikc
uo`olbil goftbil bcdu,Goibmcil fovtilc dil fovnhnhg tili`
silk idi dctclkkimgil fokct ~iji,Uidibim ~onivi go~omvbil-
^D@ do~i clc `i~cb fom` touit ltg fogovji ~ofikic uoki{ic
uoki{ic dc cl~til~c uo`ovcltib itiul ~{i~ti,^obclkki filsig
{ivki do~i silk `oljidc fvbfvb dc u~it uovfomiljiil-
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v`ib tilkki dil micl ~ofikiclsi,Clc idimib `i~imib ~h~cim
uoltclk silk biv~ `oldiuitgil uovbitcil ~omisiglsi,
Uoldcvcil Uhlnhm Ikvh dc GU@ `olctcg fovitgil uidi i~uog
fc~lc~- ~ofikic mibil uovnhlthbil fikc {ivki do~i fib{i bi~cm
f`c diuit dcfovcgil lcmic ti`fib dolkil nivinivi
tovtolt,Uolkkliil uug hvkilcg idimib ~imib ~itlsi-
tov`i~g uolkhmibil bi~cm ikvh ltg dctoviugil dimi` cld~tvc
cld~tvc goncm silk diuit dcmiggil dc v`ibv`ib {ivki dolkil
fcisi silk `vib dil tovjilkgi,
9 , 6 @ig~d dil Tjil
9,6,9 @ig~d
Uols~lil `igimib clc dc`ig~dgil
ltg`o`fovcgil `i~gil gouidi {ivki do~i- fikic`ili
goibmcil fovtilc dil fovnhnhg tili` tcdig biv~
dctclkkimgil, Tovti`i givoli mibil do~i Molkghlk idimib
mibil ~fv silk `i`u `o`fovcgil bi~cm `omc`uib ltg
milk~lk dclcg`itc ~oldcvc- dcjim dolkil `ilijo`ol silk
ficg- itiul dchmib `oljidc fibil `igilil micl, Tcdig
tovgonimc clqoltivc~i~c t`fbil silk diuit dcjidcgil
fibil govijclil tilkil,
9,6,6 Tjil
Tjil divc uo`fitil `igimib clc sict ~ofikic fovcgt :
@olsidivgil {ivki fib{i bi~cm f`c diuit dcfovcgil
lcmic ti`fib ltg `oldiuitgil goltlkil silk mofcb
fo~iv,
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@olsidivgil {ivki fib{i mibil ~fv diuit
dc`ilaiitgil dolkil dctili`c divcuidi `olsovibgil
big gouo`cmcgil gouidi uo`cmcg `hdim silk fovlcit
`omofivgil gogi~iil
@o`fgi miuilkil uogovjiil fiv fikc gi` {ilcti
do~i clc ltg `o`fgi bh`o cld~tvc `igilil hmibil
divc bi~cm f`c, Fovgvoi~c dolkil bi~cm f`c ltg
`olclkgitgil tivia gobcduil gomivki `ovogi,
Uomo~tivcil tili`iltili`il milkgi silk fovgbi~cit
~ofikic ~`fov fibil fig bovfim, Uomo~tivcil t`fbil silk fovkli fikc cld~tvc
gvoitca govijclil tilkil
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FIF CC
UO@FIBI^IL
6, 9 Uolclkgitil Lcmic Ti`fib Uhlnhm Ikvh
_ltg `olclkgitgil lcmic ti`fib divc uvhdg Uhlnhm Ikvh
clc idi fofoviui imtovlitca nivi silk igil dcto`ub :
6,9,9 @o`i~ivgil Uvhdguvhdg Uhlnhm Ikvh ~onivi Milk~lk,
@o`i~ivgil uvhdg Uhlnhm Ikvh ~onivi milk~lk
`ig~dlsi sict dolkil nivi gi`c ucbig uoljim fovto`
~onivi milk~lk gouidi uivi uo`fomc, Im`lc dcbc`ulltg `o`i~ivgil uvhdguvhdg ikvh tov~oft go ui~iv
ui~iv tvidc~chlim dil ui~iv `hdovl ~ovti gouidi uolddg
uolddg ~ogctiv, ^tild „~tild silk fovmhgi~c dc fomigilk
^@U Um~ Fovgimcti~ Molkghlk @ildcvc jki dcdcvcgil,
Volnili godouillsi- igil dcfilkl ~ojolc~ ui~iv cldg dc
do~i Molkghlk [otil- ltg uo`i~ivil bi~cm Uhlnhm Ikvh
jki ltg `oli`ulk bi~cm f`c divc uotilc mhgim,
6,9,6 Uo`i~ivil Hlmclo
Dc zi`il `hdovl clc toglhmhkc ~dib fovgo`filk
~ilkit nilkkcb dil uo~it, SFFIC fogovji ~i`i dolkil
im`lc dil ~uovqc~hvlsi igil `o`foltg {of~cto fikc
uo`i~ivil hlmclo, Ji~i uo~il iltiv dcti{ivgil fikc
uolclkgitil uo`i~ivil uvhdg Uhlnhm Ikvh,
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6,9,> @olkhmib Uvhdguvhdg Uhlnhm Ikvh
Uidi fikcil clc igil dctovilkgil fib{i tcdig bilsi
uvhdg Uhlnhm Ikvh silk igil `oljidc hfjog fikc
gvoitcacti~ uolclkgitil lcmic jim, Totiuc bi~cm gofl {ivki
silk igil dcg`umgil jki `ovuigil fikcil divcuidilsi,
Fib dil ~isv ~ouovtc `ilkki- uiuisi dil ji`f
fit dil ji`f icv diuit dchmib `oljidc `ilc~il iti
i~clil,^o`oltivi `igilil goncm fovui govcucg igil
dcbi~cmgil divc tili`il fisi`- lilkgi- fc vi`fit-
~clkghlk dil uc~ilk, Tcdig tovgonimc- fcjc lilkgi dilno`uodig diuit umi dcjidcgil govcucg,Vi`ftil silk
filsig tovdiuit bi`ucv dc~o`i diovib igil diuit umi
dcgo`i~ ~ofikic i{otil dimi` ~cvu,
Dil gomiui fib tvhuc~ silk tcdig `olkolim `~c`
idimib hfjog ltg dcjidcgil ~ovldolk govclk dimi`
go`i~il- jki filsig `igilil goncm micllsi, ^o`oltivi
@ivgc~i diuitdchmib `oljidc ~cvu silk dcgo`i~ dimi`
fhthmfhthm umi~tcg,
Clhqi~c silk fovivtc `olni`uvgil bi~cm f`c
dolkil fibil `igilil micl igil `olkbi~cmgil nigo {hvtom-
fc~nct gomiui dil uov`ol jomms, Fibgil cno nvoi` diuit
dchmib divc fc vi`fit, @co fi~ib(`co govclk diuit
dcuvhdg~c dolkil `olkkligil {hvtom- ~i{c bcji dil fc
vi`fit,
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FIF CCC
UOL_T_U
>, 9 Go~c`umil
Mibil ~fv dc do~i Molkghlk [otil idimib gogisiil imi`
silk uitt ltg dcmo~tivcgil gokliillsi,Fovgictil dolkil
titilil gobcduil silk ~dib `oljidcgil fovnhnhg tili`
~ofikic fdisi dc do~i Molkghlk [otil- `igi jomi~ tovmcbit
fib{i fdisi nhnhg tili` tcdig biv~ dctclkkimgil do`c
`olkcgtc go`ijil gobcduil `hdovl,@hdovlc~i~c tcdig fovivtc`olclkkimgil jitc dcvc- dil titilil lcmiclcmic gobcduil go~obivcil
{ivki,@omiclgil filsig `oldiuitgil clahv`i~c divc go`ijil
cm` uolkotibil mo{it fovfikic `odci silk tov~odci- dil idilsi
go`iil ltg `oldiuitgil uo`fomijivil divc uolsmbil dil
uomitcbil silk jki dc~odcigil,
SFFIC `omimc Uhlnhm Ikvh silk dcfclilsi idimib {idib
fikc uolsmbil dil uomitcbil toltilk uolclkgitil lcmic ti`fib
bi~cm ikvh, Dc`ili liltclsi {ivki do~i igil tovfgi nigvi{imi
fovacgcvlsi dolkil `omcbit uvhsog uovnhlthbil clc, Dolkil
do`cgcil tovniuic `ig~d uols~lil `igimib clc sict
`o`fovcgil `i~gil silk fovkli fikc {ivki ltg `omcbit
dolkil ~dt uildilk micl tovbidiu iui silk ~dib idi dcdimi`
kolkki`il tilkil,
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>, 6 ^ivil- ~ivil,
Ikvh Vo~oivnb- dil Ikvh @ivgotclk dc fi{ib Uhlnhm Ikvh
~dib {igtlsi ltg `olkidigil to` {cnivi dolkil iuivit
dil {ivki do~i ~onivi ghltcls, Bim clc dc`ig~dgil ltg
`olkotolkibgil bi~cm uolo`il- fovfikc cm` uolkotibil dil
`olko`gigil goldimi silk dcbidiuc, Dolkil idilsi
~cmibtvib`c silk tovjimcl- filsig uovtgivil clahv`i~c
fovkli silk igil dc diuit, Idiul ~onivi kivc~ fo~iv- ghl~ou
divc uovto`il tov`ig~d ~dib diuit dcjifivgil ~ofikic
fovcgt : @o`fovcgil uolsidivil gouidi {ivki ikiv `ovfib ~dt
uildilk fib{i bi~cm f`c diuit dchmib ~onivi milk~lk-
dcclhqi~cgil `oljidc foltg micl ikiv lcmic jimlsi
`olclkgit,
Fib{i dolkil bim tov~oft- igil tovfgi mibil uogovjiil
fiv divc tovfoltglsi bh`obh`o cld~tvc silk igil
filsig `ovogvt toliki govji, Tovti`i ~ogimc fikc gi`
{ilcti dil vo`iji diuit `olkkligil {igt milklsi fikc
gokcitil bh`o cld~tvc clc,
Bh`o cld~tvc ~oldcvc ~omicl tovu~it uidi uvhdg~c
`igilil hmibil jki igil diuit `o`uvhdg~c bovfim,
_ltg clc- uovm clqoltivc~i~c jolc~ tili`il hfit- gbi~cit
dil gokliillsi,
Bh`o cld~t~vc jki igil diuit `o`uvhdg~c bi~cm
govijclil tilkil ~ouovtc thuc- ~ildim- dh`uot dil tcgiv
ilsi` divc t`fbil tovtolt,
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Dolkil do`cgcil dcbiviugil ikiv Ikvh @ivgotclk ~dib
fov~ciu dcvc ltg `o`fovcgil `i~gil gouidi {ivki dolkil
`o`fovcgil vjgil nimhl uoli`ulk bi~cm bh`o cld~tvc ikiv
diuit dcdc~tvcf~cgil mofcb miljt
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2
FIF CQ
MI@UCVIL
4,9 Uoti Do~i Molkghlk dil ~ogctiv
F^D NCTS
FCLTIVH
JISI
Gom, Molkghlk
Gom, Molkghlk
Gi`uholk Uoldcdcgil
@ildcvc Molkghlk
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3
4,6 Ahth Uhlnhm Ikvh
Tili`il Fisi` dil gilkglk
Tili`il nific