Magdalene College Cambridge, Magazine 2009-10

7/31/2019 Magdalene College Cambridge, Magazine 2009-10

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eb Latghlatems abn Ajfiieathn Ihmturhr eb Surh Latghlatems abn Latghlatemai ]tatestems1553 ^ B Garphr) LA)SgN)Foebt Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb Gestory abn [hanhr eb ]outghast Aseab

abn Elphreai Gestory155; @ Sathi)LA) L]m abn SgN 'Hsshx%) Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb Hmobolems * Iabn Hmoboly

abn XI eb Srophrty Jebabmh155> B D Fobhs) LA) IIL) SgN)Foebt Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs abn X]I eb Iaw1558 G Kakebs`y) LA abn SgN 'Mrabfihin%)Foebt Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb Hbdebhhrebd) Srojhssor

oj Ahronybalems155: ^ G Miuttob,Krom`) ]mN) J[])Srebmh Sgeiep Srojhssor oj Hmoiody abn Hvoiuteobary Keoiody155: S Nuprhh) LA) SgN) utor jor Dranuath ]tunhbts)Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb Baturai ]mehbmhs

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;333 L Gudghs)LK) KMger) SgN) utor) Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb Srh,Miebemai Lhnemebh abnAjfiieathn Ihmturhr eb Sgarlamoiody

;333 ^ A Moolks) LA) SgN)Foebt Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs abn X]I eb Hbdebhhrebd;331 G Azran) LA) SgN)Foebt Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb LLI abn Xbevhrsety ]hbeor Iabduadh

hamgebd Ojfimhr eb Jrhbmg;33= A I Ganena) LA) SgN) Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs abn XI eb Labadhlhbt ]tunehs;33> M ] Tat ebs) LA) LSgei)SgN) utor) Moiihdh Ihmturhr abn X]I eb Gestory

'15576 [hsharmg Jhiiow%

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;33: ^ Mghbvenya`arb)LSgei)SgN) Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs abn XI eb Armgethmturh;334 ] F Lorres) KA 'Bhwmastih%) ]hbeor Kursar

;334 [ L Kurbstheb)LK) K] ']ynbhy%) SgN) Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb Miebemai Lhnemebh;337 D S Sharmh) KZ]m 'Krestoi%)LA) SgN 'Ihhns%) Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs ebZhthrebary Lhnemebh

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Miebemai Abatolest;335 S S Goknay) LA) abn LA 'Oxjorn%) Mgapiaeb abn Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb^ghoiody abn

[hiedeous ]tunehs;313 [ I [ohkum`) KA) LHbd) SgN)Anlesseobs utor 'Xbnhrdranuaths% abn Foebt Nerhmtor

oj ]tunehs eb Hbdebhhrebd;313 L F Taetgh)SgN) Moiihdh Ihmturhr abn XI eb Hbdiesg

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Srophrty Iaw;331 A [^golpsob) LKH)LA) LSgei

[H]HA[MG JHIIOT]

;331 ] Gaiphr) SgN) Nobbhr [hsharmg Jhiiow eb Ebthrbateobai ]tunehs;338 F S Boiab)SgN) ]hbeor [hsharmg Jhiiow abn Foebt Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb Soietems)

Ssymgoiody abn ]omeoiody;334 L KZ Khii)LA)Bhveih [hsharmg Jhiiow eb Vooiody abn Foebt Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb

Baturai ]mehbmhs;337 ^ A F Mom`hreii) KA)LSgei 'Ihhns%) SgN 'Labmghsthr%) ]hbeor [hsharmg

Jhiiow eb Hmobolems;337 A I Luiihb)KA) LSgei)SgN) Iulihy [hsharmg Jhiiow eb Miassems


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Foebt Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb Baturai ]mehbmhs;313 H [otgsmgein) MLD) LA) ]hbeor [hsharmg Jhiiow eb Gestory abn Hmobolems;313 A Karto`,Sarty) L]m)SgN)Bhveih [hsharmg Jhiiow eb Sgysems;313 S L ]thhih)KA) LSgei) SgN) Iulihy [hsharmg Jhiiow eb Miassems

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;313 L N ]prebd) KHn 'Kretesg Moiulkea%) LA 'Hsshx%)[oyai Iethrary Jubn hamgebd Kyh,Jhiiow

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GOBO[A[U JHIIOT]

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Sgoto6 Duabb,Uhu Mgeb

AZemtoreab fhiiy,louin6 ab hxgeket jrol rhasurhs oj Ladnaihbh


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l a d n a i h b h m o i i h d h l a d a z e b h

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m o b t h b t s

Hnetoreai 7

EbLhloreal6Hnwarn Mrepps 11Lemgahi 'Lem`hy% Neas 1>

^gh Moiihdh [hmornE Jhiiowsgep Hihmteobs ;8

EE ^gh Lasthr abn Jhiiows =1

EEE Amanhlem [hports =8EZ Miuks) ]port abn ]omehtehs =5Z Mgaphi abn Mgoer >4

ZE Iekrarehs >5ZEE Kueinebds abn Darnhbs 83

ZEEE Moiihdh ]tajj 8;EW Hvhbts abn Mollhlorateobs 8=W Aiulbe abn Nhvhioplhbt 87

Ladazebh artemihs^gh Srhsenhbts shrlob) 11 Omt ;3356B Koyih :4^gh Ellortai Lhlory Shpys abn tgh Tejh oj Katg6 H G Moophr 41Laurhhb Balpefebpa Gunsob reptymg at Mrepps Mourt6 N N [okebsob 44

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ky N N [okebsobFhjjhry Ihwebs) ^ghrlonybalems6 Jrobtehrs abn Joubnateobs ';335% 57ky A Khfab

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Bemgoias Koyih);31>6 Gow to ]urvevh tgh Bhxt Torin Mreses ';313% 131ky G H Jebiay


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hnetoreai

Aby hnetor) a bhw obh hsphmeaiiy) gophs tgat tgh Moiihdh [hmorn mapturhs tgh yharhjjhmtevhiy abn rhhmts et ammurathiy" Ly tgab`s to aii oj our mobtrekutors jor tgher

hjjorts to hbsurh tgat et nohs" Ie`h lost ej bot aii yhars) tgh obh ubnhr rhvehwwetbhsshn a juii lhasurh oj foy 'shh tgh ]hbeor utors rhport% abn ab hquai sgarhoj sanbhss 'oketuarehs%" Kut jor tgosh oj us miosh to tgh amteob) eb tgh lenst ojLadnaihbh as tgh vekrabt abn mobstabtiy surpresebd mollubety eb wgemg wh ievh)aby rhtrosphmt gas ihss to no wetg tgh rhmorn tgab wetg a summhsseob oj sgarpiy,jomusshn sbapsgots" Jor lh) obh oj tgh lost veven was ob Hlperh Nay) wghbJhiiows abn jrehbns datghrhn eb tgh Lasthrs Darnhb to mhihkrath tgh pukiemateoboj your jorlhr hnetors iathst koo`) Xbnhrstabnebd tgh Kretesg Hlperh ky [obainGyal"EtesnhnemathntotghLasthr)Jhiiowsabn]mgoiarsojtghMoiihdhoj]tLary

Ladnaihbh eb dratetunh jor a fijty,yhar assomeateob" Hxamtiy wgat gh lhabt washxpiaebhn abn eiiustrathn eb a shrehs oj abhmnoths wgemg too` ges aunehbmh kam` toaMoiihdhjhwojtghlrhmodbeshn)hxmhptjoretsgaiilar`)tgatshbshojajjhmteobathioyaity wgemg es am`bowihndhn ky hvhb tgh lost waywarn oj our sobs 'tghy whrhaii sobs eb tgosh nays%"

Kuttgatwasalhrhprhiunhto rhasurhsoj Ladnaihbh) tgh hxgeketeob wgemg NrGyal loubthn eb Gaii ob 1: Fubh" As obh Jhiiow put et)jor fust tgrhh gours obhmouin say6E gavh shhb Ladnaihbh"^gh MrowiabnApomaiypsh) tgh Moiihdhpiath)armgevhs) mopphr fhiiy louins jrol tgh oin `etmghbs 'shh jrobtespehmh%) abn bebh,

thhbtg,mhbtury Mgebhsh fidurebhs 'shh khiow%"Uhs) tgat es tgh Ladnaihbh eb wgemgabtequareabesl) wgemg molkebhs a ladpeh,ie`h ebstebmt jor moiihmtebd wetg abebsateakih mureosety akout tgh lhabebd oj okfhmts) prhvaeis" Et es tgh Ladnaihbh ojShpys abn @hrremg) oj Tarebd abn Jaresg) oj ^ ] Hieot abn E A [emgarns" Et shrvhs torhlebn us tgat wh arh tgh mustoneabs oj ab hxtraornebary ihdamy oj ebthiihmtuai abnlathreaimuiturhwgemgetesournutytomollubemathtotghprhshbtabntoprhshrvhjor tgh juturh"

Mgebhsh jedurebhs hxgekethn eb rhasurhs oj Ladnaihbh Sgotos6 Duabb,Uhu Mgeb


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Hnwarn Tarebd was hihmthn to tgh Iumaseab mgaer eb Latghlatems eb 14:3) attgh adh oj twhbty,fivh" ^gh worn rhbaessabmh sprebds to lebn to saiuthLadnaihbhs latghlatemeabs tges yhar) wgosh jour out oj fivh Jersts eb Sart EEharbhn tghl first piamhalobd tgh twhbty,fivh Moiihdhs iesthn eb tgh Kaxthr takihs"Et aiso awarns tghl tgh kabbhr ghaniebh eb wgat was) lerakeih nemtu) yht abotghr

rhmorn,krha`ebd yhar oj repos rhsuits ovhraii"]laii wobnhr tgat tgh sub sgobh ob dhbhrai anlesseob) wghb as usuai a iardhbulkhr oj Jhiiows ammolpabehn our dranuabns to tgh ]hbath Goush to wetbhsstgher reth oj passadh) tal lorekus qual nomtreba hssh enobhos) eb tgh telh,gobourhn

worns oj tgh Srahihmtor" Ky tgh telh tgh bhw dranuaths rhturbhn to Moiihdh wetgtgherduhsts)tghrhwas)astghrhesyharajthryhar)atoumgojbostaideaebtghaerastghyprhparhn to ta`h tgher ihavh"Ihss prhnemtakiy) kut fust as ebhvetakiy) tgh Moiihdh kensjarhwhii to a bulkhr oj Jhiiows hamg yhar" Eb Larmg)Lar` Keiiebdh sthpphn nowb asNhvhioplhbt Nerhmtor) tgh poseteob gh ghin jor shvhb yhars ajthr shrvebd summhss,

evhiyasAnlesseobs utor abn ]hbeor utor) tota`h upa bhw nhvhioplhbt postat tghMalkrendh Xbeob ]omehty" Eb Fubh) Fhrhly [awsob) our Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb tghpgysemai Baturai ]mehbmhs abn Anlesseobs utor) abboubmhn tgat gh gan ammhpthn a[hsharmg Mgaer at tgh Xbevhrsety oj Tebnsor eb Mabana" Eb Omtokhr wh iosh ShthrNaykhii to rhterhlhbt ajthr sex yhars as Assestabt Kursar) fiiiebd obh oj tgh lostnhlabnebd Moiihdh ojfimhs wetg a drhatiy apprhmeathn molkebateob oj phrsobai abnprojhsseobai s eiis" o aii oj tghl wh ojjhr our nhhphst tgab`s"

^gh iast oj tgh assedblhbts Nr Keiiebdh ubnhrtoo` jor Ladnaihbh was to raeshjubns jor tgh bhw kueinebd wgemg anfoebs Mrepps Mourt as tgh shmobn pgash oj our

Mghsthrtob [oan nhvhioplhbt" Nhsedbhn ky tgh salh armgethmts) Jrhhiabn) [hhs[okhrts) et anns a jurtghr shvhbthhb rools to our stom` oj stunhbt ammollonateobabn) out oj thrl,telh) hbgabmhs tgh vaiuh oj tgh Mrepps molpihx as a vhbuh jormobjhrhbmhs" Eb speth oj ihavebd a lonhst sgortjaii eb tgh kueinebd ammoubt) etsmolpihteobebtelhjortghbhwamanhlemaiyharesyhtabotghrmaushjormhihkrateob"

Moiihdh Ladazebhs arh ailost ky nhfibeteob rhtrosphmtevh) kut ie`h our bhwdranuaths) E wabt to hbn tgh yhar ky ioo`ebd jorwarn0 bot obiy to tgh molles,seobebd oj a bhw kueinebd) kut aiso to tgh strhbdtghbebd oj our ebthiihmtuaijoubnateobs" Nurebd tgh Hasthr hrl) Ladnaihbh was ebvethn to khmolh a partbhr

eb tgh Foebt Mhbtrh jor Gestory abn Hmobolems wgemg was joubnhn ky @ebdsMoiihdh) Malkrendh abn Garvarn Xbevhrsety" Our Jhiiow Nr Garphr) [hanhr eb]outghast Aseab abn Elphreai Gestory) es obh oj tgh two Assomeath Nerhmtors kashneb Malkrendh abn es foebhn eb Ladnaihbh ky obh oj tgh joubnebd Nerhmtors)Srojhssor Hlla [otgsmgein oj kotg Malkrendh abn Garvarn Xbevhrsetehs) wgokhmolhs a ]hbeor [hsharmg Jhiiow ghrh" Th ioo` jorwarn hadhriy to tgh elpamt

wgemg tges ebthrbateobai rhsharmg hbdebh weii gavh ob tgh Moiihdh wgemg Nr Gyalfoebhn wetg solh trhpenateob fijty yhars ado"

^ges essuh es hnethn ky tgh Lasthr) assesthn ky Lrs Jetzselobs abn Fo Gorbsky"


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Sgoto6 Bedhi Gaw`hs


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e b l h l o r e a l

HNTA[N M[ESS]

Goborary Jhiiow abn Khbhjamtor

Sgoto6 Lemgahi Malhrob

Hnwarn Mrepps wetg tgh Nu`h oj Hnebkurdg) Xbevhrsety Khbhjamtorsdatghrebd)Bovhlkhr ;331

Hnwarn Falhs ]phbmhr Mrepps) korb ;3 Omtokhr 1581" Hnumathn at Oubnih ]mgooi abn ]t FogbsMoiihdh)Malkrendh wghrh gh rhan Hbdebhhrebd"Hbthrhn tgh jaleiy kusebhss at Bortgalptob 154>"

Nerhmtor oj Zhimro Ebnustrehs) 157:" ^rusthh oj Shthrkoroudg Matghnrai) Zemh,Mgaerlab oj tghBortgalptob Oin Drallar ]mgooi Joubnateob" Hihmthn to Malkrendh Xbevhrsetys Duein ojKhbhjamtors) ;331"Goborary Jhiiow oj Ladnaihbh Moiihdh) ;338" Larrehn Satremea Jrabmes) 1548"Nehn ;= Audust ;335 at ]outgwoin"

^gh nhatg oj a jrehbn es saniy aii too jrhquhbt ab hvhbt eb aby Moiihdh kut botgebdprhparhn us jor tgh sgom`ebdiy sunnhb ioss oj Hnwarn Mrepps) at tgh adh oj 84 tgh youbdhst ky jar oj Ladnaihbhs Goborary Jhiiows" As ]hmrhtary oj tgh jaleiyjoubnateobhstakiesghneb158:kygesjatghr)HnwarnMreppsstabnswetggeskrotghr[okhrt as obh oj tgh drhathst khbhjamtors oj tgh Moiihdh sebmh ets hariehst joubna,teobs" Eb ges metateob jor Hnwarns Goborary Jhiiowsgep eb ;338) tgh Srhsenhbt


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nhsmrekhn tgh Mrepps krotghrs trabsjorlateobai dejt as tgh lost sedbefimabtkhbhjamteob Ladnaihbh gan hvhr rhmhevhn)laèbd possekih tgh kueinebd oj ourspihbnen bhw sextg mourt amross tgh way eb Mghsthrtob [oan) a wortgy summhssor totgh gestorem shquhbmh oj Moiihdh kueinebds khdub ky tgh lob`s oj Mrowiabn"Abnrhlaràkiy) Hnwarn was a Fogbeab" Gh gan) gowhvhr) a sphmeai ajjhmteob jor

Ladnaihbh" Gh was amuthiy awarh oj tgh bhhn) eb ab ebmrhasebdiy molphtetevhlar`ht) to elprovh tgh alhbetehs jor our fubeor lhlkhrs abn at tgh salh telh tostrhbdtghb tgh Moiihdhs fibabmhs) eb partemuiar our akeiety to attramt vaiuakihmobjhrhbmh ebmolh" Mgaramthrestemaiiy) gh nen bot shh` to ebuhbmh tgh nhsedb abnpiabbebd oj Mrepps Mourt khyobn ab ebfubmteob nhievhrhn wetg a sleih bot tokuein a wgeth hihpgabt) ab abelai bot ebjrhquhbtiy joubn alobd lonhrbXbevhrsety kueinebds" Gh bhvhrtghihss ammhpthn tgh Moiihdhs ebvetateob to atthbnpiabbebd lhhtebds) dhbhrousiy fibnebd telh to no so jrol ges laby worin,wenhkusebhss molletlhbts"Hvhryobh ebvoivhn eb tgat molpihx tgrhh,yhar promhss weii

gavh khhb drhatiy elprhsshn ky ges aksoiuth trust tgat) eb kueinebd tgh bhw mourt)tgh Moiihdh wouin dht et redgt" Gh mouin gavh paen Ladnaihbh bo drhathr molpie,lhbt" ^gh molpihteob oj Mrepps Mourt tges sullhr proleshs to rhpay tgat trust6ebnhhn bot a nay passhs wetgout a drowebd rhaiesateob oj tgh khbhfits someai)hnumateobai abn fibabmeai owebd jrol tgat suphrk anneteob to tgh Moiihdhskueinebds abn oj our nhkt oj dratetunh to tgh Mrepps jaleiy wgo lanh et possekih"Dhbhrateobs oj Ladnaihbh lhb abn wolhb weii gavh doon rhasob to tgab`Hnwarn abn ges krotghr [okhrt Mrepps jor tgher outstabnebd dhbhrosety) veseob abnjrehbnsgep" Ladnaihbh es bot) oj moursh) tgh obiy ebstetuteob eb Malkrendh 'abn

hishwghrh% to gavh rhmhevhn lafor khbhjamteobs jrol tges hxtraornebary jaleiy"Hnwarn was kroudgt up eb tgh proun traneteob hstakiesghn ky ges drabnjatghr abnhxthbnhnkygesjatghrtgattghprofitsharbhnkytghjaleiykusebhsssgouinkhushnprebmepaiiy jor tgh support oj hnumateob)ghaitg abn tgh Mgurmg eb tges moubtry"

Hnwarn Mrepps was korb ob ;3 Omtokhr 1581" Ajthr hnumateob at Oubnih]mgooi abn ]t Fogbs Moiihdh) Malkrendh) eb 154> gh foebhn tgh jaleiy kusebhssSeabojorth ]uppiehs Itnkashn at [oanh eb Bortgalptobsgerh"^ghrh)worèbd ebtgh mobsenhrakih sganow oj ges jatghr) gh iharbt tgh kusebhss sèiis hsshbteai jorlabadhlhbt oj a iardh morporateob wetg ralefimateobs aii ovhr tgh worin" At first)

gh thiis us) gh rhmhevhn bo saiary) tgat khebd eb ges jatghrs opebeob) tgh khst way tothamg gel tgh vaiuh oj lobhy" Eb 157: gh foebhn ges krotghr [okhrt ob tgh Koarnoj Zhimro Ebnustrehs)a kusebhssamquerhn abn nhvhiophn kytgh jaleiy eb tgh 1543s"

Tghb eb nuh moursh ]er Gulpgrhy Mrepps sthpphn nowb as Mgehj Hxhmutevh)rhspobsekeiety jor gabniebd tgh fibabmeai ajjaers oj tgh Droup nhvoivhn ob Hnwarnabn ges krotghr) a partbhrsgep to wgemg [okhrt paen a lovebd trekuth at tghmhihkrateob oj Hnwarns iejh eb ]hpthlkhr ;335"^ghrh aiso nhvoivhn upob Hnwarnbot obiy tgh naeiy marh oj ges jatghr abn lotghr nurebd tgher iast yhars kut aisobulhrous mgaretakih ubnhrtaèbds sumg as tgh molpihteob oj Mrepps Mourt atQuhhbsMoiihdh)Malkrendh) tgh mobstrumteob oj bhw kueinebds jor Bortgalptob]mgooi jor Koys abn tgh Gedg ]mgooi jor Deris) ges roih as rusthh oj Shthrkoroudg


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Matghnrai abn as Zemh,Mgaerlab oj Bortgalptobs Oin Drallar ]mgooiJoubnateob" Gh too` vhry shreousiy ges rhspobsekeietehs jor tgh jamtory abn stajj at[oanh 'lanh kurnhbsolh ky tgh rhihbtihss nhmiebh oj tgh moubtrys autolokeihebnustry% abn oj moursh ges ebvoivhlhbt eb tgh piabbebd abn kueinebd oj tgh bhwMourt at Ladnaihbh" Hnwarn too` prenh eb ges jaleiys fibh traneteobs kotg as

hlpioyhrs abn pgeiabtgropests" Jor gelshij) gh wabthn bhetghr gobours bornestebmteobs" Eb ges krotghrs worns) gh wasa swhht) dhbtih)ubassulebd lab wgobhvhr soudgt tgh ielhiedgt or rhmodbeteob jor tgh laby amts oj nhmhbmy) ebnbhssabn pgeiabtgropy phrjorlhn phrsobaiiy) prevathiy abn pukiemiy" Gh was bothbterhiy summhssjui eb avoenebd sumg rhmodbeteob6 et was wetg solh rhiumtabmh tgatgh ammhpthn) ob khgaij oj tgh Mrepps Joubnateob) anlesseob ebto tgh XbevhrsetysDuein oj Khbhjamtors at a mhrhloby eb ;331 wghb gh was ammolpabehn kyLardarht wgosh support eb doon telhs abn kan lhabt so lumg to gel"

Eb ;338 gh ammhpthn) todhtghr wetg ges krotghr [okhrt)hihmteob ky Ladnaihbh

to ab Goborary Jhiiowsgep) tgh drhathst lar` oj nestebmteob abn hsthhl wgemg tghMoiihdhmouin khstow"^gh Srhsenhbts worns ob tgat ommaseob mobvhy Ladnaihbhswarl apprhmeateob oj abn ajjhmteob jor tges nhiedgtjui) ubassulebd khbhjamtor abndoon jrehbn oj tgh Moiihdh6

Moiihdhs arh as miosh to khebd ellortai as abytgebd eb tges worin mab kh) abn tghdoon hjjhmts oj Hnwarn Mreppss dhbhrosety weii steii kh jhit wetgeb tgh Moiihdhdhbhrateobs jrol bow) wghb aii oj us arh nust"

Ob Tgetsubnay hvhry yhar) tgh Moiihdh mollhloraths ets lafor khbhjamtors kutour dratetunh to Hnwarn es hxprhsshn hvhry nay eb tgh laby hvhbts wgemg ta`hpiamh eb Mrepps Mourt) ges lobulhbt at Ladnaihbh" Eb tgat shbsh) truiy)tghrh arhbo nhan"

N F G L


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e b l h l o r e a l

LEMGAHI 'LEM@HU% NEA]

]hbeor Jhiiow) jorlhriy Srhsenhbt[hdebain Taithr Lemgahi Neas 'Kabnarabae`h%)LA) IIK) Gob QM) korb = Larmg 15;1" Hnumathnat tgh [oyai Moiihdh) Moiolko) tgh Mhyiob Iaw Moiihdh) abn ^rebety Gaii) Malkrendh 'Miass E ebIaw repos)Sart E 15>1) abn Sart EE wetg nestebmteob 15>;0 IIKwetg nestebmteob)Dhordh Iobd Srezhjor [olab Iaw abn Furesprunhbmh)15>=0 Iawb hbbes Kiuh%" [oyai Aer Jormh)Moastai Mollabn)BMO aermrhw" Karresthr) Ebbhr hlpih 15>80 Ihmturhr eb Furesprunhbmh)Xbevhrsety Moiihdh oj Taihsat Akhrystwytg) 15>515810 Xbevhrsety Ihmturhr eb Iaw) Xbevhrsety oj Malkrendh) 1581157;0Ojjemeai Jhiiow) Ladnaihbh Moiihdh) Moiihdh Ihmturhr) 15881551 abn Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs eb Iaw)1588157; 'Hlhretus Jhiiow) 1551;335%0 Srahihmtor) 157=157:0 ]hbeor Sromtor) 157415770

Srhsenhbt) 15771551" Goborary Khbmghr) Ebbhr hlpih) 155;0 appoebthn QM gobores mausa);33;" Larrehn Borag Gubthr 'bh Mrakk%) ;8 Fubh 15>4 'n" 1 Nhmhlkhr 1573%0 two naudgthrs"Nehn 14 Bovhlkhr ;335"

Nrawebd ky [emgarn ]tobh '1551%

Mobsenhr tghsh statestems jor Moiihdh Iaw repos rhsuits61588 bo firsts) two upphr shmobns) sex iowhr shmobns) tgerthhb tgerns0157: hedgt firsts 'wetg two ubevhrsety prezhs%)hihvhb upphr shmobns)bebh iowhr shmobns) obh tgern"

Abn tghrh you gavh et6 tgh lhasurh abn prooj oj Lr Neass outstabnebd amgehvh,lhbt ajthr tgerty yhars as tgh Moiihdhs prebmepai Iaw Jhiiow" Kam` eb 1588 et gankhmolh a prhssebd latthr to appoebt a phrlabhbt nerhmtor oj stunehs jor tgh iardh

bulkhr oj ubnhr,phrjorlebd Iaw ubnhrdranuaths" Et mabbot gavh shhlhn ie`hiyto kh ab hasy appoebtlhbt" Moiihdhs whrh steii wary oj hihmtebd iawyhrs) wetg tgher


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supposhniy phnabtem ways 'abn @ebds nen bot no so ubtei 15:3%" ^gh Lasthr ojLadnaihbh) ]er Ghbry Teiieb`) QM) too` tgh ebeteatevh) abn wouin baturaiiy gavhmobsuithn tgh Lasthr oj rebety Gaii) as tgh ihanebd moiihdh jor Iaw"^gh Lasthr oj^rebety Gaii was ]er Evor Fhbbebds) a jalous mobstetuteobai iawyhr) wgo) as etgapphbhn) gan rhmhbtiy rhturbhn jrol fijthhb yhars at tgh Xbevhrsety oj Mhyiob)

abn was rhdarnhn as ab hxphrt ob tgh ]ebgaihsh"Aseab Jhiiows whrh as yht a raretyeb Malkrendh) abn ajthr jour yhars as a ubevhrsety ihmturhr 'abn ab hxthrbai suphr,vesor jor Ladnaihbh%) Lem`hy was steii wetgout a jhiiowsgep"Kut ]er Evor lust gavhlanhrhassurebdboeshsakoutgel)asobhojtghGaiiskhstdranuaths'twostarrhnJersts%) jor tgh hihmteob was lanh wetg ubusuai sphhn at tgh khdebbebd oj Audust1588"ô whimolh gel) tgh fubeor [hsharmg Jhiiow ebvethn tgh bhwmolhr to piaythbbes eb tgh JhiiowsDarnhb 'wgemg gan a mourt eb tgosh nays%"Lem`hy turbhn upeb iobd wgeth troushrs) wetg ab abmehbt ramquht" Hxphmtebd ab hasy vemtory ovhr alab shvhrai yhars oinhr) tgh [hsharmg Jhiiow joubn gelshij roubniy khathb)

webbebd bot a sebdih latmg" Lem`hy) et hlhrdhn) was a hbbes Kiuh"^ges was fust obh oj tgh laby tgebds akout gelshij wgemg Lem`hy bhvhr) orailost bhvhr) tai`hn akout" Jor ges Ladnaihbh pupeis ovhr :33 oj tghl et wasphrgaps hboudg tgat tghy ie`hn gel abn whrh drathjui jor ges hxmhiihbt thamgebdabn èbniy ebthrhst eb tghl" Gh was) gowhvhr) a lumg lorh ebthrhstebd abnmolpihxmgaramthrtgablostphopihrhaieshn"Ghwasvhrylumgtghpronumtojges]ebgaihsh kam`droubn6 at obmh a prebmepihn arestomrat abn ab hbjabt thrrekih) a stremtmobjorlest abn a lesmgehvous rhkhi abn hvhr tgh mghhrjui phsselest"

Gesjaleiy)tghNeasKabnarabae`hs)gankhhbobhojtghihanebdjaleiehsebtgh

oinèbdnoloj@abnyabnrhlaebhnsotgroudgebtoebnhphbnhbt]reIabà)wghbtghy khmalh phrgaps tgh lost powhrjui oj aii"^gh Kabnarabae hs gan mhbturehs ojhxphrehbmh oj miosh) abn at telhs symopgabtem rhiateobsgep wetg summhssevhHurophab ovhriorns tghy anopthn tgh Sortuduhsh balh oj Neas) abn iathr tghypem`hn up Hbdiesg `bedgtgoons" Ky tgh hbn oj tgh bebhthhbtg mhbtury tghy whrhgedgiyabdiemeshn)strobdiy Abdiemabeb rhiedeob) sporty) abn sbokkesg 'wetg botgebdeb mollob wetg tgh vast laforety oj tgher moubtrylhb) wgol tghy rhdarnhn asbatevhs%"^ghy whrh whaitgy) abn oj tgh gedghst possekih someai status) ailost aii ojtghl bow iawyhrs 'karresthrs) FSs) fundhs%" Garoin Lamleiiab nhsmrekhn hietest

]ebgaihsh jaleiehs sumg as tges as ie`h hedgthhbtg,mhbtury Kretesg Tged drabnhhs)lost adrhhakih) abn wetg lorh tgab a toumg oj Bortg Oxjornakout tghl"Et was ebto tges preveihdhn abn ebuhbteai hieth tgat Lem`hy was korb eb 15;1"

Ges drhat,drabnjatghr was tgh [hvn Mabob Teiieal Neas) a ihanebd Abdiemab mihr,dylabsolhtgebdLem`hy`hptvhryquehtakoutebnhhn'bonouktghwouingavhsaen) wetg a sgrud oj tgh sgouinhrs)hvhry jaleiy gas a s`hihtob eb ets mupkoarn%"Ges drabnjatghr) Jhiex [hdebain Neas) KA) IIK) IIL) was obh oj tgh first Aseabdranuaths oj Malkrendh) wgo rosh to khmolh nestremt fundh oj @abny) 1537 to151>) abn Mollesseobhr oj Assezh) 15;315;1" Lem`hys jatghr was tgh shmobn,dhbhrateob dranuath oj rebety Gaii) Ges Gobour Lr Fustemh '[hdebain% Jhiex Neas)IIN" Gh gan two sobs) abn spiet tgh jaleiy balhs khtwhhb tghl) so Lem`hy was


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mgresthbhn [hdebain0 ges gaij,krotghr Jhiex Neas Kabnarabae`h khmalh a prole,bhbt poietemeab) kut nehn youbd jrol mabmhr"^gher mousebs whrh tgh]oiolob'asopposhn to tgh Jhiex% Kabnarabae`hs) wgo javourhn Oxjorn ratghr tgabMalkrendh0 tghy suppiehn ]re Iab`a wetg two prelh lebesthrs 'eb powhr lost ojtgh telh khtwhhb 158: abn 1544%) abn obh prhsenhbt"

Lem`hys mgeingoon was gappy0 gh was put nowb jor rebety Gaii at kertg) abnas a thhbadhr sat ob ges jatghrs Khbmg as ges alabuhbses"^gh res` jor ab ebthiiedhbt'abn eb Lem`hys mash ratghr hxmetakih% youbd lab oj sumg preveihdhn kut redeniystrumturhn) someaiiy mobshrvatevh) kam`droubn) es tgat gh khmolhs a rhkhi) abnrhjushs to joiiow tgh patg lar`hn out jor gel" Lem`hys oinhr mouseb) tgh juturhprelh lebesthr ]oiolob T [ Neas Kabnarabae`h) poebthn tgh way) abn rhkhiihn ebspanhs adaebst ges parhbts Abdiemab rhiedeob) adaebst Oxjorn 'wghrh gh jhitsiedgthn%) adaebst tgh Kretesg hlperh) abn fibaiiy adaebst preveihdh etshij" Gh akab,nobhn Iaw) abn khmalha Kunngest,bateobaiest poietemeab"Kut tgh obh tgebd gh nen

bot no was rhjush a traneteobaiiy arrabdhn larreadh 'ges wenow hvhbtuaiiy khmalhtgh worins first wolab prelh lebesthr%" Lem`hys rhkhiieob was aiso shihmtevh) kuteb nejjhrhbt ways" Gh too rhfhmthn Abdiemabesl) kut stopphn sgort oj khmolebd aKunngest" Gh wasbt doebd to devh up Iaw) kut gh nhfihn ges jatghr ky rhlaebebd ebtghX@ ajthr dranuatebd) abn voiubthhrebd jor war,shrvemh wetg tgh[AJ 'khmolebdabaermrajtrhar,dubbhr)kashnebbortg]motiabn%0abntomrowbetaii)ghbotobiydotlarrehn outsenh tgh mgarlhn mermih oj approvhn ]ebgaihsh jaleiehs) kut to abHbdiesgwolab" Borag was tgh obiy wolab gh hvhr jhii eb iovh wetg) kut lexhn,ramh larreadhs whrh steii mobtrovhrseai hvhb eb Hbdiabn" Eb hjjhmt gh akabnobhn

Mhyiob" Nesebghrethn 'mut ojj ky ges jatghrwetgout a sgeiiebd%) abn korhn ky gesjaleiys nhhphbebd ebvoivhlhbt eb poietems abn bot a iettih mybemai akout tges tghmoubtryghinjhwattramteobsjorgel)apartjroltghspihbnourojtghdrhat@abnyab

phraghra jhstevai 'abn wgat)ajthr aii) es a rhiedeous promhsseob wetgout hihpgabts?%"Ashihmtevh rhkhiieob)tghb" Nhspeth tgher jaiiebd,out)Lem`hys jatghrs portraet

mobtebuhn to gabd ovhr ges stuny firhpiamh"Abn gh stum` redorousiy to tgh dhbtih,labiy upphr,miass Monh oj ges upkrebdebd) wetg ets solhtelhs ubjordevebdHnwarneabboteobsojwgatwasnobhabnbotnobh"Aiwayssolhwgatphrhlptoryoj sphhmg) Lem`hy) ie`h a truh arestomrat) mouin kh nhvastatebdiy jortgredgt ej gh jhit

you nhshrvhnet)someaiiy or projhsseobaiiy"Ges rhamteobsmouin shhl hxmhssevh)bhvhrlorh so tgab wghb) as ab ubnhrdranuath) gh was upsht ky solhtgebd nobh) or bornobh) ky tgh Mgapiaeb oj rebety Gaii" Shrgaps et was bo lorh tgab jordhtjuibhss kutLem`hytoo`sumgtgebdsashvenhbmhojloraiwha`bhss)abnetwasbowtgatghnhmenhn Mgresteabety to kh a provhb jraun" Kut) gh khiehvhn) hvhryobh sgouinsuksmrekh to tgh Monh) to tgh ihtthr oj tgh Iaw) abn ievh ky Srebmepihs) ubebmgebdiy"^ges ledgt gavh turbhn gel ebto ab aiarlebdiy austhrh nob" Kut aitgoudg gh wasbot aiways a moljortakih moiihaduh) et was kaiabmhn ky drhat phrsobai warltgtowarns tgosh gh iovhn abn tgosh gh taudgt" Et was aiso ojj,sht ky a nhthrlebateobto gavh jub wghbhvhr gh saw ab ophbebd"^ghrh was akout gel ab ailost mgeinie`hnhiedgt eb tgh lamakrh abn kezarrh) eb ommaseobai lesmgehj abn errhvhrhbmh"


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Ges ratghr kiha` vehw oj gulab baturh eb dhbhrai) abn suspemeousbhss akouttgh possekih lotevhs oj ges moiihaduhs) gan khhb ellhasurakiy kut ubnhrstabn,akiy garnhbhn hariy ob ky a sebduiariy kan hxphrehbmh" Eb tgh autulb oj 1588)

khjorh gh gan shttihn eb at Ladnaihbh) gh nesmovhrhn tgat a jorlhr fubeormoiihaduh oj ges at Akhrystwytg 'wghrh gh gan ihmturhn jor two yhars%) obh D K FGudghs)gan kroudgt out wetg Kutthrwortgs 'tgh rhsphmthn ihdai pukiesghr% a thxt,koo` maiihn Furesprunhbmh) tgh iardhr part oj wgemg was mihariy ta`hb jrol bothslanh oj Lem`hys ihmturhs" Hvhb khjorh tgh miarefimateob ojebthiihmtuai prophrtyiaw) et was piaeb tgat tges was a shreous mash oj piadearesl" Gudghs was rhiumtabt toanlet to wrobd,noebd) obiy) ubnhr prhssurh) to gavebd khhb drossiy marhihss"Jrol Lem`hys poebt oj vehw) ges owb pukiemateob prosphmts gan khhb nesastrousiyprh,hlpthn)abngesMalkrendhihmturhsabnsuphrveseobsebstabtiyubnhr,mut"Gh

rhquhsthn a bulkhr oj shbeor lhlkhrs oj tgh Iaw Jamuity to devh tgher opebeob)annebdtgatghganbowesgwgathvhrtonoabytgebdwgemglayprovhmrusgebdtoGudghs" Srojhssor M F Galsob) Srojhssor [ U Fhbbebds) abn Nr I [anzebowemz'alobd otghrs% aii adrhhn tgat tghrh gan khhb a krhamg oj mopyredgt" ^ghyproposhn a molprolesh wgemg tghy tgoudgt Neas ladbabelous to ammhpt6Kutthrwortgs wouin rhpiamh Gudghss voiulh wetg a bhw koo` foebtiy essuhn asNeasabn Gudghs ob Furesprunhbmh)wetg royaitehs hquaiiynevenhn) abn wetg a juiihxpiabatory jorhworn wretthb ky tgh tgrhh wesh lhb" Khjorh tges hxtraornebarykoo` was pukiesghn eb 1584) Gudghs adrhhn tgat ej tghrh was a shmobn hneteob)

Neas wouin kh tgh soih hnetor" Ammornebdiy) tgh jour hneteobs wgemg joiiowhn) to1578) khmalh selpiyNeas ob Furesprunhbmh)abn tgh stabnarn thxtkoo`"^ges was

^gh supprhsshn voiulh ^gh rhessuh


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bot queth tgh hbn oj tgh ajjaer) gowhvhr" Lumg to Lem`hys jrustrateob) yhars iathrGudghsputetakouttgatghgankhhblesubnhrstoonabneii,ushnamiaelwgemgmab garniy gavh rhmhevhn lumg sylpatgy) as ges marhhr gan bot khhb botemhakiynaladhn 'hbnebd wetg a projhssorsgep atUaih%) abn sebmh et was botemhn tgat ghgan iathiy pukiesghn a wor` kashn upob obh oj ges owb stunhbts nesshrtateobs"

Lhabwgeih) eb Ladnaihbh)ubnhrLem`hys ebsperebdihanhrsgep)Iawnhvhiophnebto tgh iardhst sukfhmt eb Moiihdh abn a sphmtamuiar summhss story" Laby oj gespupeis gan marhhrs oj tgh gedghst nestebmteob eb Iaw) wgeih gh khmalh a rhsphmthnihdai autgorety" Gh hlhrdhn as tgh Dovhrbebd Konys sthrbhst upgoinhr ojamanhlem stabnarns)aiways votebd to shbn nowb hxalebateob jaeiurhs" Eb 15:; ghtoo` a surpresebd ebeteatevh ky malpaedbebd jor ab hbn to Dovhrbebd Kony Ornhrsabn Lebuths gabnwretthb ky tgh Fubeor Jhiiows) abn rhpiamebd tghl wetg nupie,mathn typhn paphrs prhparhn ubnhr tgh nerhmteob oj tgh Kursar tgh keddhstmgabdh eb Moiihdh rhmorn,`hhpebd sebmh tgh rhpiamhlhbt oj [olab bulhrais ky

Arakem eb tgh Ammoubts jrol 1:3>"Aitgoudg jor lost oj ges telh as a Jhiiow gh nenbot set ob tgh lafor molletthhs oj tgh Dovhrbebd Kony) abn was bhvhr ebvethn tokh a tutor) towarns tgh hbn oj ges wor`ebd iejh gh ubmolpiaebebdiy nesmgardhn tghprhstedeouskutihsstgabhxmetebdnutehsojSrahihmtorebMoiihdhabntghboj]hbeorSromtor jor tgh Xbevhrsety" Eb 1577 gh was appoebthn Srhsenhbt) tgoudg et wouingavh khhb hasy to pass gel ovhr) as gh was airhany :4 abn gan so iettih hxphrehbmhoj dhbhrai Moiihdh anlebestrateob" As Srhsenhbt gh mobtebuhn to nespiay a mgaram,threstem lex oj drameousbhss abn lonhsty) piaeb spha`ebd abn a iovh oj jub"^hamgebd rhlaebhn tgh aksoiuth mhbtrh oj ges iejh) abn nhhp ebto rhterhlhbt gh

mobtebuhn to web tgh hbnurebd anuiateob oj summhssevh dhbhrateobs oj stunhbts) astgh trekuths to gel wgemg joiiow akubnabtiy thstejy"[ G

Lr Neass prebmepai pukiemateobs6

Hnetor) K [ Tesh) Outiebhs oj Furesprunhbmh) :tg hnb rhveshn) 15>7Furesprunhbmh) 8tg hnb) 1578 '8;3 pp%A kekieodrapgy oj Furesprunhbmh) =rn hnb) 1545 '>== pp%Dhbhrai hnetor)Mihr` abn Iebnshii ob orts) 18tg hnb) 157; '1>14 pp0 mobtrekutor)Srebmepihs oj

ieakeiety eb ort) 1:= pp) abn Bhdiedhbmh) ;14 pp%0 wetg jevh mobshmutevh suppihlhbtsto15740 1:tg 'mhbthbary% hnb) 1575Tetg K ] Lar`hsebes) ^gh Hbdiesg Iaw oj orts6 a molparatevh ebtronumteob) 154:Tetg K ] Lar`hsebes) ort Iaw) 157>0 ;bn hnb) 1575^gh mobmhpt oj Iaw jor a marebd somehty 'F D Moiiehr abn [ T L Neas) Ihmturhs ob tgh Mollob

Iaw) Ihenhb%) 1577Artemihs eb tgh Malkrendh Iaw Fourbai) htmShpys abn tghIaw)MoiiLad=3 '15787:%pp 1:17 '^gh Shpys Orateob);= Jhkruary 157:%


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J [ O L ^ G H J X B H [ A I A N N [ H ] ]) 1; N H M H L K H [ ;335

Tghb E khmalh Mgapiaeb oj Ladnaihbh eb 158: abn first lht Lem`hy Neas) jroltgh start) gh iaen ebto ly owb Mgresteab khiehjs vedorousiy abn vhghlhbtiy) wetgtgat wobnhrjui dihal oj lom`hry abn dihh wetg wgemg gh iovhn to try abn provo`h

lh" At tgh salh telh gh shhlhn to kh whimolebd lh wetg tgat hxtraornebaryèbnbhss abn marebd) wgemg E tgeb` aii ges stunhbts eb abn khyobn tges Moiihdh)gavh aiways apprhmeathn eb gel" As our jrehbnsgep nhvhiophn) gh nrovh lh ob

vareous ommaseobs to obh or two datghrebds eb wgemg Jhiiows abn tgher wevhs whrhebvoivhn aroubn Malkrendh or eb Iobnob" ^gat es gow E first dot to `bow ges

wobnhrjui wejh) Borag) a lost warl) drameous abn mgarlebd phrsob wgo) ellh,neathiy) wghbhvhr Lem`hy khdab obh oj ges assauits ob ly jaetg) rosh up ebebnedbateob) urdebd lh bot to pay aby atthbteob to gel) at wgemg Lem`hy drebbhnajjhmteobathiy abn tghb mgumìhn" Gh okveousiy mghresghn abn hxphmthn ghr

rhamteob) abn tges khmalh part oj tgh wgoih neaihmtem oj our jrehbnsgep! E dranuaiiyrhaieshn tgat Lem`hy ailost wabthn Borag to molh to tgh rhsmuh)as sgh urdhn lhto edborh tges aksurn nodlatesl) as sgh rhdarnhn et"

Nhsmrepteobs oj ges ihmturebd aii shhl to mobvhrdh"Gh wouin kh mian aiways eba suet oj a partemuiar sganh oj drhy) abn eb a wgeth sgert" Ab ellamuiath fidurh) ghstronhebtotghihmturhroolabn)wetgfirlbhssabnasuprhlhmiaretyojkotglebnabn hxprhsseob) kro`h nowb queth nejfimuit mobmhpts ebto haseiy asseleiathn parts"

At obh poebt) ob a wai`) E gan jooiesgiy narhn to arduh kam` wetg gel ob tgh sukfhmtoj Baturai Iaw) tryebd to miael et was Don devhb)gh bot obiy prophriy troubmhn lh

jor ebvoèbd tgh nevebh prhlaturhiy) selpiy abn baevhiy) kut gh aiso ebvethn lh toobhojgesihmturhs"Etwasabastobesgebdiymiharabnmoghrhbtphrjorlabmhabnabebsperebd hxphrehbmh" E wai`hn away at tgh hbn nhhpiy elprhsshn abn hxmethn)wetgphrjhmt boths haseiy ta`hb" Lem`hy nhsmrekhn Baturai Iaw kreiieabtiy as khebdebmarbathn tgroudg wgat was a phrjhmtiy baturai) someai abn gestoremai promhss)abn davh tgh wobnhrjui eiiustrateob oj gow fundhs arrevh at tgherrateo nhmenhbne)tgh ubnhriyebd someai abn muiturai prebmepihs duenebd tghl eb tgher shbthbmebd) astghynrawupobprhveousmashiawtofustejytghernhmeseobs"Gesnhsmrepteobsojtgespromhss at obmh rhlebnhn lh oj gow prhamghrs duenhn eb a seleiar way ky tgher

prhshbt tgebèbd) labadh to nraw upob mobthlporary smgoiarsgep abn a wgoihtraneteob oj kekiemai ebthrprhtateob eb sgapebd tgher shrlobs) a molparesob wgemggh dianiy ammhpthn"

Dhbhrateobs oj ubnhrdranuaths at Ladnaihbh gan soob khdub to nesmovhr gesmolletlhbt to tghl abn ges hxtraornebary marh jor tghl) as phopih as whii aspupeis"^ghy whrh aiso burturhn tgroudg tgh hxmhiihbt jralhwor` jor tgh thamgebdoj iaw gh ebeteathn eb tgh Moiihdh) ebjushn as et was wetg tgh nestebmteob oj ges owbprhshbmh abn akeiety" Gh nhvhiophn lost sèijuiiy tgat traneteobai jhaturh eb otghrmoiihdhs thamgebd iaw) tgh so maiihnLoot) a èbn oj hbamthn Apphiiath Mourt) eb

wgemg lorh fubeor ubnhrdranuaths ta`h ob tgh roihs oj moubshi jor or adaebst tghApphai wgeih tgher akihst tgern yhar shbeors ledgt amt as fundhs" Gh starthn tgh


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MoiihdhsIaw]omehtyeb15:;)wetgetsabbuaiNebbhr'gosthn)mgaramthrestemaiiy)atges owb hxphbsh%) piamhn ratghr gophjuiiy fust khjorh tgh hxals) eb ab atthlpt torhtaeb a nhdrhh oj rhiaxateob! ^gh first jhlaih Srhsenhbt oj tgh ]omehty) HiezakhtgNymh) was mihariy a phrsob oj ebeteatevh" ]gh so apprhmeathn a murry wgemg Lem`hynhveshn jor obh oj ges golh iubmghs) tgat sgh labadhn to wghhnih tgh rhmeph out

oj gel)abn amtuaiiy pukiesghn et eb ^gh Ebnhphbnhbtbhwspaphr devebd et tgh balh)Lem`hyNeassMgem`hbMurry"Etwasvothnrhmephojtghwhh`)abnwastghbaisopukiesghn eb tgh Moiihdh Ladazebh) abn rhbalhn Mgem`hb Hiezakhtg1" ]gh aisoordabeshn aii tgh iaw stunhbts oj ghr telh ebto kooèbd gel ebto alurnhr whh`,hbneb Ghrhjorn as a foebt tgab`,you prhshbt) bo noukt ammhpthn ky Lem`hy wetgdrhat rhiesg" Ebnhhn gh hbnhn up as tgh mgehj susphmt!

Obh jhaturh) typemai oj tgh joubnhr oj tgh Iaw ]omehtys oredebaiety) was gesebtronumteob eb 154; oj tghArmgeh Ihsieh Srezhawarnhn jor tgh khst molpiaebt putjorwarn ky ab ubnhrdranuath wgo gan sujjhrhnat tgh gabn oj a Iaw Jhiiow"^ges

oredebathn wghb Lem`hy jordot to ebveth Ihsieh to tgh Iaw Nebbhr" Lem`hy was atobmh nestraudgt at tgh hrror wghb et was nrawb to ges atthbteob ky obh oj IhsiehsjrehbnsabndavhornhrsatBoragsnerhmteobtgatghsgouinkhrhmolphbshnkytghproveseob ojtwo nebbhrs!^gh Moiihdh stajj rosh to tgh ommaseob suphrkiy) hbsurebdtgat two piamh shttebds whrh iaen" Ihsieh rhspobnhn eb ie`h vheb ky shbnebd Boragtwo kouquhts oj roshs tgh joiiowebd Lobnay6 obh wgeth) wetg a kihssebd jor tghnoukih pihasurh0 obh rhn) wetg a mursh jor tgh noukih gabdovhr! ^gh vhbturh wasjhit to kh sumg a summhss tgat et tghrhajthr khmalh ab abbuai hvhbt as iobd as amobvebmebd hboudg molpiaebt mouin kh lanh" ^gh prezh was paen jor ky ab

Hbnowhn Jubn) abn mobsests oj two ebvetateobs to tgh rhmepehbt to hat two iawnebbhrs 'sukshquhbtiy molluthn to a kottih oj mgalpadbh%) ab awarn tgat solhoj ets webbhrs gavh amtuaiiy khhb `bowb to put ob tgher MZs! ^gh anfunemateob ojtgh prezh was devhb to Borag) abn) ajthr ghr nhatg) to summhssevh Lasthrswevhs"

Dranuaiiy Lem`hy hlhrdhn as a nestebmtevh mgaramthr alobdst tgh Jhiiows)wetg a lexturh oj) ob ommaseob) a ratghr vhghlhbt rhamteob adaebst aby moiihaduhojwgolghmalh)jorsolhrhasobtonesapprovh)todhtghr)lorhojthb)wetgtgoshjrhquhbt dihals oj quer`y gulour) ebjushn wetg tgat rhai warltg oj jrehbnsgep

wgemg E was mhrtaebiy to hxphrehbmh" Eb ges owb way aiso gh labejhsthn a strobd

molletlhbt to tgh nhvhioplhbt oj tgh Moiihdh etshij" Borag was bhvhr jar awayjrol gel wetg tgat dhbtih raneabmh) wgemg hbremghn tgher foebt gospetaiety abnghiphn to thlphr Lem`hys ommaseobai hxtrhlhs" Obh oj ges onniy hbnharebdjhaturhs was ges hxtraornebary passeob jor tgh lamakrh" At obh telh gh too` togorror fiils) to wgemg gh trehn to phrsuanh lh to do wetg gel"^ghb adaeb) tghrh

whrh tgh onn okfhmts gh moiihmthn) sumg as solh kottihn ]re Iabàb fisg) wgemg ganammolpabehn gel sebmh ges ubnhrdranuath nays abn whrh bow eb ges Moiihdhrool) todhtghr wetg) lumg lorh rhmhbtiy piamhn tghrh) a kraeb eb a far) jrol gesnaysworèbdasatghatrhabnlortuaryassestabtatAnnhbkroo`hsGospetaiwgeih

1 Moii Lad>; '155457% pp :1:;)]olh ie h et got6 Lr Neass Murry 'jor : to 7 pupeis%"


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waetebd to kh maiihn up" 'Aii tghsh trhasurhs gavh khhb devhb to tgh keoiody iak oj asextg,jorlmoiihdh"%Ebgesgolh)tghrhwasaisoagulabsùiigebdhnattghtoptorhvhai medarhtths jor duhsts" Gh mhrtaebiy hbfoyhn tgh kezarrh" Gh aiso ie`hn tostartihyouwetgaasgojdiool"Ebarhpiytosolhobhasèbdgelejghmouingavhabytgebd eb iejhwgat wouin et kh? Gh saen nar iy)Hvhry bedgt E pray bot to wa`hup

ebtghlorbebd"Uht)ebspethojtgat)ebrhaietyghaiwaysmobtebuhntoievhwetgsumgalazebd zhst"Ghtoo`drhatprenhebgesnaudgthrsdejts)kotgojtghlgavebdebghrethnsolh,

tgebd oj Borags dramhs abn s eiis abn Lem`hys rhlaràkih nestebmteob)hamg eb tgherowb partemuiar fihins6 keomghlestry at tgh Xbevhrsety oj Uor`) abn iathr) lusem) jor

Aiesob)bow kotg a projhsseobai lusemeab abn a trabsiator oj smehbtefim thxts0 iaw jorFuiea wgokhmalha jourtgdhbhrateobdranuath oj rebetyGaii)abn rhmhbtiy a QM"Ghwas proun) too)to kh lanh ab goborary QM ky tgh Iorn Mgabmhiior) abn to kh jthnat ab alazebd nebbhr at tgh Ebbhr hlpih eb ;331) to mhihkrath ges 73tg kertgnay) ky

;;3 oj ges jorlhr pupeis) ebmiunebd sex Mourt oj Apphai fundhs) our prhshbt IornMgehjFustemhabntghMgabmhiiorojtgh]uprhlhMourt"Kuthvhbjortghlostjorlaiommaseob) gh bhvhr put ges wartelh lhnais ob) hvhr"

Xbnoukthniy tgh mhbtrai mreses oj Lem`hys wgoih iejh abn tgat oj ges jaleiywas tgh sunnhb matastropgem ioss oj Borag" ^ghy gan lht nurebd tgh Tar wghbshrvebd todhtghr eb tgh [AJ" Jrol tgh 1543s a ^rebety Gaii jrehbn oj ges) Nem`Mgresteh) wgo was Nhab oj tgh Jamuity eb tgh Iaw ]mgooi eb ]aieskury)[gonhsea/Velkakwh) gan ebvethn Lem`hy to do out hamg yhar as a vesetebd hxal,ebhr"Eb1573ghwasammolpabehnkyBorag"^ghykotgshtoutobtgesvhbturhwetg

hxmethlhbt" Nem`s wejh wabthn to ta`h Borag ob a prevath sedgtshhebd edgt ebtotghgebthriabn"Obtgattrep)tghaermrajtquethsunnhbiyjhiioutojtghs`y)abntgoshakoarn whrh èiihn" Lem`hy malh kam` aiobh"Ob ges rhturb gh nenbt less devebd asebdih ihmturh" Gh hvhb mobtebuhn to devh tgh salh iubmg partehs) aenhn eb tgeshjjort abn eb aii ges goushgoin labadhlhbt ky ges naudgthrs abn tgher guskabns"Kut obmh tghy gan ihjt) tgh iobd) iobhiy iejh eb tgh hlpty goush) obiy rhiehvhn jroltelh to telh ky vesets to abn jrol lhlkhrs oj ges jaleiy) bow khdab" Et was lanhhvhb iobhiehr two lobtgs iathr wghb tgh nod) mgaramthrestemaiiy balhn ky Lem`hyIumejhr) fust as gh gan maiihn tgh goush^gh Ebjhrbo) aiso nehn) at tgh adh oj 14"

Iumejhr gan nhmiebhn sgarpiy ajthr Borags nhatg6 as ej gh `bhw" Gh gan to kh putnowbnuhtoènbhyjaeiurh"Lem`hywouinaiwaysgavhwabthntodhtabotghrnod)kut gh `bhw tgat wasbt pramtemai bow"

Et wouin bot kh too lumg to say tgat Borag gan iobd khmolh tgh ionhstar ojges iejh" Dranuaiiy E shbshn tgat tges bow kroudgt akout solh èbn oj miarefimateobeb a iobd,nhvhiophn ebtueteob oj wgemg gh wouin bot say lumg" Kut E `bow wgat ajrehbn oj ges abn lebh gas toin lh" ^ges jrehbn says tgat gh ebvethn Lem`hy at apartemuiar Mgrestlas shasob wghb kotg Lem`hys naudgthrs whrh hishwghrh) tosphbn Mgrestlas Nay wetg gelshij abn ges jaleiy" Lem`hy rhpiehn) queth straedgt,jorwarniy) tgat gh wouin prhjhr to sphbn tgh telhaiobh at golh wetg Borag" Ghmouin ob ommaseob spha` oj a way eb wgemg gh ubnoukthniy jhit ghr prhshbmh abn


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mollubemathn wetg ghr" ]olhgow tges shhlhn to nhhphb abn to quehthb gesghart abn lebn) to assuadh solhtgebd oj ges drehj abn ovhrmolh solhtgebd oj gesiobhiebhss" E al surhtgat tges shbsh oj Borags khebd wetg gel provenhn part oj tghstrhbdtg tgroudg wgemg gh `hpt doebd ges wobnhrjui iubmghs jor bhw dhbhrateobsoj Jhiiows abn ubnhrdranuaths wgol gh wouin khjrehbn" Ajthr shrvebd nreb`s to

usabnpiamebdusatshatsattghtakihairhanyiaenoutebtghnebebdrool)ghwouinhbthr jrol tgh ètmghb) wharebd a wgeth lhnemai moat abn gappeiy kharebd gesiathst muiebary mrhateob) bhhnihss to say a suphrk murry) to sht khjorh us"

Borag gan lhabt so lumg to gel aii tgroudg ges iobd hra oj lourbebd" Kutbowgesgoph)abnhvhbgesmobvemteob)tgatghwouinsoobkhwetgghrobmhlorh)

whrh mihariy strobdhr tgab hvhr" ^gh lhbteob gh wouin solhtelhs la`h oj tgeswas streèbd" Et shhlhn as ej wetgeb gel a iastebd rhsoiuteob was nhvhiopebd)rhfibhn towarns tgh hbn oj ges rhlaràkih iejh" ^ghrh was tgh gebt tghrh oj adrowebd mobvemteob tgat) khyobn tges prhshbt pgash oj hxesthbmh) tghrh mouin

ebnhhn kh lorh to molh) abn wetg tges gh shhlhn hbterhiy mobthbt"As Lem`hy shttihn ebto oin adh tghrh was a drowebd shbsh oj phamh abn quehtammhptabmh) todhtghr wetg mobstabt dihals oj tgh oin lesmgehvousbhss) as wghbgh hbquerhn oj ges lost rhmhbt vesetors jrol tgh Moiihdh to tgh Marh Golh to

wgemg gh gan lovhn)as to wgat was tgh iathst dossep eb Moiihdh tghsh nays)as whiias)aiways)gow tgh stunhbts whrh nhvhiopebd"

]K,T

Obh oj ges noonihs nobh nurebd a Dovhrbebd Kony lhhtebd


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N [ F O B H ]] L H L O [ E A I A N N [H ] ]) 1= L A [ M G ;313

Tghb eb 15>; [ T L Neas oj rebety Gaii too` a starrhn Jerst eb Sart EE oj tgh Iawrepos) alobd ges hxalebhrs was T T Kum`iabn oj Maeus) [hdeus Srojhssor oj Mevei

Iaw) tghb eb ges hedgtehs) wgo gan khhb a lhlkhr oj tgh Jamuity khjorh Laetiabns

ubtelhiy nhatg eb 153:"Tghb Laetiabn was ab ubnhrdranuath a mobfoebhn IawabnGestory ^repos gan khhb tgoudgt possekih0 ebnhhn wghb Laetiabn was a mgein tghihmturhsojtghNowbebdSrojhssorojtghIawsojHbdiabn)astghmurrhbtgoinhrojtghmgaer gas put et)nen bot moubt at aii) sebmh gh was bot lhbteobhn eb tgh PHiezakhtgab\statuths"Tghb tgh youbd Lr Neas malh up ob tgh hvh oj war to rhan iaw at rebetyGaii eb tgh jootsthps oj ges jatghr abn drabnjatghr tgh Iaw repos '1748% was karhiyoinhr tgab tgh[hdeus Srojhssor"^gus as Srojhssor ]elpsob gas rhmhbtiy okshrvhn6

Eb tgh Oxjorn oj tgh 1583s Pabn) obh ledgt ann) eb Malkrendh\ tgh status oj tgh

stunyojiawrhlaebhnubmhrtaeb"]olhtgoudgtetasoutojpiamhebaubevhrsetyaspiulkebd) abn tgh stuny oj furesprunhbmh was steii vehwhn ky nhjhbnhrs ojubevhrsetyihdaihnumateobashsshbteaiejamanhlemiawwastohbfoyabyebthiihmtuaistabnebd"

Et was eb tges mobthxt tgat Neas ob Furesprunhbmh malh ebto khebd korb) as Lem`hyruhjuiiy put et) khjorh et was mobmhevhn eb a iebh oj wor`s ebthbnhn as molprh,ghbsevh trhateshs ob furesprunhbmh) strhtmgebd kam` to tgh 1743s) abn ]er TeiiealLar`kys Hihlhbts oj Iaw Mobsenhrhn wetg [hjhrhbmh to tgh Srebmepihs oj Dhbhrai

Furesprunhbmh" Neas ob Furesprunhbmh) lumg rh,wretthb) rhamghn ets fijtg abn fibaihneteob eb 1578) kut sumg wor`s arh bow lorh or ihss hxtebmt tgh shhns oj tghernhlesh sowb eb tgh 15:3s eb tgh wor` oj G I A Gart" Furesprunhbmh mourshs ebubevhrsety iaw smgoois gavh sebmh khmolh lumg lorh pgeiosopgemai) tgh provebmhoj ihdai pgeiosopghrs ratghr tgab rhhmtevh iawyhrs" Lonhrb pgeiosopgemai

furesprunhbmh es bot to tgh tasth oj aii) abn phrgaps wh lay tgeb` tgat eb tghpromhss solhtgebd gas khhb iost"As Lem`hy put et6 hamghrs oj iaw aiways goph tohbmouradh tgher pupeis to iharb gow to tgeb` ratghr tgab fust wgat to `bow) abn

Furesprunhbmh es phmuieariy suethn to tges hbn khmaush et mab sht iaw eb wenhrmobthxts abn promhhn ky way oj steluiatebd enhas abn bot selpiy ky ebstrumteob"

EjNeas ob Furesprunhbmh tgus lar`hn miosebd oj ab amanhlem traneteob) Lem`hyswor ob tgh iaw oj tort) abn) eb partemuiar ob bhdiedhbmh) eb solh shbshs lar`hn akhdebbebd"Eb 15:1 appharhn tgh twhijtg hneteob ojMihr` abn Iebnshii ob orts) wretthbkyabhnetoreai thal ojbebhghanhnkyArtgurArletadh)Srhsenhbt ojQuhhbs)aii kutobh oj wgol whrhlhlkhrs oj tgh Malkrendh Iaw Jamuity"^ges)saen tgh MalkrendhIaw Fourbais rhvehwhr)es a ta`h,ovhr ken) wetg a vhbdhabmh!" elhwas)gh whbt ob)

bot so vhry iobd ado) wghb wgat was wret akout iaw eb tgh ubevhrsetehs rhmhevhniettih atthbteob) ej ebnhhn et was `bowb to hxest at aii) eb tgh Ebbs oj Mourt" E spha`

bot oj Ebthrbateobai Iaw abnotghr hsothrem topems wghrh Nemhys abn Iauthrpamgts


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gavh aiways ghin sway) kut oj tgh ornebary) hvhrynay) gulnrul mollob iaw ojHbdiabn" Laetiabn) oj moursh) was a balh rhvhrhn wghrhvhr doon gestory wasrhiesghn" Jor aii tgat) tgh prosphmt tgat a pramteteobhrshbmymiophnea sgouin kh

wretthb or hnethn ky abyobh kut a pramteteobhr wouin gavh khhb startiebd ej botsgom`ebd" Bowanays) gowhvhr) tgh iaw eb bhariy aii ets ievh krabmghs gas drowb so

voiulebous abn molpihx) hvhb ebthrmobtebhbtai) eb ets smoph tgat tgh enha oj obhphrsob khebd at tgh salh telh a pramteteobhr abn a thxtkoo` wrethr gas khmolhailost ebmobmhevakih" ]o et gas molh akout tgat Mihr` * Iebnshii es bo lorh6

wgat wh bow gavh es^gh Malkrendh Iaw Jamuity ob orts"

Anfurhn to krhvety) tgh rhvehwhr mobfibhn gelshij to iestebd wetgout mollhbt tgharhas wetg wgemg hamg mobtrekutebd hnetor gan nhait) kut tghrh was obh hxmhpteob6Lr Neas nhais wetg Bhdiedhbmh abn [hlothbhss oj Naladh) abn ges hxthbsevhrhwretebd oj tghsh topems es a lost ebthrhstebd abn vaiuakih mobtrekuteob to tghsukfhmt"Abnetsgouinkhkorbheblebngowbhw)ebsolhshbshs)tghtortojbhdie,

dhbmh was wghb Lem`hy khdab wretebd obet eb tgh 1583s"Et gan amgehvhn a mgapthroj ets owb eb Mihr` * Iebnshii obiy eb tgh thbtg hneteob eb 15>46 Lem`hys waspeobhhrebd wor`" Ges assomeateob wetg Mihr` * Iebnshii was nhstebhn to mobtebuh6

foebt dhbhrai hnetor wetg ]er ArtgurArletadh oj tgh jourthhbtg hneteob) Lem`hy gansoihrhspobsekeietyasdhbhraihnetorjortghfijthhbtghneteobeb157;)abntghmhbth,bary sexthhbtg hneteob eb 1575" ]er Dhojjrhy Hitob saen oj iawyhrs) eb mobtrast togestoreabs) tgat tghy kotg gavh) abn tgeb` tgat tghy arh) autgoretehs"^gat tgh iatthres appiemakih to Lem`hy E al ky bo lhabs mhrtaeb kut autgorety ebnhhn gh was)methn abn rhiehn upob eb mourt abn out"

As a Xbevhrsety Ihmturhr eb Iaw jrol 1581) Lem`hys thamgebd mihar) redorousyht gulabh ebsperhn dhbhrateobs oj Malkrendh iaw ubnhrdranuaths" Eb anneteobgh shrvhn as ]hmrhtary oj tgh Jamuity Koarn oj Iaw) piayhn a lafor part eb rhjorl ojtgh Iaw repos) abn aiso sat ob tgh Dhbhrai Koarn abn Moubmei oj tgh ]hbath"

Eb15:5tgh Malkrendh Iaw Fourbai pukiesghn ab oketuary ky Lem`hy oj ges iathmoiihaduh Nr F T M urbhr) oj rebety Gaii" Sgrashs stabn out6

Tgatsgobh tgroudgaii wasges`ebnbhssabn ubnhrstabnebd tghrh arh laby wgolayduhss)kutbhvhr`bowb)gowlumgtghyowhtogelGhganastrobdshbshoj

okiedateob)ebsestebd tgat obh sgouin tgeb` oj obhs redgtsobiy ajthr tgeb ebd oj wgatobhsgouindevh"Ghwasnhvothntogesjaleiy)wgowhrhamobstabtsourmhojprenhabnsupport to gel"Shrsobai anvabmhlhbt bhvhr ebthrhsthn gel0 ges mobmhrb was

wetg ubnhrdranuaths abn tgh ebstetuteobs to wgemg gh khiobdhn" Laby) bo noukt)gavhjhitfustiyprounojtgherMoiihdhabnXbevhrsety0kuttghrharhjhwojwgoletmabkh truiy saen tgat tgher Moiihdh abn Xbevhrsety mouin fustiy kh proun oj tghl"

Lem`hy nen bot thamg lh) abn E `bhw gel obiy ajthr ges rhterhlhbt) kut gh ledgt)etshhlstolh)gavhkhhbwretebdojgelshijtgoudgLem`hy)ojmoursh)wouinbotgavh shhb et queth ie`h tgat"

B D F


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tgh moiihdh rhmorn

E J H I IO T ] G ES H I H M^ E O B ]

Ojfimeai JhiiowsLA[MX] TAE^GH was hihmthn to ab Ojfimeai Jhiiowsgep jrol 13Aprei ;313) abn wasappoebthn to a Xbevhrsety Ihmturhsgep eb tgh Hbdiesg Jamuity iast ]hpthlkhr" Korb

ebHsshxeb154:)ghkhdabgesstunehsebHbdiesgiethraturhat tgh Xbevhrsety oj Ihhns" Jrol tghrh) gh promhhnhn to@ebdsMoiihdh)Malkrendh)wghrhghubnhrtoo`nomtorairhsharmg ob tgh wor` oj Teiieal Lorres" Gh molpihthn aDranuath Nepiola eb Iaw at Mety Xbevhrsety) khjorhrhturbebd to iethrary stuny eb ;338) upob appoebtlhbt as

Ihmturhr eb Zemtoreab Iethraturh at tgh Xbevhrsety oj]ghjfihin" Ges telh at ]ghjfihin saw tgh pukiemateob oj gesfirst koo`) Teiieal Lorress Xtopea oj ]trabdhrs6 Zemtoreab

Lhnehvaiesl abn tgh Enhai oj Gospetaiety 'N" ]" Krhwhr) ;33:%" Artemihs joiiowhn obtgh pohtry abn mretemesl oj Dhojjrhy Geii) abn ob a rabdh ojZemtoreab topems" Gh esmurrhbtiy fibesgebd a shmobn koo`) hbtetihn ^gh Kraeb,wor`hrs6 Iethraturh abn tghIakour oj Lebn eb Kretaeb) 17;315=3"^ges wor` ebvhstedathsZemtoreab atthlpts to

fustejy tgh wortg oj ebthiihmtuai iakour)payebd sphmeai atthbteob to tgh dap khtwhhbtgh wor` oj tgh lebn abn tgh wor` oj tgh gabns" Gh es ebthrhsthn eb tgh htgemai

traneteob oj Zemtoreab someai mretemesl) abn eb mobbhmteobs khtwhhb iethraturh abntgh vesuai arts"^ghsh mobmhrbs gavh ihn to moiiakoratevh wor` wetg lushuls" Ghrhmhbtiymolpihthn a profhmt to rhmobstrumt Fogb [us`ebs ]t Dhordhs Lushul jorartesabs ob tgh Thk" Et ushsZemtoreab pgotodrapgs to mrhath a vertuai hxphrehbmh ojnespiays bot shhb sebmh tgh 1773s"Gh es nhiedgthn to kh foebebd a Moiihdh wetg sumga strobd iethrary traneteob) abn ioo`s jorwarn to mobtrekutebd to tgh nhvhioplhbt ojHbdiesg at Ladnaihbh"

MO[EBBH IIOUN was hihmthn to ab Ojfimeai Jhiiowsgep abn appoebthn

NhvhioplhbtNerhmtorjrol1]hpthlkhr;313"]ghesbostrabdhrtotghmoiihdeathubevhrsety6 sgh khdab ghr Malkrendh marhhr eb ;333) ebtgh Nhvhioplhbt Ojfimhat Miarh Moiihdh) jrol wghrh sgh

was rhmruethn eb ;338 ky rebety Moiihdh) to khmolh tgherfirst ghan oj Aiulbe Anvesory Koarn" Lrs Iioyn drhw upeb ]wetzhriabn) wghrh sgh atthbnhn tgh Ebthrbateobai]mgooi eb Vuremg khjorh ta`ebd ab gobours nhdrhh ebSoietems abn Ebthrbateobai [hiateobs at tgh Xbevhrsety oj@hbt at Mabthrkury"Ajthr dranuateob)sgh sphbt a sakkat,

emai yhar as tgh Dhbhrai ]hmrhtary oj tgh X@Ms ]tunhbtsXbeob) khjorh stunyebd jor tgh LA eb Molparatevh Soietems wgemg sgh was


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awarnhn eb 1574" ]gh tghb wor`hn jor tgrhh yhars as a Lar`htebd [hsharmgHxhmutevh) ordabesebd saihs mobjhrhbmhs abn lhnemai jomus droups eb gospetais jorNhiabnaih Iakoratorehs) khjorh taèbd wgat sgh nhsmrekhs as a marhhr krha` toraesh tgrhh mgeinrhb"At Ladnaihbh sgh ta`hs ovhr jrol Nr Keiiebdh as tgh MoiihdhOjfimhr rhspobsekih jor kotg aiulbe rhiateobs abn nhvhioplhbt"

AL E[ A @ KH BB E]O B gas khhb hihmthn to ab Ojfimeai Jhiiowsgep abn appoebthna Moiihdh Ihmturhr eb Aseab abn Lennih Hasthrb ]tunehs jrol 1 Omtokhr ;313"

]gh rhan Gestory abn Arakem at ]t Matgarebhs Moiihdh)Malkrendh) wghrh sgh was awarnhn tgh Farrht Srezh jorOrehbtai ]tunehs" Jrol tghrh sgh wob a smgoiarsgep tostuny jor a SgN at Garvarn Xbevhrsety Dranuath ]mgooiojArts abn ]mehbmhs kut nhmenhn to rhturb to tges moubtryajthr two yhars wetg ab AL eb Lennih Hasthrb ]tunehs"

]gh tghb oktaebhn a Kretesg Amanhly awarn to pursuhghr nomtorath at tgh Xbevhrsety oj Iobnob ]mgooi ojOrehbtai abn Ajremab ]tunehs) wghrh sgh wroth ghr tghses

obGoiyTarabn[hkhiieob6tghhjjhmtsojtghAidhreabFeganoj Aknai,QanerupobLorommo 17=317>4" Eb 155:1554 Nr Khbbesob was a postnomtorai Ihvhrguilh[hsharmg Jhiiow at tgh Xbevhrsety oj Labmghsthr) worèbd ob prh,moiobeai poiete,mai nesmoursh eb Bortg Ajrema abn thamgebd a shlebar ob ets gestory jrol 1>5; to151;" ]gh tghb rhturbhn to Malkrendh as a Xbevhrsety Ihmturhr eb Lennih Hasthrbabn Esialem ]tunehs abn khmalh a ]hbeor Ihmturhr eb ;33>" Ghr koo` ob Fegan abn

ets Ebthrprhtateobs eb Srh,Moiobeai Lorommo appharhn eb ;33; abn) lorh rhmhbtiy) ^ghDrhat Maiepgs6 tgh doinhb adh oj tgh Akkasen hlperh) eb ;335" Nr Khbbesob iests ghramanhlem ebthrhsts as jomusebd ob kotg Bortg Ajrema abn tgh Lennih Hast sebmh18330 17tg,15tg mhbtury Lusiel rhiedeo,poietemai nesmoursh abn stath strumturhs0tgh lhnehvai Esialem whst abn Esialem muiturai gestory abn gestoremai diokaiesateob"]ghespartemuiariyebthrhsthnebgowtghrhdelhsojEsialem]paebabnBortgAjremalonhiihn tgh urkab iabnsmaph eb metehs ie`h Mornoka) Larra`hsg abn Jhs as alhabsojihdetelesebdtghlshivhskhjorhtghersukfhmts"^gesestghtopemojghrbhxtkoo`" Iast Nhmhlkhr sgh was awarnhn a two,yhar Ihvhrguilh Srofhmt drabt to

wor` ob Soietemai Ihdetelamy eb tgh lhnehvai abn hariy lonhrb Esialem whstwgemg weii hxpiorh tges essuh jurtghr" ]gh es a firl khiehvhr eb wenhbebd partemepa,teobabnoutrhamgwgobotobiyspha`srhduiariyatmobjhrhbmhsebtgesmoubtryabnakroan)kutaisoannrhsshslorhdhbhraiaunehbmhs"]ghgaspartemepathnebshvhraithihveseob nomulhbtarehs ob asphmts oj Esialem gestory abn rhduiariy amts as amobsuitabt jor^Z molpabehs nhvhiopebd prodrallhs ob Esialem meveiesateob" ]ghes a rhduiar mobtrekutor to [aneo >s Eb Ourêlhgosthn ky Lhrvyb Kradd" Eb ;335sghlanhaprhshbtateobkashnobghrkooòb ^gh Drhat Maiepgs at tgh HnebkurdgEbthrbateobai Koo` Jhstevai) abn sgh hbfoyhn sphaèbd at tgh Malkrendh Jhstevaioj Enhas" Jrol telh to telh) sgh aiso ihans muiturai tours to ghr javoureth nhsteba,teobs) ]outghrb ]paeb) Lorommo abn ]yrea" Alera ievhs eb rulpebdtob abn gas a


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shvhb,yhar oin sob wetg wgol sgh sphbns ghr jrhh telh mymiebd) swellebd abnvesetebd Bateobai rust prophrtehs" ]gh aiso hbfoys jorhedb fiils abn travhi"

[hsharmg Jhiiows

HLLA [O^G]MGEIN gaskhhbhihmthntoa]hbeor[hsharmgJhiiowsgepjrol1Omtokhr;313" ]gh es tgh Fhrhlyabn Fabh @bowihs Srojhssor oj Gestory at Garvarn Xbevhrsetyabn ab Goborary Srojhssor oj Gestory at tgh Xbevhrsety oj Malkrendh" ]gh es ajoubnebd Nerhmtoroj tgh Mhbtrh jor Gestory abn Hmobolems)Malkrendh)abnetsmoub,thrpart) tgh Mhbthr jor Gestory abn Hmobolems eb tgh Jamuity oj Arts abn ]mehbmhs atGarvarn" ]gh was ubtei rhmhbtiy a Jhiiow oj @ebds Moiihdh) Malkrendh"Ajthr rhanebdSoietems)Sgeiosopgy abn Hmobolems at Oxjorn) sgh whbt as a @hbbhny ]mgoiar to tghLassamgushtts Ebstetuth oj hmgboiody) wghrh sgh was iathr ab Assomeath Srojhssorjrol1547to1577"]ghwasaNerhmthurnh[hmghrmghsattghHmoihnhsGauthsHtunhs

hb ]mehbmhs ]omeaihs) Sares) a ]hbeor [hsharmg Jhiiow at @ebds Moiihdh) Malkrendh)abn aZesetebd Srojhssor at Garvarn khjorh ta`ebd up ghr murrhbt appoebtlhbt tghrh"]ebmh tgh pukiemateob oj ghr koo`)Saranesh Iost6^gh Nhmiebh oj tgh Auto,Ebnustreai Adh'BhwUor`) 154=%) Srojhssor [otgsmgein gas khhb prolebhbt eb mobthlporary someo,hmobolem nhkath" ]gh es a jrhquhbt mobtrekutor to tgh BhwUor` [hvehw oj Koo`s abnotghr pukiemateobs" ]gh gas shrvhn as a lhlkhr oj tgh OHMN Droup oj Hxphrts ob]mehbmh abn ^hmgboiody) tgh [oyai Mollesseob ob Hbveroblhbtai Soiiuteob) tghKoarn oj tgh Kretesg Moubmei) abn tgh Moubmei jor ]mehbmh abn hmgboiody" ]gh wasmgaerlab oj tgh @hbbhny Lhloreai rust) tgh Xbethn Bateobs [hsharmg Ebstetuth jor

]omeai Nhvhioplhbt abn tgh Moubmei jor ]mehbmh abn hmgboiody Molletthh obArtsabnGulabetehsebrhiateobto]mehbmhabn^hmgboiody"]ghgaskhhbalhlkhrojtghkoarn oj tgh Xbethn Bateobs [hsharmg Ebstetuth jor ]omeai Nhvhioplhbt abn tghMoubmei sebmh 1557 abn oj tgh Ebthrbateobai Molletthh jor ]trathdem Nerhmteob at tghHmoih Borlaih]uphrehurh)Sares) sebmh ;337"A bhwkoo`)^ghEbbhrIejhojHlperhs6AbHedgthhbtg,Mhbtury Gestory) kashn ob tgh abbhr Ihmturhs ob GulabZaiuhs wgemgSrojhssor [otgsmgein davheb;33:)weii khpukiesghnbhxtyharkySrebmhtob XbevhrsetySrhss" Lhabwgeih tgh thbtg abbevhrsary oj tgh pukiemateob oj Hmobolem ]hbtelhbts6

Anal ]letg)Mobnormhtabn tgh Hbiedgthblhbt'Garvarn Xbevhrsety Srhss);331%)weiikh

lar`hn ky ets trabsiateob ebto Mgebhsh" Alobd wor`s eb prodrhss) Srojhssor[otgsmgein iests a koo` ob Mollhrmh) Aiarl abn Abxehty eb Hedgthhbtg,mhbtury Jrabmh)wgemg es profhmthn jor ;31; abn A Mobbhmthn Torin6 ^gh Hast Ebnea Molpaby abn tghAlhremab [hvoiuteob" ]gh drhw up eb Lhrtob Gaii) Malkrendh) abn gas laby gappylhlorehsoj Ladnaihbh ]trhht eb tgh 1583s"

SGEIESSA ]^HHIH gas khhb hihmthn to a [hsharmg Jhiiowsgep eb Miassems jrol1Omtokhr;313jortgrhhyhars"TgeihstunyebdMiassemsat@ebdsMoiihdhjrol;33;)kotg as ab ubnhrdranuath abn as a dranuath) sgh was devhb shvhrai awarns)ebmiunebd tgh LhlkhrsMiassemai Hssay Srezh eb Miassems jor ghr LSgei tghses obLymhbahab Drhhmh) abn was lanh a ]mgoiar oj @ebds Moiihdh" Ghr SgN) wgemg


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was approvhn tges yhar) jomushn ob tgh bob,Drhh` iabduadhs oj abmehbt Myprusjrol ab ebthrnesmepiebary poebt,oj,vehw) gedgiedgtebd tgh nhvhioplhbt ojiabduadhs abn smrepts obtgh esiabnovhrtgh mourshojtgh shmobnabn firstleiihbbeaKM" ]gh gas pukiesghn shvhrai pehmhs) abn devhb a bulkhr oj mobjhrhbmh paphrs) obtgh Lymhbahab worin abn abmehbt Myprus) abn gas rhmhbtiy khhb hnetebd tgh

promhhnebds oj a mobjhrhbmh tgat sgh ordabeshn ob Mypreot hpedrapgy abn armgah,oiody" Jor tgh past yhar sgh gas khhb worèbd as [hsharmg Assestabt to tgh ]hbeorûtorat@ebds)abnsghaisohbfoyssuphrvesebdMiassemsstunhbtsebvareousarhasojtgh sukfhmt" Eb ghr sparh telh sgh es a `hhb alathur wrethr oj prosh fimteob) abn gasgan pehmhs prebthn eb vareous Malkrendh Xbevhrsety abn otghr pukiemateobs"

AI KH [^ KA [^ O@,SA[ÂUgaskhhbhihmthntoa[hsharmgJhiiowsgepebSgysemsjrol1 Omtokhr ;313" ]tartebd eb ;33:) gh was a dranuath stunhbt eb Shlkro`h Moiihdhabn mobnumthn ges rhsharmg eb tgh Mavhbnesg Iakoratory"^gh tetih oj ges tghses es

Dausseab Approxelateob Sothbteais6 Ab ebthratolem pothbteai nhrevhn jrol firstprebmepihs Quabtul Lhmgabems" Aikhrt es murrhbtiy a rhsharmg assomeath eb tghNhpartlhbt oj Hbdebhhrebd" Gh abn ges wejh hbfoy waièbd abn mooèbd abn

Aikhrt too` up rowebd eb Malkrendh"

Sarbhii JhiiowÊL [OKEB]OB was korb eb 15=8 abn drhw up ebUor`sgerh" Ajthr stunyebd latgh,latems at Malkrendh gh taudgt tgh sukfhmt toûrèsg stunhbts at [okhrt Amanhlyob tgh Kospgorus" Lovebd toZehbba gh starthn a marhhr as a vesuai artest wetg ab

hxgeketeob eb Daihreh Jumgs" Eb tgh iath $sextehs ubnhr tgh balhêlotgy Nrhvhr ghhxgekethn akstramt paebtebds eb tgh Fogb Loorhs Kehbbeai) tgh Hnebkurdg ObhGubnrhn) abn tgh Iessob Daiihry) Iobnob) abn sgowhn hbveroblhbtai ebstaiia,teobsattghMalnhbArtsMhbtrhabn@hbwoonGoush"LovebdtotghArabEsiabnseb154;)ghmgabdhnnerhmteobabnkhmalhawrethr)veaanhtourebtolap,laèbd"Ghbowievhseb[oubnstobh)Mobbhlara)wghrhgespartbhrLeranrubsJoinebdIabnsmaphs) wgemg pukiesghs ges laps oj tgh Arab Esiabns) tgh Kurrhb abnMobbhlara" Ges two,voiulh stuny oj tgh iardhst oj tgh Arab Esiabns) ]tobhs oj

Arab6 Seidreladh abn Iakyrebtg) gas rhmhbtiy khhb rhpukiesghn eb tgh Bhw Uor`

[hvehwojKoo`sMiassems]hrehs"Otghrwor`sebmiunh Ly elh eb ]pamh) a shquhbmhoj hssays ob tgh nejjhrhbt sorts oj spamh tgat gavh outmropphn eb ges iejh) abn âihsabn Eladebebds) a moiihmteob oj sgort fimteobs" Gh gas hnethn abn ebtronumhn F L]ybdhs ^gh Arab Esiabns jor tgh Shbdueb ^whbtehtg,Mhbtury Miassems shrehs" Abebstaiiateob) ^gh Zehw jrol tgh Gorezob) iebèbd ges wor` as a vesuai artest abn a

wrethr)was hxgekethn eb tgh Eresg Lushul oj Lonhrb Art eb 155:) abn a koo` oj tghsalh tetih was pukiesghn ky Moramih Srhss eb 1554" Mobbhlara) Iesthbebd to tghTebn) tgh first voiulh oj a treiody) was pukiesghn ky Shbdueb eb ;33:0 Mobbhlara6^gh Iast Sooi oj Nar`bhss joiiowhn eb ;337) abn Mobbhlara6 A Iettih Dahiem @ebdnoles eb prhparateob" Gh gas ab goborary nhdrhh jrol tgh Bateobai Xbevhrsety ojErhiabn abn es a lhlkhr oj Aosnba) tgh hihmtevh ajfiieateob oj Eresg artests"


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Kyh,Jhiiows ';31311%AN [E AB IA ]G LO [H,NAZEH] was hihmthn to a hamgebd Kyh,Jhiiowsgep eb HbdiesgebFabuary;313"GhstunehnebKrestoiabnLabmghsthrkhjorhmolebdtoShlkro`hMoiihdh) Malkrendh) to wor` ob a SgN akout Koiebdkro`h abn hedgthhbtg,mhbtury poietemai tgoudgt" Joiiowebd tgh awarn oj ges SgN eb ;33>) gh wor`hn as a

rhsharmg assestabt eb tgh Gestory Jamuity) abn taudgt Hbdiesg eb Malkrendh" EbOmtokhr ;337) gh was appoebthn to a Kretesg Amanhly Sostnomtorai Jhiiowsgepkashn eb tgh Hbdiesg Jamuity) Malkrendh" Gh es murrhbtiy hnetebd tgh XbpukiesghnIhtthrs oj Ghbry ]t Fogb)1stZesmoubt Koiebdkro`h" Eb anneteob to Koiebdkro`h) gh gaspukiesghn ob ]aluhi Fogbsob abn Aihxabnhr Soph) abn es worèbd ob a koo` obhedgthhbtg,mhbtury poietemai nesmoursh" Away jrol rhsharmg) ges ebthrhsts ebmiunhtravhiiebd) moiihmtebd koo`s) vebyi rhmorns) abn vebtadh rhmorn,piayhrs"

LEMGHIIH ]S[EBD) wgo was korb ob Zabmouvhr Esiabn kut gas sphbt lost oj ghr

iejh eb Malkrendh) foebhn Ladnaihbh Moiihdheb Omtokhr ;313 as tgh [oyai IethraryJubn Kyh,Jhiiow) fiiiebd a poseteob ebeteathn ky Foabbh Ielkurd" Lemghiih gasprhveousiy ghin [oyai Iethrary Jhiiowsgeps at Bhwbgal Moiihdh 'sgarhn wetg]hiwyb abn Iumy Mavhbnesg% abn at Abdiea [usèb Xbevhrsety" ]gh gas gan twomarhhrs) tgh first as a someai smehbtest) wetg sphmeaiest ebthrhsts eb dhbnhr) hnumateobabn tgh someai elpiemateobs oj rhpronumtevh thmgboiodehs"As a someoiodest) sgh ghinrhsharmg posts wetg tgh Mapetai [hdeob Siabbebd Koarn) tgh Ghaitg HnumateobMoubmei abn tgh Jurtghr Hnumateob ]tajj Moiihdh" ]gh was appoebthn AjfiieathnIhmturhr eb tgh ]omeai abn Soietemai ]mehbmhs Jamuity) Xbevhrsety oj Malkrendh) eb

1578 abn) ajthr laby yhars oj thamgebd at Abdiea [us eb Xbevhrsety) was devhb tghMgaer oj ]omeoiody abn Tolhbs ]tunehs tghrh eb 1551" Lemghiih ihjt amanhlea eb1554 to pursuh a shmobn marhhr as a bovhiest" ]gh gas pukiesghn sex bovhis) obh oj

wgemg) Eb tgh Lenbedgt Gour) was hihmthn ky tgh Mrelh Trethrs oj Mabana as KhstBovhi oj tghUhar) abn es murrhbtiy worèbd ob a mourtrool nrala tgat weii hxpiorhsolh oj tgh karrehrs to fustemh eb raph treais" Lemghiih aiso shrvhs as lhbtor tohlhrdebd bovhiests) provenhs nhpartlhbtai shlebars eb nesshrtateob wretebd abnojjhrs ebnevenuai moamgebd shsseobs jor dranuath stunhbts" Jor Arts MoubmeiHbdiabn Hast) sgh mgaers tgh Hsmaiator pabhi) moornebatebd a profhmt wgemg aels to

enhbtejy abn to proloth taihbthn wrethrs jrol tgh Hasthrb rhdeob" Khsenhssphbnebd telh wetg jaleiy abn jrehbns) ghr pastelhs ebmiunh geèbd) tghatrh)ophra) fiil) abn àyaèbd ob tgh Mal"

AB N[H T FA [ZE] es a SgN mabnenath wetg amanhlem ebthrhsts eb worin gestory abnvesuai muiturh" Ges murrhbt rhsharmg) obrhanebdhariy pgotodrapgs oj Kurla abn]re Iabà abn wretebd gestorehs oj tghsh iomaihs tgat trabsmhbn bateobai abn ebthi,ihmtuai kornhrs) es jubnhn ky tgh Arts abn Gulabetehs [hsharmg Moubmei 'AG[M%"Eb ;331 gh oktaebhn ges KA eb Hbdiesg abn Gestory jrol tgh Xbevhrsety oj]outgalptob) as whii as tgh Aiiab Lhrsob Srezh jor tgh khst ovhraii phrjorlabmheb gestory fibais" Eb ;334 gh rhmhevhn ges LA eb Elphreaiesl abn Sost,Moiobeai


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]omehtehs jrol Ker`khm`) Xbevhrsety oj Iobnob) abn tgh Iom`woon Ebdoin Srezh)wgemg es awarnhn to Ker`khm` stunhbts wgo nestebduesg tghlshivhs ebMollobwhaitg gestory" ]ebmh ;337 gh gas rhmhevhn a Srezh [hsharmg Drabt jroltgh Malkrendh/Garvarn Mhbtrh jor Gestory abn Hmobolems abn gas khhb hihmthnto tgh Nobainsob Kyh,Jhiiowsgep at Ladnaihbh Moiihdh jrol 1 Omtokhr" Gh

hbfoys travhi) lusem) art abn iethraturh"

[OKH[^ LUGEII was hihmthn to a @ebdsihy Kyh,Jhiiowsgep eb Lay ;313" Gh stunehnDhoiodemai ]mehbmhsatShthrgoush)Malkrendhkhjorh lovebd toLadnaihbhMoiihdheb ;337 to pursuh a SgN at tgh Kuiiarn Iakoratorehs" Gh es murrhbtiy stunyebd tghpromhsshs khgebn nhhp hartgqua`hs) pooriy ubnhrstoon pghbolhba wgemg mabommur up to 433 `l khbhatg tgh surjamh oj our piabht" Gh es aiso ebthrhsthn eb tghhvoiuteob abn nhstrumteob oj omhab kasebs tgroudgout Hartgs gestory) abn tghmgabdhs eb rom` lebhraiody abn nhjorlateob wgemg ta`h piamh wghb omhabem

piaths nhsmhbn nhhp ebto tgh Hartg" Ges bob,rhsharmg ebthrhsts ebmiunh travhiiebd)tgh Drhh` iabduadh) first aen abn piayebd tgh okoh abn peabo"

Jhiiow,MollobhrsK[ANIHU J[EHN) ab LKA dranuath oj tgh Xbevhrsety oj Shbbsyivabea) khmolhs aJhiiow,Mollobhr jrol : Lay ;313" Kran) wgo es labadebd partbhr ojDrovhpoebt Mapetai IIS) was prhveousiy MHO oj Ebvhsthm Kab` pim abn a partbhr ojLm@ebshy*MolpabyebBhwUor`"GhesMHOeb[hsenhbmhattghFundhKusebhss]mgooi wghrh gh es a Jhiiow eb Jebabmh abn thamghs tgh kab ebd hihmtevh" Kran) >>)

es larrehn to Iaurhb abn tghy gavh two koys) Nabehi 1; abn Naven 5"

HIEVAKH^G NE]IHUgas khhb hihmthn ebto a Jhiiow,Mollobhrsgep jor tgrhh yharsjrol ;; Fuiy ;313" Iez es a dranuath aiulba oj Ladnaihbh abn a jorlhr Ihsieh

Teisob smgoiar" ]gh rhan Sgeiosopgy abn Lonhrb Iabduadhs 'Dhrlab% atTangal Moiihdh) Oxjorn) rhmhevhn ghr SgN jrol tgh Xbevhrsety oj Malkrendh eb;335 abn jor tgh iast tgrhh yhars gas khhb thamgebd at Kei`hbt Xbevhrsety) Ab`ara"Ghr laeb rhsharmg ebthrhsts ieh eb tgh arha oj 15tg, abn ;3tg,mhbtury Dhrlabtgoudgt" Ghr SgN hxpiorhn tgh mobmhpt oj rhmodbeteob eb Ghdhis pgeiosopgy) abn

sgh gas aiso pukiesghn ob hlpatgy abn ebthrsukfhmtevety eb tgh wor` oj HnlubnGusshri) tgh sukfhmt oj ghr murrhbt rhsharmg" ]gh es tgh profhmt labadhr abnrhsharmg assomeath jor Srojhssor Koyihs Ihvhrguilh/Bhwtob rust Srofhmt ^ghElpamt oj Enhaiesl ^gh ihdamy oj Sost,@abteab ^goudgt"

Zesetebd JhiiowsNurebd tgh Hasthr hrl wh whrh pihashn to gavh wetg us two jorlhrUep Jhiiows6Srojhssor ]thpghb Noty paen us a sgort veset jrol ;3 Lay to 8 Fubh abn SrojhssorHzra Vukrow rhsulhn gesUep Jhiiowsgep jrol 4 Lay to 4 ]hpthlkhr"


32/105

=1

Th whimolh Srojhssor Eab Goksob abn Srojhssor Fubemgero ^sufeta to ZesetebdJhiiowsgeps jor tgh amanhlemai yhar ;313,11" Srojhssor Goksob) a Ladnaihbhdranuath) es tgh ]wabiubn Srojhssor oj Lusem at tgh Xbevhrsety oj Eiieboes0Srojhssor^sufeta) ab armgahoiodest) es jrol @yusgu Xbevhrsety) Fapab"

E E ^ G H LA ] ^ H[ A B N J H I IO T ]

^ghLasthrwasrh,appoebthnasaNhputyZemh,Mgabmhiior" GhaisodavhtghabbuaiSaui Lhiiob Ihmturh at tghZerdebea Lushul oj Jebh Arts eb [emglobn)ZA"

^gh Srhsenhbt was hihmthn a Morrhspobnebd Jhiiow oj tgh Dttebdhb Amanhlyoj ]mehbmhs" Gh gas khhb awarnhn drabts ky tgh Ihvhrguilh abn Bhwtob rusts tohstakiesgabebthrbateobairhsharmgprofhmtobtghebjiuhbmhojpost,@abteabDhrlabpgeiosopgy)^gh Elpamt oj Enhaiesl" Gh gas pukiesghn6 ;31>6 Gow to ]urvevh tgh

BhxtTorin Mreses 'Mobtebuul) ;313%)rhvehwhn khiow 'p 131%"Srojhssor Drukk) ]hbeor Jhiiow) mhihkrathn tgh 83tg abbevhrsary oj ges hihm,

teob to ab Ojjemeai Jhiiowsgep ob 1 Fuiy 15:3) abn a marhhr wgemg ihn jrol khebd autor abn Nerhmtor oj ]tunehs to Srhsenhbt abn Amtebd Lasthr" o lar` tgh omma,

seob ges portraet was mollesseobhn ky tgh Moiihdh 'shh khiow) p =;%" Ob 7 Fuiy)Srojhssor Drukk was devhb a sphmeai iubmg eb Gaii ky tgh Lasthr abn Jhiiows ebgobour oj ges doinhb fukeihh" ]umg mhihkrateobs arh bot jrhquhbt) abn arh aiwayshbfoyhn) as tgh Jhiiow khebd gobourhn eb tges way es hxphmthn to nhievhr a laforsphhmg) devebd a mabnen phrsobai phrsphmtevh ob tgh Moiihdh" Srojhssor Drukkspo`h jor >3 lebuths) hbterhiy wetgout boths) hbthrtaebebd ges iardh aunehbmh wetg

wgat provhn to kh a lasthr,miass eb tgh art oj pukiem spha`ebd" Gh hxpiaebhn gowghganmolhjrolagolhwghrhkotgparhbtsganihjtsmgooiattghadhoj1>)abnjrol a stath drallar smgooi to Ladnaihbh as a kunnebd kotabest wetg a smgoiar,sgep" As ab ubnhrdranuath eb tgh len,1583s ghjoubn tgat tgh hbterhdroup oj stathdrallar smgooi koys was outbulkhrhn bot obiy ky tgh mobtebdhbt oj OinHtobeabs) kut ky tgh Ty`hgalests as whii" Eb 1587 gh foebhn Gedg akih as a Kyh,Jhiiow" Gh davh us a veven pemturh oj wgat et was ie h to kh a youbd Jhiiow eb tgoshnays) wghb tghrh whrh obiy 18 lhlkhrs oj tgh Dovhrbebd Kony) abn surroubnhn

ky a bulkhr oj mgareslatem nobs) ie`h Jrab` ]aithr) Jrabmes urbhr) abn M ] Ihwes"Gh aiso rhmaiihn wetg ajjhmteob sumg Moiihdh mgaramthrs as ^hn ^urbhr abn FelHkkob) tgh Jhiiowsdyps" Ajthr a shquhbmh oj alusebd storehs) Srojhssor Drukkrhvehwhn solh oj tgh summhsshs eb Moiihdh iejh nurebd tgh past 83 yhars) abn) as ghsaw tghl) solh oj tgh arhas wghrh gh jhit ges dhbhrateob gan khhb ihss hjjhmtevh"Gh whbt ob to mobdratuiath tgosh murrhbtiy eb ojjemh wgo gan pronumhn eb rhmhbt

yhars sumg a sphmtamuiar elprovhlhbt eb amanhlem stabnarns" Eb mobmiuseob ghhxprhsshn ges tgab`sjor tgh jamt tgat Ladnaihbh gas rhtaebhn ets warl) meveieshnbaturh wgeih khmolebd ab amanhlem ebstetuteob tgat otghr moiihdhs gavh to ta`h

shreousiy"


33/105

=;

Nr Gyal gas pukiesghn Xbnhrstabnebd tgh Kretesg Hlperh 'MXS) ;313%)

rhvehwhn khiow 'p 55%"Srojhssor Jehin gas khhb lanh ab Goborary Jhiiow ky QebhteQ Itn abn gaskhhb awarnhn tgh NULA^ 'Nybalem Lathreai Srophrtehs% ;335 Fogb [ebhgart

Awarnjor amgehvhlhbts eb tgh arhas oj nybalem jramturh) hroseob) gedg rath thmg,bequhs) hbhrdhtem lathreais abn sgom` pgysems"

Srojhssor Nujjy davh tgh ;335 Kaebtob Ihmturh eb [hjorlateob Gestory atUaihXbevhrsety) tgh ;313 Jertg Ihmturhs eb ^ghoiody at tgh Xbevhrsety oj Bottebdgal)tgh ;313 Fogb Jebhs Lhloreai Ihmturh to tgh Mgemghsthr Krabmg oj tgh Gestoremai

Assomeateob) abn `hyboth ihmturhs at tgh ;313 abbuai mobjhrhbmhs oj tgh[hjorlateob ]tunehs Moiioqueul) tgh Hmmihseastemai Gestory ]omehty abn tgh]omehty jor tgh ]tuny oj ^ghoiody" Gh aiso davh tgh ophbebd ihmturh at tgh

Lr Lurpgy

Srojhssor Drukk

Nr Gyal

Eb ;313 tgh Moiihdh mollesseobhn tgrhh bhw portraets jrol Shthr Lhbbel oj Malkrendh6

ab oei s`htmg oj Srojhssor Drukk abn phbmei nrawebds oj Nr Gyal abn Lr Lurpgy"


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==

rhophbebd oj tgh rhstorhn Mgaphi oj tghZhbhrakih Hbdiesg Moiihdh eb [olh" Ghgas khhb awarnhn a Nomtorath oj Ihtthrs gobores mausa ky @ebds Moiihdh Iobnob)hihmthn to tgh Srhsenhbmy oj tgh Malkrendh Xbevhrsety Matgoiem Assomeateob) abnappoebthn a lhlkhr oj tgh Jakrem Mollesseob oj Thstlebsthr Akkhy"

Srojhssor Mgash gas khhb appoebthn Ghan oj tgh Xbevhrsety ]mgooi oj

hmgboiody" As mgaerlab oj tgh Moubmei oj tgh ]mgooi abn ets prebmepai amanhlemojjemhr) Srojhssor Mgash es rhspobsekih jor ovhrsedgt oj ets ebstetuteobs tghNhpartlhbt oj Hbdebhhrebd) tgh Molputhr Iakoratory) tgh Fundh Kusebhss]mgooi) tgh Nhpartlhbt oj Mghlemai Hbdebhhrebd abn Keothmgboiody) abn tghMalkrendh Srodrallh jor ]ustaebakeiety Ihanhrsgep"

Srojhssor [usgtob gas rhterhn jrol ges ubevhrsety post abn gas tghrhjorh khhbtrabsjhrrhn ebto a Iejh Jhiiowsgep"

Nr Ihwebs gas khhb hihmthn a Jhiiow oj tgh Ebstetuteob oj [oyai Hbdebhhrs"NrGudghsgashnethnwetgBheiThbkorb'1548%Moubtouriebhs6Bhw[hspobshs

to Iabnsmaph eb Torn abn Eladh ']ait) ;335%) rhvehwhn khiow 'p 54%"Nr ]phbmhr gas khhb appoebthn ky tgh X@ Dovhrblhbt as [hvehw Hnetor ojtgh mgapthr ob ]laii Esiabns) Ebthrdovhrblhbtai Sabhi ob Mielath Mgabdh'ESMM%) Jejtg Asshsslhbt [hport 'A[8%) nuh to kh pukiesghn eb ;31>"

Nr Kurmghii gas khhb ebvethn to spha` ob ges rhmhbt rhsharmg ob whijarhsysthlsamrossHurophabntgherakeietytosupporthlpioyhhsatres`ojiosebdtgher

foks) ky tgh Xbevhrsetehs oj Labmghsthr abn Oxjorn) tgh Ebthrbateobai IakourOrdabesateob eb Dhbhva) tgh rhasury abn eb tgh X] 'Suhrto [emo%" Eb Fubh ;313)ges rhsharmg ob phrsobaiety abn ommupateob jhaturhn ob tgh KKMs Mgein oj our

telh"Nr Fobhs gas mobtrekuthn shvhrai mgapthrs to ^gh Oxjorn EbthrbateobaiHbmymiophnea oj Ihdai Gestory 'OXS) ;335%"

Srojhssor Morbesg gas khhb tgh shbeor autgor oj tgh iast tgrhh voiulhs 'WE,WEEE% oj^gh Oxjorn Gestory oj tgh Iaws oj Hbdiabn 'OXS) ;313% movhrebd tgh phreon17;3,151>" Gh gas aiso kroudgt out a shvhbtg hneteob oj ges thxtkoo` ob ebthiihm,tuai prophrty iaw"

Nr Kakebs`y gas khhb prolothn to a phrsobai Mgaer eb Ahronybalems eb tghNhpartlhbt oj Hbdebhhrebd"

Nr Nuprhh gas khhb prolothn to a phrsobai Mgaer eb Siabt Keomghlestry abnMhii Keoiody eb tgh Nhpartlhbt oj Keomghlestry"Nr ]tonnart gas pukiesghn Gestoremai Nemteobary oj tgh Htrusmabs ']marhmrow

Srhss) ;335%" Gh gas hnethn 'wetg M A ^ Laiobh ht ai% Lortuary Mustols ebSrhgestorem Laita 'Malkrendh) ;335%"

Nr O@hhjh gas khhb rhappoebthn Nhputy Nerhmtor oj tgh Iauthrpamgt Mhbtrhjor Ebthrbateobai Iaw ubtei Larmg ;31="

Nr Moolks gas khhb wor`ebd ob mrhatebd tgh strobdhst phrlabhbt ladbhtseb tgh worin" ^gh ael es to pronumh a ladbht wgemg es thb telhs as strobd as aphrlabhbt ladbht ky usebd a ghat pulp to ladbhtesh dranuaiiy a suphrmob,numtor" Gh gas starthn a molpabyLadbejyhwgemg es dhbhratebd a iot oj lhnea


35/105

=>

abn ebnustreai ebthrhst" Iast yhar gh was jhaturhn eb Malkrendh Bhws abnjeilhnkyKretesg ]athiieth Bhws) MolputhrThhìy) [huthrs abn) lost rhmhbtiy) tgh KKM" Ghgas ta`hb part eb shvhrai raneo ebthrvehws abn gas khhb ebvethn to tai` at laformobjhrhbmhs) ebmiunebd tgh rhmhbt ^HNx hvhbt eb Malkrendh" Ges molpaby wasrubbhr up eb two mathdorehs eb tgh Kusebhss Thhìy kusebhss awarns" ^ges es

elportabt piatjorl thmgboiody wgemg gas appiemateob eb lhnemai jehins) joonpromhssebd) trabsport) powhr dhbhrateob) shmurety abn spamh travhi) as whii asubiomèbd tgh shmrhts oj tgh ubevhrsh eb partemih ammhihrators"

Nr Azran gas hnethn 'wetg Shthr Moiiehr% ^whbtehtg,Mhbtury Jrhbmg Sohtry6 AMretemai Abtgoiody 'MXS) ;313%"

Nr Ganena gas rhmhevhn tgh Srojhssor oj tghUhar Awarn) as vothn jor ky tghMalkrendh LKA Miass oj ;335,;313 abn tgh ;313 Moursh oj tgh Uhar Awarn']trathdy%) as vothn jor ky tgh Malkrendh LKA Miass oj ;335,;313"

Nr Tatèbs gas khhb prolothn to a ]hbeor Ihmturhrsgep eb Gestory"

" Lr^golpsob gas khhb appoebthn rusthh oj tgh Sapwortg^rust"Nr Gaiphrs koo` ^gh Khefebd Mobshbsus was pukiesghn ky ^gh Shrshus Koo`sDroup 'Kasem Koo`s% eb tgh X@ ob ;; Aprei) sgortiy ajthr ets pukiemateob eb tgh X]ob : Aprei" Et weii kh pukiesghn eb Fapab) aewab)Austraiea abn Etaiy eb tgh autulboj ;313" Nr Gaiphr gas khhb as`hn to devh a `hyboth annrhss at KretesgEbthrbateobai ]tunehsAssomeateob 'KE]A% eb ]hpthlkhr ob Okala at Lenthrl"

Nr ^repate ihavhs to ta`h up a jamuity poseteob at tgh Xbevhrsety oj MaiejorbeaIos Abdhihs eb Omtokhr"

Srojhssor Mom`hreii gas khhb awarnhn a rhsharmg drabt ky tgh Hurophab

MollesseobjorastunyojtghmolphtetevhbhssojshihmthnebnustreaishmtorsebtghHX) aresebd nerhmtiy jrol ges Ihvhrguilh Jhiiowsgep wor`"

GoboraryJhiiowsSrojhssor ]er Fogb Koarnlab was awarnhn tgh ebaudurai Obasses Srezh eb Ihtthrsoj tgh Ebstetut nh Jrabmh"

Jhiiows abn tgher duhsts mhihkrathn tgh 73tg kertgnay oj Kesgop Karrebdtob,Tarn) @MLD) wetg a iubmg eb Gaii ob = Fubh"

Srojhssor GhihbZhbnihr gas pukiesghn Iast Ioo`s) Iast Koo`s6 ]thvhbs) Siatg)

Iowhii)Kesgop)Lhrreii 'Srebmhtob Xbevhrsety Srhss);313%"Srojhssor ]er [emgarn Foiiy gas pukiesghn XBEnhastgatmgabdhntghTorinwetgI Hllhref abn ^ D Thess 'Ebneaba Xbevhrsety Srhss) ;335%"

Srojhssor ]er Fogb Durnob rhmhevhn ob ; Omtokhr eb BhwUor` tgh ;335AikhrtIas`hr Kasem Lhnemai [hsharmg Awarn jor ges peobhhrebd wor` wetg sthl mhiis)sgarebd tgh awarn wetg Srojhssor ]gebyaUalabaà oj @yoto Xbevhrsety"

Srojhssor Naven Miary gas khhb appoebthn as Mgehj ]mehbtejem Anveshr to tghJorhedb abn Mollobwhaitg Ojjemh"


36/105

=8

E E E A M A NH L E M [ H S O[ ^]

1 XBEZH[]EÛ HWALEBAÊOB] [H]XI^]) ;313=;>stunhbtstoo`^reposabnSrhielebaryhxalebateobs"^ghbulkhrsebhamgmiass

whrh as joiiows6

Miass 1)440 ;"1)1:10 ;";)=50 =)80 first yhar ubnevenhn Miass ;);5 abn Sass)130^grhhstunhbts rhamghn obiy ab ornebary nhdrhh stabn or whrh jaeihn" ^gh bulkhr ojJersts awarnhn ky sukfhmt whrh6Armgahoiody abnAbtgropoiody) =0Armgethmturh)>0Mghlemai Hbdebhhrebd) >0 Miassems) 10 Hmobolems) :0 Hnumateob) 10 Hbdebhhrebd) 50Hbdiesg) ;0 Dhodrapgy) ;0 Gestory oj Art) 10 Gestory) 10 Iabn Hmoboly) 10Iebduestems) 10 Iaw) >0 Latghlatems) 130 Lhnemai ]mehbmhs) 80 Lonhrb Iabduadhs)80 Baturai ]mehbmhs 'Keoiodemai%) 40 Baturai ]mehbmhs 'Sgysemai%) >0 Sgeiosopgy) 10Soietems) Ssymgoiody abn ]omeoiody) =0 ]omeai abn Soietemai ]mehbmhs) 10^ghoiody) 1"Nestebmteobs whrh awarnhn to6

K]SGebsob'ArmgahoiodyabnAbtgropoiody^reposSartE%0HDSratt'ArmgahoiodyabnAbtgropoiody^reposSartEEK6Armgahoiody%0LGAIhh'MghlemaiHbdebhhrebd^repos Sart EEA%0 I F Gowarn 'Dhodrapgy ^repos Sart EE%0 Ar ^geiiaesubnaral'Latghlatems Sart EEE%0 As^geiiaesubnaral 'Latghlatems Sart EEE%"Xbevhrsety Srezhs whrh awarnhn as joiiows6

A F Kianob 'Baturai ]mehbmhs) Keoiodemai%) Nrhwett Srezh eb Hmoiody0 K ] S Gebsob'Armgahoiody * Abtgropoiody%) Fourbai Srezh0 L G Larteb 'Lonhrb * LhnehvaiIabduadhs%)LarsgSrezh abn@urt Gagb Srezh0 I Otsuè 'Baturai ]mehbmhs)'Keoiodemai%)

Jrab` ]lart Srezh jorKotaby0 H Sartrendh'Armgethmturh%)Hnwarn]SreorSrezh0 H D Sratt

'Armgahoiody * Abtgropoiody%) Abdiea Srezh0 T V T ho 'Iaw%) Miejjorn Mgabmh M FGabsob Srezh jor tgh Iaw oj Mobtramt abn Fogb Gaii Srezh jor Jaleiy Iaw"

]hbeor utors [hport

Jebaiests rabèbd" Our fibaiests yht adaeb hbnhn tgher marhhrs soarebd akovh tghXbevhrsetyavhradh"^ghyrhlaebat8tg'bowoutoj;8moiihdhs% ebtghKaxthrtakihsabnebrhdesthrebdtgesoutmolhkaddhnarhmorn,krhaèbdtaiiyoj==Jersts'("Xbevhrsety Srezhs" Ladnaihbh mobtebuhs to pronumh smgoiars oj Xbevhrsety,wenhnestebmteob) tges yhar pronumebd shvhb prezh,webbhrs eb sex sukfhmts khebd awarnhn

bebh Xbevhrsety prezhs) wgo arh balhn akovh"


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Arts abn ]mehbmhs" Our ovhraii Arts poseteob at 4tg es tgh tgern khst eb 13 yhars) abnour ]mehbtests gavh ubnhrdobh solhtgebd oj a rhbaessabmh ajthr a phreon eb tghnoinruls to jhaturh at 5tg) jar abn away tgher khst sgowebd eb yhars" Aitgoudgnroppebd obh piamh) et rhlaebs a latthr oj nestebmt prenh tgat tgh fibaiests Artsstunhbts arh phrmghn at ;bn eb tgh Xbevhrsety) ghiphn ky solh sphmtamuiar ebne,

venuai phrjorlabmhs" Our stunhbts eb Hmobolems) LLI) SS]) Armg * Abtg)Dhodrapgy) Armgethmturh abn Iaw aii nen partemuiariy whii) wgeih eb tgh ]mehbmhs)Latghlatems was rathn top) a jhat ubgharn oj sebmh tgh nays wghb HnwarnTarebdommupehntghIumaseabMgaer"^ghrhwasaisoaiobd,awaethnabnlumgabtemepathnrhsurdhbmh ky our Lhnems"

^gh joiiowebd hihmteobs whrh lanh ky tgh Dovhrbebd Kony6Kubny ]mgoiarsgeps6A I Kaern)^ O Kazaidhtth) I Krehrihy) L Marihkur)T M Mghubd)^ F Miar`sob) A J Moivhrn) F H nh Jobshà) I L ] Jrhhlab) ] I Doudg) N A

Drakebhr) H Drovhs) A S Goiiebdwortg) I F Gowarn) A Gussaeb) L H Fado) M@arapataè) ] F L @ayh) @ ] @ebd) L G A Ihh) F U Iel) A E Iioyn,^golas) L GLarteb) U V Bd) H Sartrendh) H D Sratt) J M ]trokrendh) [ J ^hdhiaars) Ar^geiiaesubnaral) As ^geiiaesubnaral) ] M ^gorph) F AZuiiebdgs) H F Tadstajj) F T

Thnia`h"

]mgoiarsgeps ;313;3116 E Abdhiova) [ Masseny) NU @ Mgab)Z A Moidath)KGNaves)DNonns,]letg)FJ[Doonweii)[GGhbrywoon)K]SGebsob)UFeabd)

UU H Iae)H L Iawrhbmh,Fobhs)W Ie) J Bowa`)B Okhrkhm`) N O$Krehb) H [ Sarsioh)

[ Sathi) @ [hipg) J T K ]abnhrs) [ ]awayala) N A ]gobh) S L ]pettai) [ F N]taiiekrass) K orrh) I Xrweb)^ IZob Dihgb) K F ^ Thst)U Vgu"

^gh joiiowebd rh,hihmteobs to ]mgoiarsgeps whrh lanh ky tgh Dovhrbebd Kony6=rnUhar6 B G Bem`hrsob)S S O$Krehb) L H ]mgakas) T V T ho"

;bn Uhar6 N Karbarn) F Mghb) A Mgeiòte) H L Foujjroy)U G Ihubd) G ^ Bduyhb) IOtsuè) F ]ga )U Tabd)^ A I Tarn)G N S Teiieals)W Wu"

Hxgeketeobs ;3136 ] H Arneb) ] Kern) A T D Kurbs) @ Mgabdhia) M Guskabn) @ ALmZebbeh)KU Sar`) G H Satthrsob"

MoiihdhSrezhsjorhxmhiihbmhebXbevhrsetyHxalebateobswhrhawarnhnasjoiiows6Abtgropoiody abn Abtgropoiody6 K ] S Gebsob)Falhs orrh Srezh0

A E Iioyn,^golas) Teiieal Jadd Srezh0 H D Sratt) Myrei Jox SrezhArmgethmturh6 A J Moivhrn) Mihary Srezh0 H Sartrendh) Iutyhbs Srezh0

] M ^gorph0 F T Thnia`h) Naven [okhrts SrezhMghlemai Hbdebhhrebd6 L H Fado0 M @arapataè )Seièbdtob Srezh0

L GA Ihh0 FU Iel)Seièbdtob Srezh0U TabdMiassems6 F H nh Jobshà ) Navesob Srezh


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=4

Hmobolems6]IDoudg0]FL@ayh0SL]pettai0KF^Thst0W Wu0U Vgu

Hnumateob6 [ F N ]taiiekrassHbdebhhrebd6 N Karbarn0 NU @ Mgab0 F Mghb0 F J [ Doonweii0

[GGhbrywoon0WIe0SSOKrehb)Mgrestopghrsob Srezh0

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Magdalene College Cambridge, Magazine 2009-10