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Automotive Electronics
Lecture1
Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly
Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
South Valley University, Qena-83523, Egypt.
Email: [email protected]
13/13/2014
MAEM 421
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LAYOUT OF AUTOMOTIVE
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Electronics in Cars - Benefits
Humans new requirement to Car
1. Environmental considerations
2. Economy
3. Safety and Convenient
4. Social infrastructure
Traditional mechanical devices can NOT solve certain
problems.
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Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic
Systems
Rise of importance of software in the Car
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Interior Light System
Auto toll Payment
Rain sensor
Dashboard controller
Automated
Cruise
Control
Light failure control
InformationNavigation
Entertainment
Head Up Display
Engine:
Injection control
Injection monitor
Oil Level SensingAir Flow
Headlight:Position control
Power controlFailure detection
Airbag Sensing &Control
Seat control:
Position/Heating
Key transponder
Door module
Keyless entry
Central locking
Throttle control
Valve Control
E-gas
Suspension control
LED brake light
Compass
Stability Sensing
Power Window Sensor
Backup Sensing
Gearbox: Position control
Where do we find electronics in a car
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Automotive electronics according to different domains in the automotive field they can be
classified into:
1. Engine Electronics
2. Transmission Electronics
3. Chassis Electronics
4. Active Safety
5. Driver assistance
6. Passenger Comfort
7. Infotainment systems
Where do we find electronics in a car
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Engine Electronics
1. Engine optimization: e.g. efficiency
improvement & pollution control
1. OBD (On Board diagnosis)
2. Cooling system control
3. Ignition system control
4. Lubrication system control (only
few has electronic control)
5. Fuel injection rate control
6. Throttle control
7. Lambda control
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Transmission Electronics
The Transmission Control Module (TCM) is a device that controls modern automatic
transmissions based on various inputs. The basic function of this unit is to receive
signals from various sensors as well as data provided by engine control module (ECM),
process this input, calculate how and when to shift gears in the transmission and
generate the output signals required to drive the actuators that accomplish this
shifting. The software controlling the TCM is designed to optimize vehicle performance,shift quality and fuel efficiency.
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Chassis Electronics
The chassis systems has lot of sub-systems which monitors different parameters and
are controlled actively.
ABS - Anti-lock braking system
TCSTraction control system
EBDElectronic brake distribution
ESPElectronic Stability Program
CadenceBraking orABS
BrakingWould3/13/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 11
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Anti-lock braking system(ABS) is an automobile safetysystem that allows the wheelson a motor
vehicleto maintain tractivecontact with the road surface
according to driver inputs while brakingpreventing the wheels
from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled
skidding
12Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_safety8/12/2019 MAEM 421 Automotive Electronics1
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Active Safety
These systems are always ready to act when there is a collision or to prevent it
when it scenes the situation.
Air Bags
Hill Decent Control
Emergency Brake assist system
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Driver Assistance
Lane assist system
Speed assist system
Blind spot detection
Park assist System
Adaptive Cruise Control System
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Driver AssistanceAdaptive Cruise Control (ACC) technology automatically adjust the vehicle
speed and distance to that of a target vehicle. ACC uses a long range radarsensor to detect a target vehicle up to 200 meters in front andautomatically adjusts the ACC vehicle speed and gap accordingly.
ACC automatically decelerates or accelerates the vehicle according to thedesired speed and distance settings established by the driver. As perstandard cruise control the driver can override the system at any time.
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Passenger Comfort
1. Automatic Climate control
2. Electronic seat adjustment with memory
3. Automatic wipers
4. Automatic Headlampsadjusts beam automatically
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Infotainment Systems
1. Navigation system
2. Music system
3. Information access
4. All the above system forms an infotainment system.
5. The developments methods of these systems vary according to the manufacturer.
6. Different tools are used for both hardware and software development.
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Automotive electronics
X =1% (1980)
X =20% (2005)
X =40% (2015)
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=
Electronic Embedded systems
Cost of a car
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Energy is used to produce power.
The chemical energy in fuel isconverted to heat by the burning
of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called
combustion. If enginecombustion occurs within the
power chamber, the engine iscalled an internal combustionengine
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ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Engines are classified by several characteristics including:
Cylinder arrangement
Operational cycles
Valve location
Type of fuel
Combustion Chamber Design
Cooling method
Application
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Types of Fuel Fuel used,
gasoline engines
diesel engines
natural gas (CNG and LNG), methane,
LPG engines
alcohol engines
hydrogen engines
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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINESCylinder arrangement
1. Reciprocating (a) Single Cylinder
(b) Multi-cylinder
(I) In-line
(ii) V
(iii) Radial(iv) Horizontally opposed
(v) Opposed Piston
2. Rotary: (a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi-rotor
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In-line engine
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In-line engine
Opposed piston engine
V - engine
Radial engine
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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINESCylinder arrangement
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Types of Reciprocating
Engines
Automotive engine
cylinder
arrangements.
A horizontally opposed
engine design helps to
lower the vehicles center
of gravity.3/13/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 25
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Gasoline Piston Engines
There are two types of gasoline piston engines:
1. Four Stroke Cycle
2. Two Stroke Cycle
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Four Stroke Cycle
Intake
Compression
Power Exhaust
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Intake Stroke
Intake valve opens.
Piston moves down, turn
of crankshaft.
A vacuum is created in the
cylinder.
Atmospheric pressure
pushes the air/fuel mixture
into the cylinder.
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Compression Stroke
Valves close.
Piston moves up, turn
of crankshaft. Air/fuel mixture is
compressed.
Fuel starts to vaporize
and heat begins to build.
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Power Stroke
Valves remain closed.
Spark plug firesigniting fuel mixture.
Piston moves down, turn of crankshaft.
Heat is converted tomechanical energy.
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Exhaust Stroke
Exhaust valve opens.
Piston move up,
crankshaft makes turn.
Exhaust gases are
pushed out polluting
the atmosphere.
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Four Stroke Cycle Animation
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Two Stroke Gasoline Engines
Two stroke engines operate on the same basic
operating principles as the four stroke engine.
However, it completes the intake,
compression, power and exhaust strokes in
only two movements of the piston, as
opposed to four.
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Two Stroke Gasoline Engines
Each time the piston moves up, it completes
the intake and compression stroke.
Each time the piston moves down, it
completes the power and exhaust stroke.
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Diesel Animation
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Diesel 2 stroke
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4-Stroke Engines
Each cycle of events requires that the engine
crankshaft make two complete
revolutions or 720.
The greater the number of cylinders, the
closer together the power strokes occur.
Angle with three cylinders = 720/3 = 240Angle with four cylinders = 720/4 = 180
Angle with five cylinders = 720/5 = 144
Angle with six cylinders = 720/6 = 120
Angle with eight cylinders = 720/8 = 90
Angle with ten cylinders = 720/10 = 72
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4-Stroke Engines Operation
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4-Stroke Engines Operation
Valve timing for low and high speed four-stroke SI engine 3/13/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 50
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2-StrokeEngines
2-stroke
Reed
Valve
intake
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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINES
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Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly
CLASSIFICATION of ENGINES
Valve Location
Overhead Valve (OHV)
The intake and exhaust valves are mounted in the cylinder head
and operated by a camshaft located in the cylinder block.
This requires the use of valve lifters, pushrods and rocker arms
to transfer camshaft motion to the valves.
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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINES
Valve Location
The F-headThe L-headThe I-head
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CLASSIFICATION f ENGINES
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Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly
CLASSIFICATION of ENGINESValve Location
The I-head: (i) Over head Valve (OHV)
(ii) Over head Cam (OHC)
Overhead Camshaft (OHC) or Dual/ Double Overhead camshaft (DOHC) Both intake and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head.
The valves are operated directly by the camshaft or through cam followers.
Some engines use separate intake and exhaust camshafts.
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Ignition Timing
Spark advance
Variable ignition timing allows the ignition to
respond to variations in engine speed and
load factor. On simple systems, timing is
adjusted by a centrifugal advance
mechanism and a vacuum control unit.
Manifold vacuum provides a reasonablyaccurate index of engine load.
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Questions?