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Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTSESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
Both macronutrients AND micronutrients are essential: meaning, your body needs them to function properly
Inorganic vs. Organic Inorganic vs. Organic MoleculesMolecules
Inorganic:Molecules that are not organic
Are generally simple and are not normally found in living things
Organic compounds:Always contain CARBON and HYDROGENCan contain oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur
Macronutrients vs. Macronutrients vs. MicronutrientsMicronutrients
What are the three nutrients that give you energy?
These three nutrients are called MACROnutrientsYour body needs a significant amount
of these nutrientsMICROnutrients
Your body still needs these nutrients, but in smaller amounts
MICROnutrients do not provide energy
How do macronutrients How do macronutrients function in the proper function in the proper
functioning of your bodies?functioning of your bodies?Provide your body with energy needed to:Grow;Repair itself; replace old cells and tissues; &
Perform other specific functions/cellular processes
Organic Molecules: Basic Organic Molecules: Basic StructureStructure
WhatWhat they are made of and they are made of and howhow they are put together. they are put together.
All the macronutrients we study in Nutrition have the similar BASIC structuresAre all organic (contain CARBON, HYDROGEN)
Are made up of one type of unit repeated many times (except lipids)
Macronutrients: Basic Macronutrients: Basic StructureStructure
Single unit is called the MONOmer“Mono” means “one”
Many monomers linked together makes a POLYmer“Poly” means “many”
In other words…In other words…
Each MONOMER is BUILDING BLOCK in the structure of a POLYMERExample: each brick in a
brick house is a monomer. The house is the polymer.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are an essential MACROnutrient: your body needs a lot of carbohydrates to function
Carbohydrates are organic: they contain Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen “Carbo” = Carbon“Hydrate” = water = H2O
Naming carbohydrates:
The GENERAL name for the MONOMER of carbohydrates is MONOSACCHARIDEMono = “one” and “saccharide” =
sugarThe GENERAL name for the POLYMER
of carbohydrates is POLYSACCHARIDEPoly = “many” and “saccharide” =
sugar
Naming Carbohydrates Cont…
Carbohydrates are recognizable by their
-ose endings
Monomer? Polymer?We were working with two sugars, lactose and
glucose, trying to figure out which was whichWhen lactose was broken down, glucose
became present Lactose + enzyme glucose +
galactose Polymer + enzyme monomer +
monomerLook at the other way:
Monomer + monomer polymer Glucose + galactose lactose
Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, &
Polysaccharides Oligosaccharides: 2-10 monosaccharide units
Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides bonded togetherMonosaccharide + Monosaccharide = Disaccharide
1 + 1 = 2 Polysaccharides consist of MANY monosaccharides
and/or disaccharides bonded togetherMono + mono + di + di ++++++++ = poly 1 + 1 + 1 +++++++ = 100 – 1,000’s
Further Classifying Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides are SIMPLE sugars
Polysaccharides, which are made of MANY simple sugars linked together, are called COMPLEX carbohydrates
Specific examples of carbohydrates
MonosaccharidesExamples: glucose (C6H12O6), fructose, and galactose
Disaccharides Examples: sucrose, lactose, and maltose
Specific examples of Specific examples of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Oligosaccharides: 3-10 sugarsRaffinose and stachyose
PolysaccharidesExamples: starch, pectin, cellulose, and glycogen
Sugar alcoholsSorbitol, xylitol
A Note on the Classification of Monosaccharides
• The monosaccharides commonly found in humans are classified according to the number of carbons they contain in their backbone structures.
• The major monosaccharides contain three to six carbon atoms (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose (glucose).