MAGNETISM ORIGINS – NEWSLETTER FOR CHEMISTRY

A tribute to a real professor and scientist: Eric Laithwaite

To date, chemistry has little in common with magnetism, but this is only atemporary situation. For the chemistry of the future, the development of new materialswith unheard properties is going to be a piece of cake.

This newsletter opens the field of magnetisms for a complete reconsideration ofits foundation. It was not planned to write this newsletter so early and in any case notbefore mid 2018. As far some scientists inferred that I should learn Maxwell equations, Iconsidered necessary to offer them a glimpse of what is going to come a bit later. Presentnewsletter is merely a draft document which is going to be refined at a later time…

I am not in a hurry because no competition is envisaged at horizon. My thinking isthousands of mega parsecs before what other living scientists or spirits of the deads couldthink.

From the perspective of new proposed theory, magnels interactions condition thestates of matter and consequently their interplay is the source of all known physical andchemical phenomena. As consequence magnetism is not the byproduct of other scientifictheories or of other physical phenomena.

A true foundation of magnetism is not possible without changing the foundationof classical electromagnetism; this change simplifies a lot the situation for the futurebecause the modern epigones have no support anymore from the spirits of thedeceased..:); After Einstein it is now time to see the value of Maxwell equations.

Like a sandcastle, once the classical electromagnetism falls, the special theory ofrelativity and quantum mechanic follows immediately.

The newsletter presents some new postulates which are going to be part of thecore foundation of future theory of magneticity.

Postulate no. 1: In itself, a moving electric charge cannot generate a magneticeffect. The only magnetic effect generated by a moving charge is due to what ispresently called intrinsic (spin) magnetic moment.

Postulate no. 2: Presently called electric and magnetic phenomena are notequivalent and not interchangeable. They are different classes of phenomena andonly related somehow to the same physical unit – magnels.

Postulate no. 3. Electric circuits in the form accepted by present electricity/electrotechnics are a purely man made invention. In nature, magnetic and electricphenomena are quite ubiquitous and sometimes long lasting, but one can find onlytransient electric phenomena associated with electric circuits.

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Section 1 - Some historical facts

The phenomenon of magnetism has been known to mankind from antiquity.Loadstone (a magnetized form of the commonly occurring iron oxide mineral magnetite)was the first permanent magnetic material to be identified and studied. The ancientGreeks were aware of the ability of loadstone to attract small pieces of iron.

Up to the 16th century, electrical and magnetic phenomena were viewed as asingle category of phenomena.

There were two main lines of thoughts for explaining the observed magneticphenomena: The first explained magnetism through the existence of a hidden force whichwas inherent in iron and was activated by the presence of the magnet, or was transferredfrom the magnet to iron; this interpretation becomes prevalent due to the support ofAristotle and anyone knows his influence over scientific community. The secondexplained magnetism by some kind of “flow”, which radiated from the magnet or iron.

The magnetic compass was invented some time during the first ten centuries ADbut there is no clear information about who did it first. It is certain that by the 12thcentury magnetic compasses were commonly used for navigation at see.

First scientific research in magnetism can be attributed to Peter Perigrinus whodiscovered that the magnetic effect of a loadstone is strongest at two opposite points.These were named as magnetic poles. Further on, he discovered that like poles repel andunlike poles attract.

Little progresses were registered in magnetism until 1600 when the book "DeMagnete” was published by William Gilbert. He first came up with the theory that Earthitself behaved like a giant magnet, and also experimentally confirmed that on heating of amagnet, there is a gradual decrease in its magnetic field strength.

Furthermore, he concluded that Earth's magnetic poles are aligned, more or less,along its axis of rotation. This insight immediately gave rise to a fairly obviousnomenclature: the magnetic north pole (N) is situated closed to the geographic south poleof the Earth, and a magnetic south pole (S) is situated close to the geographic north poleof the Earth. Thus, the north pole of a magnet likes to point northwards towards thegeographic north pole of the Earth (which is its magnetic south pole). He also firstproposed the separation of electrical and magnetic phenomena in different classes.

After the information I read, John Michell - a brilliant and still unrecognizedEnglish scientist-, discovered that the attractive and repulsive forces between the poles ofmagnets vary inversely as the square of the distance of separation. Thus, the inversesquare law for forces between magnets precedes the discovery of law of interactionsbetween electric charges. As a parenthesis, it is a pity that entire scientific literature givescredits only to Cavendish for the well known gravitational experiments when in fact thetorsion balance was built up by Michel. Of course for modern scientists who place anorder for an instrument and the delivery is made in few days, it is not obvious whyMichel should have more credit than Cavendish for those experiments; in the newproposed theory even such aspects are going to be revised soon.

Going further with magnetism, in the 18th century, Aepinus put forward again theidea of the “magnetic fluid” for explaining magnetic phenomena; in parallel the idea ofelectric fluid was adopted for explaining electric phenomena.

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By the end of the 18th century, scientists had noticed many electrical phenomenaand many magnetic phenomena, but there was accepted that these were distinct forces.

And than comes Oersted with his famous discovery of direct connection betweenelectricity and magnetism! Well, not really so because there are some claims that anItalian amateur scientist – Romagnosi - published an article about a connection betweenelectricity and magnetism about two decades earlier.

In any case, the whole credit was attributed to Oersted and today his experimentsare described in introductory physics manuals. He observed that a current flowing in acircuit perturbs the direction of a magnetic compass as in fig. 1. When the switch isclosed current passes the circuit and direction of the magnet changes under the effect ofmagnetic field produced by current.

Figure 1 Oersted experiment

When the current is reversed, the needle is deflected in the opposite direction. His initial interpretation was that magnetic effects radiate from all sides of a wire

carrying an electric current, as do light and heat. He further refined his first interpretationand showed that an electric current produces a circular magnetic field as it flows througha wire.

This discovery is considered the starting point of an intellectual revolution in theunderstanding of electromagnetism (magnetism produced by electricity is calledelectromagnetism).

Many experiments focusing on the effects of magnetic and electric fields on eachother were performed by Ampere and Faraday.

Ampere’s hypothesis according to which magnets are created by cyclic, molecularcurrents and proof of the relation between electricity and magnetism by Faraday, whocreated electric current out of moving magnets, all led in the 19th century to the foundingof electromagnetism.

Eventually, it was James Clerk Maxwell who established beyond doubt (sic!) theinter-relationships between electricity and magnetism and set up the theoreticalfoundations to the physics of classical electromagnetism.

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The modern understanding of magnetism in condensed matter originated fromthe work of Pierre Curie, Pierre Weiss and Paul Langevin. Curie analyzed the effect oftemperature on different magnetic materials, and noticed that the magnetism disappearedsuddenly beyond a certain critical temperature (Curie point). Weiss suggested a theory ofmagnetism, which was based on an internal molecular field that was proportional to theaverage magnetization, which align the electronic micro-magnets in a magnetic matter.

The present accepted quantum theory of magnetism, which depends on the theoryof the motion and interactions of electrons in atoms, cames mostly from theoretical worksof Werner Heisenberg.

In the late 1960s, Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam conducted theoreticalsynthesis of the fundamental forces, by proving that electromagnetism is a part of theelectroweak type of force.

Section 2 Maxwell equation and the origin of magnetic field

It is very important to be highlighted that Maxwell developed the classicalequations of electromagnetism around 1865, about four decades before J.J. Thomsondiscovered the electron - a particle that is so fundamental to the current understanding ofboth present electricity and magnetism.

And the marvelous thing about these equations is the fact that despite beingcompletely wrong, they were making some correct predictions…

From the perspective of new theory, dealing with Maxwell equations is similarwith fishing in a pound full of fish; at least something is going to be caught if there isperseverance and some skills…

The initial set of equations published by Maxwell was complicated to bememorized (there were 20 equations) and therefore a simplified version of them proposedlater by Oliver Heaviside has been used in scientific literature.

In principle the vector version of these equation proposed by Heaviside is easierto be grasped, although some scientists still believe that some information has been lostduring this make up; of course this is only folklore, because for someone who isadvanced in mathematics both versions are equivalent.

The main ideas behind these equations are: 1. There exist definite sources of electrical force, namely electric charges.2. There exist no corresponding sources of magnetic force.3. Electric currents are the only sources of magnetic forces, with field lines

circling around the current.4. Changing magnetic flux can produce electric currents.

For a warming up, let us analyze the third idea which specifies that electriccurrents are the only sources of magnetic forces, keeping in mind the idea that thesefundamental laws of electromagnetism were discovered and formulated by scientists whohad little or no knowledge of the modern theory of atomic structure of matter.

Even in these days teachers in schools and universities presents how a genericmoving charge Q inside a conductor or between two regions of space generates an

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electric current. Further on, by applying the Biot-Savart law, it can be found the intensityof the magnetic field created by such an electric current at a distance r from metallicconductor - fig. 2.

Figure 2. Relationship between Q, I and B.

This is the classical pattern which was preserved from beginning of electricity asscience when electricity was considered merely a flow of an ,,electric fluid”. Long beforepeople knew of electrons and protons, they wondered: what did such an electric fluidconsist of? Not sure what it was, they named it electric charge. When electric chargeis not flowing but stands still, we still call it "static electricity".

Decades after Maxwell equations were formulated and accepted, the firstelementary particle i.e. the electron, was discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897.

Further on, it was easy to accept that a drift of free electrons through a conductor– fig. 3 represents an electric current. The direction of electric current has been preservedas opposite to the drift of electrons and this has represented another tribute to some futilepreconceived ideas in electricity science.

Figure 3 Electric current seen as a drift of electrons

Apparently things have been settled and other few decades have elapsed againuntil it was found that electron should have somehow an intrinsic magnetic moment – fig.

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4. This unit was not necessary for electromagnetism but for quantum mechanics. Thevalue of the electron magnetic moment is considered approximatelyµs=−9284.7×10exp(−24) J/T.

I am not going to bring into discussion now the implication of such magneticmoment for a classical image of electron because there is going to be an entire newsletterdedicated to each elementary particle and the physics of elementary particles is going tobe reformulated from scratch too.

Figure 4. Intrinsic (spin) electron magnetic moment

It is very curious that such unit so important for elementary particlecharacterization has been neglected and practically has been considered to have noimpact for classical electromagnetism.

On the other hand, for the present discussion, it has to be highlighted that classicalelectromagnetism accepts the existence of a principle of superposition which specifies:magnetic fields created by different sources add together as vectors.

If this is the case, someone should have made the observation that Maxwellequations need at least some amendments due to the existence of intrinsic magneticmoment of electrons and its vector addition to the magnetic field created by movingelectrons.

One cannot find such observation in the scientific literature of last century andthis proves for history of science how gifted for science an army of theoreticians havebeen!

Why no one bothered to take into consideration the intrinsic magnetic moment ofelectron for including it into Maxwell equations?

Well the answer is very simple: the Biot-Savart law which is a purelyexperimental observation works fine without any further addition of a supplementarymagnetic field. Irrespective of how a supplementary magnetic field is added to theMaxwell equations, there is going to be a misfit with experiments.

On the other hand for quantum mechanics, as is going to be presented in thefollowing section, the orbital magnetic moment was already in place when spin magnetic

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moment was implemented, so it was not possible to renounce at the linkage betweenthem.

Once such a thorny problem for classical electromagnetism has been spotted,maybe there are some talented and living theoreticians who want to make a better figureand clarify the situation. I will be waiting for such an article and this is going to bepublished with higher priority on my website.

The problem in essence is very simple and it is presented in a comparative way infig 4.

Case a) presents the classical thinking when an electric current is generated by amovement of electrons which have no magnetic moment attached to them.

Adding the magnetic moment of electrons and keeping in mind that electronshave a crooked motion inside a metallic conductor, it is necessary to find how the totalmagnetic field around conductor is affected – case b). Otherwise someone should admitthat some scientific diplomas are more valuable than this principle of superpositionbetween magnetic fields and this later do not apply for this case in order to keep thevalidity of the former.

Considering that the same total charge moves in a time unit, the calculatedintensity for electric current is equal for both case a) and b) but by sure the magnetic fieldcreated around a conductor in case a) cannot be identical with magnetic field around theconductor in case b).

Figure 4 Magnetic effect created by a moving charge without or with an intrinsicmagnetic moment

From the perspective of new proposed theory the solution has been alreadypostulated and the result is clear: the movement of an electric charge does not produce amagnetic effect, except that generated by its intrinsic spin.

There are other facts which can bring light on this problem and these arediscussed further; the exemplification is very important for what is presently calledplasma physics or electric charges movement in solutions which again uses Maxwellequation as foundation for its predictions.

Let us consider a positive charge +Q and a negative charge –Q. The positivecharge is formed by protons and the negative one is formed by electrons; of course thecharge +Q and –Q contains an equal number of protons and electrons as far it has beenaccepted that such elementary particles have equal charges as value but opposite as sign.

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According to the present definition of electric current (if both +Q and –Q chargesmoves with same speed) and in conformity with Maxwell equations, the value of electric

current intensity is the same for both cases, because t

Q I ; see fig. 5.

Figure 5. Electric current generated by opposite charges moving with same speed.

Well well, if the magnetic moments of electrons and protons are taken intoconsideration, although the calculated value of electric current intensity is the same, themagnetic effects of +Q and –Q charges movements should be completely different - fig6.

The magnetic moment of electron is about three orders or magnitude greater thanmagnetic moment of proton and by combining these intrinsic magnetic moments withmagnetic field generated by movement of charges, there should be a completely differentoutcome for the final intensity of magnetic field in case a) and case b).

Figure 6. Different magnetic field generated by equal amount of charges movement

The situation becomes even more incomprehensible for modern science if thecase of polarized beams of electrons or protons is taken into consideration. The analysisis going to continue in the version of this newsletter for physicists.

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By sure, someone would consider a joke in the near future the followingaffirmation of Richard Feynman: From a long view of the history of mankind — seenfrom, say, ten thousand years from now — there can be little doubt that the mostsignificant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell's discovery of the laws ofelectrodynamics.

Section 3 Magnets and electromagnets paradox

All the information presented in this section is known for centuries and it isvery strange how theoreticians and even experimentalists did not observed thefollowing paradox: An magnet induce in a piece of iron a secondary magnetic fieldwhich is smaller and opposite to the sign of primary inductor field. An electric currentinduce in a piece of iron a stronger secondary field which has the same sign as theprimary inductor field.

Around 1600, in his book The Magnete, Gilbert made a very interestingobservation: while poles of two magnets may attract or repel, ordinary ironwas always attracted. He was quite right in guessing the reason: ordinary iron becameitself a temporary magnet by induction.

Magnetic induction will always produce a pole polarity on the material beingmagnetized opposite that of the adjacent pole of the magnetizing force. Suppose we placean iron bar next to a permanent magnet like in fig. 7. The iron bar becomes a temporarymagnet having its N' pole in the vicinity of primary S pole.

Figure 7 Magnetic induction of a permanent magnet into an iron bar

The permanent magnet has little knowledge about iron relative permittivity (µ r

about 200), and irrespective of the experimenters efforts, the induced magnetic field ofiron bar is weaker than that of permanent magnet.

By comparison, electromagnets present a completely different story. I found the article from wikipedia quite interesting so a quote from this article is

presented as introduction. British scientist William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1824. His first

electromagnet was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with about 18

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turns of bare copper wire (insulated wire didn't exist yet). The iron was varnished toinsulate it from the windings. When a current was passed through the coil, the ironbecame magnetized and attracted other pieces of iron; when the current was stopped, itlost magnetization. Sturgeon displayed its power by showing that although it onlyweighed seven ounces (roughly 200 grams), it could lift nine pounds (roughly 4 kilos)when the current of a single-cell battery was applied. However, Sturgeon's magnets wereweak because the uninsulated wire he used could only be wrapped in a single spaced outlayer around the core, limiting the number of turns.

Beginning in 1830, US scientist Joseph Henry systematically improved andpopularized the electromagnet. By using wire insulated by silk thread, and inspired bySchweigger's use of multiple turns of wire to make a galvanometer, he was able to windmultiple layers of wire on cores, creating powerful magnets with thousands of turns ofwire, including one that could support 2,063 lb (936 kg).

Let us consider the simplest case of a simple circuit containing a solenoid with Nturns and without any core as in fig. 8.

Figure 8 Magnetic field produced by a solenoid without core

The polarity of temporary produced magnet depends on direction of the currentand this is obtained based on the right hand rule: Grip the solenoid with right hand suchthat the fingers are curled in the direction of current flow; the thumb represents the NorthPole of generated magnet.

The field strength inside a long solenoid without a core and having N turns and alength L, far from the ends is given by

L

NIB 0 , where I is the intensity of electric current in the circuit.

One of the most interesting and mysterious things in science happens when asimple piece of iron is used as a core for this simple solenoid circuit – fig.9.

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Figure 9 Circuit with an iron core solenoid

What is an educated guess for the magnetic field created by such simple circuitbased on classical electromagnetism?

Well, as far iron in its natural state presents magnetic domains with a randomorientation, it would be expected that magnetic field produced by the electric current lineup some or most of these magnetic domains.

It is ,,common sense” to expect a similar process of orientation like in theprevious case, i.e. magnetic induction. With other words in the vicinity of North Pole ofsolenoid, the iron piece establishes its South Pole; the opposite should happen at SouthPole of solenoid where the iron piece establishes its North Pole as in fig. 10.

Figure 10 Expected magnetic polarity of iron piece

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What are the expectations for the strength of new generated magnetic field basedon classical electromagnetism?

Well, according to third Maxwell equation - electric currents are the only sourcesof magnetic forces, and therefore the primary current in circuit must somehow generatesome electric currents into the iron piece. Even someone with a strain of the mind acceptthis strange idea, there is an aspect which cannot be ever accepted: How can an electriccurrent of intensity I in the primary circuit induce a secondary current at least a hundredtime more intense into the core iron piece?

These are theoretical aspects which are not going to be ever solved…. In contradiction to these expectations, the experimental reality is completely

different: the iron piece gets the same magnetic orientation like the magnetic field createdby electric current and ,,somehow” the intensity of this field is dramatically increased -fig. 11.

Figure 11 Arrangement of magnetic components into a core solenoid

From practical point if view, as it is well known by experimentalists a solenoidwith a ferromagnetic material as core generates a magnetic field of intensity:

L

NIB r0

Keeping all the other parameters for the circuit identically, only by modifying theso called relative permeability of the solenoid core, the produced magnetic intensity canvary considerable and neither electromagnetism nor quantum theory can explain thisaspect.

From the perspective of new proposed theory, the explanation of electromagnetcomportment is an application of the second proposed postulate and it is necessary toseparate what we call electric phenomena from magnetic phenomena first.

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Section 4 Magnetism and special theory of relativity

The special theory of relativity owes its origins to Maxwell's equations of theelectromagnetic field. - Albert Einstein, as quoted in New Scientist

The existence of magnetism allowed for the derivation of special relativity. Infact, Einstein's famous 1905 paper was entitled "On the Electrodynamics of MovingBodies". The strange phenomena that only appeared with moving charges allowedEinstein to show that magnetism was simply electric interactions in different referenceframes.

As far the electric current was supposed to consist of moving charges, specialtheory of relativity claimed that a contraction appears in the direction of charge motion.The electrons are consequently closer together and the wire is said to carry a net negativecharge. The positive lattice ions in the other wire are supposedly attracted by this netnegative charge and hence the wires are attracted towards each other.

Einstein's solution to the existence of magnetism was drastic and it has to beanalyzed in detail for its consequences.

On the former elkadot.com website and now on pleistoros.com, there is enoughinformation about magnetism and about relativity.

It is important to highlight a very simple experiment published around 2007,which can be performed in any low level laboratory; this experiment can prove thatmagnetism is not an artifact of observation.

The link to this article: https://www.pleistoros.com/en/books/relativity/ampere-modified-experiment

In the new proposed theory different observers in different referentials are goingto observe the reality of magnetic interaction and in this way the new proposed theorydismiss the special theory of relativity.

Section 5 Magnetism and quantum mechanic

It is important to remind some historical facts which introduced some erroneousconcepts in early quantum mechanics and of course, later, the newly growntheoreticians perpetuated the situation. The first quantum atomic model supposed that electrons orbital movementaround nucleus generate an electric current.

From the classical expression for magnetic moment, m = IA, an expression for themagnetic moment of an electron in a circular orbit around a nucleus has been deduced byearly proponents of atomic models.

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Figure 12 Orbital motion of electron around nucleusThe current generated by the electron movement is:

r2

ve

T

e- I

This electric current is supposed to generate a magnetic moment which has thevalue:

L

em2

e- A I , where L is the orbital angular momentum.

Further on, other aberrant ideas were implemented, i.e. the quantization of angularmomentum etc.

From the perspective of new proposed theory as postulated already the movementof an electric charge in itself cannot generate an electric current. If no electric current isgenerated, there exist no orbital magnetic moments for electrons in the new proposedatomic structure.

In the book atomic structure published in 2008, for the sake of comparison Ipreserved the existence of an orbital magnetic moment although it was not necessary atall.

When time will allow the book is going to be reedited and of course the conceptof orbital magnetic moment for electron is going to become history.

For the fanatics of quantum mechanics it is necessary to formulate a corollary ofthe first postulate:

The rotational motion of an electric charge cannot produce another magneticmoment except its intrinsic magnetic moment.

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