Main trends on the design of Regional Main trends on the design of Regional Innovation Policies in EuropeInnovation Policies in Europe

OPEN DAYS 2005OPEN DAYS 2005

““PIRINEOAK-PIRINEUS-PIRINEOS-PYRÉNÉES”PIRINEOAK-PIRINEUS-PIRINEOS-PYRÉNÉES”

Brussels,Brussels, 11 11thth October 2005 October 2005

Venue: Delegation of the Basque CountryVenue: Delegation of the Basque Country

27, Rue des Deux Eglises27, Rue des Deux Eglises

B- 1000 BruxellesB- 1000 Bruxelles

” ” Present and Future for Objective Present and Future for Objective Competitiveness and Employment: best Competitiveness and Employment: best

practicespractices” ”

Dr. Mikel Landabaso Dr. Mikel Landabaso

EU Commission, DG Regio F1 - SpainEU Commission, DG Regio F1 - Spain

Main trends on the design of Regional Innovation Policies in Europe

1.1. The Lisbon trail The Lisbon trail

2.2. R&D Excellence versus Regional InnovationR&D Excellence versus Regional Innovation

3.3. "One size fits all" versus regionally adapted innovation "One size fits all" versus regionally adapted innovation policiespolicies

4.4. Human capital, Human capital, Human CapitalHuman capital, Human capital, Human Capital

5.5. New objectives, instruments and policy delivery systemsNew objectives, instruments and policy delivery systems

6.6. An EU regional policy menu for the promotion of innovationAn EU regional policy menu for the promotion of innovation

Regional GDP 2001

< 5050 - 75

75 - 9090 - 100100 - 125>= 125No data

Index EU 25= 100

GDP per head(PPS), 2001

Source: Eurostat

A new economic rationale for the Regional Competitiveness and Employment objective: pushing the Lisbon agenda forward

The open method of coordination established in The open method of coordination established in Lisbon is not enoughLisbon is not enough

From a loose supranational method to a From a loose supranational method to a Community oneCommunity one

The Commission to provide financial incentives The Commission to provide financial incentives in order to catalyse the processin order to catalyse the process

Financial leverage as well as political Financial leverage as well as political commitmentcommitment

Successful national advances towards Lisbon Successful national advances towards Lisbon often hide pronounced regional disparitiesoften hide pronounced regional disparities

Eastern

Vaestsverige

Lisboa

Limburg

Piemonte

Pohjois-

SuomiIle De

France

Pais Vasco

Attiki

Baden-Wuerttemberg

Vlaams Gewest

Wales

Smaaland

Med

OearnaAcores

Flevoland

CalabriaAalandCorseCanariasNotioMecklenburg-

Vorpommern

Brussels

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

B D EL E F FIN I NL P S UK

"Top" region Country mean "Bottom" region EU mean

Regional disparities in Europe in business expenditures on R&D (BERD - %GDP)

Employment and productivity in the EU - 2003

US

AT

BE

DE

DK

ES

FI

FR

GR

IEIT

LU

NL

PT

SEUK

EU15

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

50 55 60 65 70 75 80

Employment rate

Labo

ur p

rodu

ctiv

ity p

er p

erso

n em

ploy

ed (E

U=1

00)

EU target 2010

Source: Commission services

A territorially-based, systemic approach A territorially-based, systemic approach versus a narrow high-tech and sectoral versus a narrow high-tech and sectoral

approachapproach

The "Sapir" proposal: more money for Research- The "Sapir" proposal: more money for Research- help the best compete globally…the others will help the best compete globally…the others will followfollow

The "regional systems approach": more money for The "regional systems approach": more money for innovation – help tap underutilised potential, SMEs innovation – help tap underutilised potential, SMEs in particular, wherever it exists.in particular, wherever it exists.

OECD (Conclusions of the Chair, High level Meeting, OECD (Conclusions of the Chair, High level Meeting, Martigny, Switzerland, July 2003) “Both global economic Martigny, Switzerland, July 2003) “Both global economic

growth and social cohesion require increasing the growth and social cohesion require increasing the competitiveness of regions, especially where potential is competitiveness of regions, especially where potential is

highest. highest. The comparative advantages that drive innovation The comparative advantages that drive innovation and investment are as much a regional characteristic as a and investment are as much a regional characteristic as a

national one. For regions to succeed, they must harness their national one. For regions to succeed, they must harness their own mix of assets, skills and ideas to compete in a global own mix of assets, skills and ideas to compete in a global

market and develop unused potential.”market and develop unused potential.”

R&D excellence v.s. Regional Innovation R&D excellence v.s. Regional Innovation

219 European regions: 8 European regions alone accounted 219 European regions: 8 European regions alone accounted for 25% GERD, 31 regions accounted for 50% of this for 25% GERD, 31 regions accounted for 50% of this expenditure, half of all patent applications for high expenditure, half of all patent applications for high

technology concentrated in just 13 core regions.technology concentrated in just 13 core regions.

CIS: Half of the enterprises in the EU’s manufacturing sector CIS: Half of the enterprises in the EU’s manufacturing sector were innovators, with north-south disparities ranging from were innovators, with north-south disparities ranging from over 67% in Ireland, Denmark, Germany and Austria to less over 67% in Ireland, Denmark, Germany and Austria to less

than 30% in Spain and Portugal.than 30% in Spain and Portugal.

Firms and organisations from Objective 1 regions participate Firms and organisations from Objective 1 regions participate in only 14% of all EU R&D Framework Programme with SMEs in only 14% of all EU R&D Framework Programme with SMEs

receiving less than 15% of the total budgetreceiving less than 15% of the total budget

Finland, Austria, Belgium, France, Denmark and Germany give Finland, Austria, Belgium, France, Denmark and Germany give between 2 and 3 times more state aid to R&D per person between 2 and 3 times more state aid to R&D per person

employed in manufacturing than Spain, and nearly 10 times employed in manufacturing than Spain, and nearly 10 times more than Portugal and Greece more than Portugal and Greece

Table 9 – State aid to R&D and manufacturing, average 1999-2001 State aid to

manufacturing State aid to R&D in manufacturing

Employment in manufacturing

State aid to R&D per person employed in the manufacturing sector

State aid to R&D as % of total state aid to manufacturing

€/employed EU15=100 FIN 391 154 452 341 228 39.5 A 454 219 672 326 217 48.2 B 639 152 652 234 156 23.9 L 35 7 33 225 150 21.1 F 3.898 830 3.779 220 146 21.3 DK 770 81 436 186 124 10.5 D 8.733 1.500 8.105 185 123 17.2 NL 651 176 1.059 166 111 27.0 EU15 23.460 4.513 30.077 150 100 19.2 I 3.842 710 5.161 138 92 18.5 E 1.100 286 2.914 98 65 25.9 S 405 67 768 87 58 16.5 UK 1.323 279 4.173 67 45 21.1 IRL 498 18 302 59 40 3.6 P 231 27 966 28 19 11.7 EL 490 7 605 12 8 1.4 Source: European Commission, State Aid Scoreboard

R&D expenditures

High-Tech employment and EPO patents applications

R&D personnel

"One size fits all" versus regionally adapted innovation "One size fits all" versus regionally adapted innovation policies: sectoral specialization, size and "isolation" policies: sectoral specialization, size and "isolation" mattermatterTraditional sectors Traditional sectors (e.g. textiles, wood, leather, agro-food, (e.g. textiles, wood, leather, agro-food, ceramics, metalworking, shoemaking, etc.) populated by SMEs ceramics, metalworking, shoemaking, etc.) populated by SMEs represent the highest industrial value added in most regions, represent the highest industrial value added in most regions, specially in less favoured regions, are comparatively more specially in less favoured regions, are comparatively more dependent on the regional environment to innovate – proximity dependent on the regional environment to innovate – proximity plays a more important role and innovation is more incremental and plays a more important role and innovation is more incremental and less dependent on R&D efforts.less dependent on R&D efforts.

More technologically advanced sectors More technologically advanced sectors (e.g. chemistry, (e.g. chemistry, aeronautics, electronics, information and communications aeronautics, electronics, information and communications technologies, informatics, etc.), better represented in more advanced technologies, informatics, etc.), better represented in more advanced regions are more directly dependent on R&D efforts as such, and regions are more directly dependent on R&D efforts as such, and they are based on relatively bigger and more internationally they are based on relatively bigger and more internationally connected and innovative firms which often have the necessary connected and innovative firms which often have the necessary internal R&D capacities.internal R&D capacities.

"One size fits all" versus regionally adapted "One size fits all" versus regionally adapted innovation policies: sectoral specialization, size and innovation policies: sectoral specialization, size and "isolation" matter"isolation" matterSizeSizeEmployment in manufacturing (2000) by firms under 50 employees in Italy, Spain Employment in manufacturing (2000) by firms under 50 employees in Italy, Spain or Portugal ranges from 56% to 47% while in all the rest of EU countries it ranges or Portugal ranges from 56% to 47% while in all the rest of EU countries it ranges from only 22% in Germany to 33% in France. from only 22% in Germany to 33% in France. IIn Spain, Italy, Portugal 40% of the employees worked in microfirmsn Spain, Italy, Portugal 40% of the employees worked in microfirmsA clear correlation between the regional density of large enterprises and R&D A clear correlation between the regional density of large enterprises and R&D business expenditure, and regions with a high concentration of SMEs tend to show business expenditure, and regions with a high concentration of SMEs tend to show low rates of R&D business expenditure low rates of R&D business expenditure

IsolationIsolationUnlike large firms with internal R&TDI capabilities, the SMEs route to innovation Unlike large firms with internal R&TDI capabilities, the SMEs route to innovation depends largely on their capacity to access technology and knowledge inputs from depends largely on their capacity to access technology and knowledge inputs from its regional environment, be it as inputs from the region itself (e.g. co-operation its regional environment, be it as inputs from the region itself (e.g. co-operation with other regional firms and suppliers/customers, skilled manpower, R&D with other regional firms and suppliers/customers, skilled manpower, R&D capabilities, technology transfer from Technology centres and Universities…) or as capabilities, technology transfer from Technology centres and Universities…) or as relays (proximity gates) to sources of technologically advanced equipment and relays (proximity gates) to sources of technologically advanced equipment and R&TD excellence networks internationally.R&TD excellence networks internationally.

Different innovative behavior requires different Different innovative behavior requires different policy designs and ways of measuring innovation policy designs and ways of measuring innovation potentialpotential•Businessmen in SMEs rate the acquisition of advanced equipment and co-operation with Businessmen in SMEs rate the acquisition of advanced equipment and co-operation with suppliers and customers as the two most important ways to access advanced technologies well in suppliers and customers as the two most important ways to access advanced technologies well in front of conducting in-house R&D efforts - two managers out of every three considered front of conducting in-house R&D efforts - two managers out of every three considered networking between innovators (i.e. combined development of new products, sharing knowledge networking between innovators (i.e. combined development of new products, sharing knowledge among companies, etc.) as important or very important for innovation in their companies.among companies, etc.) as important or very important for innovation in their companies.•OECD: product innovation is predominantly a collective process, involving often complex OECD: product innovation is predominantly a collective process, involving often complex patterns of interactions within firms and between firms and the regional knowledge base in patterns of interactions within firms and between firms and the regional knowledge base in particular - in all geographical areas, isolated firms, which are more predominant in less particular - in all geographical areas, isolated firms, which are more predominant in less favoured regions, innovate less than firms with external growth opportunities (in terms of favoured regions, innovate less than firms with external growth opportunities (in terms of networking and local spill-overs). networking and local spill-overs).

ERIS-European Regional Innovation Survey conclusions:ERIS-European Regional Innovation Survey conclusions:

•““Small firms show a high preference for local and regional cooperation partners. They have a much higher Small firms show a high preference for local and regional cooperation partners. They have a much higher share of intra-regional linkages than large firms”.share of intra-regional linkages than large firms”.

•“”“”Innovating firms are much more engaged in networking than non-innovating firms”Innovating firms are much more engaged in networking than non-innovating firms”

•““Small firms cooperate to a lesser extent with universities and other research institutes, while medium size Small firms cooperate to a lesser extent with universities and other research institutes, while medium size and large firms make much more use of this information and knowledge pool..Because their preference for and large firms make much more use of this information and knowledge pool..Because their preference for local and regional partners, small firms depend greatly on the supportive quality of their regional local and regional partners, small firms depend greatly on the supportive quality of their regional environment and the innovation-relevant knowledge sources available there”environment and the innovation-relevant knowledge sources available there”

There is no successful innovation policy without a long term There is no successful innovation policy without a long term commitment to Human Capital buildingcommitment to Human Capital building

““Innovation tends to increase the need for highly skilled workers and Innovation tends to increase the need for highly skilled workers and to decrease the need for the low skilled, and this phenomenon to decrease the need for the low skilled, and this phenomenon

increases with firm size” (IGH and IKEI, 2003).increases with firm size” (IGH and IKEI, 2003).

Early school-leaversEarly school-leavers: no less than two Greek regions (Anatoliki : no less than two Greek regions (Anatoliki Makedonia and Notio Aigao), six Spanish regions (Castilla La Mancha, Makedonia and Notio Aigao), six Spanish regions (Castilla La Mancha,

Extremadura, C. Valanciana, Andalucía, Murcia, Canarias), three Extremadura, C. Valanciana, Andalucía, Murcia, Canarias), three Italian (Campania, Sardinia and Sicilia) and all Portuguese regions Italian (Campania, Sardinia and Sicilia) and all Portuguese regions

have more than one third of the total population aged 18-24 as early have more than one third of the total population aged 18-24 as early school leavers. Non Cohesion countries have less than half this rate.school leavers. Non Cohesion countries have less than half this rate.

Low and medium level educationLow and medium level education is extremely low in Spain, is extremely low in Spain, Southern Italy, Greece and Portugal compared with the EU (not Southern Italy, Greece and Portugal compared with the EU (not

Spanish levels of tertiary education) Spanish levels of tertiary education)

Vocational trainingVocational training is key to innovation in SMEs: Over 65% in is key to innovation in SMEs: Over 65% in Germany and the UK and over 70% in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany and the UK and over 70% in Belgium, the Netherlands and Austria compared with 42% in Greece and 40% in Spain to 27-28% in Austria compared with 42% in Greece and 40% in Spain to 27-28% in

Portugal and Ireland, with the figure in Italy also being 27%.Portugal and Ireland, with the figure in Italy also being 27%.

Life-Long learning:Life-Long learning: 15% of the 24-65 received training in the last 15% of the 24-65 received training in the last three months in Dk, Fin, Sw, Neth, UK compared with less than 5% in three months in Dk, Fin, Sw, Neth, UK compared with less than 5% in Portugal, Greece and France (Spain ranges from 2,3% in Cantabria to Portugal, Greece and France (Spain ranges from 2,3% in Cantabria to

over 8% in Valencia)over 8% in Valencia)

Educational level 2002

LOW MEDIUM HIGH

% of total population aged 25-64

< 19.219.2 – 28.028.0 – 36.836.8 – 45.6>= 45.6 no data

EU-27 = 32.4Standard deviation

= 17.7

< 35.0535.05 – 43.3543.35 – 51.6551.65 – 59.95>= 59.95 no data

EU-27 = 47.5Standard deviation

= 16.59

< 13.6513.65 – 17.9517.95 – 22.2522.25 – 26.55>= 26.55no data

EU-27 = 20.01Standard deviation

= 8.57

Source:Eurostat (LFS)

New objectivesNew objectives

Policies must aim to make the region’s Policies must aim to make the region’s business more competitive internationally, business more competitive internationally, develop higher added-value activities and develop higher added-value activities and

exploit new niche markets: exploit new niche markets: not to reduce financial burden on not to reduce financial burden on local local entrepreneurs,entrepreneurs, but to bring businesses into regional but to bring businesses into regional and international networks where they and international networks where they can co-operate and have access to can co-operate and have access to sources of knowledge and technology.sources of knowledge and technology.

New objectivesNew objectives

An attractive Regional Image based on the region’s own An attractive Regional Image based on the region’s own identity in the global economy in order to consolidate and identity in the global economy in order to consolidate and attract a pool of talents and effectively “sell” the quality of attract a pool of talents and effectively “sell” the quality of

life and their educational, technological and research life and their educational, technological and research environmentenvironment

Attract branch plants or qualified professionals?Attract branch plants or qualified professionals?300 jobs in one "foreign" shot or 3*100 in "local" SMEs? A 300 jobs in one "foreign" shot or 3*100 in "local" SMEs? A

branch plant or a home grown cluster?branch plant or a home grown cluster?

““Bring your brains”…and your family too…Bring your brains”…and your family too…

we have the socio-economic environment and the policies we have the socio-economic environment and the policies to valorise themto valorise them

instead ofinstead of

“ “Bring your business to exploit our low labour costs Bring your business to exploit our low labour costs and benefit from our low taxes” = cut-throat regional and benefit from our low taxes” = cut-throat regional

competition (state aids war?)competition (state aids war?)

Rooting mobile investments as Rooting mobile investments as important as attracting themimportant as attracting them

Noble tasks (R&D and design) remain homeNoble tasks (R&D and design) remain home"Less than 10% of innovative activities of "Less than 10% of innovative activities of

the world’s largest 500 companies are the world’s largest 500 companies are located outside their countries of origin located outside their countries of origin " (Tidd et al, 1997 – quoted from COTEC " (Tidd et al, 1997 – quoted from COTEC

1998).1998).

Less and less MCs available to less favored Less and less MCs available to less favored regions in Europe (and losing jobs…)regions in Europe (and losing jobs…)

"Between 99-01 FDI in EU15 = 7% of GDP "Between 99-01 FDI in EU15 = 7% of GDP (2% from outside the EU) ranging from (2% from outside the EU) ranging from

20%in Ireland, 13% in Denmark, 20%in Ireland, 13% in Denmark, Netherlands and Sweden to 4% in Portugal Netherlands and Sweden to 4% in Portugal

and less than 1,5% in Spain and Italy"and less than 1,5% in Spain and Italy"

Rooting mobile investments as Rooting mobile investments as important as attracting themimportant as attracting them

Footloose branch plants which come…and Footloose branch plants which come…and go east…and further eastgo east…and further east

""Since 1991 the Since 1991 the German industryGerman industry has lost 36% of its has lost 36% of its jobs due to relocations to Eastern countries and/or jobs due to relocations to Eastern countries and/or

structural changes…German enterprises have created structural changes…German enterprises have created some 3 million jobs abroad; foreign enterprises created some 3 million jobs abroad; foreign enterprises created

some 0,9 million in Germany" (Dr. M. Wansleben, some 0,9 million in Germany" (Dr. M. Wansleben, Eurochambers 22nd January 2004)Eurochambers 22nd January 2004)

"In "In FranceFrance relocations are estimated at 10% of FDI relocations are estimated at 10% of FDI abroad (300 M€) between 1998-02'…Noyelles-Godault in abroad (300 M€) between 1998-02'…Noyelles-Godault in Nord-Pas de Calais (38 M€ in state social aid), Daewooo in Nord-Pas de Calais (38 M€ in state social aid), Daewooo in Metz, Altadis, JVC, Continental, Alcatel,…"(La Vangaurdia, Metz, Altadis, JVC, Continental, Alcatel,…"(La Vangaurdia,

29 December 2003) 29 December 2003) "... Competitive advantage based on factor costs... "... Competitive advantage based on factor costs...

is rapidly undone...A low-wage country today is is rapidly undone...A low-wage country today is quickly replaced by another tomorrow...” quickly replaced by another tomorrow...” M. Porter M. Porter

(1990) (1990) ..

New instrumentsNew instrumentsMicroeconomic levelMicroeconomic level

Facilitate business innovation and the Facilitate business innovation and the economic exploitation of new ideas:economic exploitation of new ideas:

•reducing time to market, reducing time to market, •improve the efficiency of production improve the efficiency of production

cycles, cycles, •increasing quality, design, increasing quality, design,

•innovation & knowledge management innovation & knowledge management •facilitating start-ups, etc… facilitating start-ups, etc…

by appropriate ‘bridging/linking’ policies to by appropriate ‘bridging/linking’ policies to Knowledge & technology resources...Knowledge & technology resources...

Enterprise

SME

EEEEnterprise

SME

Big Firms

Public SectorNational/Regional

Administration

BusinessConsultants:

Services

Universities

TechnologyCentres

Finance-Banks

Val

ue C

hain

Clu

ster

sM

ento

ring

Sch

emes

...

Inno

vatio

nSu

ppor

t Sch

emes

Busin

ess I

nnov

atio

n

Centre

s

Innovation ManagementTechniquesTechnology AuditsTechnology Foresights

Intermediaries

Cluste

r

Polic

y…

Busin

ess

Foru

ms Seed C

apitalventure C

apitalB

usiness Angels

Technology T

ransfer

Projects

R&

D V

alorisation

Graduate Placem

ent

Schemes

University-Enterprise

Cooperation...

The Networked Economy

New instrumentsNew instrumentsMicroeconomic levelMicroeconomic level

Reduce entry barriers for Reduce entry barriers for businesses,promote entrepreneurship businesses,promote entrepreneurship and provide knowledge access through and provide knowledge access through networks and “real business services” networks and “real business services”

to groups of firms to groups of firms

in contrast toin contrast to

Public subsidies to individual businesses Public subsidies to individual businesses through horizontal and automatic through horizontal and automatic

programmes of public aid.programmes of public aid.

New instrumentsNew instruments

Mesoeconomic levelMesoeconomic level

Business climate that fosters the Business climate that fosters the creation, dissemination creation, dissemination and and adaptation/adoption of knowledge adaptation/adoption of knowledge (codified/tacit) (codified/tacit) that increases the that increases the regional competitiveness & regional competitiveness & attractiveness.attractiveness.

Social capital and institutional Social capital and institutional efficiency:efficiency: creating public-private creating public-private partnerships, partnerships, strengthening business strengthening business co-operation networks (clusters), better co-operation networks (clusters), better matching existing R&DTI resources and matching existing R&DTI resources and infrastructures to business innovation infrastructures to business innovation demand…demand…

The Science-Market circuitThe Science-Market circuit

Basic Research

Applied Research

Innovation

Science

Market

New or improved

product or process

SMEs

pre-competitive activities

Technology needs by firms

New ideas about new products and/or improved processesUniv. Departments

Public Research Institutes

Science Parks

SMEs

Innovation

Technology Transfer

Technology Transfer

Valorisation

Difussion

"Regional 'Innovative Milieux': innovative environments"

"Scientific Sub-system"

Research Centres

Technology Incubator

Technology Park

Contract Research Organisations

RTOs.

Technological developmentAdapting/adoption

Clients

Subcontracting

Firms

New products demand

(different, better or cheaper)Research without

immediate application

"Adaptative Research"

The Science-Market Circuit:

a regional model of the innovation process

Knowledge Demand Demand

Science Policy

Technology Policy

Industrial Policy/Regional Policy

Competition Policy

Public Procuring PolicySource: Landabaso, M. 1993.

("Followers/imitators")

A fragmented regional economy: Less favoured regions

RegionalGovernment

BusinessServices

SMEs

SMEs

Chamber ofCommerce

SMEs

SMEs

Largefirms

SMEs

Universities

TechnologyCenters

SectoralAssociations

SMEsSMEs

SMEs

SMEs

Largefirms

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

TechnologyConsultants

SMEs

SMEs

Largefirms

SMEs

SMEs

Regional economy

Regionalgovernment

Businessservices &tech. con-sultants

SMEs SMEs

Businessintermediaries:

Cham. of Comm.;Local Agencies

BICs

SMEs

Large firms;Tech. Centers;Sect. Associa-

tions

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

Cluster

Science base:Universities;Public R&D;Laboratories

TechnologyCenters

SectoralAssociations

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

Largefirms

SMEs

SMEs

SMEsValorisation of R&D and Tech. Transfer Office

SMEs

Glob

al econom

y

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEs SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

SMEsSMEs

SMEs SMEs

SMEs

SMEs

Op

en g

ate:

In

tern

atio

nal

tec

hn

olog

y tr

ansf

er

net

wor

ks

Op

en gate: In

ternation

al value ch

ains

Open gate: International business consultants & specialized business services

Open gate: International R&D/academic excellence networks

SMEs

SMEs

Regionaleconomy

R&TDI infrastructures and policies R&TDI infrastructures and policies are keyare key

In order to consolidate and attract a pool of talents In order to consolidate and attract a pool of talents an adequate education & training, technological an adequate education & training, technological

and research environment is of paramount and research environment is of paramount importance - there is no second best in R&D: importance - there is no second best in R&D: international excellence is the way forwardinternational excellence is the way forward

Leading (and "connected") Universities are a Leading (and "connected") Universities are a powerful attraction tool. They are the processing powerful attraction tool. They are the processing factories of the XXIs century's basic raw material: factories of the XXIs century's basic raw material:

brainpower.brainpower.

A responsive regional R&DI infrastructure A responsive regional R&DI infrastructure (knowledge base) to business demand is key(knowledge base) to business demand is key

"The history of industrial innovation indicates that new "The history of industrial innovation indicates that new businesses are usually spawned in the same place where businesses are usually spawned in the same place where

entrepreneurs receive their degrees" (Corporation for entrepreneurs receive their degrees" (Corporation for Enterprise Development, 1998)Enterprise Development, 1998)

Knowledge infrastructures

In search of "connected" regionsIn search of "connected" regionsPhysical (distance = time*price)…Physical (distance = time*price)…• A well connected International airport A well connected International airport • Good logistics: rail, road (sea), multimodal Good logistics: rail, road (sea), multimodal

accessibilityaccessibility• "Rururban" quality sites"Rururban" quality sites• No congestion or pollutionNo congestion or pollution

……as well as virtual connections: broadband or leave as well as virtual connections: broadband or leave

"Business-to-Business (‘B2B’) e-commerce is radically altering "Business-to-Business (‘B2B’) e-commerce is radically altering the way supply chains function and it is estimated at over the way supply chains function and it is estimated at over 200billion € in 2002 in Europe, a fourfold increase from the 200billion € in 2002 in Europe, a fourfold increase from the previous year." (Business Week, May 2003)previous year." (Business Week, May 2003)

" P" Plusieurs études auprès de petites et moyennes entreprises lusieurs études auprès de petites et moyennes entreprises ont révélé que dans certaines zones non desservies à ce jour, ont révélé que dans certaines zones non desservies à ce jour, plus de 30 % des entreprises prévplus de 30 % des entreprises prévoyaient de déménager en oyaient de déménager en cas d’absence d’une connexion à l’Internet cas d’absence d’une connexion à l’Internet large bande large bande d’ici d’ici

trois ans (étude de l’Observatoire Régional des trois ans (étude de l’Observatoire Régional des Télécommunications en France)Télécommunications en France)

Regional image and social Regional image and social infrastructuresinfrastructures

An attractive Regional Image in the global economy pays – An attractive Regional Image in the global economy pays – "the Guggenheim effect":"the Guggenheim effect":

•Regional identity, values and attitudesRegional identity, values and attitudes

• A "mosaic" society and a place to work …and liveA "mosaic" society and a place to work …and live

•Effectively “sell” the quality of life:Effectively “sell” the quality of life:

Nature, health and education facilities, security, local culture, Nature, health and education facilities, security, local culture, ..as well as leisure facilities, sun and sea (or snow) … also ..as well as leisure facilities, sun and sea (or snow) … also

count count

""Freedom of location increases thanks to ICTs will emphasize Freedom of location increases thanks to ICTs will emphasize the significance of features of place"the significance of features of place" (Talvitie, J. 2003) (Talvitie, J. 2003)

"Quality-of-place – particularly natural, recreational, "Quality-of-place – particularly natural, recreational, and lifestyle amenities – is absolutely vital in attracting and lifestyle amenities – is absolutely vital in attracting knowledge workers and in supporting leading-edge high knowledge workers and in supporting leading-edge high

technology firms and industries"technology firms and industries" ("Competing in the Age of ("Competing in the Age of Talent: quality of place and the new economy" Richard Talent: quality of place and the new economy" Richard

Florida, January 2000)Florida, January 2000)

New planning & implementation New planning & implementation systemssystems

The public sector as facilitator, broker, The public sector as facilitator, broker, catalyst.catalyst.

provide leadership, rather than controlprovide leadership, rather than control

promoter and catalyst for economic promoter and catalyst for economic developmentdevelopment

not to be planned by a “enlightened” elite not to be planned by a “enlightened” elite using a “linear procedure’ (with expensive using a “linear procedure’ (with expensive consultants)consultants)

be amended on a permanent basis (‘learning be amended on a permanent basis (‘learning by doing’): pilot experimentation and by doing’): pilot experimentation and evaluation, taking risks and learning from evaluation, taking risks and learning from mistakes.mistakes.

have a very wide and multidisciplinary focus have a very wide and multidisciplinary focus and and permanently improving human capital permanently improving human capital through education through education and training.and training.

New planning & implementation New planning & implementation systemssystems

Such policies cannot be effectively Such policies cannot be effectively developed without building social capital developed without building social capital and good regional governance:and good regional governance:

without the direct participation of without the direct participation of the private the private sector in planning and in sector in planning and in implementation implementation

without understanding and without understanding and approaching the agendas of others active approaching the agendas of others active RTDI in the region, semi-public agencies, RTDI in the region, semi-public agencies, technology centers, universities technology centers, universities and and trade unions.trade unions.

How to build social capital?How to build social capital?

a) steering committees of regional innovation a) steering committees of regional innovation planning exercises might be participated by planning exercises might be participated by several regional and national ministries concerned several regional and national ministries concerned together with private actors, together with private actors, b) there is intensive use of working groups and b) there is intensive use of working groups and sectoral platforms to identify research and sectoral platforms to identify research and technological development needs, capacities and technological development needs, capacities and priority actions, priority actions, c) regional technology foresight-type exercises c) regional technology foresight-type exercises involving a large number of regional players are involving a large number of regional players are implemented, implemented, d) awareness raising and consensus building about d) awareness raising and consensus building about innovation opportunities and challenges among a innovation opportunities and challenges among a broad base of regional stakeholders are broad base of regional stakeholders are systematically carried out, systematically carried out, e) a participative evaluation culture which allows e) a participative evaluation culture which allows for continuous policy improvement ensuring long for continuous policy improvement ensuring long term commitment to a common regional agenda term commitment to a common regional agenda and vision is developed, etc.and vision is developed, etc.

What measures European regions What measures European regions choose?choose?Technological innovation related Technological innovation related measures within PRAI 2001-2measures within PRAI 2001-2

SMEs innovation

projects with

Universities and

Technology Centres

(A181)

21%

Clusters and business

networks :

development of a

regional innovation

strategy (A182)

29%

Research, Technological

Development and

Innovation infrastructure

(A183)

2%

Business Advisory

services : Technology

forecasting and

Technology Audits in

SMEs (A163)

19%

Incubator units and

creation of technology

based firms (A164)

15%

Other Research, Technological Development

and Innovation projects (A180)

9%

Innovation f inancial engineering : seed and venture capital (A165)

5%

A new economic rationale for the A new economic rationale for the Regional Competitiveness and Regional Competitiveness and Employment objective: Employment objective: a regional and partnership approacha regional and partnership approach

Good regional governance and strengthened Good regional governance and strengthened public-private partnerships at the heart of public-private partnerships at the heart of the reform of Cohesion Policythe reform of Cohesion Policy

A regional approach as a matter of economic A regional approach as a matter of economic efficiency in the field of innovation: the need efficiency in the field of innovation: the need for territorial proximity in SMEs promotionfor territorial proximity in SMEs promotion

Understand and build upon the potential of Understand and build upon the potential of every region: helping regions help every region: helping regions help themselvesthemselves

Proposed new Objective “regional competitiveness Proposed new Objective “regional competitiveness and employment"and employment"

Support to the design and implementation of Support to the design and implementation of regional innovation strategies conducive to regional innovation strategies conducive to

efficient regional innovation systems: efficient regional innovation systems:

Enhancing regional R&TD and innovation capacities directly Enhancing regional R&TD and innovation capacities directly linked to regional economic development objectives by linked to regional economic development objectives by supporting industry or technology-specific competence supporting industry or technology-specific competence

centres; by promoting technology transfer; and by centres; by promoting technology transfer; and by developing technology forecasting and international developing technology forecasting and international

benchmarking of innovation promotion policies;benchmarking of innovation promotion policies;

Stimulating innovation in SMEs by promoting university-Stimulating innovation in SMEs by promoting university-enterprise cooperation networks; by supporting business enterprise cooperation networks; by supporting business networks and clusters of SMEs, and by facilitating SMEs’ networks and clusters of SMEs, and by facilitating SMEs’

access to advanced business support services; access to advanced business support services;

Promoting entrepreneurship by facilitating the economic Promoting entrepreneurship by facilitating the economic exploitation of new ideas, and by fostering the creation exploitation of new ideas, and by fostering the creation

of new firms from universities and existing firms;of new firms from universities and existing firms;

Creating new financial instruments and incubation facilities Creating new financial instruments and incubation facilities conducive to the creation or expansion of technology-conducive to the creation or expansion of technology-

based firms.based firms.

AnnexAnnex

Practical examples for stimulating the Practical examples for stimulating the discussiondiscussion

Menú temático propuesto por la Comisión en el Reglamento FEDER

Objetivo Estratégico Cuantificación Comentarios

Elaboración y puesta en marcha de Estrategias de Innovación Regional encada una de las 8 provincias

andaluzas

Elaboración de una estrategia por cada provincia-ERI para la identificación de

una bolsa de nuevos proyectos/programas de innovación y la movilización de actores regionales de I&DTI, basadas en una estrecha colaboración publico-privada, que

traten entre otros:

Creación de clusters entre PYMES de sectores tradicionales para hacer frente a la competencia de países emergentes

Sociedad de la Información

Energías renovables, incluyendo

transporte público limpio, y sosteniblidad

Sectores emergentes y diversificación a través de empresas de base tecnológica

Valorización del patrimonio natural y cultural en zonas rurales dentro de una perspectiva de innovación en turismo

Capital humano, inmigración e

Innovación

Etc.

1 año de duración y 1 millón de € por estrategia.

Identificación de 50 nuevos proyectos de innovación por

provincia.

Lanzamiento de 10 proyectos pilotos de innovación por provincia.

Movilización de todas las

Universidades y de 10 grupos de trabajo sectoriales, incluyendo 500

empresas por provincia.

Movilización de 5.000 actores socio-económicos de innovación

clave en un año

Alcanzar un nivel de implementación de las Energías Renovables del 12% en el 2010

(Libro Verde de la UE)

Alcanzar un nivel de penetración de los biocombustibles del 2% en el

2005 y del 5,75% en el 2010 (Directiva 2003 sobre

biocombustibles)

Utilización de la metodología RIS adaptada.

Implicación directa de empresarios

en la presidencia y/o comité de dirección de cada estrategia

(máximo 10 personas).

Implicación de cada uno de los rectores a título personal en cada

comité de dirección.

Participación del CSIC y del CDTI en cada comité.

Implicación directa de los

responsables autonómicos del FEDER en el seguimiento de los

resultados del proyecto

Colaborar con COTEC en aspectos específicos de la ERI

Establecer un sistema de evaluación

de proceso y resultados

Implicar a los verdaderos actores industriales y del mercado

La nueva proposición de Reglamento FEDER en relación con la economía del conocimiento e ideas tentativas para

estimular la discusión

Estrategias de Innovación RegionalEstrategias de Innovación Regional

« …« …laslas empresas no pueden innovar de forma aislada. Han de mantener, empresas no pueden innovar de forma aislada. Han de mantener, necesariamente, unnecesariamente, un conjunto de relaciones, formales e informales, con conjunto de relaciones, formales e informales, con

otras unidades (proveedores, clientes,otras unidades (proveedores, clientes, fuentes de financiación, fuentes de financiación, competidores), con los mercados de factores, con institucionescompetidores), con los mercados de factores, con instituciones del del

sistema de enseñanza y de investigación científica y tecnológica, con sistema de enseñanza y de investigación científica y tecnológica, con organizacionesorganizaciones que actúan de contacto o relación entre ellas, etc.que actúan de contacto o relación entre ellas, etc. Entre Entre todos estos agentes setodos estos agentes se establecen pues interacciones, cuya naturaleza, establecen pues interacciones, cuya naturaleza, densidad, continuidad y calidad sondensidad, continuidad y calidad son circunstancias determinantes del circunstancias determinantes del

nivel de logro conseguido por todo sistema denivel de logro conseguido por todo sistema de innovación.innovación. Las Las empresas existen pues, desde un punto de vista tecnológico, en el seno empresas existen pues, desde un punto de vista tecnológico, en el seno de redes ende redes en las que se comunican y cooperan con otros agentes que les las que se comunican y cooperan con otros agentes que les aportan elementosaportan elementos complementarios (información, conocimiento tácito, complementarios (información, conocimiento tácito,

habilidades,...) a los que ya poseenhabilidades,...) a los que ya poseen internamente para desplegar sus internamente para desplegar sus propios procesos de innovación…propios procesos de innovación… »  » (Informe Universidad 2000, J.M. (Informe Universidad 2000, J.M.

Bricall, 2000).Bricall, 2000).

La nueva proposición de Reglamento FEDER en relación con la economía del conocimiento e ideas tentativas para estimular la discusión

ClustersClusters

““Clusters are a geographically bounded concentration of interdependent businesses Clusters are a geographically bounded concentration of interdependent businesses with active channels for business transactions, dialogue, and communications, and with active channels for business transactions, dialogue, and communications, and

that collectively shares common opportunities and threats”that collectively shares common opportunities and threats” (Rosenfeld, 1995) (Rosenfeld, 1995)

"Clusters constitute important knowledge spillovers for businesses. The physical "Clusters constitute important knowledge spillovers for businesses. The physical proximity of the above outlined factors furthers the creation of formal and informal proximity of the above outlined factors furthers the creation of formal and informal linkages and networks among firms and institutions, where information can easily linkages and networks among firms and institutions, where information can easily flow and propagates. Easier contacts are established with public administrations, flow and propagates. Easier contacts are established with public administrations,

allowing them to adapt the cluster infrastructure to the businesses needs. This allowing them to adapt the cluster infrastructure to the businesses needs. This facilitates the innovation process."facilitates the innovation process." (EU Commission, DG Enter, 2002) (EU Commission, DG Enter, 2002)

"La Asociación Cluster de Industrias de Medio Ambiente de Euskadi (Aclima), fue "La Asociación Cluster de Industrias de Medio Ambiente de Euskadi (Aclima), fue creada en 1995 por la acción estratégica del Gobierno Vasco, …el número de socios creada en 1995 por la acción estratégica del Gobierno Vasco, …el número de socios de Aclima se ha incrementado más del 97% desde el inicio de la actividad, …en estos de Aclima se ha incrementado más del 97% desde el inicio de la actividad, …en estos momentos están asociadas 64 empresas con una facturación de 694 millones de euros momentos están asociadas 64 empresas con una facturación de 694 millones de euros

en 2002, …la inversión de las empresas de Aclima en I+D+I ha aumentado en 2002, …la inversión de las empresas de Aclima en I+D+I ha aumentado considerablemente a lo largo de los últimos años, pasando de 13,2 millones de euros considerablemente a lo largo de los últimos años, pasando de 13,2 millones de euros

en 1996 a 34,8 millones de euros en 2001, lo que supone un crecimiento del 263% …"en 1996 a 34,8 millones de euros en 2001, lo que supone un crecimiento del 263% …" (Diario Vasco 2003) (Diario Vasco 2003)

Relaciones Universidad-EmpresaRelaciones Universidad-Empresa

« « la mayor parte de las empresas (75% de las PYMES) no mantiene relación la mayor parte de las empresas (75% de las PYMES) no mantiene relación con la universidad y un tercio de ellas opina que no constituye un motor de con la universidad y un tercio de ellas opina que no constituye un motor de desarrollo económico, aunque un alto porcentaje (84%) cree que debería desarrollo económico, aunque un alto porcentaje (84%) cree que debería

serlo…serlo…. m. menos del 3% la considera fuente de ideas innovadorasenos del 3% la considera fuente de ideas innovadoras… »… »

« …« …en el 2001, el número de solicitudes de patentes europeas presentadas en el 2001, el número de solicitudes de patentes europeas presentadas por universidades españolas ascendió a 47 por universidades españolas ascendió a 47 ((7% de la totalidad7% de la totalidad)). Tan sólo 21 . Tan sólo 21 de las 72 universidades existentes en nuestro país cursaron solicitudes…de las 72 universidades existentes en nuestro país cursaron solicitudes…. ». »

« « En el año 2001 el número de En el año 2001 el número de spin-offs universitariosspin-offs universitarios fue de 51 y de 65 en fue de 51 y de 65 en el 2002el 2002… » (Fundación CyD, Noviembre 2004)… » (Fundación CyD, Noviembre 2004)

"..solo el 6% del gasto en I&D de las empresas se dirige a contratar "..solo el 6% del gasto en I&D de las empresas se dirige a contratar proyectos de I&D+i en Universidades y Centros público de investigación…" proyectos de I&D+i en Universidades y Centros público de investigación…"

(CEOE, Diciembre 2003)(CEOE, Diciembre 2003)

Menú temático propuesto por la Comisión en el Reglamento FEDER

Objetivo Estratégico Cuantificación

Acceso a servicios empresariales Acceso a servicios empresariales avanzados por parte de las PYMESavanzados por parte de las PYMES

Duplicar el número de empresas andaluzas en el programa marco de investigación en dos años

Crear una fundación, incluyendo a las consultoras pertinentes de la región, que sirva de ventanilla única en la que las PYMES andaluzas reciban un premier asesoramiento subvencionado sobre la utilización de tecnologías ICT, gestión del conocimiento e innovación.

Crear un instituto de gestión del conocimiento

Generar masas críticas de demanda para asentar en las capitales andaluzas subsidiarias de consultores internaciones de primer nivel en el ámbito de la innovación

Facilitar el acceso al diseño y mejora de la calidad en las PYMEs (Instituto Andaluz de diseño) a través de proyectos de demostración

Crear un red andaluza de consultores de servicios empresariales avanzadosDisminuir a la mitad el tiempo de tramitación de una ayuda pública a las empresas en el plazo de un año

Diseñar un programa de auditorias tecnológicas que permita identificar a posibles candidatos (100 empresas

por año y provincia auditadas *100.000€ por empresa)

Utilizar “bonos” de derecho de utilización horas/hombre de

consultor en determinados campos relacionados con la innovación por parte de PYMES subvencionados por el sector público (1.000 bonos

de 5.000€ por provincia)Explorar la posibilidad de utilizar los recursos de investigación de las grandes empresas andaluzas para

dar servios a las demandas de innovación de grupos de Pymes

locales y creación de un Directorio de recursos

Complementar con fondos públicos la subvención comunitaria del

programa Marco para incentivar a la PYME hasta el máximo

permitido por el 87.3.a)Invitar a hacer una presentación a

cada uno de los consultores nacionales de innovación sobre sus

propuestas de proyectos para Andalucía

Crear un sistema electrónico de tramitación de ayudas públicas

La nueva proposición de Reglamento FEDER en relación con la economía del conocimiento e ideas tentativas para estimular

la discusión

Menú temático propuesto por la Comisiónen el Reglamento FEDER

Objetivo Estratégico Cuantificación

Prospectiva TecnológicaProspectiva Tecnológica Realizar un estudio Delphi de prospectiva sobre las 100 tecnologías clave para Andalucía en el horizonte

2010

2 millones de € en un año para movilizar al mundo científico andaluz en colaboración con

expertos internacionales de primer nivel para identificar que

tecnologías emergentes pueden interesar y/o afectar al tejido

económico andaluz en el medio y largo plazo, integrando esta acción dentro del proceso de elaboración de las estrategias de innovación de

cada provincia

EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship Financiar una bolsa de 100 ideas y 10 premios a emprendedores por año en

cada provincia.Programa de “apadrinamiento” que reciclen (20-50) empresarios retirados

para ayudar a 100 jóvenes emprendedores y/o Pymes en cada

provincia Financiar 50 nuevos business plans y 10 nuevos prototipos por provincia

Elaborar y difundir una guía práctica y detallada “Los diez pasos para crear una empresa”

Negociar la inclusión de programas de creación empresarial en escuelas

y universidadesCrear un Directorio de

empresarios disponibles para apadrinar y subvención de 100

horas de asesoramiento por empresa.

Capital RiesgoCapital Riesgo Establecer una feria regional anual de la innovación en la que se invite a los

ganadores de los premios de emprendedores, a profesores

universitarios con ideas empresariales y a gestores/inversores de Fondos a

riesgoCrear fondos de pre-seed and seed

capitalCrear un Directorio Andaluz de

Business Angels

Crear una mesa de trabajo con el sector bancario tradicional y las

fundaciones regionales para identificar ideas para financiar

inversiones intangibles de riesgo y a largo plazo que definen el

proceso de innovación (dinero, garantías, etc.)

La nueva proposición de Reglamento FEDER en relación con la economía del conocimiento e ideas tentativas para estimular la

discusión

Menú temático propuesto por la Comisiónen el Reglamento FEDER

Objetivo Estratégico Cuantificación

IncubadorasIncubadoras Duplicar el número de metros cuadrados de incubación y de empresas en incubadoras en

Andalucía en dos añosCrear un red virtual de incubadoras en

AndalucíaCrear un directorio GIS de utilización del

terreno en Andalucía susceptible de ser utilizado para planificar y responder a la

demanda de suelo empresarial.

Analizar cuales son los servicios comunes de asesoramiento, plazos y metros

cuadrados mas adecuados en Andalucía a la vista de la experiencia existente

Ver la mejor forma de implicar a las autoridades locales en el proceso de

incubación (detección y financiación de emprendedores)

Infrastructuras y equipamientos de Infrastructuras y equipamientos de I&DTII&DTI

Dotar de financiación complementaria en equipamiento a aquellos centros de

investigación activos o susceptibles de serlo en el programa Marco de Investigación para así consolidar centros de excelencia científica en

la regiónCrear una red virtual de parques tecnológicos

e incubadoras en la región

Establecer unas directrices comunes para nuevos Parques Tecnológicos a la vista de

la experiencia de los 10 últimos años en Andalucía.

Estudiar la posibilidad de crear espacios de incubación asociados a cada un de las

universidades andaluzas

Evaluación de Políticas de InnovaciónEvaluación de Políticas de Innovación Crear un Observatorio de la Innovación Andaluz en colaboración con la Universidad encargado de crear y alimentar indicadores

susceptibles de evaluar el impacto de las políticas de innovación

Evaluar sistemáticamente cada programa relacionado con la innovación,

desarrollando metodología adaptadas capaces de medir intangibles y acciones

más allá de la I&D

Cooperación territorial: transnacional, Cooperación territorial: transnacional, transfronteriza e Inter-regionaltransfronteriza e Inter-regional

Ser el puente Europeo de transferencia/adaptación de tecnologías

intermedias en sectores tradiciones hacia el Norte de Africa.

Feria tecnológica anual con el Norte de Africa

Aprovechar la red española de regiones que realizan programas regionales de

acciones innovadoras

La nueva proposición de Reglamento FEDER en relación con la economía del conocimiento e ideas tentativas para estimular la discusión