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Major Battles Major Battles of of
the Civil the Civil WarWar
1861-18651861-1865
The Tale of the TapeThe Tale of the Tape
Names North, Federal, Union South, Confederate, Rebel
Color Blue Gray
Capital Washington, D.C. Richmond, VA
States 23, plus the territories11 States
13 stars in flag (1 each for Missouri and Kentucky)
Population 22 million 9 million (3.5 million slaves)
FinancialResources
75% of nation’s resources;wealth invested in industry
25% of nation’s resources; wealth in land and slaves
LeadershipStrong Political;
weak militaryStrong Military;Weak political
Industry 92% 8%
MotivationInitially: Preserve the Union Later: ending slavery added
Defend homes and land;Preserve Southern way of life
Ft. Sumter and the Ft. Sumter and the beginning of hostilitiesbeginning of hostilities
► Confederacy called Confederacy called for the Federal for the Federal Government to turn Government to turn over control of over control of federally held fortsfederally held forts
► Lincoln refused and Lincoln refused and attempted to attempted to resupply Ft. Sumter resupply Ft. Sumter in Charleston, S.C., in Charleston, S.C., with foodwith food
► On April 12, 1861, On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired Confederate forces fired on the fort effectively on the fort effectively beginning the Civil Warbeginning the Civil War
Fort SumterFort Sumter
Date StateLeaders
N/S
Victor & importance of outcome
April 12, 1861
South Carolina
AndersonAnderson
BeauregarBeauregardd
Confederate victory
led to Lincoln calling for 75,000 militiamen for 90 days
Began the war
Blockade the Confederate coastlineBlockade the Confederate coastline
Control the Mississippi Control the Mississippi RiverRiver
Capture RichmondCapture Richmond
Naming of Armies and Battles
► The Union named The Union named its armies and its armies and many battles after many battles after bodies of waterbodies of water
► The Confederates The Confederates named its armies named its armies by region and by region and battles by battles by city/towncity/town
Army of the PotomacArmy of the Potomac
Army of the TennesseeArmy of the Tennessee
Army of the OhioArmy of the Ohio
Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run
Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam
Army of Northern Army of Northern VirginiaVirginia
Army of TennesseeArmy of Tennessee
Army of the NorthwestArmy of the Northwest
Battle of ManassasBattle of Manassas
Battle of ShaprsburgBattle of Shaprsburg
Lincoln calls for volunteersLincoln calls for volunteers
► April 15, 1861, Lincoln April 15, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 called for 75,000 volunteers from the volunteers from the states to serve for 90 states to serve for 90 days to put down the days to put down the rebellionrebellion
► This lead to the This lead to the secession of Virginia, secession of Virginia, N.C., Arkansas and N.C., Arkansas and TennesseeTennessee
Lincoln offers Lee commandLincoln offers Lee command► Winfield Scott Winfield Scott
suggested to suggested to President Lincoln President Lincoln that Robert E Lee that Robert E Lee should be chosen to should be chosen to lead the Federal lead the Federal forcesforces
► Lee was called to Lee was called to Washington and Washington and offered the offered the command, which he command, which he turned downturned down
► ““I shall never bear I shall never bear arms against the arms against the Union, but it may be Union, but it may be necessary for me to necessary for me to carry a musket in carry a musket in the defense of my the defense of my native state, native state, Virginia.”Virginia.”
– – Robert E LeeRobert E Lee
“Lee, you have made the greatest mistake of your life...” – Winfield Scott
George George McClellanMcClellan
Ulysses S Grant Joseph HookerJoseph HookerAmbrose Ambrose BurnsideBurnside
George MeadeGeorge Meade
Union army in the east, responsible for guarding Washington, D.C. and
attacking Richmond, Virginia
Army of the PotomacArmy of the Potomac
James Longstreet
P.G.T. Beauregard
Joseph Johnston
Robert E LeeStonewall Jackson
Army of Northern VirginiaArmy of Northern VirginiaConfederate army in the east,
responsible for defending Richmond
First Battle of Bull RunBattle of ManassasBattle of Manassas
Date Date StateState Leaders N/S Leaders N/S Victor & Victor &
importance of importance of outcomeoutcome
July 21, 1861
Virginia
Irvin McDowell
P.G.T. P.G.T. BeauregardBeauregard
Confederate victory – increased southern morale
led to the Union army ask for 500,000 volunteers
Both sides realized it would not be short war
Ruins of a stone bridge over Bull Run Creek
First Battle of Bull Run
ShilohShilohPittsburg LandingPittsburg Landing
Date StateLeaders
N/S
Victor & importance of outcome
April April
6 - 7, 6 - 7, 1862 1862
TennesseTennesseee
Ulysses S Ulysses S GrantGrant
Albert Albert Sidney Sidney
JohnstonJohnston
Union victoryUnion victory
Johnston killedJohnston killed
Union control Union control of Tennessee of Tennessee River River
Grant brings Grant brings attention to attention to himself with himself with victory (good victory (good and bad)and bad)
Seven Days (The Peninsula Campaign)
Date Date StateState Leaders Leaders N/S N/S
Victor & Victor & importance of importance of
outcome outcome
June 25 to
July 1, 1862
Virginia
George George McClellanMcClellan
Robert E. Robert E. LeeLee
Confederate victory
Richmond(Confederate capital) saved
Date Date StateState Leaders Leaders N/S N/S
Victor & Victor & importance of importance of
outcome outcome
August 29-30, 1862
Virginia
John PopeJohn Pope
Stonewall Stonewall JacksonJackson
Confederate victory
regained control of most of Virginia
Lee decides to invade the Union
Second Battle of Bull RunSecond Battle of Bull RunSecond ManassasSecond Manassas
Cavalry crossing Bull Run Creek
AntietamSharpsburg
Date StateLeaders
N/S
Victor & importance of
outcome
Sept 17,
1862
Maryland
George George McClellanMcClellan
Robert E Robert E LeeLee
Military draw; seen as political victory for Union
Bloodiest day of the war– 25,000 casualties
McClellan forced to resign
led to Emancipation Proclamation
Antietam Creek Bridge 1862
Dunker Church (present day memorial and with dead Union & Confederates after 9/17/1862)
FredericksburgFredericksburg
Date StateLeaders
N/S
Victor & importance of
outcome
Dec 13, 1862
Virginia
Ambrose Ambrose BurnsideBurnside
Robert E Robert E LeeLee
Confederate victory
stops final Union advance of 1862
Looking across the Rappahannock River from the direction of the Union attack on Fredericksburg. Confederate forces had destroyed the bridges to make the crossing more difficult for the Union.
Union artillery at Fredericksburg
ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville
Date Date StateState Leaders Leaders N/S N/S
Victor & Victor & importance of importance of outcome outcome
May 2 to
May 4 1863
Virginia
Joseph Joseph HookerHooker
Robert E Robert E LeeLee
Confederate victory
Lee soundly beat an army that outnumbered him 2:1
Stonewall Jackson killed
The Death of Stonewall The Death of Stonewall JacksonJackson
► After the first day of fighting, Jackson was shot by friendly fire while returning to camp.
► Jackson lost his left arm from his wound and it was buried near Chancellorsville; he died a 8 days later on, May 10, from his wounds
► With Stonewall Jackson’s death, Lee lost one of his best generals.
► Lee: “I have lost my right arm, and I am bleeding at the heart”
Siege of VicksburgSiege of Vicksburg
Date StateLeaders
N/S
Victor & importance of
outcome
May 18 to
July 4, 1863
Mississippi
Ulysses S Ulysses S GrantGrant
John John PembertonPemberton
Union victory
Union control of Mississippi River
(fulfilled a major part of the Anaconda Plan)
GettysburgGettysburg
Date StateLeaders
N/S
Victor & importance of
outcome
July 1 - 3, 1863
Pennsylvania
George George MeadeMeade
Robert E Robert E LeeLee
Union victory, over 43,000 casualties
Bloodiest battle of the war
the South would never invade North again
Gettysburg Gettysburg Day 1Day 1
► Skirmishes begin North of town as advanced scouting parties of the two armies converge
► Lee knows he needs to control the high ground. He orders General Ewell to take Culp’s Hill “If Practicable…”
► Ewell decides it is not practicable, and the Union controls the high ground
► The Union army forms a fishhook defensive position
► Confederates under James Longstreet attack the Southern en of the fishhook along the hills Round Top and Little Round Top
► Joshua Chamberlain’s 20th Maine defends Little Round Top preventing the Confederates from destroying the Union line
Gettysburg Gettysburg Day 2Day 2
Charge of the 20Charge of the 20thth Maine – Little Round Maine – Little Round TopTop
Reenactment of Pickett’s Charge on the 3rd day of Gettysburg
Confederate Sharpshooter killed at Confederate Sharpshooter killed at Devil’s DenDevil’s Den
► Lee’s last ditch effort to win the battle and perhaps the war
► George Pickett’s Division is ordered to attack the Union line in what is known as “Pickett’s Charge”
► The attack fails and Pickett’s Division is wiped out
► Lee retreats, never to invade the North again. The bloodiest battle of the war is over
Gettysburg Gettysburg Day 3Day 3
Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge
ChattanoogaChattanooga
Date StateLeaders
N/S
Victor & importance of outcome
Nov 23to
Nov 25 1863
Tennessee
Ulysses S Ulysses S GrantGrant
Braxton Braxton Bragg Bragg
Union victory
forced Confederate withdrawal from Tennessee
The WildernessThe Wilderness
Date StateLeaders
N/S
Victor & importance of outcome
May 4 – 6, 1864
Virginia
Ulysses S Ulysses S GrantGrant
Robert E Robert E LeeLee
Confederate victory
Union did not retreat and kept pressing Lee
The Atlanta CampaignThe Atlanta Campaign
Date StateLeaders
N/S
Victor & importance of
outcome
July 16 – Sept 2, 1864
Georgia
William William ShermanSherman
John Bell John Bell HoodHood
Union victory
captured the “heart of the South”
launched the “march to the sea”
Use of “total war”
"I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition, also about twenty-five thousand bales of ammunition, also about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton." - William Sherman to Abraham Lincolncotton." - William Sherman to Abraham Lincoln
Sherman’s March to the SeaSherman’s March to the Sea
Siege of PetersburgSiege of Petersburg
Date StateLeaders
N/S
Victor & importance of
outcome
June 15,1864 –
April 2, 1865
Virginia
Ulysses S Ulysses S GrantGrant
Robert E Robert E LeeLee
Union victory
open the door to Richmond
led to Lee’s surrender
Union trenches at the siege of PetersburgUnion trenches at the siege of Petersburg
Union created “crater”Union created “crater”
Lee surrenders to Grant Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia
April 9, 1965