“Development of a New Nation”

1. Articles of Confederation are authorized

in June of 1776 by the Second Continental

Congress and ratified in 1781. These articles

gave individual states much power

(sovereignty).

Major Powers/Limits of the Articles:

o International Diplomacy

o Printing Money

o Resolving controversies between States

o Coordinating War

o 9 out of 13 States vote to create law

o Unanimous vote to change the Articles

o ONE state; ONE vote

o Unicameral (one group) Congress

o NO POWER TO TAXThis is colonial

money printed

during the reign

of the Articles….

State Sovereignty

Former Colonies Term that means The Articles of

Confederation was the

functioning

government of the

United States from

March 1, 1781 until

March 4, 1789 (it’s the

government between

the Second Continental

Congress & the

Constitution).

of the Articles….

It is called a

“continental.”

are known as

State/s; a State is

part of a larger

group… a nation.

Term that means

individual

freedom/s or the

power to VOTE.

Why was this Government not granted

the power to TAX the States? If the

Government can’t tax how will it raise

revenue ($) to pay for running the

nation?

School House Rock: Preamble

Northwest Territory was developed from

the Northwest Ordinance of 1787; It was

an effort to raise revenue for the

Government.

6 5 4 3 2 1

7 8 9 10 11 12

18 17 16 15 14 13

19 20 21 22 23 24

30 29 28 27 26 25

31 32 33 34 35 36

Section 16

was reserved

for Public

Schools

⅟4 Section

160 Acres

⅟16 40

Acres

⅟8 section

80 Acres

Half Section

320 Acres

One Mile

One

Mile

Six Miles

Six

Miles

The Northwest Territory was

organized into 6 Mile X 6 Mile

squares which were then further

divided up as the chart/s to the

right demonstrates. These

sections of land were then sold.

Daniel Shays on horseback leading

the protesters at Springfield, MA on

Tues. Sept. 26, 1786

Shays’ Rebellion on Jan. 25, 1787 was an attempt to take over the Arsenal in Springfield, MA.

2. Problems in the states,

such as paper $ outlawed

(because it was worthless),

many people in debt led to

Shay’s Rebellion.

Angry “Regulators” stopped the local

government from functioning by force

(using swords, muskets, etc.) until changes

were made.

Springfield, MA.

Oath of Loyalty

Boom

to

Bust?

Rev. War veterans were

paid by the U.S. Gov’t.

for their services with

land in the West…

Rebels Protested Against:

o High Taxes

o Governor’s Salary

o High Court Costs

o Paper Money Problem/s

Approx. 150

rebels were

arrested &

some were

put to death.

6 Min Part 1 & 9 Min Part 2

3. Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention

took place from May-September of 1787 (all

states present except Rhode Island).

Conventions key points:

May 25 through

Sept. 17 of 1787

George Washington

was selected the

President of the

Philadelphia

Convention

Initial reason for the

meeting or convention:

� The Annapolis

Convention of

September 1786.

� Some states refused

to comply with the

CLICK

Two Main Ground Rules:

o Proceedings Secret

o No Issue Closed

Conventionto comply with the

articles of peace.

� The union was

unable to regulate

interstate commerce.

� Shays’ Rebellion.

� Revise the Articles of

Confederation!

"we have

errors to

correct."

JamesMadison

What is needed is What is needed is

an extended

“republic”

containing a

system of Checks

& Balances?”

Independence Hall

Connecticut•Oliver Ellsworth*

•William Samuel Johnson

•Roger Sherman

Delaware•Richard Bassett

•Gunning Bedford, Jr.

•Jacob Broom

•John Dickinson

•George Read

Georgia•Abraham Baldwin

•William Few

•William Houstoun*

William Pierce*

New Jersey•David Brearley

•Jonathan Dayton

•William Houston*

•William Livingston

•William Paterson

New York•Alexander Hamilton

•John Lansing, Jr.*

•Robert Yates*

South Carolina•Pierce Butler

•Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

•Charles Pinckney

John Rutledge

Virginia

Rhode Island•Rhode Island did not

send delegates to the

convention.

Who was there in

Philadelphia?

Who signed the

Constitution and

who did NOT?

“I smell a rat!”

William Pierce*

Maryland•Daniel Carroll

•Luther Martin*

•James McHenry

•John F. Mercer*

•Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer

Massachusetts•Elbridge Gerry*

•Nathaniel Gorham

•Rufus King

•Caleb Strong*

New Hampshire•Nicholas Gilman

John Langdon

North Carolina•William Blount

•William Richardson Davie*

•Alexander Martin*

•Richard Dobbs Spaight

Hugh Williamson

Pennsylvania•George Clymer

•Thomas Fitzsimons

•Benjamin Franklin

•Jared Ingersoll

•Thomas Mifflin

•Gouverneur Morris

•Robert Morris

•James Wilson

Virginia•John Blair

•James Madison

•George Mason*

•James McClurg*

•Edmund Randolph*

•George Washington

•George Wythe*

(*) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution.

who did NOT?

Notabales not there?

o Thomas Jefferson

o John Adams

o Patrick Henry

The “Corner Stone” of the

success the Constitutional

Convention and of the

current government today…

It is an agreement between two

opposing views in which both find

a common ground or

understanding on an issue.

81 year old Benjamin Franklin addressed the men in

Philadelphia about the need for COMPROMISE

“…by better information or fuller consideration to change

opinions . . . which I once thought right, but found to be

otherwise. It is therefore that the older I grow, the more

apt I am to doubt my own judgment, and to pay more

respect to the judgment of others.”

NEW JERSEY PLAN

(Small State Plan)

VIRGINIA PLAN

(Large State Plan)

For 10 days the

Delegates

debated the

Virginia Proposal

(Plan) from the

time Edmund

Randolph

proposed it on

Tuesday morning

May the 29th.

The 5 foot tall, 120 pound, 36-year-old James Madison is the primary creator of the Virginia Plan

The 34-year-old Governor of Virginia Edmund Randolph presented the plan to the Convention

� Representation or numbers of

reps. based on State population

� Lower House selected by the

people

� Upper House selected by the

Lower House members

The Great Compromise

is also known as the

Connecticut

Roger Sherman

William Paterson proposed the New Jersey Plan as a counter to the Virginia Plan

Eventually on July 16th the Delegates accepted & voted in the “Compromise” which saved the

3a. Great Compromise- Virginia Plan & New

Jersey Plan are compromised and develop a

Bicameral Legislature.

Bicameral Legislature:� Bi is “2” & Cameral is “House”

� Two Houses in Lawmaking Group

� Upper House is “Senate” & Lower House is

“House of Representatives”

� Senate has 2 Reps. per state; House of Reps.

varies depending on State Population

� Representation stays EQUAL as it

had been under the Articles of

Confederation

� 2 Reps per State in ONE House or

Group

Connecticut

Compromise or

Sherman’s Compromise

& voted in the “Compromise” which saved the “Convention” from breaking apart…

Roger Sherman

Ben

William Paterson

The Constitutional “Chin”vention

(2 min)

Oliver Ellsworth

Franklin

The Connecticut

Compromise?

James Madison

School House Rock:

Preamble

3b. Separation of Powers-

3 Branches of government

are created (Legislative,

Executive, & Judicial)

ARE YOU J.E.L.’ in?

Judicial Branch

Judges Laws

Facts of

Congress:

Checks and

Balances

Facts of

Congress:

Three Branches

of Government

Executive Branch

Enforces Laws

Legislative Branch

Lawmakers

School House Rock: Three Ring Government

US Constitution (G. Washington)

1770-1800’s

Vocabulary: The System of Checks and Balances!

Directions: From the class discussion of the Supplement Handout titled The System of Checks and Balances briefly write out a definition of the vocabulary word or term listed below. Your response does NOT have to be in complete sentences.

1. Checks & Balances 2. Veto 3. Appropriations 4. Cabinet 5. Legislative Branch 6. Judicial Branch

7. Executive Branch

8. Bill 9. Law 10. Simple Majority 11. Super Majority

Heading: Points Earned

11. Super Majority 12. Impeach 13. Remove from office 14. Inferior Courts 15. Hopper 16. Pardon 17. Party 18. Term 19. Congress 20. Constitutionality 21. Senate 22. House of Representatives 23. Bicameral Legislature 24. Census 25. Apportionment

School House Rock:

Electoral College

School House Rock: I’m

Just A Bill

Simple

Majority?

Super

Majority?

Impeach?

Remove?

Veto?Hopper?

StateHouse CRock :

PARODY I’m Just A Bill

Barney Fife & the

Preamble…

Congress?

Term? Cabinet?

Pardon?

Facts of Congress: House

of Reps.

Facts of Congress:

Senate

Facts of Congress: Key

Leaders

Facts of Congress:

Amendments

3c. Slave Issue- 3/5 Compromise

This was a “compromise” that

stemmed from the argument of state

population providing more

Northern

vs.

Southern

States?

Are there any

states that do

NOT allow

slavery in

1787?

population providing more

representation in the House of

Representatives and the impact on

Presidential Elections…

James Wilson of

Pennsylvania

Roger Sherman of Connecticut

Creators of

the Three

Fifths

Compromise

idea…

POWER TO

The Old Plantation, ca. 1790

Slave Tax? Unlike the Articles of Confederation the

Constitution would have the power to tax

ALL states thus bring in revenue; it also

maintained the power to make money…

How many slaves from the painting above would be

counted towards the State or Virginia’s population?

How much possible revenue would a slave tax

Article 1 Section

9 of the US

Constitution…

Slave Importation

cannot be

prevented until

the year 1808!

3d. Commerce $ - Congress has the power to

tax, a slave tax was developed at the sum of

$10

TAX

How much possible revenue would a slave tax

generate for the US?the year 1808!

300,000 Slaves

3e. Elect a President - Electoral College elects

pres., which is based on # of representatives in

Congress.

Electoral Worth of the

State of Michigan

435 Members of the House of

Representatives

+

55

17

2 Senators

+

School House Rock:

Electoral College

538 Total Electoral Votes 100 Members of

the Senate

+3

To be elected President of the

United States an individual must

obtain MORE THAN HALF OF ALL

ELECTROAL VOTES!

270Winner!

15 Members in

the House of

Representatives

+

States decide how to distribute

their Electoral Votes (Most

have a winner take ALL

method)… Plus the 3

Electors from

Washington

D.C.

House of

Representatives

Census?

Apportionment?

Ignite Learning: Federal vs.

State Powers Bill of Rights (1st 10 Amendments):1. Freedom Speech, Press, Religion, Right to Petition &

Assemble

2. Right to Bear Arms

3. No Quartering of Troops

4. No Unreasonable Search & Seizure

5. Right to Due Process of Law

6. Right s of the Accused

7. Right to a Trial by Jury

8. No Cruel or Unusual Punishment

9. Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the

Bill of Rights

10. States Powers

Bill of Rights Rap

Song

4. Ratification of the Constitution occurs only

after the Bill of Rights was added (started by

James Madison of Virginia & Reps from the

states of Massachusetts & New York).

Super Majority vote was needed

for “Ratification.”

FEDERALISTS:� James Madison� John Jay� Alexander Hamilton

ANTI-FEDERALISTS:� Patrick Henry

� Sam Adams

� George Mason

� Richard Henry Lee

� Robert Yates

Connecticut•Oliver Ellsworth*

•William Samuel Johnson

•Roger Sherman

Delaware•Richard Bassett

•Gunning Bedford, Jr.

•Jacob Broom

•John Dickinson

•George Read

Georgia•Abraham Baldwin

•William Few

•William Houstoun*

William Pierce*

New Jersey•David Brearley

•Jonathan Dayton

•William Houston*

•William Livingston

•William Paterson

New York•Alexander Hamilton

•John Lansing, Jr.*

•Robert Yates*

South Carolina•Pierce Butler

•Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

•Charles Pinckney

John Rutledge

Virginia

Rhode Island•Rhode Island did not

send delegates to the

convention.

Who was there in

Philadelphia?

Who signed the

Constitution and

who did NOT?

“I smell a rat!”

William Pierce*

Maryland•Daniel Carroll

•Luther Martin*

•James McHenry

•John F. Mercer*

•Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer

Massachusetts•Elbridge Gerry*

•Nathaniel Gorham

•Rufus King

•Caleb Strong*

New Hampshire•Nicholas Gilman

John Langdon

North Carolina•William Blount

•William Richardson Davie*

•Alexander Martin*

•Richard Dobbs Spaight

Hugh Williamson

Pennsylvania•George Clymer

•Thomas Fitzsimons

•Benjamin Franklin

•Jared Ingersoll

•Thomas Mifflin

•Gouverneur Morris

•Robert Morris

•James Wilson

Virginia•John Blair

•James Madison

•George Mason*

•James McClurg*

•Edmund Randolph*

•George Washington

•George Wythe*

(*) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution.

who did NOT?

Notabales not there?

o Thomas Jefferson

o John Adams

o Patrick Henry

5. George Washington was elected first

president, John Adams was elected Vice-pres.

Challenges to the first presidency were:

Presidential Election of 1789 Presidential Election of 1792

b. 11/22 Feb 1732, "Wakefield", near Popes

Creek, Westmoreland county, Virginia

d. 14 Dec 1799, Mount Vernon, Virginia

Federal Hall, NYC, NY

� Unanimously Elected both times

� First President under Constitution

� Declined his $25,000 salary

� Had to be convinced to take job

April 30, 1789 GW

was inaugurated

here…

Separate

ballots

for Pres.

& Vice-

Pres.

John Adams Movie: G.W. ‘s oath of Office

NY deadlocked no electors

won…

N.C. & R.I. had not ratified yet…

5a. Developing a

Cabinet for the

Executive Branch-

this allowed for the

delegation of

power.

Secretary of State

Thomas Jefferson (1789 - 1793) • Edmund

Randolph (1794 - 1795) • Timothy Pickering

(1796 - 1797)

Secretary of War

Henry Knox (1789 - 1794) • Timothy Pickering

(1795 - 1796) • James McHenry (1796 - 1797)

Postmaster General

Samuel Osgood (1789 - 1791) • Timothy

Pickering (1791 - 1795) • Joseph Habersham

President

George

Washington

(1789-1797)Knox

T. Pickering

Vice President

John Adams

(1789-1797)

Pickering (1791 - 1795) • Joseph Habersham

(1795 - 1797)

Secretary of the Treasury

Alexander Hamilton (1789 - 1795) • Oliver

Wolcott Jr. (1795 - 1797)

Attorney General

Edmund Randolph (1789 - 1794) • William

Bradford (1794 - 1795) • Charles Lee (1795 -

1797) Hamilton

McHenry

Supreme Court

Washington nominated

John Jay to be Chief

Justice and then

Associate Judges…

• John Blair

• William Cushing

(William Paterson)

• James Wilson

• James Iredell

• John Rutledge (Thomas

5b. Set-up a court system- developed from

the Judiciary Act of 1789.

• John Rutledge (Thomas

Johnson)

J. Jay

5c. Create a Bank System- this was started by

Alexander Hamilton but Thomas Jefferson

disagreed with its development which led to

the formation of political parties in the U.S.

(“Dev. of Political Parties”).

Charter of the First Bank

of the United States was

established on Feb. 25,

1791 for 20 years…

Bank’s Functions:

� Act as a Private JeffersonWill a National Bank

Banks Purpose:

� Establish Financial

Order

� Establish Credit

� Resolve Issue of (Fiat)

“Continental” Currency

� Act as a Private

Company

� Provide Loans

� Government owns $2

million of stock in Bank

� Other $8 million in stock

sold to public BUT ¼ of

purchase MUST be with

gold or silver

� Rotate Directors

� Bank Cannot buy

Government BondsHamilton

JeffersonWill a National Bank

provide EQUAL

opportunity to ALL

American citizens?

5d. Battle of Fallen Timbers- Anthony Wayne

secures the land in the Ohio Valley for the U.S.

from Indian attack.

“Mad” Anthony Wayne

On August 20 in 1794

Approximately 3,000 U.S

Troops faced 1,500 Native

Americans… the battle did

not last long & ended in a

U.S. victory.

Treaty of Greenville 1795 ended

the conflicts in the Ohio Valley

Region. One Native American

leader would NOT sign the

Treaty… it was a Shawnee Leader

named Tecumseh; later in US

History he will yet again be faced

by US Troops. Wayneby US Troops.

5e. Whiskey Rebellion-

Pennsylvania tax revolt.

6 – 9 Cents per Westerners 6 – 9 Cents per

gallon on

whiskey to gain

revenue for the

National

Government.

Westerners

turned their

surplus

corn into

whiskey to

get it to

market

easier…

REVOLT occurs because the

tax was believed to be unfair

5f. Foreign Affairs- French Revolution, U.S. stays Neutral.

The proclamation was signed on April 22,

1793, in Philadelphia by Washington

NEUTRAL: is

a term that

means a nation

will not get

involved in the

affairs of other

nations G.W.

When France declared war on England on

February 1, 1793, the United States faced a

thorny political problem. France was America's

ally during the Revolutionary War, yet Great

Britain's financial support was important to

American ship owners.

Napoleon Bonaparte

France Great Britain

Jefferson Hamilton

5g. The Jay Treaty - compensated

England’s with prewar debt & to hear

claims for captured American vessels

(BUT captured slaves would not be

returned).

American Issues with Great Britain:

� Britain was still occupying a number of forts in

the Great Lakes region.

� American merchants wanted compensation for

250 ships confiscated during 1793–94.

� Southerners wanted compensation for the slaves

the British had taken from them during the

Revolution.

� Merchants wanted the British West Indies

reopened to American trade.

� The boundary with Canada was too vague and

needed delineation.

� The British were believed to be aggravating

Results of the Treaty:� British agreed to vacate the six western

forts by June 1796

� Compensate American ship owners (the

British paid $10,345,200 by 1802)

� United States gave most favored nation

trading status to Britain� The British were believed to be aggravating

Native-American attacks on settlers in the West.

John Jay

trading status to Britain

� US agreed to British anti-French

maritime policies

� US guaranteed the payment of private

prewar debts owed by Americans to British

merchants that could not be collected in

U.S. courts (the U.S. paid £600,000 in 1802)

Jay dropped the issue of

compensation for slaves,

which angered Southern

slave owners. Jay was

also unsuccessful in

negotiating an end to the

“impressment” of

American sailors into the

Royal Navy

Is this Treaty the action/s of

a “Neutral” Nation?

5h. G. W.’s Farewell Address…Key Points of the Address:

� Only 2 Terms

� Importance of National Unity;

Fear of Sectionalism

� Threat of Political Parties

� Religion, Morality & Education

� Establishment of National

Credit

� Stay out of Foreign Affairs; Stay � Stay out of Foreign Affairs; Stay

Neutral

Originally published in David Claypoole's American

Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796 under the

title "The Address of General Washington To The

People of The United States on his declining of the

Presidency of the United States," the letter was

almost immediately reprinted in newspapers across

the country and later in a pamphlet form.