Major Directives of the Bible

William J.D. Shaw updated: Nov 15, 2019

1. Introduction

What does the Bible tell us to do, what are the important directives that it gives to us ?

These are questions that we all should ask ourselves as we read and study God’s word. It is

extremely important to collect the key directives, place them in our mind in the intent that they

were given and to follow them, to obey them.

Unfortunately many people have difficulty in identifying or collecting the key directives that

are given to us throughout the Bible. Most rely on ministers, who one would think, that after

studying and graduating from a Bible college, would know all the key directives. Very, very rarely

does this occur, the reason being they believe what they were taught in college. In order to identify

the major and important directives of the Bible, one needs to be directed by God’s Holy Spirit. To

do this you must accept and obey what the Holy Spirit shows you. Then you are doing God’s Will as

you are being shown His major directives to you. If you continue to do this His Holy Spirit will

continue to show you more and more.

When you are led and accept what is shown to you, you will grow and mature as one of

God’s chosen people. Then other Bible verses that had no real meaning to you previously will

suddenly reinforce what has been shown to you. This will happen throughout the entire Bible as

you continue reading and studying. In order to do this you must understand that there is the way of

the world and the way of God. These are totally different and at odds with each other. You must of

your own free will choose one or the other. If you choose God’s way, you will be set aside and

sanctified as one of God’s chosen people, at the same time you will be ostracized by the rest of the

world and most all of the churches and likely even by members of you own family.

If you have an open mind and not a stiff neck, then continue to read on. Note that anything

anyone tells you, be careful that you check it out for yourself against what the Bible says. The Bible

is clear in what it says, it is not up to you to think you know what it says. Collect the verses that

apply to a specific topic and let the Bible interpret what it says. If ever you are in doubt, follow

carefully what Jesus said and showed us by His example. This always takes precedence.

2. The First Key’s of Understanding

In order to start you must understand your purpose in this life, the purpose why God gave

you life and what He wants from you. It is suggested that you read the document “What does God

expect from us”. In a nutshell God wants us to accept by faith, Himself and His Son and to submit

to them, to go forward in obedience and to grow and mature in heart and mind to become more

and more righteous so that we can have fellowship with God in a future life. We are to develop

personal character traits that are valued by God, to become his adopted sons. In order to grow and

follow the narrow path God has laid out before us, we need to want to grow and to please God. In

order to do this we follow the instruction manual of going forward through this current life, God’s

Word in the Holy Bible is our instruction manual. We need to obey and do God’s Will, and to do it

joyfully in our heart and mind.

Ecc 12:13 Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man.

Fear of God is a reverent fear, one that children have for their parents. God is our Father

and we need to treat Him with a reverent fear and respect.

The next major key is to recognize who was the one dealing with man throughout the Old

Testament. The one that made the world, the heavens, man and everything else. The one that

gave the laws, the one that rewarded and punished, the one that interacted with man was a

mediator of the Father, all along the way. The Son of God is the Word, the Rock, and the Cloud, He

is the Word made flesh. He was the mediator throughout the Old Testament. This understanding is

a major study in itself. Only a very few scriptures are given here indicating this.

Joh 1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

Joh 1:14 And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth.

1Co 10:4 And did all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them: and that Rock was Christ.

This realization means that the Old Testament was established from the Word of God, or by

the Son speaking for the Father. At the time Jesus walked the earth only the Old Testament was in

existence, most of Jesus sayings were referenced back to those in the Old Testament. This means

that there is one Bible with no wall or partition between the Old and New Testament. The laws,

ordinances, statutes, judgments and precepts were all given by Jesus. Jesus wrote the 10

commandments with His finger. Note that both God the Father and the Son of God, walk totally

together with the same values, beliefs, and directives. Acceptance and obedience to one is

acceptance and obedience to both.

The next major key is that of the gospel of the kingdom of God. Jesus was the messenger

in bringing this message to the world. This is the message of the coming government of God on

earth, presided over by Jesus at His return. There are two specific key thoughts that come from

this, first that when this happens, the government of God will be set up on earth and that all people

will obey the laws of God. Jesus told us of this when He told us how to pray.

Luk 4:43 And he said unto them, I must preach the kingdom of God to other cities also: for therefore am I sent.

Mat 6:10 Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.

What is the Will of God, it is keeping His laws and commandments as given to us and going

forth through this life applying what God told us and wants us to do. The other key thoughts are

those that come from the prophets, telling us what we will be required to do once God’s Kingdom is

set up both on Earth and later in the New Jerusalem. The following define further for our benefit

some of the laws and commandments will be followed.

Isa 66:22 For as the new heavens and the new earth, which I will make, shall remain before me, saith the LORD, so shall your seed and your name remain.

Isa 66:23 And it shall come to pass, that from one new moon to another, and from one sabbath to another, shall all flesh come to worship before me, saith the LORD.

Zec 14:16 And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left of all the nations which came against Jerusalem shall even go up from year to year to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, and to keep the feast of tabernacles.

Zec 14:17 And it shall be, that whoso will not come up of all the families of the earth unto Jerusalem to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, even upon them shall be no rain.

By logic, if the laws and commandments were followed by God’s chosen people at the time

of Moses, and these were followed at and just after the time Jesus walked the earth, and that they

will be followed in the future when God’s kingdom is on earth, they should be followed by those

who have taken on Christ in our present day. From the above verses the Sabbath and one of the

Holy days of God (Feast of Tabernacles) are stated as being followed in the millennium.

3. Further important Key’s of Understanding

The Protestant Churches of today teach part of the requirements to become one of God’s

chosen people, but not all of what is required. They misinterpret many of the sayings in the New

Testament and treat the two books, the Old and New testaments as having a big wall or partition

between them. They teach that Jesus did everything for us and we are not required to go forth in

specific actions.

Let us summarize what the churches today teach us in order to be saved. First repent,

second be baptized (but not by all churches), third by faith accept Jesus as your personal saviour

who died for our sins and rose again on the third day, fourth accept that God the Father by His

grace forgives our sins and this is all. They teach that there is no need on our part to do anything

further, since we cannot be saved by our own works. These four requirements are true but they are

not the complete story. In order to obtain an understanding of other key requirements we need to

examine each of the four requirements individually and use scripture as to what else is required.

A. Repent

First is to repent, we are told to do this by Jesus as follows,

Mat 4:17 From that time Jesus began to preach, and to say, Repent: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.

Now it is important to define what the Bible means when it says to repent, Strong number

G3340, “to think differently, to reconsider, morally to feel compunction”. One portion is a feeling of

guilt and sorrow at having broken the moral law of God. The other more important way of defining

repent is the manner in which Jesus instructs us, it is to go forth as a new person no longer sinning.

To change from that moment onwards, to change and to leave our old bad behavior and habits

behind us and to form new and good habits that are directed from God, ones that please God, to go

forward in obedience and no longer sinning.

2Co 5:17 Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new.

There is no longer any room in us for the old things, or the old ways that we went through

life doing. We must go forward on a new path according to God’s way.

Mar 2:21 No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment: else the new piece that filled it up taketh away from the old, and the rent is made worse.

Mar 2:22 And no man putteth new wine into old bottles: else the new wine doth burst the bottles, and the wine is spilled, and the bottles will be marred: but new wine must be put into new bottles.

We need to change in a manner that is forged upon our heart and mind, that we go forth in

following what Jesus told us and showed us to do by His example. We are to go forth and not sin.

We need to grow with God’s help in following along the new path set before us.

Rom 6:6 Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin.

We need to know what the word sin means to God, fortunately the Bible clearly defines sin

for us, according to the following verse,

1Jn 3:4 Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law: for sin is the transgression of the law.

This is God’s clear and concise definition of sin, it is not necessarily what man thinks is sin,

rather it is breaking of God’s laws. We need to as yet define what these laws are, where they are in

the Bible, for when we repent, from that moment onward we need to follow God’s laws for if we do

not do this, then we sin. This also means that to go forward and not sin we need to study God’s

laws to identify them such that we know them and thus keep them. Going forth and not sinning is

an action on our part.

Repentance requires action on our part to go forth through life obeying the Laws of God so

that we do not sin. When you first repent, you are saved and at the starting gate, as you go forward

if you do not obey God’s laws, then you continue to sin, so obeying the laws acts to have you go

forward properly. The Bible clearly tells us if you go forward after being saved (repenting and

following God’s laws) and then continue to sin, your previous righteousness is forgot. If you were

sinning and then go forth (repenting and following God’s laws) and not sinning you are moving

forward through life in righteousness and your previous sins are forgotten. So recognize when you

first repented and were saved, if you do not go forth in obedience to God’s laws (which requires

action or work) then you regress into sinning and disobedience. Anyone that tells you that after

repentance you no longer need to do anything is deceiving you and themselves. Repentance is an

active continuous action, one in which you go forward in obedience to God and in growing as one of

His children. You must know what God’s laws are and place them solidly in your mind and on your

heart. The laws of God are not just the Ten Commandments, rather they are much more than this.

They will be defined later.

B. Baptized

Jesus tells us to repent and be baptized. By His example, Jesus shows us how we are to be

baptized, by undergoing full immersion after we have repented and accepted Jesus as our personal

saviour, we need to follow as described as “believeth in Jesus”. This is a conscious choice and

decision on our part, it includes not only belief based upon faith but also our submission to God and

His Will. Our repentant action says that, from that time forward, we will worship and serve God and

follow what His Holy word tells us to do. Note that the word believeth means to believe and to

follow and obey.

Mar 16:16 He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned.

C. Acceptance of Jesus

This goes hand in hand with repentance and baptism, it is our belief that Jesus is the Son of

God, coming down to earth from heaven, being conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of woman,

walked in the world in the flesh and was without sin. That he died for our sins by the shedding of

His blood, he rose on the third day and ascended back up to heaven and sits on the right hand of

God. He is our chief priest and intercessor so that now we can go directly to the Father with our

prays. We make this acceptance by faith.

Joh 3:16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.

Again, the important word in the above verse is ‘believeth”, it means not only do we believe

but that we follow and do what Jesus tells us to do. We are to serve and obey Him.

Luk 6:46 And why call ye me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say?

Luk 6:47 Whosoever cometh to me, and heareth my sayings, and doeth them, I will shew you to whom he is like:

Luk 6:48 He is like a man which built an house, and digged deep, and laid the foundation on a rock: and when the flood arose, the stream beat vehemently upon that house, and could not shake it: for it was founded upon a rock.

Luk 6:49 But he that heareth, and doeth not, is like a man that without a foundation built an house upon the earth; against which the stream did beat vehemently, and immediately it fell;

and the ruin of that house was great.

There are many verses that tell us to obey Jesus, to follow Him, to learn from Him and to

grow like Him. Those that do not do this are those who never knew Jesus and are part of the world

and not those of God’s chosen people.

Mat 7:21 Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven.

Rather following and taking Christ on is the same as following and doing the Will of God.

To really follow Jesus one must undertake a very careful study of all of Jesus sayings and things

that He did and showed us. There is a very large amount of actions that Jesus wants us to do.

There is so much and some is so difficult, we cannot do it all without God’s help. Often people

when asked if they follow Jesus we say yes they do. Most often they do not know what is required

of us as directed from Jesus, therefore they only pay lip service to following Jesus. Read the

document “ Summary of Jesus Words and Examples”.

D. God’s Grace

We are saved by God’s grace or by the gift of forgiveness of our sins by God the Father when

we have accepted the previous three conditions. We are no longer saved by any of our own works.

Here the new covenant comes into being, it is that after Christ’s death we are saved by Grace and

not by our own Works. This is not to say we don’t need works, only that works are not a direct

action that saves us, they are however an indirect action that is needed in order to go forward

properly to grow and not sin.

Rom 6:14 For sin shall not have dominion over you: for ye are not under the law, but under grace.

Gal 2:16 Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by the faith of Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Jesus Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ, and not by the works of the law: for by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified.

This now is the point where nearly all the Protestant Churches diverge from following God’s

law, thinking that they have no obligation to Jesus or God. They say Jesus did everything for us so

now we do not need to do anything. They ignore other important verses in the Bible that tell us how

we are to go forward. We are to go forward in obedience to God and these are spelled out to us in

God’s laws.

E. God’s Laws

Ask the churches if we are to follow God’s laws, and then ask what laws are we to follow.

The answer you will most likely receive is that we are not required to do anything other than repent,

believe, accept Christ and have God forgive our sins by His grace. Now we are saved. They tell you

that you do not have an obligation to follow the laws laid out in the Bible. They tell you to do good,

to be righteous and if you follow 9 of the 10 commandments that you are on the right path. They

ignore scriptures that tell us otherwise. They tell you it is good to read and study your Bible and to

come to church and worship, usually on Sunday. If you take a good look at the churches today, you

will find that they follow the traditions of man in preference to the commandments of God. They

justify to themselves the path they follow, saying that they are honoring God and pleasing God.

From the above repent, believe, accept Christ and have God forgive our sins by His Grace

places us just at the starting gate in going forward. To God it is extremely important that we obey

Him in all that He has directed us to obey. We have a responsibility or obligation to God to grow in

righteousness even though we are covered by Jesus righteousness. God’s Holy Word tells us how to

accomplish this. A main key above, being that Christ is the mediator of the Old Testament, gives a

depth in meaning of the verses in the New Testament and how they are tied to the same ideas and

directives in the Old Testament. Consider the following verses from the Old Testament, recognize

that God is truth and God does not change, when He says something is forever, it means forever.

Deu 5:29 O that there were such an heart in them, that they would fear me, and keep all my commandments always, that it might be well with them, and with their children for ever!

Deu 11:1 Therefore thou shalt love the LORD thy God, and keep his charge, and his statutes, and his judgments, and his commandments, alway.

There are many more verses in the Old Testament telling us the same thing, the above two

are typical and representative of what God is telling us to do with respect to His laws and going

forward.

Next examine Psalms 119, for the words, law, testimonies, precepts, statutes,

commandments, judgments, these all mean the same. The only other word missing from these

verses that we need to include is that of ordinances. Use Strong’s numbers for this comparison.

You will find they all mean essentially the same, they are all God’s laws.

Psa 119:1 ALEPH. Blessed are the undefiled in the way, who walk in the law of the LORD.

Psa 119:2 Blessed are they that keep his testimonies, and that seek him with the whole heart.

Psa 119:3 They also do no iniquity: they walk in his ways.

Psa 119:4 Thou hast commanded us to keep thy precepts diligently.

Psa 119:5 O that my ways were directed to keep thy statutes!

Psa 119:6 Then shall I not be ashamed, when I have respect unto all thy commandments.

Psa 119:7 I will praise thee with uprightness of heart, when I shall have learned thy righteous judgments.

Psa 119:8 I will keep thy statutes: O forsake me not utterly.

Psa 119:9 BETH. Wherewithal shall a young man cleanse his way? by taking heed thereto according to thy word.

Psa 119:10 With my whole heart have I sought thee: O let me not wander from thy commandments.

Therefore the word commandment or laws is referring to ALL the directives given to us by

God. These were given by God through the Son as mediator to man. So in the New Testament

when Jesus tells us to keep His commandments, it means not just the 10 commandments but all

the others that He gave to Moses, other than the civil and sacrificial commandments. It includes

the laws, testimonies, precepts, statutes, commandments, judgments and ordinances. We keep

the civil laws automatically when we act in a manner of love to all others. The sacrificial laws

stopped when Jesus died on the cross for our sins once and for all time and other temple offerings

to God stopped when the temple was destroyed.

Joh 14:15 If ye love me, keep my commandments.

If you think the above scripture given to us by Jesus is only referring to the 10

commandments and you do not keep the Sabbath, then you sin.

Joh 15:10 If ye keep my commandments, ye shall abide in my love; even as I have kept my Father's commandments, and abide in his love.

Showing love to Jesus or the Father is that of keeping the commandments. It is not a warm

fuzzy feeling. It is not doing something that one might think will please God. It is obeying the laws

and commandments given to us by God. It is not a pick and choose of God’s directives to us.

Joh 14:21 He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that loveth me: and he that loveth me shall be loved of my Father, and I will love him, and will manifest myself to him.

Joh 14:22 Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto

us, and not unto the world?

Joh 14:23 Jesus answered and said unto him, If a man love me, he will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and make our abode with him.

Joh 14:24 He that loveth me not keepeth not my sayings: and the word which ye hear is not mine, but the Father's which sent me.

Jesus came to fulfill the law and not to change even one little thing of the law. This refers

to the law given by Him in the Old Testament.

Mat 5:17 Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.

Mat 5:18 For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.

The laws given in the Old Testament are given forever. They are given until heaven and

earth pass away, obviously this has not yet happened but it will after the millennium on the Last

Day. All is fulfilled when the last of God’s enemies, being death, is destroyed. God does not

change and He is truth. Consider some specific commandments that are given as just a sampling.

On the Passover:

Exo 12:14 And this day shall be unto you for a memorial; and ye shall keep it a feast to the LORD throughout your generations; ye shall keep it a feast by an ordinance for ever.

On Saturday Sabbath:

Exo 31:16 Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep the sabbath, to observe the sabbath throughout their generations, for a perpetual covenant.

On Day of Atonement:

Lev 16:29 And this shall be a statute for ever unto you: that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, ye shall afflict your souls, and do no work at all, whether it be one of your own country, or a stranger that sojourneth among you:

Lev 16:30 For on that day shall the priest make an atonement for you, to cleanse you, that ye may be clean from all your sins before the LORD.

Lev 16:31 It shall be a sabbath of rest unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls, by a statute for ever.

In the above examples they pertain to God’s Holy Days as well as the weekly Sabbath which

is the first listed Holy Day of God, or feast of God, check Leviticus 23. There are many other laws

which are found in the first five books of the Bible. These were given to God’s chosen people in

order to help them develop in righteousness as well as to identify what was sin. They were the road

map for growing into the adopted sons of God. It was in the New Testament that Jesus told us to

place the laws on our heart and to obey the intent of the laws and not to treat them as legalistic. In

other words knowing the laws, we are to use them in our heart to help guide us along the narrow

path. They become our beacon showing the way forward.

There are other specific directives that God gave us, ones not contained within the 10

commandments. These deal mostly with sexual abominations, others deal with food laws,

associating with spirits, and marking our body (with cuttings or tattoo’s) . We need to remember

these so that we do not do them. These laws have the intent to help us develop the character traits

that God wishes us to develop. They work to help us grow towards becoming more righteous. It is

only through God’s help of His Holy Spirit dwelling within us that this will happen. When we take

Christ on we are covered with His righteousness, but God wants us to go forward growing and

developing our own righteousness, becoming more like Him. Our attitude going forward should be

like that of King David, he found the laws a delight, he loved God’s laws, he meditated upon them

and recognized their importance and the action they had on his spirit and the direction of going

forward through life.

F. Action

What does the Bible say about our going forth having actions, are actions null and void or

are they required.

Rom 3:31 Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the law.

Jas 2:17 Even so faith, if it hath not works, is dead, being alone.

By placing the intent of God’s laws on our heart and going forth in faith and prayer, we will

grow and mature as one of God’s chosen people. Our actions in this world will reflect our growth

and the strength of our faith. Our actions will show our obedience to God, our love for God and our

love for our fellow men. Recognize that if all people went forth obeying God’s laws what a

wonderful world we would have, well this will happen at the time Jesus returns and sets up God’s

government on earth. God definitely knew what he was doing by giving us those laws. They are not

a burden or grievous, they are a way of living and going forth through life, a way of growing in love

to all. Following and doing God’s laws we walk forward through life in the spirit and not in the flesh.

Meaning we do not let ourselves be diverted by the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes or the pride

of life, rather we walk a path of following righteousness as identified to us by the Father. We need

to pray and ask for God’s help, to work within us, and thus enable us to walk forward properly.

1Jn 5:3 For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments: and his commandments are not grievous.

4. Summary

There are many other lessons throughout the Bible that help us to understand and to grow.

Also prophecy is contained throughout, some being fulfilled, but most as yet to be fulfilled at some

point in the future.

Man does not want to submit and obey and so he naturally rebels against God’s laws.

When you take Christ on it is a requirement that you submit and obey, that you change and go forth

growing in Christ, becoming more like Him. One needs to watch and pray always that they will be

found acceptable when Christ returns. Once you start down the path, you cannot look back, you

must be careful that you do not become lukewarm, if you do not grow properly you can lose your

salvation .

Luk 21:36 Watch ye therefore, and pray always, that ye may be accounted worthy to escape all these things that shall come to pass, and to stand before the Son of man.

God’s Ways are higher than man’s ways, God’s Knowledge is greater than man’s

knowledge. God requires us to fear and to show reverence to Him. He expects us to grow more

like Him, to form a relationship with Him through prayer and to go forward in faith, trust and

obedience. If you are passionate and committed to loving God, if you persevere to the end no

matter what, then you become one of His saints. If you are one of God’s chosen people, there is no

difference between Jew or Gentile, bond or free, male or female. All are one people with the same

laws, the same directives, all are to go forward growing in the same manner.

Rev 14:12 Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus.

Unless you study and know all of God’s laws and directives that He gave originally to His

chosen people, then you will not be able to go forth properly from the time that you repent. You

need to know God’s directives. Do you keep God’s Holy Days? God told us to keep them –always.

The first three Holy Days contain within them communion, Jesus death and resurrection and the

First Fruits, they change on the days of the week that they fall every year. They are God’s Holy

Days, he commanded us to keep them always, they are not Palm Sunday, Good Friday and Easter

Sunday, as these latter are man’s commandments and they are in conflict with what God has

commanded us to do and in conflict with God’s timing of days and months. Do you know that you

are to keep yourself removed from those of the spirit world, not to follow astrology, horoscopes,

fortune tellers, or Ouija boards. Do you know you are not to mark your body purposely, tattoos,

specific scars. Do you know you are to keep the Sabbath, and to keep it in the manner that God

requires. Do you know that when God’s Holy Spirit resides within you, your body becomes a holy

temple and that means you must treat it as such. One item with respect to this means you must

only eat clean animals and obey the food laws as given by God. These and many other

commandments are contained in God’s laws to us. These are found in the first five books of the

Bible and were given to us written by Moses.

We are so fortunate that God is a loving and just God and that God is truth and does not

change. Not only did He have His Son die and shed His blood so that our sins could be covered, but

He gave us directions or a way of living and growing holy. We need to be like King David and find

His laws a delight and a joy, to write them on our heart and go forward living and growing in them.

We need to keep focused on why God placed us on this world and what He expects from us.

Yes Jesus kept the laws, the Sabbath, the Holy days, and He told us to keep the laws with

the intent and not treat them as legal requirements. Love towards God is keeping His laws, love

towards our fellow man is also keeping the laws. Note that if you are deceived, you bear

responsibility for allowing yourself to be deceived as Jesus warned us many time of deception and

being deceived. If you do not keep the laws, what excuse do you have ?

Learning and accepting the key manner and way of how we are to go forward takes

considerable time, it is a stepwise process, it is not something that one can do quickly. One needs

time to grow into following the correct path and growing in knowledge and maturing as one of

God’s children. Don’t leave this too long and be caught without oil in your lamp.

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