• Main Function:

It releases hormones into the blood to signal other cells to behave in certain ways. It is a slow but widespread form of communication.

Endocrine glands

Release hormones into

the bloodstream.

Hormones are chemicals

released in one part of the

body that travel through

the bloodstream and

affect the activities of cells

in other parts of the body.

Consists of:

Pituitary Gland

Function: It secretes nine hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls functions of other glands.

Disorders: Too much growth hormones (GH) in early childhood can result in a condition called gigantism. Too little GH can result in Pituitary Dwarfism.

RobertWadlow

Thyroid Gland• Function: plays a major role in

regulation the body’s metabolism.

• Disorders: If the Thyroid Gland produces too much Thyroxin, it can cause a condition known as Hyperthyroidism. If too little thyroxin produces it is called Hypothyroidism.

Pancreas• Function: The Insulin

and Glycogen in the Pancreas help to keep the level of glucose in the blood stable.

• Disorders: When the Pancreas fails to produce or properly use Insulin, it can cause a condition known as Diabetes Mellitus.

Adrenal Gland

• Functions:

-The adrenal glands release Adrenaline in the body that helps prepare for and deal with stress.

-Also regulates kidney function.

Ovaries

• Functions:– Pair of reproductive organs found in

women that produce eggs.

– Also secrete estrogen and progesterone, which control ovulation and menstruation.

Testes

• Functions:

– Pair of reproductive glands that produces sperm.

– Also secrete Testosterone to give the body its masculine characteristics.

Interaction of Glands

The hypothalamus is located in the brain and controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. It is an important link between the endocrine and nervoussystems.

http://www.biocfarm.unibo.it/aunsnc/images/3D%20Objects/Hypothalamus.gif

Main Function:

This nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the

body and responds to internal and external

stimuli.

Our nervous system

allows us to feel pain.

Pg 6

Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs & receptors

Sense Organs: Eyes, Skin, Ears, Nose & Tongue

brain

Spinal Cord

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Medulla Oblongata

Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord

Consists of:

Somatic (voluntary)

Nervous System

and Autonomic

Nervous System

-includes all sensory

neurons, motor

neurons, and sense

organs

THE BRAIN

Hypothalamus

- Controls body temperature

- controls blood pressure

- controls respirationand heartbeat

- regulates eating and drinking

- controls sleep

- regulates emotional and behavioural patterns

Spinal cord

•Spinal cord carries impulses to and from the brain

•Reflex centre for involuntary reactions

Cerebrum

The control centre of the brain

•- Controls language, conscious thought,

memory, personality development, vision, thinking and feeling.

•- Origin of voluntary muscular movements•

Cerebellum

•co-ordination of muscular movements

•maintenance of equilibrium and balance

Medulla oblongata

- Controls heartbeat and breathing

•- crossing over of nerves between spinal cord and brain

Cerebrum Voluntary or conscious activities of

the body-learning, judgment

Cerebellum Coordinates and balances the

actions of the muscles

Medulla Oblongata

(Brain Stem)

Controls involuntary actions like

blood pressure, heart rate,

breathing, and swallowing

Spinal Cord

The main communications link

between the brain and the rest of

the body

ACTIVITY 3 – PG 9

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

ACTIVITY 4 – PG 11Attention –deficit/hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is a chronic disease that

starts in childhood. It affects 3 – 5% of children and is twice as common in

boys as it is in girls. About 30 – 50% of children with ADHD continue to have

the disorder as adults.

Studies have shown that 75% of ADHD cases are inherited from either

parent. Some studies show that these children lack either neurotransmitters

at the synapse or the receptors to receive the neurotransmitters.

Studies of children’s diets have shown that artificial food colouring, food

containing sugar and preservatives may cause increase hyperactivity in

children.

Children with ADHD will be disruptive in class and do dangerous activities

without thinking about consequences. These children will be inattentive in

class by not listening and they are easily distracted by noises like a passing

aeroplane or movement of other learners.

They have difficulty in standing still, talk excessively and move from one

uncompleted task to another.

Treatment may include medicine, therapy and counselling. Therapy will assist

the child to focus his or her attention. Lifestyle changes will include a diet free

of sugar, preservatives and flavourings and participation in individual sport.

A nerve is an organ containing a bundle of nerve cells calledneurons.

Neurons carryelectrical messages called impulsesthroughout the

body. Picture shows hundreds of

severed neuron axons

cellbody

muscle tissue

TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON pg 12

Axon

dendrite

synapse

cell body

Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called neurotransmitters must travel through the space called synapsebetween two neurons.

Neurotransmitters

Synapse (gap)

The message

is transferred whenRECEPTORSreceive neurotrans-mitters.

(pink

spheres)

Parts of a Neuron1. Cell body: contains nucleus & most of the

cytoplasm

2. Dendrites: projections that bring impulses into the neuron to the cell body.

3. Axon: long projection that carries impulses away from cell body

1

32

Sensory Neuron

Interneuron

Motor Neuron

Sensory Neuron

Interneuron

Motor Neuron

Muscle Contracts

Synapse

Synapse

Synapse

Sensory Neuron

carry impulses from

sense organs to

spinal cord & brain

Fun Fact:

Where can the longest cells in the

world be found?

The giraffe’s sensory and

motor neurons! Some

must bring impulses from

the bottom of their legs

to their spinal cord

several meters away!!

Interneuron

-processes impulses

in brain and spinal

cord

- connect sensory and

motor neurons

Motor Neurons

carry impulses from the brain & spinal cord to

muscles & glands

Axon End

Axons branching out

to muscle fibers

• Nerves work together with muscles for movement. An impulse begins when one neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the sense organs or a receptor.

• The impulse travels down the axons ofSensory neurons to the brain cells calledInterneurons.

• The brain will then send an impulse through motor neurons to the necessary muscle or organs, telling it to contract.

ACTIVITY 5 – PG 13

A reflex action is an involuntary

response that is processed in thespinal cord not

the brain.

Reflexes protect the body before the brain knows what is going on.

Reflex Arc

Spinal Cord• STRUCTURE

Spinal Cord

• PROVIDE LABELS (USE KEY METHOD AND COMPLETE IN NOTEBOOKS)

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