Mahboob Elahi18 December, 2015

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Explanation of Concepts Related to Eco-Friendly Freight Transport

Objectives of PAKSTRAN ProjectModes of Freight Transport & its Impacts on

Environment Basic Facts about Freight Transport Components of Road Freight Transport Major Trucking Problems Vs: Eco-friendliness Imperatives Eco-friendly TransportRecommendations (Phase-I)

Sequence of Presentation

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LAND: Road, Rail, Pipelines WATER: Shipping (land based sources of pollution, water based sources of pollution

AIR: Air freight (ODS, GHGs)

Modes of Freight Transport

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Total GHG Emissions: 369.00 Mt CO2e (2012)Share of transport: 42.572 Mt CO2e (11.7%)Share of transport in energy sector: (25.1%)Share of road freight truck transport: (7-10%)

GHGs Emission Control

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Unit: TOEFuel Type 2015 2030Aviation 23.9 56.6Motor Spirit 164.0 281.0HSD 299.0 538.0Lube/Greases 5.3 9.5N.Gas 92.4 68.3

Fuel Consumption in Transport Sector

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Tier Date CO HC NOx PMSmoke

Euro I1992, < 85 kW 4.5 1.1 8 0.612  1992, > 85 kW 4.5 1.1 8 0.36  

Euro IIOct-96 4 1.1 7 0.25  Oct-98 4 1.1 7 0.15  

Euro III

October 1999 only

1 0.25 2 0.02 0.15

Oct-00 2.1 0.66 50.1

0.80.13*

Euro IV Oct-05 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.5Euro V Oct-08 1.5 0.46 2 0.02 0.5

Euro VI31 December 2013

1.5 0.13 0.4 0.01 

EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh

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1.INFRASTRUCTURE: Road & related Infrastructure Road and Infrastructure (Fixed Assets)

Roads Intermodal facilitiesTrucking Terminals WarehousesConsolidation centres Workshops and fuel stations

Components of Road Freight Transport

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2. VEHICLES and ROLLING STOCK (Liquid Assets)1.Road: trucks, oil , gas, chemicals and water tankers other freight vehicles: delivery vans, pickups, stations wagons, tractor trolleys, animal driven carts2.Railways: goods carriages (close & open wagons) container carriages3.Shipping: barges, ships, ocean liners, oil tankers, container ships4.Airways: cargo planes, air freighters

Components of Road Freight Transport

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3. OPERATIONS (Fuels, Emissions, Logistics, Licensing, Financing, Legalities) FUELS: Fuel economy, fuel quality, fuel substitution, low carb-fuelsEMISSIONS: Short-lived emission, GHG, long-lived emissionsLOGISTICS: Fleet composition, fleet operations, fuel management, fleet maintenance & operation costs, inter-company comparison, IT LICENSING: Obtaining and maintaining, truck drivers’ trainingFINANCING: Credit market, credit facilities and costs, leasing, insuranceLEGALITIES: Registration, MVE, sovereign guarantee, inconsistencies

Components of Road Freight Transport

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Impacts: Air Quality (particulate matter, CO, Nox, SO2, Pb, VOC )Climate Change (CO2, Nox, CH4, CFCs, PFCs, )Noise (human health and reduction inland prices)Water quality (water bodies, wet lands, oceans, oil spills, ballast water)Soil quality (contamination, lost of fertility, heavy metals)Biodiversity (deforestation, wet lands, damage to habitat and species)Use of land(sprawling, segregation of communities, barriers, aesthetics)[human health, buildings, agriculture, visibility, global warming]

Impact of Road Transport on Environment

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Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

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IPCC Gases: Lifetime(Year) GWP (100 yrs)Chlorofluocarbons (CCF12F2) 100 10,000Hydrofluorocarbons (CHC1F2)12 1,810Tetrafluoromethane (CF4) 50,000 7,390Hexafluoroethane (C2F6) 10,000 12,200Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) 3,200 22,800Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3) 740 17,200

[GWP: 20-yr, 100-yr, 500-yr]; [GWP of CO2 is the base @ 1]

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

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Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Non-Greenhouse Gases (Non-

GHGs)Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)Oxide of Nitrogen as (NO2) Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)Ozone (O3) Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10)Lead (Pb) Respirable Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)Hydrocarbons Ammonia (NH3)BenzeneBenzoyl, Pyrene Arsenic, Nickel

Air Pollutants Controlled under PEPA

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Aging Vehicles Archaic TechnologyHigh Turnover of Second Hand Vehicles Overloading High Air DragLow Quality Fuels High Exhaust LevelsUnfriendly Driving Practices Poor Urban Planning and Highway RoutesPoor Enforcement of Laws, Rules and RegulationsOverburdened Trucking Sector VS Freight Railways

Trucking Problems Vs: Eco-friendliness

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Determination of CPEC as Eco-friendly Lack of Incentives for Eco-friendly Trucks on

CPEC RoutesUnorganized and Informal Structure of Trucking

Sector No Reward or Incentives for Innovations in the

Sector Poor Trucking Infrastructure in the Cities and

Facilities on Routes

Trucking Problems Vs: Eco-friendliness

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It implies that the chosen mode of transport (freight transport) will have no or minimum adverse impact on the ecology and environment in its areas of operations, which means that:

1.All transport infrastructure is environmental friendly (appropriate routes and locations use of durable materials, low maintenance costs, minimum carbon-footprints, life cycle analysis)

2.The aerodynamic design of vehicles and trailers should be friendly, minimum air drag, skirting of trailer wheels, comfortable drivers cabin, proper load distribution, maximum use of recyclable materials, efficient braking and maneuverability, maximum permissible age of vehicles and accepted annual depreciation rates

Contd…

Imperatives of an Eco-friendly Transport

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3. Vehicles are fitted with engines with high fuel economy (KM/L), engine designs are compatible with the available fuel quality, encourage Euro complaint engines and exhaust system, allow fuel substitution and new low carbon fuels4. Strict enforcement of environmental protection laws for pollution control and reduction of GHG emissions 5. Appropriate fleet composition, route planning, consolidation centers, trucking terminals, keeping separate maintenance and operating cost accounts, use of bench marking and standard for inter-se comparison, use of IT for monitoring and control of truck movements

Imperatives of an Eco-friendly Transport

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6. Availability of trained truck drivers, their training and retraining,

monitoring performance of HTV, eco-friendly driving habits

7. Opening credit facilities for road freight transport by eliminating

barriers and low markups rates

8. Computerized databases and registration system of road freight

transport and revamping of the MVE system

9. Harmonize laws and rules relating to truck transport to remove

inconsistencies, especially at interprovincial and cross broader trade

routes, review system of penalties and liabilities from accidents

Imperatives of an Eco-friendly Transport

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Open Sector for new Investments Development of Trucks Stands in Major Cities and Port AreasEstablishment of Trade Facilitation Centres at Across Border Areas Designation of Dedicated Truck Lanes of Busy Routes Encourage Production of Clean and Alternate FuelsDevelop and Enforce Quality Standards of Truck Manufacturing Launch Awareness and Education Programmes for Proper

Maintenance and Tune-ups Establish Truck Drivers Training Schools and Refresher CoursesSupport Transition of Trucking from Informal to Formal SectorCoordination Between Different Polices at National and Provincial

Levels

Recommendations (Phase-I)

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Thank you

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