Main activities in NORTRIP 2010/11 (until next meeting)

• Focus on the processes that affect road dust generation and emission

• Identify the most critical processes that affect road dust emissions

• Gather all relevant (existing) datasets that may be used to understand generation and emissions due to these processes

• Make sensitivity tests with new or existing parameterisations using the data sets

Agenda

• 9 – 10 Coffee buffé is served

• 10 – 12 NILU and SMHI road dust emission models (Bruce and Gunnar)– Current parameterizations of important processes– Urgently needed improvements of existing parameterizations– Urgently needed new parameterizations

• 12 – 13 Lunch

• 13 – 15 Experimental data and proposed parameterizations for PM10 emissions due to influence of:

– Pavement and tire type (VTI)– Sand/salt (FMI)– Road wetness (SLB)– Wind and traffic induced suspension (DMU)– Vehicle speed (SLB/ITM)– Studded tyre share (SLB/ITM)– Any other process (all)

• 16 – 17 Conclusions, how to proceed with model testing and validation

• 14.30 – 16 Coffee buffé is served

Effect on vehicle speed

VTI road test facility

Several test roadsDifferent pavementsDifferent tyres

Gustafsson et al.

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

10 30 50 70 90

Simulator speed (km/h)

Rel

ativ

e P

M10

con

cent

raio

n (µ

g/m

3 )

Summer tyre

Nordic un-studded winter tyre

Studded tyre

SpeedEmission measurement using EMMA

Mixed rural roadsBoth suspension and direct emission

Reduced speed on RV4Oslo (NILU)

• In 2005, relative to 2004:• Traffic volume on Rv4 was reduced by 3%• 10% less studded tyres• Measured speed was reduced by 12 km/h

Foto: Aftenposten, Tor Richardsen

Reduced speed on RV4Oslo (NILU)

• Changed concentration on RV4 compared to other station without reduced speed limit:• PM10: - 36 %• PM10, max hour: - 30 %• PM10, max daily: - 20 %• PM coarse fraction: - 39 %

(Road dust)

Speed dependent PM10 emission factormultiple linear regression of road side data

Johansson et al., 2010

10287

7665

75 7054

97

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Essingeleden 2006

Essingeleden 2008

Essingeleden 2009

Essingeleden 2010

Essingeleden 2006-2010

Södra länken österut 2009

Södra länken västerut 2009

E18 Norra mätplatsen

2010

Emis

sion

sfak

tor P

M10

(mgP

M10

/fkm

per

km

/h)

mgP

M10

/vkm

per

10

km/h

MotorwaysRoad tunnel Motor-

way

ΔPM10/ΔNOx = A * Antal_fordon + B * Fordonshastigheten + C * Relativ_luftfuktighet + D * Temperatur + E * Vindhastigheten+F * STDvindhastighet + G * STDvindriktning

Impact on PM10of speed reductions

PM 10 utan

hastig-hets-

ändring

PM10 vid 2 km/h lägre

hastig-het

PM10 vid 5 km/h lägre

hastig-het

PM10 vid 10 km/h lägre

hastig-het

PM10 vid 20 km/h lägre

hastig-het

mars 2009 – juni 2009

Antal dygnsmedelvärden > 50 µg/m3 38 36 36 32 30

Antal färre överskridanden med lägre medelhastighet

2 2 6 8

Periodmedelvärde (µg/m3) 61.6 60.9 58.8 55.8 51.2

December 2009 – maj 2010

Antal dygnsmedelvärden > 50 µg/m3 51 48 43 36 33

Antal färre överskridanden med lägre medelhastighet

3 8 15 18

Periodmedelvärde (µg/m3) 40.2 39.3 37.3 35.2 32.4

Johansson et al., 2010

Data to be used for

Vehicle speedInstitution/Ref Site Conditions EF

mg/vkm per km/hVTIGustafsson et al

Laboratory 100% studdedDry roadQuartzite70 km/h?

SLBJohansson et al 2010 (unpublished)

Highways (E18, E4)Ca 50-100 km/h

QuartziteStudded tyres (70%)

Range: 6.7 – 10

SLBJohansson et al 2010(unpublished)

Road tunnelCa 50-100 km/h

QuartziteStudded tyres (70%)

Range: 5.4 – 7.0

NILUTönnesen et al

HighwaySpeed restrictionDifferent seasons

20% studded (-39% for -12 km/h if 200 mg/vkm=>6.5 mg/vkm per km/h)

NILURosland et al

Oslo, Kirkeveien 20%? studded tyres To be calculated

ITMHussein et al

Rural roads Studded/summerPotential emission

MetropoliaPirjola et al

Various roads Studded, non-studded, summer

STUDDED TYRES

Studded tyresVTI road test facility

100% studded

8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00

0

1

2

3

4

5

PM

10 [m

g m

-3]

75% studded

50% studded

25% studded

0% studded

Gustafsson et al.

Tyre typeVTI road test facility

11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00T im e [hh:m m ]

Studded tyreFriction tyre (non-studde w inter tyre)Sum m er tyre

0

1

2

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4

5

6

PM

10

[mg

m-3

]

30 km/h

50 km/h

70 km/h

Studded winter tyres

Non-studded Nordic winter tyres

Summer tyres

11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00T im e [hh:m m ]

Studded tyreFriction tyre (non-studde w inter tyre)Sum m er tyre

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

PM

10

[mg

m-3

]

Gustafsson et al.

Studded tyresSödra länken road tunnel

Measurements of PM10/Nox ratio => emission factor =f(studded tyre share)

0%

10%

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100%

0

500

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2500

2006-08-21 2007-03-09 2007-09-25 2008-04-12 2008-10-29 2009-05-17 2009-12-03 2010-06-21

PM10

, µg/

m3

PM10 & Studded tyre use, weekly averages

PM10, westPM10, eastStudded tyre

Christmas Holiday

Summer Holiday

Ban on studded tyres reduced amount of traffic Hornsgatan

Trafiken minskade med 25 % jan – apr 2010

Reduced studded tyre share due to ban

~40 % av fordonen hade dubbat på Hornsgatan ~50-55 % på andra gator och 65 % på infarterna

Förbud från 1 jan 2010

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

w 41, 2009 w 44, 2009 w 47, 2009 w 50, 2009 w 53, 2009 w3, 2010 w6, 2010 w9, 2010 w12, 2010 w15, 2010 w18, 2010

Perc

ent s

tudd

ed t

yres

Hornsgatan

Other street

Road into Stockholm

Förbud

Studded tyre influence on emissions in street canyons

~40% lägre emissioner under Jan-Mar

Samband mellan PM10 halter och dubbandel:Veckomedelvärden av PM10 halterna som funktion av dubbandelen Okt –Dec 2003

~15-20 % lägre emissioner under hela året

Studded tyre fees in Norway• Study from 2001 shows that:

10 % reduction (absolute) studded tyres

1 µg PM10/m3 reductionwinter season mean value

• Impact on emission factor?

Studded tyre share

Institution Site Conditions EFmg/vkm per %

VTIGustafsson et al

Laboratory Dry roadQuartzite

5 – 10??

SLBUnpublished

Road tunnel50 – 100 km/h

Quartzite 4

SLBUnpublished

Street canyon40 km/h

Quartzite

NILUTönnesen?

OsloTrondheim?

Long term decrease of studded tyre use

Road wetness

Institution Site Conditions EF

SLBNorman & Johansson

Hornsgatan+Sveavägen40 km/h30 000 veh/day

Street canyon

NILURosland…

Oslo, Kirkeveien Street canyon

Pavement

Institution Site Conditions

VTIGustfsson et al

Laboratory

2009/10Snörik vinter => färre

överskridande

2010

20092008

2007

2010

20092008

2007

Antal dygn >50 ug/m3

Rullande veckomedelvärden ug/m3

BetongbeläggningEmissionsmätning

Trpt Mehedeby

Trpt Uppsala södra

Trpt Björklinge

Trpt Karby

Trpt Mehedeby

Trpt Uppsala södra

Trpt Björklinge

Trpt Karby

39

50

71

30

40

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

70 km/h 90 km/h 110 km/h

PM

10

(µg

/m3

)

Asphalt

BetongPM10

Ej omkörning

Betong ger 25% - 30% lägre emissionmed dubbdäck

Johansson et al, 2009

Bullerdämpande beläggningEmissionsmätning

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

V859

S

V859

Ref

V859

N

V859

Ref

V268

Ö

V268

Ref

V268

V

V268

Ref

E18Ö

E18R

efÖ

E18V

E18R

efV

V260

V262

V

V262

RefV

V262

Ö

V262

RefÖ

Parti

kelk

once

ntra

tion

(µg/

m3 )

Dubbdäck

ReferensBullerdämp.

Johansson, 2010Mängden suspenderbart material vägytorna viktigare än beläggningsegenskaperna

Factors/processesFactor Priority SIMAIR NILU NILU

TÖNNESENDMU Possible to

improve in NORTRIP

INFO AVAILABLE ?

TIRE TYPE FACTORS Studded tire share H Y Y Y NO YES YES Road surface factors Dust layer H Y Y NO NO YES NORoad wetness H Y Y NO NO YES MODELED PAVEMENT RELATED FACTORS

Pavement type (abt/abs/???) M NO NO NO NO HARDLY SOMETIMESPavement material (stone mineral, stone size)

H NO NO NO NO YES SOMETIMES

Texture L NO NO NO NO HARDLY SOMETIMESSurface tempFrozen roads

L NO NO NO NO ? SOMETIMESMODELED

Snow/ice cover H NO NO NO NO HARDLY ?Relative humidity of the air H NO YES YES NO ? YESVehicle composition(axel weight, tire size, vehcile size)

H NO YES YES YES YES SOMETIMES

Vehicle induced suspensionDust in shoulder

M YES YES NO NO YES NO

Factors/processesFactor Priority SIMAIR NILU NIUL

TÖNNESENDMU Possible to

improve in NORTRIP

INFO AVAILABLE ?

ABATEMENT RELATED FACTORS

SandingSand type

H Y NO NO NO YES SOMETIMES

Salting M NO? NO NO NO YES SOMETIMESVehicle speed M NO Y Y Y YES YESDust binding M NO NO NO NO YES YESStreet cleaning M NO NO NO NO YES? SOMETIMESShadowing of housesSolar radiation

L NO NO NO NO ? SOMETIMES

Trees (leaf area index)ShadowingBioaerosols

L NO NO NO NO ? SOMETIMES

Side walk sanding L? NO NO NO NO ? SOMETIMESPrecipitation H Y Y Y NO NO YESDrainage M Y Y NO NO YES? NOSlope of the road M N N N N N SOMETIMESWind induced turbulence L N N N N Y YESBrake /tyre?