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Atom
Molecule
Elements
Compound
Cell
Smallest unit of matter/retain chemical properties
Substance made of only one type of atom
Bond between atoms of 1 or more element
Chemical combination of 2 or more elements
"Building blocks" of a living organisms
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Instructions
CHECK ANSWERS
Atom
Molecule
Elements
Compound
Cell
Smallest unit of matter/retain chemical properties
Substance made of only one type of atom
Bond between atoms of 1 or more element
Chemical combination of 2 or more elements
"Building blocks" of a living organisms
Drag the definition and the word to the proper location of the pyramid.
PULL for
Instructions
Biochemistry (Organic Chemistry)
Study of compounds that contain: Carbon Although Carbon is important, organic molecules must also contain Hydrogen and Oxygen!
Why Carbon for Biochem?Carbon has 4 outer (valence) electronsMakes it possible to bond with many other elements & to other C atoms = Long ChainsForms many large molecules in living cells (macromolecules)
Types of MacromoleculesThere are 4 macromolecules or organic compounds:CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic AcidsProteins
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are formed by a process called polymerization - when monomers join to form polymers.Monomers - small molecule units (building blocks). Monomers can be identical or different.Polymers - larger molecules made of monomers.
This slide is 4 slides back in your packet!
a. Condensation Reactions aka: Dehydration synthesis
- Process of small monomers bonding
together to make a larger molecule. - Each monomer loses either a
–H or –OH group in order to bond.
- As a result, for each bond 1 water molecule is formed.
A + B = C + H2O
b. Hydrolysis Reactions Hydro = water
lysis = to break - Refers to the breaking apart of a
polymer.
- Occurs during the digestion of food molecules!
C + H2O = A + B
Carbohydrates
Elements Present: C,H,& O – in a 1:2:1 ratio
Functions: Carbohydrates are living things main source of ENERGY. Some are also used for structural purposes.
Carbohydrates
The monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides (simple sugars)
All monosaccharides have a ring structure.Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples of monosaccharides
-All monosaccharides have the chemical formula of C6H12O6. They are called isomers - they have the same chemical formula, but their structures are each different
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides bonded together (double sugar)
Examples: sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose, lactose (milk sugar) = glucose +galactosemaltose =glucose + glucose
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides - long chains of sugars (complex sugar)
Examples: glycogen – stores excess energy in animalsstarch – stores excess energy in plantscellulose – makes up plant cell walls (for structure)
Draw and label a carbohydrate
carbon-hydrogen-oxygen1:2:1
plants (autotrophs)
primary source of energymonosaccharides
monosaccharides
polysaccharides
simple sugar
long chains of monosaccharides
GlucoseFructose(fruit)Galactose(milk)
ring shaped
table sugar
STARCH--potato, pasta, bread, cerealCELLULOSE--plant cell wall
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LipidsElements Present: mostly C & H w/some O
Functions:Part of cell membranesServe as chemical messengers (steroids)Long term energy sourcewarmth waterproof coverings
Lipids
Building Blocks: There are no set monomers in lipids, but there are some reoccurring patterns
Hydrocarbon tail + carboxylic acid = Fatty Acid
Lipids
Building Blocks: There are no set monomers in lipids, but there are some reoccurring patterns
3 Fatty Acids + one glycerol = a triglyceride
LipidsSaturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds in their hydrocarbon chainThey tend to be solid at room temperature: butter, lard, coconut oil*, peanut butter, mayonnaise, margarine
Mmmm.... butter!!!!
LipidsUnsaturated fats have at least one double bond in their hydrocarbon tail. They tend to be liquid at room temp.
Monounsaturated only have one double bond - olive oil
Polyunsaturated have two or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail - corn oil, canola oil, sesame oil, and peanut oil
6. Cholesterol
a. Soft waxy substance found in your bloodstream with lipids.
b. Used to form cell membranes, some hormones, and is needed for other cell functions.
c. Lipoproteins1. Transport cholesterol to & from cells.
a. LDL (Low-Density-Lipoprotein) “Bad Cholesterol”
1. Carries cholesterol in the blood. Too much can form plaque in arteries.
b. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) “Good Cholesterol”
1. Takes cholesterol out of blood and back to liver.
7. TransFats (Hydrogenated Oils)
a. Made by “hydrogenating” oils to make them solid.
b. Hydrogenating means “adding hydrogen.”
c. When consumed, increases your LDL concentration.
Draw and label a lipid
energy storage
insoluble in water
hormones and cell membranes
saturated ORunsaturated
carbon-hydrogen-oxygen
fats, oilswaxes
glycerol and fatty acid
E shapedsteroids
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ProteinsElements Present: C, H, O & N & a bit of S
Functions & Examples: Control rate of reactions (enzymes) Help fight disease (anti- bodies) Form bones & muscles (actin & myosin) Regulate cell metabolism (insulin) Transport O2 in blood (hemoglobin)
ProteinsBuilding Blocks:Amino Acids are the monomers that go together to make a protein polymerAA's are bonded by peptide bondsAmino acids have these parts: -amino group -carboxyl group -a H atom -an R group
There are 20 naturally occurring AA’s - each has a different R group (aka variant group)
Draw and label a protein
amino acids
body to functionproperlyenzymes
control the rate of chemical reactionscarbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen
muscle, haircartilage, nails,meat we eat
amino group carboxyl groupr group
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Nucleic Acids
Elements Present: C, H, O, N & P
Functions: -Control cell activities (give cell instructions on how to make proteins)-Carry genetic info.Examples: DNA & RNA
Nucleic Acids
Building Blocks:Nucleotides are the monomers that go to build the polymers of Nucleic acidsNucleotides consist of a nitrogen base, a sugar & a phosphate
Draw and label a nucleic acid
carbon, hydrogen,nitrogen, oxygen, phophorus
sugar
phosphate
N-base
DNA
make proteins
nucleotides
RNAstore geneticinformation
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