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The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the recording on the

body surface of the electrical activity generated byheart. It was originally observed by Waller in 1889

using his pet bulldog as the signal source and the

capillary electrometer as the recording device. In

1903, Einthoven enhanced the technology by

employing the string galvanometer as the recording

device and using human subjects with a variety of

cardiac abnormalities. Einthoven is chiefly

responsible for introducing some concepts still in use

today, including the labelling of the various waves,

defining some of the standard recording sites using

the arms and legs, and developing the first theoretical

construct whereby the heart is modelled as a single

time varying dipole. We also owe the EKG acronym

to Einthovens native Dutch language, where the root

word cardio is spelled with a k. In order to record anECG waveform, a differential recording between two

points on the body are made. Traditionally, each

differential recording is referred to as a lead.

Einthoven defined three leads numbered with the

Roman numerals I, II, and III. They are defined as

where RA = right arm, LA = left arm, and LL = left

leg. Because the body is assumed to be purely

resistive at ECG frequencies, the four limbs can be

thought of as wires attached to the torso.

The evolution of the ECG proceeded for 30 years

when F.N. Wilson added concepts of a unipolar

recording. He created a reference point by tying the

three limbs together and averaging their potentials so

that individual recording sites on the limbs or chest

surface would be differentially recorded with the

same reference point. He erroneously thought that the

central terminal was a true zero potential. However,

from the mid-1930s until today, the 12 leads

composed of the 3 limb leads, 3 leads in which the

limb potentials are referenced to a modified Wilson

terminal (the augmented leads), and 6 leads placed

across the front of the chest and referenced to the

Wilson terminal form the basis of the standard 12-

lead ECG. These sites are historically based, have a

built-in redundancy, and are not optimal for allcardiac events. The voltage difference from any two

sites will record an ECG, but it is these standardized

sites with the massive 90-year collection of empirical

observations that have firmly established their role as

The ECG is one of the oldest instrument-

bound measurements in medicine. It hasfaithfully followed the progression of

instrumentation technology. Its most recent

evolutionary step, to the microprocessor based

system, has allowed patients to wear their

computer monitor or has provided an

enhanced, high resolution ECG that has

opened new vistas of ECG analysis and

interpretation.

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Cant find me copying

The answer to the problem was

"log(1+x)". A student copied the answer

from the student next to him, but didn'twant to make it obvious that he was

cheating, so he changed the answer

slightly, to "timber (1+x)".

the standard. The ECG signals are typically in the

range of 2 mV and require a recording bandwidth

of 0.05 to 150 Hz

The heart has four chambers; the upper two

chambers are called the atria, and the lower two

chambers are called the ventricles. The atria are thin-walled, low-pressure pumps that receive blood from

the venous circulation. Located in the top right

atrium are a group of cells that act as the primary

pacemaker of the heart. Through a complex change

of ionic concentration across the cell membranes (the

current source), an extracellular potential field is

established which then excites neighbouring cells, and

a cell-to-cell propagation of electrical events occurs.Because the body acts as a purely resistive medium,

these potential fields extend to the body surface. The

character of the body surface waves depends on the

amount of tissue activating at one time and the

relative speed and direction of the activation

wavefront. Therefore, the pacemaker potentials that

are generated by a small tissue mass are not seen on

the ECG.

As the activation wavefront encounters the increased

mass of atrial muscle, the initiation of electricalactivity is observed on the body surface, and the first

ECG wave of the cardiac cycle is seen. This is the P

wave, representing activation of the atria. Conduction

of the cardiac impulse proceeds from the atria through

a series of specialized cardiac cells (the A-V node and

the His-Purkinje system) which again are too small in

total mass to generate a signal large enough to be seen

on the standard ECG.

There is a short, relatively isoelectric segment

following the P wave. Once the large muscle mass ofthe ventricles is excited, a rapid and large deflection is

seen on the body surface. The excitation of the

ventricles causes them to contract and provides the

main force for circulating blood to the organs of the

body. This large wave appears to have several

components. The initial downward deflection is the Q

wave, The initial upward deflection is the R wave. In

general, the large ventricular waveform is generically

called the QRS complex regardless of its makeup.

Following the QRS complex is another short

relatively isoelectric segment. After this shortsegment, the ventricles return to their electrical

resting state, and a wave of repolarization is seen as a

low-frequency signal known as the T wave. In some

individuals, a small peak occurs at the end or after the

T wave and is the U wave. Its origin has never been

fully established, but it is believed to be a

repolarization potential.

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The ambulatory or Holter ECG was developed by Dr.

Holter in the early 1960s. The original large-scale

clinical use of this technology was to identify patients

who developed heart block transiently and could be

treated by implanting a cardiac pacemaker. This

required the secondary development of a device that

could rapidly play back the 24 hours of tape recorded

ECG signals and present to the technician or

physician a means of identifying periods of time

where the patients heart rate became abnormally low.

The scanners had the circuitry not only to play backthe ECG at speeds 30 to 60 times real time but also to

detect the beats and display them in a superimposed

mode on a CRT screen. In addition, an audible

tachometer could be used to identify the periods of

low heart rate. With this playback capability came

numerous other observations, such as the

identification of premature ventricular complexes

(PVCs). ECG tapes were recorded before and after

drug administration, and drug efficacy was measured

by the reduction of the number of PVCs. The scanner

technology for detecting and quantifying thesearrhythmias was originally implemented with analog

hardware but soon advanced to computer technology

as it became economically feasible. Very

sophisticated algorithms were developed based on

pattern-recognition techniques and were sometimes

implemented with high-speed specialized numerical

processors as the tape playback speeds became

several hundred times real time. This is a block

diagram of microprocessor-based ECG system. It

includes all the elements of a personal computer class

system, e.g., 80386 processor, 2 Mbytes of RAM,

disk drive, 640480 pixel LCD display, and battery

operable. In addition, it includes a DSP56001 chip

and multiple controllers which are managed with a

real-time multitasking operating system.

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All objects above the absolute zero temperature (0 K)

emit infrared radiation. Hence, an excellent way to

measure thermal variations is to use an infrared

vision device, usually a focal planearray (FPA)infrared camera capable of

detecting radiation in the mid (3 to 5 m) and long (7

to 14 m) wave infrared bands, denoted as MWIR and

LWIR, corresponding to two of the high

transmittance infrared windows. Abnormal

temperature profiles at the surface of an object are an

indication of a potential problem.[3]

In passive thermography, the features of interest are

naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the

background. Passive thermography has many

applications such as surveillance of people on a scene

and medical diagnosis (specifically thermology).

In active thermography, an energy source is required

to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of

interest and the background. The active approach is

necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts

are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings.

The CCD and CMOS sensors used for visible light

cameras are sensitive only to the no thermal part of

the infrared spectrum callednear-infrared(NIR).

Thermal imaging cameras use specialized focal

plane arrays (FPAs) that respond to longer

wavelengths (mid- and long-wavelength infrared).

The most common types

are InSb, InGaAs, HgCdTe and QWIP FPA. The

newest technologies use low-cost, uncooled micro

bolometers as FPA sensors. Their resolution isconsiderably lower than that of optical cameras,

mostly 160x120 or 320x240 pixels, up to 640x512 for

the most expensive models. Thermal imaging cameras

are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum

counterparts, and higher-end models are often export-

restricted due to the military uses for this technology.

Older bolometers or more sensitive models such as

InSb require cryogenic cooling, usually by aminiature Stirli

ng

cycle refrigerat

or or liquid

nitrogen.

Thermal

images,

or thermograms, are

actually visual

displays of the

amount of

infrared

energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an

object. Because there are multiple sources of the

infrared energy, it is difficult to get an accurate

temperature of an object using this method. A

thermal imaging camera is capable of performing

algorithms to interpret that data and build an

image. Although the image shows the viewer an

approximation of the temperature at which the

object is operating, the camera is actually using

multiple sources of data based on the areas

surrounding the object to determine that value rather

than detecting the actual temperature.

If the object is radiating at a higher temperature than

its surroundings, then power transfer will be taking

Thermography has been a

boon to the every fields of

life. It has been used in

detecting swine flu,

finding enemies in thedark, spotting people in

the sea for rescue, etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_windowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Different_regions_in_the_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Different_regions_in_the_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Different_regions_in_the_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InGaAshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HgCdTehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HgCdTehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InGaAshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Different_regions_in_the_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_windowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero

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In C we had to code our ownbugs. In C++ we can inherit

them.

HELP!!!

Once a programmer drowned

in the sea. Many Marines

where at that time on the

beach, but the programmerwas shouting "F1!!! F1!!!" andnobody understood it.

place and power will be radiating from warm to cold

following the principle stated in the Second Law ofThermodynamics. So if there is a cool area in the

thermogram, that object will be absorbing the

radiation emitted by the warm object. The ability of

both objects to emit or absorb this radiation is

calledemissivity. Under outdoor environments,

convective cooling from wind may also need to be

considered when trying to get an accurate temperature

reading.

The thermal imaging camera would next employ a

series of mathematical algorithms. Since the camera is

only able to see the electromagnetic radiation that is

impossible to detect with the human eye, it will build

a picture in the viewer and record a visible picture,

usually in a JPG format.

In order to perform the role of noncontact temperature

recorder, the camera will change the temperature of

the object being viewed with its emissivity setting.

Other algorithms can be used to affect the

measurement, including the transmission ability of

the transmitting medium (usually air) and the

temperature of that transmitting medium. All thesesettings will affect the ultimate output for the

temperature of the object being viewed. This

functionality makes the thermal imaging camera an

excellent tool for the maintenance of electrical and

mechanical systems in industry and commerce. By

using the proper camera settings and by being careful

when capturing the image, electrical systems can be

scanned and problems can be found. Faults withsteam traps in steam heating systems are easy to

locate.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics

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Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component

which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic

field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but hasstuck as the name for this type of microphone, which

uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into

electrical energy.

Condenser microphones require power from a battery

or external source. The resulting audio signal is

stronger signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers

also tend to be more sensitive and responsive than

dynamics, making them well-suited to capturing

subtle nuances in a sound. They are not ideal for high-

volume work, as their sensitivity makes them prone todistort.

A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between

them. In the condenser mic, one of these plates is

made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm.

The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves,

changing the distance between the two plates and

therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically,

when the plates are closer together, capacitance

increases and a charge current occurs. When the

plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a

discharge current occurs.

A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to

work. This voltage is supplied either by a battery in

the mic or by external phantom power.

Condenser microphones have a flatterfrequency response than dynamics.

A condenser mic works in much the sameway as an electrostatic tweeter (although

obviously in reverse).

http://www.vtunnel.com/index.php/1010110A/25796f2073618b0f7ec004519c6133c00e63170aaace65b0324ac57245d59154a5f12acfb795c3a80503cfbf3c021ab50462dcf1d8f6891aa15215050http://www.vtunnel.com/index.php/1010110A/25796f2073618b0f7ec004519c6133c00e63170aaace65b0324ac57245d59154a5f12acfb795c3a80503cfbf3c021ab50462dcf1d8f6891aa15215050

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Anyone who's been through a prolonged power

outage knows that it's an extremely trying experience.

Within an hour of losing electricity, you develop a

healthy appreciation of all the electrical devices you

rely on in life. A couple hours later, you start pacing

around your house. After a few days without lights,

electric heat or TV, your stress level shoots through

the roof.

But in the

grandscheme

of things,

that's

nothing.

If an

outage

hits an

entire

city, and

therearen't

adequate

emergency resources, people may die from exposure,

companies may suffer huge productivity losses and

millions of dollars of food may spoil. If a power

outage hit on a much larger scale, it could shut down

the electronic networks that keep governments and

militaries running. We are utterly dependent on

power, and when it's gone, things get very bad, very

fast.

An electromagnetic bomb, or e-bomb, is a weapon

designed to take advantage of this dependency. But

instead of simply cutting off power in an area, an e-

bomb would actually destroy most machines that use

electricity. Generators would be useless, cars wouldn't

run, and there would be no chance of making a phone

call. In a matter of seconds, a big enough e-bomb

could thrust an entire city back 200 years or cripple a

military unit.

The U.S. military has been pursuing the idea of an e-

bomb for decades, and many believe it now has such aweapon in its arsenal. On the other end of the scale,

terrorist groups could be building low-tech e-bombs

to inflict massive damage on the United States.

The basic idea of an e-bomb -- or more broadly,

an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapon -- is pretty

simple. These sorts of weapons are designed to

overwhelm electrical circuitry with an intenseelectromagnetic field.

If you've read How Radio Works or How

Electromagnets Work, then you know an

electromagnetic field in itself is nothing special. The

radio signals that transmit AM, FM, television and

cell phone calls are all electromagnetic energy, as is

ordinary light, microwaves and x-rays.For our purposes, the most important thing to

understand about electromagnetism is that electric

current generates magnetic fields and changing

magnetic fields can induce electric current. This

page from How Radio Works explains that a simple

radio transmitter generates a magnetic field by

fluctuating electrical current in a circuit. This

magnetic field, in turn, can induce an electrical

current in another conductor, such as a radio receiver

antenna. If the fluctuating electrical signal represents

particular information, the receiver can decode it.A low intensity radio transmission only induces

sufficient electrical current to pass on a signal to a

receiver. But if you greatly increased the intensity of

the signal (the magnetic field), it would induce a

http://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/light.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/x-ray.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=e-bomb.htm&url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=e-bomb.htm&url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=e-bomb.htm&url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=e-bomb.htm&url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/x-ray.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/light.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm

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much larger electrical current. A big enough current

would fry the semiconductor components in the radio,

disintegrating it beyond repair.

Picking up a new radio would be the least of your

concerns, of course. The intense fluctuating magnetic

field could induce a massive current in just about any

other electrically conductive object -- for example

phone lines, power lines and even metal pipes. These

unintentional antennas would pass the current spikeon to any other electrical components down the line

(say, a network of computers hooked up to phone

lines). A big enough surge could burn out

semiconductor devices, melt wiring, fry batteries and

even explode transformers.

This idea dates back to nuclear weapons research

from the 1950s. In 1958, American tests of hydrogen

bombs yielded some surprising results. A test blast

over the Pacific Ocean ended up blowing out

streetlights in parts of Hawaii, hundreds of miles

away. The blast even disrupted radio equipment as far

away as Australia.

Researchers concluded that the electrical disturbance

was due to the Compton effect, theorized by physicist

Arthur Compton in 1925. Compton's assertion was

that photons of electromagnetic energy could knock

loose electrons from atoms with low atomic numbers.

In the 1958 test, researchers concluded, the photons

from the blast's intense gamma radiation knocked a

large number of electrons free from oxygen and

nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere. This flood of

electrons interacted with the Earth's magnetic field to

create a fluctuating electric current, which induced a

powerful magnetic field. The resulting

electromagnetic pulse induced intense electrical

currents in conductive materials over a wide area.

During the cold war, U.S. intelligence feared the

Soviet Union would launch a nuclear missile and

detonate it some 30 miles (50 kilometers) above the

United States, to achieve the same effect on a larger

scale. They feared that the resulting electromagnetic

burst would knock out electrical equipment across the

United States.

Such an attack (from another nation) is still a

possibility, but that is no longer the United States'

main concern. These days, U.S. intelligence is giving

non-nuclear EMP devices, such as e-bombs, much

more attention. These weapons wouldn't affect as

wide an area, because they wouldn't blast photons so

high above the Earth. But they could be used to create

total blackouts on a more local level.

The United States most likely has EMP weapons in its

arsenal, but it's not clear in what form. Much of the

United States' EMP research has involved high power

microwaves (HPMs). Reporters have widelyspeculated that they do exist and that such weapons

could be used in a war with Iraq.

Most likely, the United States' HPM e-bombs aren't

really bombs at all. They're probably more like super

powerful microwave ovens that can generate a

concentrated beam of microwave energy. One

possibility is the HPM device would be mounted to a

cruise missile, disrupting ground targets from above.

This technology is advanced and expensive and sowould be inaccessible to military forces without

considerable resources. But that's only one piece of

the e-bomb story. Using inexpensive supplies and

rudimentary engineering knowledge, a terrorist

organization could easily construct a dangerous e-

bomb device.

The bomb consists of a metal cylinder (called

the armature), which is surrounded by a coil of wire

(the stator winding). The armature cylinder is filled

with high explosive, and a sturdy jacket surrounds theentire device. The stator winding and the armature

cylinder are separated by empty space. The bomb also

has a power source, such as a bank ofcapacitors,

which can be connected to the stator.

Here's the sequence of events when the bomb goes

off:

A switch connects the capacitors to thestator, sending an electrical current through

the wires. This generates an intense

magnetic field. A fuse mechanism ignites the explosive

material. The explosion travels as a wave

through the middle of the armature cylinder.

http://www.howstuffworks.com/diode.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/microwave.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/microwave.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/diode.htm

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As the explosion makes its way through thecylinder, the cylinder comes in contact with

the stator winding. This creates a short

circuit, cutting the stator off from its power

supply.

The moving short circuit compresses themagnetic field, generating an intense

electromagnetic burst.

Most likely, this type of weapon would affect a

relatively small area -- nothing on the order of anuclear EMP attack -- but it could do some serious

damage.

The United States is drawn to EMP technologybecause it is potentially non-lethal, but is still highly

destructive. An E-bomb attack would leave buildings

standing and spare lives, but it could destroy a

sizeable military.

There is a range of possible attack scenarios. Low-

level electromagnetic pulses would temporarily jam

electronics systems, more intense pulses would

corrupt important computer data and very powerful

bursts would completely fry electric and electronic

equipment.

In modern warfare, the various levels of attack could

accomplish a number of important combat missions

without racking up many casualties. For example, an

e-bomb could effectively neutralize:

vehicle control systems targeting systems, on the ground and on

missiles and bombs

communications systems navigation systems long and short-range sensor systems

EMP weapons could be especially useful in an

invasion of Iraq, because a pulse might effectively

neutralize underground bunkers. Most of Iraq's

underground bunkers are hard to reach with

conventional bombs and missiles. A nuclear blast

could effectively demolish many of these bunkers, but

this would take a devastating toll on surrounding

areas. An electromagnetic pulse could pass through

the ground, knocking out the bunker's lights,

ventilation systems, communications -- even electric

doors. The bunker would be completelyuninhabitable.

U.S. forces are also highly vulnerable to EMP attack,

however. In recent years, the U.S. military has added

sophisticated electronics to the full range of its

arsenal. This electronic technology is largely built

around consumer-grade semiconductor devices, which

are highly sensitive to any power surge. More

rudimentary vacuum tube technology would actually

stand a better chance of surviving an e-bomb attack.

A widespread EMP attack in any country would

compromise a military's ability to organize itself.

Ground troops might have perfectly functioning non-

electric weapons (like machine guns), but they

wouldn't have the equipment to plan an attack or

locate the enemy. Effectively, an EMP attack could

reduce any military unit into a guerilla-type army.

While EMP weapons are generally considered non-

lethal, they could easily kill people if they were

directed towards particular targets. If an EMP

knocked out a hospital's electricity, for example, anypatient on life support would die immediately. An

EMP weapon could also neutralize vehicles, including

aircraft, causing catastrophic accidents.

In the end, the most far-reaching effect of an e-bomb

could be psychological. A full-scale EMP attack in a

developed country would instantly bring modern life

to a screeching halt. There would be plenty of

survivors, but they would find themselves in a very

different world.

http://www.howstuffworks.com/machine-gun.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/machine-gun.htm

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RAM

Terminator

Future cop

Bio-

tech

clean-tech

Silicon

High-tech