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8/10/2019 Macro Economics 2301 Chapter 13 Notes
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CHAPTER 13
Political Parties and Voting
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Learning Objectives
2
Explain the historical development of the
modern Democrat and Republican Parties
Define critical electionsand party
realignment and dealignment in the UnitedStates and cite examples of their occurrence
Identify and explain the three broad functions
of political parties
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Learning Objectives
3
Describe the historical and legal factors that
contributed to the development of the two-
party system in the United States
Assess the role that third parties have playedin U.S. elections
Illustrate how party organizations operate at
the national, state, and local levels, including
how they define party platforms and help their
candidates win elections
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Learning Objectives
4
Analyze the decline in political parties over thepast few decades and assess the futureprospects for the parties
Review the role of state governments inmanaging elections
Evaluate the effect of various constitutionalamendments on the expansion of voting rights
in the United StatesDistinguish between the wide array of voter
registration systems implemented in the 50states
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Learning Objectives
5
Assess the influence of different factors in
influencing voter turnout, including personal
demographics and the type of election contest
Analyze the trends in U.S. voter turnout overtime and how turnout in the United States
compares to that in other democracies
Explain the many forms of political
participation beyond voting
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The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
Tea Party arrived on the political scene in 2010
Principles espoused by the Tea Party movement Fiscal responsibility
Adherence of the Constitution Limited government
Opposition to excessive government spending
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Tea Party activists wearing themed costumes march in a tax-revolt rally in 2009
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Roles of political parties (according to the American Political ScienceAssociation, APSA)
Offering clear programs to voters
Developing policy positions and opinions
Encouraging voter registration Working toward achieving the programs and policies they
recommend when they are successful in elections
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The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
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The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
8
Founders designed a federal system without
political parties
They thought parties would promote corruption and
bias in the political system. They distrusted & rejected pol parties
Political Parties are organizations that
seek to win elections to influence government
are guided by a political philosophy
rooted in particular values/ideas lead to specific issue
positions
In his Federalist No. 10 in 1787, James Madison elaborated on his fear of factions = poli tical partieswith
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American political parties vs. most other
democratic countries American parties tend to alienate themselves to the
ideological extremes during elections
Parties in most democracies are strong and well organized,
whereas American parties tend to be weak organizationally
American parties have strong, clear constituencies based
along religious, social, and regional differences
Unlike some European counterparts, American partiescannot depend on unwavering support from their
constituents
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The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
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Parties are also important in other
democracies around the globe
British Prime Minister David Cameron of the
Conservative Party
Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of the Likud
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European political parties have clear
constituencies based on social class
region ethnicity
religion
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Parties are also important in other
democracies around the globe
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The First Parties in America
British Tory Party
Supporters of the English crown loyalty to Britain & the king
British Whig Party Advocates of independence a new and independent American nation
Federalists and Anti-Federalists
Pitted against each other over ratification debate
The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
Though never explicitly intended, a competition for power between the 2
parties has been
proven to be a significant check against tyranny
Positive role of political parties they play a central role in running
government at all
levels, including organizing and providing context to voters
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George Washington despised parties &
refused to endorse their presence in politics
His supporters organized the Federalist Party
Democratic-Republican Party Opposed an overly strong national government
Challenged the Federalists
The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
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The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
Election poster in 1828 for Andrew Jackson. Jackson is the founder oftodays Democratic Party
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1796 election
Federalists endorsed Adams who won the
presidency
Democratic-Republicans endorsed Jeffersonwho won the vice-presidency
1800 election
Resulted in a tied Electoral College vote
Process modified to recognize political parties
The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
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Twelfth Amendment
Deferred to the reality of political parties
Formally separated Electoral College vote for
president and vice president Helped avoid the earlier problems of a bipartisan
presidency and/or a tied vote it corrected a frequent problem of havinga president and a vice president who were political enemies from different political parties
The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
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Purposes of the earliest national party
conventions Selection of the partys presidential candidate by the delegates
Selection of the candidate for vice president
Adoption and articulation of the party platform
Coordination of the activities of parties across the states in anticipation of
the pending national elections
Party platforma document, or official statement that outlines the political parts
position on important policy issues
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The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
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The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
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The 1800 election marked the beginning of
the end Federalist party
Became extinct after the election of 1820
Lack of competition fragmented theDemocratic-Republicans
1824 election
No candidate received a majority of electoral votes
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The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
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A Second Party System Emerges
Andrew Jackson formed the Democratic Party
Adams supporters formed National Republican
Party Election of 1828
Jackson elected based on his populist campaign
Changed the nature of campaigns
Presidential election influenced by masses
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The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
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Whigs and Democrats were national parties
Civil War was demise of Whig party
Republican Party replaced the Whig party
The Whig Party split bcs serious differences over the legality and morality of slave
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The Development of
Political Parties in the United States
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Modern Party System in America
Realignment or critical election
An election that results in a clear shifting of voter
preferences from one party to another, or that clearly
solidifies a partys unity
Dealignment
the decline in voter attachment to both parties
Functions of political parties
*negotiating content of new laws
*recruiting and promoting political candidates
*setting the agenda of government
*defining the nature of public policy
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The Functions of Political Parties
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Party identification Feelings of attachment to a particular party
Helps form attitudes on issues and voting decisions
Normal vote
Research shows There are more party identifiers than independents
Number of Democrats and Republicans is equal
Divided Government (split party control of presidency and Congress) Difficult to advance policy goals
Obamas 2008 victory temporarily ended divided
government
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Party Identifiers Who Say They Will
Support the Party Line
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Why a Two-Party System?
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Factors that contribute to a two-party system
Electoral College
Winner take all process for members of Congress
Ideological nature of public opinion in America Laws and regulations governing campaigns favor
major parties
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Why a Two-Party System?
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Minor and Third Parties
Most fail to register 1% of the popular vote in
presidential elections
Obstacles Sense that the vote would be wasted
Historical/cultural institutionalization of two-party system
Most voters identify with one of the two major parties
Limited media attention or coverage
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Ex. of third parties today
Green Party identified with a number of social justice causes,including feminism, promotion of diversity, and global
responsibility
Libertarian Party endorses the notion that govt should be smalland limited, interfering as little as possible with the
lives of citizens. It places a premium on individual
liberties and personal responsibility
Socialist Party endorses a strong government role in providinghealth care, jobs, housing, and education, among
other public programs
The Rent is Too Damn High Party Jimmy McMillan [1:22] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXuCV1jxzAk
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Why a Two-Party System?
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Are Parties in Decline?
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U.S. political parties may be in decline
Others argue certain aspects are declining
Scholars argue that parties are showing resurgence in
relevance
Parties remain alive and active regardless of view
Factors contributing to the decline of political parties
Increase negativity toward the parties
Mass media neglecting to cover parties
Voters now turning to media as their prime information source about political
issues and candidates
Mass media allowing candidates to appeal directly to the public for financial
support
Patronage the practice by which victorious parties offer loyal members jobs in government
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Voting
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Representative democracy
Citizens choose those responsible for making and
enforcing public policy
Majoritarianism Choice supported by most voters prevails
Consent of governed is satisfied
Voting
Ensures majority will rule
Requires elections on regular basis
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Voting
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Toward Universal Suffrage
Originally limited to white men with property
Civil War Amendments
Fifteenth Amendment guarantees the right to vote regardless of Poll tax, literacy test
Nineteenth Amendment guarantees women the right to vote
Twenty-third Amendment gave residents of D.C. the right to vote
Twenty-fourth Amendment outlawed poll taxes
Twenty-sixth Amendment lowered the voting age to 18
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Voting
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Voter Registration Laws
Massachusetts first to require people to register
Most state registration systems adopted after
Civil War Individuals must meet qualifications to vote
Self-initiated voter registration
Motor Voter law
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Exercising the Franchise
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Factors that lead people to vote
Interest in politics
Sense of civic duty
Perception of impact on outcome Social group pressure
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Exercising the Franchise
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Who Turns out to Vote?
Youth nonvoting
Less rooted in a community
Wealthy and educated citizens more likely to vote Education sharpens the mind
Improves ability to understand problems
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Exercising the Franchise
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Methods of Casting a Ballot
Hand-counted paper ballots
Mechanical lever machines
Computer punch cards Optical scan cards
Electronic voting systems
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Differences in Voter Turnout Among Demographic
Groups in the 2008 Presidential Election
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Exercising the Franchise
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Why Dont More People Vote?
High turnout shows healthy democratic system
Rational choice theory
Costs outweigh benefits
Five factors that characterize a high-stimulus
election
Presidential elections produce highest turnouts
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Voter Turnout in U.S. Congressional and
Presidential Elections
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Exercising the Franchise
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Is Nonvoting a Problem?
Yes
Low turnout is a symptom of a weak democracy
Awards advantages to affluent society groups
No
Voting for sake of voting produces poor choices
Voting is voluntary
May be an indication of satisfaction
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Participation beyond Voting
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