Machine Gun Notes No 1 Part 1

8/8/2019 Machine Gun Notes No 1 Part 1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/machine-gun-notes-no-1-part-1 1/95



THE GENERAL SERVICE SCHOOLS

LIBRARY

THE COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE

LIBRARY

Pi-

Call NumberM_4O4T_H7-Af73Call NumberM_4O4T_H7-Af73

Accession Numberccession 7321umber 7321

GGSC Form 154 (Rev) 22 Oct 52 GSC Form 154 (Rev) 22 Oct 52

USA CGSC—PB-0155— 19 Jul 57—5 MHA/. \SA CGSC—PB-0155— 19 Jul 57—5 MHA/. \\

For Translation See Classor Translation See Class

—99—G. S. Schs., Fort Leavenworth— B-15-27 25M

3



26 -rrH:

//iT- N*<1

MACHINE GUN NOTES

No.l

i

EDITEDAT

ARMY WAR COLLEGE

MAY,1917

\

«

1 *!Ll A-1 flO^ WASHINGTON

//

*..

rO|T*'trXcfiV /government printing office

1917

.c:^



9

THE COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE

LIBRARY

Call Number JL4O4-H7- A%7_3

Accession Number 41927

CGSC Form 164 (Rev) 22 Oct 62USA CGSC—PB-0155— 19 Jul 57—6 M



WAR DEPARTMENT,

Washington, May 26, 1917.

The following reprint of Machine Gun Notes No.1is publishedfor the information of all concerned.

[2608038, A.G. o.]Order op the Secretary op War:

TASKER H. BLISS,Major General, Acting Chief of Staff".

Official:

H. P.McCAIN,

The Adjutant General.3



War Department,The Adjutant General's Office,

Washington, June 19, 1917.To allofficers of the Army:

You are advised that this and allsubsequent documents of a simi-lar character, which may be furnished to you from this office, are to

be regarded as strictly confidential. They are to be kept at alltimes in your personal possession, and are not to be copied, nor areany parts of their contents to be communicated either directly or

indirectly to the press, nor to any persons not in the militaryornaval

service of the United States. InEurope these documents are not

to be carried into the front line trenches, nor farther to the frontthan the usual post of the officers to whom issued.

Strict compliance with this injunction is enjoined upon everyofficer into whose hands any of these confidential documents maycome.

order of the Secretary of War:H.P. McCain,

The Adjutant General.

5



TABLE OF CONTENTS.

GENERAL.Page.

Notes on the employment of Lewis guns in desert warfare 9

Notes on the employment of machine guns, 37-mm. guns, and

Methods of layingmachine guns in the direction of invisible

7

Infantry machine-gun company training 33

light automatic weapons by Cavalry 115

Method of instruction in the Lewis gun 149

targets by means of maps, compass, and traversing dial 180

Some notes onLewis guns and machine guns 183French notes onmachine guns 203

Order of the SixthBavarian divisionregarding machine guns . 206



DETAILEDTABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

Notes on the employment of Lewisguns ha. desert warfare 11

Employment of Machine Guns inDesert Warfare

in Egypt.

Control 19

Stoppages and action of sand 19Prolonged stoppages 20Transport 21

Ammunition supply 21

Combined sights 21

Indirect fire 21

Cooperation between machine-gun companies and Lewis-gundetachments 21

Overhead covering fire 21

Emplacements 22

Horsemanship 22

Spare barrels 22

Sledges 22

Fire 23

Command 23

HOTCHKISS AND LEWIS GUN COURSES.

Part I. Instructional : 2411. Classification practices 10, 11, and 13 only 25

111. Fieldpractices 26

Notes onmethod of conducting the practices:

Part I.Instructional 26

11. Classification practices 28

111. Fieldpractices 28IV. Advance fieldpractices 30

9



NOTES ON THE EMPLOYMENT

OF

LEWIS GUNS

IN

DESERT WARFARE IN EGYPT

ISSUED BY THE BRITISHGENERAL STAFF

DECEMBER,1916

11



NOTES ON THE EMPLOYMENT OP LEWIS GUNS

IN DESERT WARFARE.

1. The general experience seems to be that itis never possibleto control more than two guns in action, and that it is usually

necessary to control each gun separately. This bears out the general

experience of Lewis gun officers during the war.

2. Very little trouble seems to have been experienced fromstoppages except from the action of sand. This result appears to

be due to the realization by commanders of Lewis gun detachments"of the necessity of "Care and cleaning, and also to the simplicityand speed with which the guns can be stripped for this purpose.

Itis necessary to note that parts such as the gas chamber and barrelmouthpiece should be very rarely stripped, as the fine threads by

which these parts are' connected together easily becoming damaged.

On the other hand, the gas cylinder and gas regulator must befrequently stripped, as otherwise it is impossible to clean themproperly. The latest pattern of both gas cylinder and gas regulatorhave much stouter threads than earlier patterns.

As regards prolonged stoppages, the breakage of the cartridgeguide spring appears to have been the most common, but to havebeen very quickly remedied. Plenty of "spares" for the purposeare kept with the gun. Instances are mentioned of guns firing as

many as 3,000 rounds without a stoppage. An instance occurred of

a bullet carrying away the gas regulator key and at the same timeturning the gas regulator. This was not noticed by the gun numbers,and the gun was in consequence out of action for about 15 minutes.This accident would usually have the effect of turning the gun intoa hand-operated magazine firer, since the action of the gases isdestroyed. This fact should be a useful guide to Lewis gun detachments under similar circumstances. Several separated cases arereported/ The fact that no clearing plug has tillrecently beencarried made this stoppage verydifficultto deal with,if,as sometimes

happened, the separated portion was not extracted from the chamberby the next round. A clearing plug is now being supplied for eachgun.

Difficulties from the action of sand were experienced in a greateror less degree by most detachments. The general experience

13



14 MACHINE GUN NOTES NO. 1.

appears to have been that the amount of trouble met with was

proportionate to the amount of care taken. For example, onedetachment commander gives his experience as follows: "On

August 5 the gun was in action for a short time only, as difficultieswere experienced with sand in magazines and in the gun, makingit impossible to fire bursts of more than three or four shots. OnAugust 9 we were in action most of the day, as great care was taken"to keep the gun and magazine free from sand.

The followingpoints were found of assistance by various detach

ment commanders and should be noted:(1) Guns when not in use should be kept in the covers which arenow being issued. Magazines, too, should be kept in the carrierstillthe last moment.

(2) Too much oilshould not be used to keep the gun clean. Only

a slightlyoiled rag should be used when the gun is not actually firing.

(3) Suction of sand into the mechanism was prevented by layinga coat or ground sheet under the gun and occasionally by wettingthe ground under the forward part.

(4) A magazine which has been dropped in the sand should not

be used untilithas been unloaded and thoroughly cleaned.(5) Special precautions must be taken should any windbe blowing.

3. Pack transport appears to have been general and to have beenmost satisfactory.

4. Combined sights were only\used cm one or twooccasions, owingto the fact that guns were generally used singly. Itshould be remembered that combined sights are useless for ranging purposes, thatthey

areonly needed at long ranges, and that the

Lewisgun

isprimarily a short-range weapon. Still, occasions may arise whencombined sights can be employed usefully.

5. Indirect fire was not used and appears not to have been suited

to the particular actions described. Itis on veryrare occasions thatLewis guns can be used for indirect firebecause:

(I) Indirect fire can not be directed froma bipod, and(II)Indirect fire is usually sustained fire for searching woods,

approaches, and reverse slopes, and the Lewis gun is unsuited for

sustained fire.6. Cooperation between the machine-gun companies and the

Lewis gun detachments was sometimes maintained, but was not suf

ficientlygeneral. One excellent example isgiven of the Lewis gundetachment commander not only cooperating with the M.G. section

in his vicinity,but also obtaining ranges for the artillery forward



15ACHINE GUN NOTES NO. 1.

observing officer by means of bursts of fire from his guns. 1 Itcan

not be too strongly impressed on allconcerned that cooperation between the Lewis gun detachments and the machine-gun companies

both before and during action is essential if the best results are to

be obtained.

7. The establishment of one N. C. O. and sixmen was found adequate for infantry units. In the case of mounted units, an increaseof two men, to act as leaders of pack animals and horse holders,appears necessary.

8. The usual methods of "Indication and recognition of targets"appear to have worked satisfactorily.

9. The followingpoints seem worthy of consideration:(a) A pair of field glasses would be of the greatest assistance to

each N. C. 0. in charge of a detachment.(6) Regimental arrangements should be made to insure that an

adequate supply of oilis always available with the guns. The provision of ammunition and oilin action is one of the special duties ofthe battalion Lewis gun officer.

(c) Company commanders should be taught to appreciate the valueof their Lewis gun detachments. They can only do this if they

have some knowledge of their tactical employment. The firepowerof a well-handled Lewis gun is certainly not less than that of30 rifles.

(d) Numbers 5 and 6 should be trained regimentally in theirduties of scouts and range takers.

(c) To aid invisibility and facilitate transport, it has been found

.useful to cover the radiator casing of the earlier pattern guns with

puttees, etc. The more recent pattern guns have, however, been

painted service color before issue.

1 The use of Lewis guns for findingranges for the artillerymust be considered very

exceptional, c.g., for ranges of notmore than 1,500 yards when artillery range findersarenot available.

t



NOTES ON THE EMPLOYMENT

OF

MACHINE GUNS

IN

DESERT WARFARE IN EGYPT

ISSUED BYTHE BRITISH GENERAL STAFF

DECEMBER, 1916

— 17

101S62 o—l70 17 2



NOTES ON THE EMPLOYMENT OP MACHINE GTJNS INDESERT WARFARE.—

1. Control. The general experience has been that the control ofmore than two guna in action is almost always impossible. Thisbears out the general experience of machine gunners throughout

the war. —2. Stoppages and action

ofsand-—Vickers. With the Vickers

guns the only trouble experienced was that when the guns weremounted in the "Low position," sand was sucked up into the

mechanism through the ejection opening on the underside of thebreech casing. This was remedied in some cases by putting a coat

under the gun.—Maxim. A careful consideration of all the reports received

from the different units shows that the amount of trouble experiencedfrom stoppages was by no means excessive. In many cases no

trouble whatever occurred, and where difficulties did occur theycould almost always be traced to two causes:

(1) The action of sand, and(2) The condition of the locks and the lack of spare parts. —As regards the action of sand as in the case of the Lewis guns

it was obvious that where the trouble from this cause had beenforeseen and special precautions had been taken, its illffects werelargelyminimized. The followingquotation is of interest as bearing

out this statement: "No special difficulties were encountered

owing to the action of sand in the mechanism, as we were able to

keep the guns practically clear of sand by exercising a reasonableamount of care. The guns were examined and cleaned on everypossible occasion."

Except when actually in action guns should invariably be kept

covered whether on the move or in camp. Bags made from light

canvas or any other suitable material can be improvised for thispurpose. It should be remembered, however, that guns kept in

this way for anylength

of time need frequent attention; otherwisethey very quickly rust. In emplacements, blinds, where provided,

should be kept down whenever possible. Special precautions

should be taken whenever the windis blowing.

19



20

PRUPtirtTX OF U. S. AR«n

MACHINE GTJN NOTES NO. 1.

The trouble caused by sand can be considered under three head-ings, viz:

(1) Its action in the lock; (2) its action in the feed block; and(3) itsaction in—he belt.

(1) The lode. Locks should not be kept dry but covered with

a thinfilmof oil. A wipeover withan oilyrag isallthat is necessary.The spare lock should be kept in its walletuntilactually required.Anyloss of timein changing locks is amply repaid by the fresh lockbeing fitfor use. —

(2) The feed block. The above remarks are equally applicable

to feed blocks, special attention being paid,as faras oilis concerned ,to the action of—he slide.(3) The belts. The greatest care should be taken to keep the

boxes and belts free from sand. Thisprecaution is specially neces-sary just after a belt has been fired. What usually happens isthat the used portion of the belt is allowed to fallinto the sand onone side of thegun, whilethe box when empty is thrown aside on theother, getting half filledwithsand in the process. The belt is thenat once refilled and put back into the sandy box. More sand is

worked into the belt in the process of refilling. Itis from thissource that sand finds its way into the feed tjlocks causing sluggish

feed and trouble with the upper pawls, and hence stoppage in thefourth position.

Too much care can not be taken in the correct filling and over-hauling of belts. The latter duty should be carried out by Nos. 3

and 4 during action. Itmust be remembered that, however accu-rately a belt may have been filled before moving off, itis quite

possible for a few hours on a pack saddle to renderit

quite incapableofbeing fired without stoppages.—Prolonged stoppages. These were generally caused by brokencotter pins. This stoppage seems to have occurred to an absolutelyinexplicable extent, supposing that the right sized cotter pin was

used. It must be remembered that when washers are taken intouse the correct size cotter pin must be used with them; this pre-

caution ismost essential, otherwise breakages are sure to occur. Thelength of the connecting rod should be continually tested by the

artificers.In the event of a No. 3 stoppage occurring and of the cover being

opened to investigate the cause, the horns of the extractor shouldalways be forced down to remedy this defect. Any attempt to

pullthem up may lead to an explosion of the cartridge and a resultingaccident.




Every effort should be made by company commanders to insure

that the sections are as complete as possible in spare parts andparticularly in spare locks. In the event of failure to obtain thenecessary articles, the company commanders should report the fact

to superior authority.—

3. Transport. Pack transport was generally used and appearsto have been satisfactory. The weight a horse or mule can carry

inheavy sand and the best method of packing to avoid any dangerof chafing are matters to which company commanders should pay

the closest attention. —4. Ammunition supply. Pack animals supplemented when

necessary by camels and limbered wagons appear to have beengenerally used. Careful arrangements seem to have been made by

allcompany commanders to insure the continuity of their supply,and the results appear to have been successful in all cases. Toomuch emphasis can not be laid on the necessity for these arrange-ments by allM.G.officers.—

5. Combined sights. Combined sights with two guns were used

with goodresults on several occasions. Two instances occur illus-

trating a right and a wrongmethod of using this formof fire.(a) Indirect fire with combined sights was used by one section

to search the reverse slope of a hill. This proceeding is very sound,

and the officer notes in his report that though observation could not

be obtained "the Turks came out."(6) Another officer reports that he used combined sights "to

obtain the range." Combined sights are useless for this purpose.—6. Indirect fire. Indirect fire was seldom employed, but oppor-

tunities for the use of this method of fire willoccur in future. All" "sections should be instructed in the "Graticule and "Spirit level

methods which are very simply and quickly employed in action.

7. Cooperation between M.G. companies and Lewis gun detach-—

ments. Cooperation appears to have been attained in several cases,

but is not yet sufficiently general. M.G.. company and sectionofficers should give the most careful study to this question both inattack and defense, for itis only by the complete cooperation of all

arms that success can be attained. This cooperation should nowhere

be closer than between the machine gunners and Lewis gunners,

whose methods, up to a certain point,are similar, and therefore makemutual understanding easy.—

8. Overhead covering fire. Overhead covering fire was used onmany occasions, the "Tangent sight method" being that most

commonly employed. Allranks should be instructed in the use of




thismethod, which is of the greatest assistance whenever the controlpasses from the officer to the No. lat the gun. Itshould be remembered that the "card and string" method, used in conjunction withit, enables the section officer to insure that his No. l's are preservingthe correct "angle of safety."

—9. Emplacements. Great care must be taken in deciding whether

overhead cover should be provided or not. Itmust always beremembered that although such cover is of the greatest value against

shrapnel and bullets, itis useless against a direct hit from a heavy

shell,and that an emplacement which has been detected, eitherfrom the enemy's position or from aircraft reconnaissance, will

most certainly be subjected to bombardment and probably

destroyed. Several instances of this actually occurred during theoperations of last August. Many officers mention in their reports

that the scrubby "tumps," which are common in some localities,

can easily and quickly be converted into emplacements in whichguns are quite indistinguishable, and they say that guns which have"been brought forward to a "position of readiness are far safer when

kept in these than when on the reverse slopes of hills or in valleys,both of which were always heavily shelled. Light overhead coveron which pieces of scrub were planted would in these cases be ofgreat protection against hostile aircraft reconnaissance. Great caremust be taken in cases where emplacements are furnished withoverhead cover that the latter is high enough for the cover to belifted and the lock and feed block removed if necessary. Thisshould always be tested at once on taking over emplacements fromother troops.

Loopholes should be blinded when the gun is not actually inuse.Care must be taken that they are of sufficient size not to restrict thefieldof fire of the guns.

—10. Horsemanship. Since rapid reconnaissance is essential in

all machine-gun tactics, officers commanding companies should

insure that all their section officers are sufficiently expert horsemento enable them to make fulluse of the chargers at their disposal.

—11. Spare barrels. Several extemporized methods of carrying

the spare barrel were observed. It is absolutely necessary thatsome dust-proof covering or box should be provided for this article

when pack transport is employed.

12. Sledges.—

Frequent attention is drawn in officers' reports to

the long distances which guns had tobe carried owing to the lack ofcover for transport animals. It is thought that some light form of




sledge might be of use in desert warfare, and experiments in this

directionmight

wellbeworth undertaking.—13. Fire. An idea appears to have arisen in some quarters that

the machine gun is best adapted for enfilade fire, the Lewis gun fordirect fire. The second part ofthe theory is entirely false. Machineguns of whatever description should always attempt to obtainoblique or when possible enfilade fire for which they are peculiarly

adapted. The mistake may perhaps have arisen from the fact thatthe arrangement of guns advocated for the defense of a position is"that the machine guns should formthe "Beltof fire while the Lewis

guns cover avenues of approach which are, from the conformationof the ground, protected from the fire of the former. This oftenleads to the Lewis guns having to be employed to bring a direct fireto bear down such approaches, but this is always a matter of necessityand not of choice.—14. Command. As some doubts seem stillto exist on the matter

the following decision as regards the command of machine-gunsections may be of help to M.G. officers and others: "M.G. sectionsdetached from their company and ordered to cooperate with any

body of troops are under the orders of the officer commanding thosetroops, and the company commander can notmove or take away anysuch sections without the permission of that officer or a direct orderfrom the brigadier. The M.G. company commander may give his

advice as to the use or disposition of such sections, but the responsibilityas to whether ornot he takes that advice rests with the commander of the troops. Sections heldin reserve ordetailed for special

duties are under the orders of the M.G. company commander."




HOTCHKISS ANDLEWIS GUN COURSES.

—Part I. Instructional.

a range <ange < E 25 yards5 yardsplatilati 35 , Musk«5, Musk«

[o .o . Nature ofature practice.f practice. Rounds.ounds.

Holdingolding 122

doo 122

3 Groupingrouping 6

4 doo 188

Applicationpplication 122

Distribution bistribution yy 300groups (alonggroups aalong a

Distribution bistribution yy 300swinging.winging.

•Rectification oectification ff 500stoppages.toppages.

jtalrounds per man:talrounds per man: Hotchkiss,otchkiss,

•actices 1and 3 willn<actices 1and 3 willn< »t bet firede fired

i. Target, Instructional Mac!. Target, Instructional Mac! lineine 'argeiargeijtryInstructions, Part ll.]tryInstructions, Part ll.]

Method of conducting and object ofpractice.ethod of conducting and object ofpractice.

Single shots. To accustom the fjrer to theingle shots. To accustom the fjrer to thegun, and assist in obtaining the correct setun, and assist in obtaining the correct set-ting of the Hotchkiss gas regulator.ing of the Hotchkiss gas regulator.

Rapid, in two groups of 6 rounds each on difapid, in two groups of 6 rounds each on dif-

ferent figures. To accustom the^firer to theerent figures. To accustom the^firer to thegun, grouping, and correct tension of the reun, grouping, and correct tension of the re-turn spring. (Hotchkiss gas regulator.)urn spring. (Hotchkiss gas regulator.)

Single snots. To teach importance of coningle snots. To teach importance of con-sistency of aim and holding.istency of aim and holding.

Rapid, fired inthree spaced groups of 6 roundsapid, fired inthree spaced groups of 6 roundseach. Each group to be fired at a separateach. Each group to be fired at a separatefigure. To teach the firer, who in the preigure. To teach the firer, who in the pre-vious practices has learned the holding andious practices has learned the holding andpeculiarities of the gun, how to group hiseculiarities of the gun, how to group hisshots consistently; and totest his accuracy ofhots consistently; and totest his accuracy ofholding. A group should not exceed 3-incholding. A group should not exceed 3-inchring.ing.

Rapid, in two groups of 6 rounds each; theapid, in two groups of 6 rounds each; the

first group to be fired at the figure named,irst group to be fired at the figure named,withregulation aim; the second group at anithregulation aim; the second group at an-other figure, correcting point ofaim, ifnecesther figure, correcting point ofaim, ifneces-sary,in order to bring the group withintheary,in order to bring the group withintheband directly over the figure aimed at. Toand directly over the figure aimed at. Toteach the firer how to apply correctly hiseach the firer how to apply correctly hisgroup to a given target, and to change hisroup to a given target, and to change hispoint of aim quickly.oint of aim quickly.

Rapid, to be fired ingroups of 3to4 rounds (notapid, to be fired ingroups of 3to4 rounds (notspaced), and in two parts of 15 rounds each;paced), and in two parts of 15 rounds each;

left to right 15 rounds, and right to left 15eft to right 15 rounds, and right to left 15rounds; each part as itis fired willbe critiounds; each part as itis fired willbe criti-cized separately. To teach the firerto engageized separately. To teach the firerto engagea linear target, and to ensure that no spaceslinear target, and to ensure that no spaces

of theline are missed.

Thebipod or

barrelf theline are missed.

Thebipod or

barrelrest willbeused.est willbeused.Position lying. Two^thirds of the target tobeosition lying. Two^thirds of the target tobe

crossed inone continuous burst, evenly androssed inone continuous burst, evenly andsmoothly. The radiator casing or barrel willmoothly. The radiator casing or barrel willbe rested on a sandbag or parapet.e rested on a sandbag or parapet.

Position lying. Accuracy of shooting, afterosition lying. Accuracy of shooting, afterrectification, tobe criticized.ectification, tobe criticized.

170; Lewis,70 ; 152.ewis, 152.>y Lewisy gunners.ewis gunners.



MACHINE (MACHINE (X..

Part ll.^Classificatioart ll.^Classificatio praci '.ices.icesraci 0, 11, 11 and ISnd only.S only.

too

Nature ofature of Target.arget. Method ofethod conducting.fconducting.o.o. practice.ractice.

IYds.ds . Sees.ees.

Ranginganging Plates, iron 40000lates, iron 255 The firer willobserve hishe firer willobserve hisfalling,alling, own fire, without out-wn fire, without out-placed solaced so side assistance.ide Burstsssistance. Burststhat theythat they of from 5 to 10 roundsf from 5 to 10 roundscannot beannot be (unspaced) willunspaced) beill beknockednocked fired. Whenired. ranging,hen ranging,over.lver.l the sights should behe sights should be

altered betweenltered eachetween eachburst, ifurst, necessary.f necessary.

The firer should sayThe firer should say"Range" whenRange" found,hen found,and ceasend fire.ease fire.

100 Applicationpplication Screen 3'X10.creen 3'X10. 400 The time allowedhe00 inime allowed in-cludes loading.ludes Burstsoading. Burstsof about 5 roundsf about 5 roundsshould behould fired.e fired.

111 Distribution ofistribution of Screen3'X2o'.creen3'X2o'. 30000 40 10 rounds willbe00 utilizedounds willbe utilizedgroups along for ranging purposesorroups asanging purposes aslonga line. in practicen 6.ractice 6.ine.

Two magazines or stripywo magazines or stripyof25rounds each. Thisf25rounds each. Thistime includesime reloading.ncludes reloading.The first 25 rounds willhe first 25 rounds willbe fired from left toe fired from left toright, the second 25ight, the second 25rounds from right toounds from right toleft. (Fired in Durstseft. (Fired in Durstsofabout 5rounds.)fabout 5rounds.)

122 Distribution byistribution by Screen3'X3o\creen3'X3o\ 50 Two magazines orwo0 strips.agazines or strips.swinging.winging. 18 spaces. The first of 20he8 rounds,irst of 20 rounds,paces.

the second of30rounds.he second of30rounds.The time includes rehe time includes re-loading, the firing ofoading, the firing ofeach swing must beach swing must becontinuous.ontinuous.

13 Snap-shooting.

.nap-shooting.3

.Figure 3igure 3 10000 »1515 3 The figure will behe exigure will be ex-»66 3 posed for 3 secondsosed ator 3 seconds at

a time. At each extime. At each ex-posure 3 to 5 roundsosure 3 to 5 roundswillbe fired in the caseillbe fired in the caseof the Lewis gun and inf the Lewis gun and inthe case of the Hotch-he case of the Hotch-Mss gun, 2 roundsss gun, 2 rounds(single shots).single Hitshots). Hitswill be signaled as inill be signaled as in

rifle practices.rifle practices.

iSee Musketry RegSee Musketry Reg llations, Part 11, plations, Part 11, p»ar.ar.* 201.01 .

*Lewisgun.

Lewisgun.

Hotehkiss gun.otehkiss gun.

Total rounds per man: Hotehkiss guiotal rounds per man: Hotehkiss gui i, 169 rounds; Lewi, 169 rounds; Lewiis gun, 170 rounds.s gun, 170 rounds.

CLASLAS HFICATION.FICATION.

The firerwillbe classified on the resihe firerwillbe classified on the resi Its ofpractices 10 . 11, and1,Its 13.nd 13.fpractices 10 .

Points willbe allotted as follows:

Practice 10 (application), 20 rounds, 2points per hit.



26 MACHINE GTTN NOTES NO. 1.

Practice 11 (distribution),50 rounds, 12:ractice 11 (distribution),50 rounds, 12:spaces, 4paces, pointspoints sper space hit.per space hit.

Practice 13 (snap-shooting), 3 exposures,Practice 13 (snap-shooting), 3 exposures, ,4points per fi|4points per fi|gure hit.ure hit.-For "first-class" gunner, 70 points.or "first-class" gunner, 70 points.

For "qualified" gunner, 45 points.or "qualified" gunner, 45 points.—Note. Practice 12 may be omitted iftiote. Practice 12 may be omitted ifti [me isme ihsufficies ihsufficie jn t for the complete course.nt for the complete course.

rhe "swinging traverse" should only behe "swinging traverse" should only be taught foruse iaught foruse iin emergency, e.g., for then emergency, e.g., for therepulse of a frontal attack at short range.epulse of a frontal attack at short range.

Part lII.—art JII.—J %eld practiceeld practice !S.S.

Prac-rac-Nature.ature. Target.arget. Range.ange. Bounds.ounds. Objects.bjects.

tice.ice.

Yards.ards.144 Attackttack 15faUingiron 600 to005faUingiron 400o 400 Sufficient toufficient to i.Quick change ofposition.Quick change ofposition

plates onlates ana show effect.how effect. and rapid opening of fire.nd rapid opening of fire.15-yard5-yard ii .Concealment by the usei.Concealment by the usefrontage.rontage. of existingf cover.xisting cover.

iii.Method of carrying theii.Method of carrying thegun.un.

iv.Ammunition supply byv.Ammunition supply byNo.2.o.2.

v. Replacement of casual. Replacement of casual-ties.ies.

155 5iron fallingiron falling About 600bout 600 do i. Rapidity in engaging.o aapidity in engaging a

plates per target when onargetlates thehen on theergun on a march.arch.un on a5-yard ii. Use ofi.-yard hand-cart.se ofhand-cart.frontage. iii.Use ofexistingii.rontage. cover.se ofexisting cover.

iv. Quick and correct apv. Quick and correct ap-plication oflication fire.f fire.

v. Ammunition supply by. Ammunition supply bycarts andarts dumps.nd dumps.

vi. Speed ingetting out ofi. Speed ingetting out ofaction.ction.

NO1NO1 iS OS O METHOETHO OF CF C •NDUCTINiNDUCTINi THE PRACTICES.HE PRACTICES.—Pact I. Instructional.

—1. General. Since Paxt Is probably the first time a new Lewis

or Hotchkiss gunner fires with service ammunition, careful andthorough instruction is necessary throughout these practices. Thebest results willbe obtained by criticizing each portion of apracticeafter its completion.In these practices the firer should learn, as he gains experience,

the peculiarities of his gun and itsmounting, and after fullexplanations and criticism, should be able to compensate for them by suitableholding. These points should receive careful attention and explanation by the instructor, and each group fired must be a separate

lesson in view of the small number of rounds available for instructionalpurposes.



27ACHINE GTTN NOTES NO. 1.—2. Holding 'practices, 1 and 2. (1) Object.— These practices teach

and demonstrate the following:(i) The peculiarities of the bipod;(ii) Any peculiarities of the mechanism;

(iii) The sighting of the gun;

(iv) Correct tension of the return spring, and setting of gas

regulator, which should give a rate of fire of 10 roundsper second;

(v) Correct holding and position of the firer.—(2) Points for criticism. The instructor watches the firer to see

that he holds and fires the gun correctly. Criticisms should take

place, both at the gun position and at the target on the completion

of each group. — —3. Grouping practices, 8 and 4. (-0 Object. Having acquired a

knowledge of the peculiarities ofhis gun, the firer in these practices

learns how to group shots consistently, and obtains further experienceof correct holding, sighting, and adjustment of mechanism andmounting.

—(2) Points

forcriticism. Each group should be fully criticized

as itis fired,both at the gun position and at the target. Inpractice

4 the result of each of the first two groups should be criticized withthe aid of fieldglasses from the gun position. The firer should betaught how to correct his errors.— —4. Application, practice 5. (1) Object. Having been taught how

to group correctly, the firer now learns how to apply a group accu

rately to a given target, to change the point of aim quickly, and to

correct any errors of elevation and direction. The interval between

the first and second group willbe only sufficient for a fresh targettobe indicated. —

(2) Points for criticism. The instructor should take note of the

rate of loading, laying,and firing. The previous practice gives thefirer a guide as to the elevation. At the target errors due to inac

curacies in layingand elevation should be criticized.— —5. Distribution, practice 6. Points for criticism. At the target the

followingpoints should be discussed after each part:(i)Application;

(ii)Length traversed;(iii)Density of each group;(iv)Elevation; and(v) Spaces missed. — —

6. Swinging, practice 7. Points for criticism. At the target theevenness of the distribution of the fire, and its effectiveness, will




be discussed. Attention willbe directed to elevation, and spacesmissed. —Pact II. Classification practices.

7. The practices of Part IIwillnot be fired until the man has

firedPart Iatisfactorily. In the classification practices 10, 11, and13, the firer willeceive noassistance, and the time limitand methodsof loading must be strictly observed. An officer willalways be

present at the butts, and the usual rules for marking, signaling, etc.,

willbe followed. Failure to fire fromwhatever cause, other than de-

fective mechanism, willcount against the firer. In the case of abreakage of mechanism, the practice willbe repeated.

8. Battle sights willnot be used, except in practice 12, when theiremployment is left to the discretion of the conducting officer.

—9. Practice 9. A falling plate, or other aiming mark, should be

placed wellto a flank of each application target and in line with thebottomof the target. Only the actual num ber of rounds required to

find the range should be fired. Rounds thus saved should be used

for Part 111.—

10. Practice 10. The target should be named, but the point of aimmust be leftto the firerand no assistance given to him; the previous

practice should have guided him as to elevation, wind,etc.—11. Practice 11. Only 50 rounds are to be fired at the target.

Any surplus of the 10 rounds allowed for ranging willbe allotted to

Part 111. In filling the Btrips for the Hotchkiss gun, the first fivespaces willbe missed in the first strip and the last fivespaces in the

second strip.—

12. Practice12. This practice will

be fired fromasandbag

or para-pet without using the barrel rest^r bipod; any position suitable to

the available cover willbe adopted.—

13. Practice 13. The figure willbe exposed for three seconds at atime, and froma different part of the trench at each exposure.

—Part 111. Field practices.— —

14. Practice 14 Lewis gun. The gunner lies down 50 yards in rearof the firstposition which should be about 600 yards

fromthe target;

No. 2 willliedown about 50 yards tohis leftrear. On the command""Action No.1willpick up the gun and double forward to the posi-tion indicated and open fire. The gun willbe carried in the most

inconspicuous manner, and the magazine willnot be on the gun. Onfire being opened, No. 2 willdouble forward withtwo magazine car-riers having fullmagazines and liedown under cover to the left rear



29ACHINE GTJN NOTES NO. 1.

of No.- 1. The practice willbe continued as above, each advance

being about 100 yards. Before the final position, No.1

should bemade a casualty, and on the command or signal to advance, No. 2

willpick up the gun as he doubles forward and fireitfrom the final

position. —Points for criticism

(i) The pace of the advance, which should be regulated by

the distance, and physical condition of the firer;

(ii)The method of carrying the gun, which Bhould combine

freedom ofmovement

andinconspicuousness;

(iii)The use of cover, and speed in opening fire; and(iv) The method of supplying ammunition by No. 2, and his

use—f cover. —15. Practice 14 Hotchhiss gun. The team (Nos. 1, 2, and 3) will

be formed up, mounted, in order of march, 300 to 400 yards from thefirst firingposition.

On the command or signal "Action"they willgallop to a convenient position, affording cover for horses, in rear or to the flank of the

firingposition. No. 1willdismount and run to the firingpositionwith the gun and open fire. No. 2 willdismount, take off the ammu

nitionbox, and run withit to No. 1, when he willassume his usualposition on the rightof the gun. The remainder of the practice will

be carried out as withthe Lewisgun, except that No. 2 should be on

the right of the gun when in action. No. 2 willreplace No. la t thelast range.

When the ground is favorable, on the signal "Out of action,"

No. 3will

bringup the horses at the gallop to

No. 2,who willrepackthe gun, mount, and gallop back to the position originally selected

for the led horses. —Points for criticism.

(i) Selection of position fordismounting;

(ii)Quickness inopening fire, and use of cover in fireposition;

(iii)Method of advance and use of cover;

(iv) Ammunition supply and use of cover by No. 2; and(v) Speed—ngetting out of action.

16. Practice IS Lewis gun.— The detachment, with handcarts,willbe moving in column of route when they receive word to engage

the enemy on their flank. They willmove as quickly as possible

withthe carts to a position which is under cover and is as close to

the fire position as tactical conditions allow. A gun and magazine

carrier willbe taken out of the cart by each No.1, and two magazine




carriers by each No. 2. The guns willbe mounted in a position

offering good cover to the firer. No. 2 willtake cover to the rearand leftflank of No. 1. ''Nos. 3 and 4 willarrange forammunition supply, formingdumps

where necessary between carts and guns.

"Cease fire" willbe given on obtaining effect, and ammunitionsupply willbe practiced. No.1may be made a casualty to enableothers to fire. On "Out of action" being given, carts willbe repacked and march be resumed.—

Points for criticism.(i) Time taken to come intoaction;

(ii) Undue exposure in coming into action;

(iii)Use of cover;

(iv) Method of ammunition supply; and(v) Speed in coming out of action.

— —17. Practice 15 ffotchkiss gun. A similar practice to that of the

Lewis gun may be fired, substituting ammunition supply from pack

horses, instead of from "dumps." Alternatively, if the ground isfavorable, a practice may be framed for a retirement from position

to position, two guns working in mutual support. In both cases,

the main object is to give practice in bringing the gun into actionfrom the horse, opening fire, and remounting the gun again.—

Part IV. Advanced field practices.

The more advanced field practices willtake place in close cooperation witha troop or a platoon.

Totalammunition allowed per man.

Hotch-otch- Lewisewiskississ gun.un. gun.un.

-•artartI'artart III

1707016969

IKK17(7(

tepetitians,epetitians, Partsarts Indnd III•artart 11111'artart IVV

311800500

4!!

Totalotal



INFANTRY MACHINE-GUN

COMPANY TRAINING(PROVISIONAL)

1917

TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH INFANTRY

TRAININGAND MUSKETRY REGULATIONS

ISSUED BYTHE BRITISH GENERAL STAFF

31



DETAILEDTABLEOF CONTENTS FOE INFANTRY

MACHINE-GUN COMPANY TRAINING.

17. Elementary .dxill . <&42

—Chapteb I. Organization and Definitions.

Sec. Page.

1. Organization 35

2. Definitions 35

—Chapter II. Principles and System of Training.

3. General instructions 36

4.Annual training 36

5. Elementary training 36

—Chapter 111. Section and Company Drill.

SECTION DRILL.

6. General Rules 37

COMPANY DRILL.

7. General rules r 37

8. A company in line moving to a flank in column of route,""Actionexpected 37

9. A company in line moving to'a flank in column of route,"Actionnot expected" 38

10. A company in lineadvancing in column of sections 38

11. A company in column of sections formingline in the same

direction 39

12. A company in column of route, "Actionnot expected,"

forming linefacing a flank 39

13. A company in column of route, "Action expected,"

forming line facing a flank 39

14. A company in column of route, "Action expected,"

formingline in the same direction 40

15. A company in column of route, "Actionnot expected,"

formingSine incite yrqr dixecjipn. 40

Ihapter W?^Mj4ai]i^;-Gujr®RiLL| 1|

16. AllocationoTttatJL .JLJ. .&.\..-f~^\- -

Jj .-

\..40

.~ t...T..

18. Combinefc^.^r^^D^l..^^^...^..^^^^19. Auxiliarymounting drill.".'. .'n ..V.-..i*. >.\. £. . *ri\j•H IS

101862^17-^43 I."" f \JI*<

?,Q., ..^,33

47




Sec. Page.

20. Rough-ground drill 51

21.Trench,

drill 5122. Section tactical exercise 54

—Chapter V. Fire Direction.

23. General remarks. 56

24. Traversing fire 5625. Searching fire 5726. Combined sights 58

27. Overhead fire 59

28. Indirect fire 60

29. Night firing 6730. Indirect overhead fire 69

31. Searching reverse slopes 72—hapter VI. Machine Guns in Battle.

32. Introductory 7333. Characteristics of machine guns and Lewis guns com

pared 74

34. The employment of Lewis guns 75

35. The tactical handling of Infantry machine guns 7536. Machine guns in the attack 77

37. Machine guns in the defense 79

38. Machine guns withan advanced guard 80

39. Machine guns witha rear guard 81

40. Village fighting 8141. Occupation of various positions 82

42. Signals 83Appendix A.

Table I.Tangent elevation, angles of descent, etc 84

lla.Trajectory table 84llb.Trajectory table for negative quadrant angles 86—Ma. Quadrant angle —Target above gun 88

angle Target below gun 90IIb.QuadrantIV.Wind allowances 92

V. Allowances foratmospheric influences 92VI.Timeof flight 93

VII.Searching reverse slopes 94

Appendix B.

Indirect overhead fire sheet 94

Plates 96



Chapter I.

ORGANIZATION ANDDEFINITIONS.

1. Organization.—L A machine-gun company consists of

Headquarters.Sections, each of4guns.

The guns may be either Vickers orMaxims, but all the guns of

the same company willbe of the same pattern.2. A machine-gun company is commanded by a major or captain

witha captain or lieutenant as second in command.Each section is divided into two subsections, each commanded by

a subaltern witha sergeant as second in command. The senior of

the two subalterns also commands the section.3. The machine guns of a section are carried in two limbered

G.S. wagons. Each section has also one limbered G.S. wagon for

ammunition.4. Further details as to personnel and vehicles are given in War

Establishments.2. Definitions.

The following definitions are added to those given in InfantryTraining:

—Band offire. When a machine gun is firedso that the cone of fire

is directed on a fixed aiming mark, while the gun is so sighted thatthe first catch is at the muzzle and the cone never rises above the

height of aman, aband offireis formed in the space between the firstcatch and the firstgraze. (See PL XVII.)

For practical purposes on flat ground, the trajectory limits thelength of the band to 600 yards. —

Detachment (in a machine-gun company). The number of men

detailed for the service of one gun. Each detachment is num-

bered from1to 6, permanent duties being allotted to each number.(See sees. 16 and 17.)—

Fightinglimbers.

Thoselimbers detailed

tocarry

theguns,

tri-pods, and first supply ofammunition.—In action. Amachine gun is said to be "in action" when itis

mounted, loaded, and laid, but is not necessarily firing.—

Indirect fire. Fire directed at an object or area of ground whichis invisible from the gun position.

35



36 MACHINE GUN NOTES NO. 1.—Laying. The process of elevating and traversing a gun until its

axis is made to point in any given direction. On completion of

this process the gun is said to be laid.—Machine gun. A gun ofthe Vickers orMaxim type. Lewis gunsare not included in the term machine gun.

—Position of readiness. A position in which guns and personnel are

assembled preparatory to coming intoaction.—Ranges, terms applied to. These are the same for machine guns

as for the rifle.—

Screen offire. Ifmachine guns are sited on any given defensive

line so that no portionof the gound in front of that line is unsweptby at least one band of fire, that front is said to be protected by ascreen offire. (See PI. XVIII.)

Chapter 11.

PRINCIPLES AND SYSTEM OF TRAINING,

3. General instructions.

The principles and system of training laid down in InfantryTraining, Chapter I, apply to the training of the personnel ofmachine-gun companies.

4. Annual training.

1. The details given in Infantry Training, section 8, requiremodification to suit the new organization of machine-gun companies.

2. (a) The establishment given inparagraph lofthe above-quotedsection has been superseded.

(6) Paragraph 2. There willbe no brigade machine-gun officer,but when necessary the commander of the machine-gun companyattached to the brigade willact as such.

3. Machine-gun companies will,favailable, be practiced in field

operations withinfantry battalions, sections being also occasionally

detailed to cooperate with companies of infantry during their

training.5. Elementary training.

The personnel of machine-gun companies are trained as Infantry

soldiers in squad drill,as laid down in Infantry Training, beforebeing instructed in the special formations necessary for machine-gun companies which are given in Chapter 111 of thismanual.



37ACHINE GT7N NOTES NO. 1.

Chapter 111.

SECTION ANDCOMPANY DRILL.

SECTION DRILL.

6. General rules.

1. A section willbe exercised in all the movements of squad drill,

the word section being substituted for squad.

2. The rules laid down in Infantry Training, Chapter 111, for

section and platoon drillwillapply. Itmust be remembered that

a machine-gun section corresponds to a platoon, and a subsectionto an Infantry section.3. The normal positions of the units of a machine-gun section

formed up on parade for inspection are given in Plate I,but a sec

tion parading by itself for inspection will fall in with one pace

interval between subsections.

COMPANYDRILL.

7. General rules.

1. The object of and rules for company drillof a machine-guncompany are the same as laid down in Infantry Training, ChapterIV ,for an Infantry company, withthe provisos laid down in section6 (2) of this manual.

2. The normal positions of the units of a machine-gun company

in line and in column of route, are given in Plates I,11, and 111.3. The detail of some special movements isgiven in the following

sections.

8.A company in line moving to a flank in column of route, "Actionexpected.' 11

—Move to the right (or left) in column of route. No. Section

leading.

1. The company commander, company sergeant major, and sig

nalers willtakepost onthe

flanknearest

the direction of march.2. The section commanders willgive the command No.— Section,

Form-Fours, Right (orLeft),Quick— March, on which the gun limber

iInthis and the followingsections the title of the section or of themovement is

shown in italics,and is followed in the next line by the caution or executive word ofcommand in boldface type. The body of the section contains the detail. Cautions

or words of command referred to in the detail are initalics.




nearest the flank of march willwheel into column of route, followedby its subsection and in succession by the remaining gun limbersand subsections in that order.

3. The ammunition limbers willfollowthe rear section in the same

order as their sections. They willbe followed by the headquarters'limber, water cart, cook's cart, and train transport in rear in that

order.

9. A company in line moving to a flank in column of route, "Actionnot expected."

Move to the Right (oiLeft) in Column ofRoute, Detachments Lead-—ing; Sections, Form Fours, Right (or Left).

1. The company sergeant major and signalers willtake post at thehead of the column.

Quick— March.

1. The men of the detachments willact as in squad drill.

2. When the rear of the detachments are clear the subsection

officer of the leading section willplace himself at the head ofthe gun—limbernearest the direction of march and give the command, No.—

Section, Walk March. This limber willbe followed by the other

gun limber, while the No. 3 limber waits until the gun limbers of

the remaining sections have passed . The remaining subsection com-

manders willact in a likemanner in succession.

3. The ammunition limbers, headquarters' limber, water cart,

cook's cart, and train transport willfollowin that order in rear, super-

vised by the second incommand and the transport sergeant, who will

ride in rear of the column.

4. The corporals and other details, as shown in Plate 11, willact

as brakesmen to the fighting limbers and other vehicles, respectively.

10. A company in line advancing in column of sections.

Advance in Column of Sections from the Bight (or Left).

1. The company sergeant major and signalers will take post in

front of the section commander on the right(or

left) of theline,

distances as in Plate I.

2. No.1section commander willgive the command No.1Section,—by the Right, Quick March. The remaining section commanders insuccession willgive the command No.

—Section, Quick— March, on

which they willlead their sections into their places in column inrear of the preceding section.



39achine gtjn notes no. i.

3. The ammunition limbers willtake post in rear of the last sec-

tion, the limber nearest the flank of direction leading followed bythe headquarters' limber, water cart, cook's cart, and train transport.

11. A company in column of sections forming line in the same direction.

At the Halt, on the Left (or Bight), Form Line, Remainder Left—

(or Right) Incline. —1. The leading section commander willgive the command No.

Section, Halt. The remaining sections willincline as ordered, wheneach section is immediately in rear of its position in line it willreceive fromits commander, Left (or Right) Incline, and, when onalignment, Halt. The section commander will,fnecessary, give thecommand Right (or Left)Dress, on which the whole willtake up

their dressing by the flank of direction.

2. The company sergeant major, signalers, ammunition limbers,

water cart, etc., willmove to their places in line during the move-ment.

3. This movement willalways be done at the halt.

12. A company in column of route, "Action not expected," forminglinefacing a flank.

Atthe halt, line to the left (or right), company halt, left(or right) turn.

1. The men of the detachments willact as in squad drill.2. The subsection officers and the transport sergeant willlead

their wagons to their places in lineduring the movement, and when

the movement is completed willtake up their places in line.3. The company sergeant major, signalers, servants, cooks, etc.,

willtake up their places in line during the movement.

13. A company in column of route, "Action expected," forming linefacing a flank.

At the halt, facing left (or right), form line.

Theleading gun limber

willwheelin the named direction and halt,followed by the remaining gun limbers, which willwheel and haltin succession as they arrive at the correct interval. They willbefollowed by their respective subsections, which willbe led to theirplaces in lineby their subsection sergeants, who willgive the com-mand Halt, left (or right) turn.





headquarters' limber, water cart, cook's cart, and train transport

willmove to their places in lineduring the movement.

14. A company in column of route, "Actionexpected," forming line inthe same direction.

At the halt, on the left (orright), formline.

The leading gun limber willhalt, the remainder disengaging to

the left (or right) and taking up their places in line. As the gunlimbers arrive at their places, their respective subsections willdis-

engage by the right. On reaching the correct distance in frontof the gun limbers, each subsection sergeant willgive the commandAt the halt, on the left (or right), form subsection.


headquarters' limber, water cart, etc., willmove to their places inline during the movement.

15. A company in column of route, "Action not expected," forming

line in the same direction.

—At the halt, on the left(or right), form Company.

1. The men of the detachments willact as in squad drill.2. The gun limbers willbe led to their places in line by their

respective subsection officers.3. The company sergeant major, signalers, cooks, servants, etc.,

ammunition limbers, headquarters' limber, water cart, cook's cart,

and train transport willmove to their places inline during the move-ment.

«. Chapter IV.

— MACHINE GUN DRILL.

Note. The followingsections 16 and 17 are substituted for sec-

tions 102 and 103, respectively, in Infantry Training, Chapter VII.Additional sections, 18 to 22, are added for more advanced training.

In order that training may be progressive, the sequence of thesesections should be adhered to.

16. Allocationof duties.

1. The duties of the section commander are to command the sec-

tion in accordance withhis orders and the tactical situation, to

select gun positions, to observe and to control fire generally, to regu-




late the ammunition supply, and to give instructions regarding the

movements of limbered wagons.2. The duties of the subsection officer are to assist the sectioncommander and to act as second in command of the section. Heshould be ready to replace the section commander should the latter

become a casualty. Normally he ¦will command one subsection inaction and supervise the transport of his section in quarters and on

the line of march.3. The duty of the sergeant is to supervise guns coming intoaction

as the section officer may direct. He must be prepared to take com

mand of the section in the event of both the officers becoming casualties. He is responsible for replacing casualties among the gunnumbers when they occur.

4. The corporal is responsible generally for the packing and contents of the gun limber. On the line of march he marches behindit and works the brake as required. On the order to unpack he willsuperintend the unpacking, and take command in the absence ofthe section officer or sergeant. He willhave the spare parts box

handy,.supervise

the ammunition supply andfilling

ofbelts,

directthe gun limber as required, superintend the fillingof sandbags, andwatch for signals from the section officer. He willbe prepared to

take the place of the sergeant should he become a casualty.

5. The following are the duties of the various numbers:No. lis the firer. He willpersonally clean and look after his gun

and insure that the mechanism is working smoothly. On going

into action he willcarry the Mark IV tripod and place itin a suitable position and assist No.2inmounting the gun. He repeats all

orders received, observes his own fire when possible, and makes thenecessary alterations of elevation and direction.

No. 2 assists No.1at the gun, carries the gun into action when No.1is carrying the tripod, and mounts itwith the assistance of No. 1.

On going into action he willsecure the tube of the condenser to

the gun and take the first-aid case. Inaction he willattend to thefeeding of the gun, watch for signals from the section or companyofficer, and generally assist No. 1.

No.3

isresponsible

forkeeping

thegun supplied

with ammunition, seeing that the condenser (half filledwithwater) reaches thegun position before there is any chance of the water in barrel casingboiling, and carrying out minor repairs while the gun is in action.

No. 4 assists No. 3in his duties. He is responsible for keepingNo. 3 supplied withammunition, water, and spare parts from thespare-parts box as required.




Nos. 5 and 6 are spare men. These numbers and the scout and

range taker, ifdetailed to the section, act according to the orders ofthe section or subsection officer.

6. Section officers willinsure that each man of the section isthoroughly trained in the duties of each "number." A system of""changing round willbe arranged, so that every man willperformthe several duties of the section in turn.

17. Elementary drill.—Note. Elementary drillconsists of the following:

(a) Mounting the gun.(6) Loading.(c) Sight setting and laying.

(d) Unloading.(c) Dismounting the gun.

(/) Coming into action.(g) Coming out of action.(h) Tap traversing and vertical searching.

(% ) Use of condenser tube and bag withwater.

(j)Elementary drillwithgun mounted in lowest position.

1. The guns of a subsection, with tripods and ammunition boxes,willbe placed on the ground, muzzles to the front and in line, legsto the rear, and clamps sufficiently tight to prevent the legs fromhanging loose when the tripod is liftedoff the ground. The travers-

ing clamp should be sufficiently loose to enable the gun to be de-flected by a sharp tap with the hand on the rear crosspiece; guns on

the right, ammunition boxes 3 paces in rear of the guns. The gunsshould be a convenient distance apart, but not closer than 8 paces.

2. On the command Fall in, the subsection willfallin in two

ranks, 5 paces in front of the interval between the two guns, thesergeant on the leftof the frontrank, covered by the corporal in therear rank. The front rank willprovide the right gun detachment,the rear rank the leftgun detachment.

On the command Number, the subsection willnumber from rightto left.

On the command Take post, detachments turn outward anddouble to their respective guns (the sergeant and the corporal on the

outer flank, where they can superintend). Nos. 1and 2 fallin on

the left of the tripod and right of the gun, respectively, No. 3 on theleftof the ammunition box. If the ground is suitable, these num-bers should liedown.




Nos. 4, 5, and 6 should take up positions aa directed by the in-structor.

3. Before commencing drill, each "number" willexamine thegun and equipment as follows: —No.1willexamine the tripod and see that

(a) The legs are closely folded and clamped.(& ) The traversing clamp is sticky.

(c) The pins are in and turned down.(d) The elevating screws are exposed the same amount.—

No. 2 willexamine the gun and see that

(a) The lock is in and the lock spring is released.(6) The sliding shutter is closed (in the Vickers gun).(c) The feed block is in and the front cover catch of the

Vickers gun turned down.(d) The T fixingpinis screwed up and vertical (Vickers gun).

(c) The cork plug is in.

(/) The slide of the tangent sight is adjusted to 600 yards.

(g) The auxiliarymounting is correctly fixedand in working"order.

—No. 3 willexamine the belt and see that

(a) The cartridges are correctly placed.

(b) The belt is packed correctly in the box and the lidfastened.

Nos. 2 and 3 willreport toNo.1when they are satisfied that alliscorrect.

4. Ineach stage of the drillthe correct method willfirstbe demonstrated by the instructor, and will then be practiced by each member of the team before proceeding to the next stage. Duringdrill,thespare numbers willbe brought up near the gun to watch and listento the criticism. No. 1 willalways repeat the words of commandloudly and clearly.

—5. Mounting the gun. A machine-gun instructional target or

landscape target willbe placed about 25 yards from the guns. The

instructor willpoint out a place for the guns to be mounted, not

more than 5 yards from where they are lying. He will then givethe command Mount gun.

No.1picks up the tripod, carries itto the spot ordered, and placesit in position. In adjusting the tripod he must insure* that the

socket is upright and that the legs are clamped tight. He must

learn by experience the adjustment that suits him best for the positionordered and for the nature of the ground, so that he willnot be cramped

when firing and willnot have to alter the tripod after the gun has been

mounted.




As soon aa the tripod is nearly inposition, No. 2 picks up the gun(withVickers gun pushes the sliding shutter to the

rear), and carrieait to the rightside of the tripod holding the rear crosspiece with thelefthand with the gun muzzle to the rear under the right arm. Hethen kneels on the leftknee, facing the tripod, and supporting thegun on the right knee places it on the tripod, drives in and turns

down the crosshead jointpin, and removes the cork plug from thesteam escape hole. No.1fixes the elevating jointpin, and directsthe gun toward the mark. Meanwhile No. 2 lies down and placesthe amm unition box inposition.

No. 2 should time his advance so as to reach the tripod at themoment its adjustment is completed.

When No. 3 sees that the gun is nearly mounted, he carries the

ammunition box forward and places it within reach of No. 2. The

ammunition must be at hand directly No. 2is ready for it. No. 3

then retires to a position not immediately in rear of the gun. (Stand-

ard time, 20 seconds.)—6. Loading. On the command Load, No. 1pulls the crank handle

on to the roller. (Maxim: Turns the crank handle on to the bufferspring.) No. 2 passes the tag of the belt through the feed block.No.1withhis lefthand pulls the belt straight through to the leftfrontas far as itwillgo and releases the crank handle. Relaxing the

strain on the belt, No. 1pulls the crank handle on to the roller(Maxim: Turns the crank handle on to the buffer spring), pulls thebelt to the left front and releases the crank handle. Each motionshould be clean and distinct. (Standard time, 5 seconds.)

The gun is now loaded and ready to fire.—7. Sight setting. For ranges not exceeding 500 yards the fixed

sight willbe ordered, except when firingat a very small target,when orders willbe given as in the case of ranges over 500 yards.

For ranges over 500 yards, on the command (Range), c. g. "900."

No.1raises the tangent sight, repeats the order for his owngun, andadjusts the slide to the elevation required for the distance ordered.—8. Laying. On the command At (naming the aiming mark),

No. 2 adjusts the traversing clamp if told to do so byNo. 1, and No.1lays the gun, maintaining the same pressure on the handles while

layingas he would when firing.When tne gun islaid,No. 1raises the automatic safety catch with

the forefinger, and prepares to fire. When No. lis ready, No. 2 holds

outhis lefthand and armhorizontally.

9. As proficiency increases, the pause between naming the rangeand the aiming mark should be slight. (Standard time for sight




setting and laying, 12 seconds; taken from the time the range is

ordered untilNo. 2 holds out hishand.)

10. On the command or signal Fire, No.1presses the thumbpieceor double button.11. On the command or signal Cease fire, No. 1releases the pres-

sure on the thumbpiece ordouble button, and remains steady.

12. The points for criticismwhen the gun ismounted should followa definite sequence.

(a)Tripod:

i. Position of legs withreference to the ground,

ii. Clamps of leg tight.iii.Socket upright.

iv. Traversing clamp sticky.

v. Allpins in and turned down.

vi. Elevating screws equidistant.vii.Rear legin prolongation of line of sight to the target.

(b) Gun:i. Muzzle toward the target.

ii.Cork

plugout.iii.Shutter back.

iv. Belt box in linewith the feed block.

v. No.1withholding taken and elbows supported on thighs.

vi. No. 2 inposition.

vii.Gun fairlylevel.viii.Tangent sight set to 600 yards.

(c) The following points should also be noted:i. Loading; the cleanness of loading must be insisted on.

ii.Accuracy of sight testing.iii.Absolute accuracy of aim.iv. Firing; that on the order or signal being given, to open fire,

the double button or thumbpiece is immediatelypressed, without disturbing the laying.

13. Unloading.—

On the command Unload, No.1lowers the tan-

gent sight, ifit has been raised, and leaves the sight as last adjusted;he pulls the crank handle twicein succession on to the roller, lettingit fly back each timeon to the check lever, and finallydepresses

thelower pawls (Maxim: He turns the crank handle twice in succession

on to the buffer spring, letting it fly back each time on to the checklever) whileNo. 2 withdraws the belt and packs itin the box; thismust be done correctly, and the lidclosed and fastened; No. 1re-leases the lock spring by pressing the double button or thumbpiece.(Standard time, 5 seconds.)




—14. Dismounting the gun. On the command Dismount gun, No.1

removes theelevating

andcrosshead jointpins.

No. 2 passes the ammunition box to No. 3, replaces the cork plug

when the condenser is not in use, removes the gun as in mounting,and replaces it in its original position in rear. On reaching thisposition, he closes the sliding shutter (Vickers), and readjusts thetangent sight to 600 if previously altered.

No.1carries back the tripod, replaces the cross-head and elevatingjointpins, taking care that they are turned down, and then folds andclamps the legs. (Standard— time, 15 seconds.)

15. Coming into action. As proficiency increases, the gunnersshould be exercised in performing all the movements required tobring the gun into action.

On the command or signal Action (followed by range and aimingmark) the gunners will,rom the positions described in paragraph 2,

combine allthe foregoing details of mounting, loading, and layingthe

gun, No. 2 signifying when No. lis "ready" to fire. (Standardtime, 35 seconds.)

—16. Coining out

ofaction. On the command or signal Out

ofAction,the gun willbe unloaded withoutwithdrawing the belt fromthe feed block. No.1willseize the rear leg and rapidly withdrawthe gun and tripod under cover or to the original position, with theleast possible exposure. No. 2 similarly willwithdraw the ammunition box. The gun willthen be dismounted in the usual manner.Ifthe cover is some distance away, Nos. 1and 2 willcarry the gun,

tripod, and belt box in the most convenient "manner to cover.—

17. Tap traversing. Frequent instruction willbe given in travers-

ingfire. The firer must first insure that the traversing clamp is justsufficiently loose to enable the gun to be deflected by means of a

sharp tap with the hand on the rear crosspiece. Each man must

learn' by experience the exact degree of clamping he requires, andbefore firinghe should insure that the clamp is correctly adjusted to suithimself.

Traversing fire is applied by means of a series of groups firedat

intervals withincertain limitsindicated by such figures on the machine gun instructional target as may be ordered by the instructor.

The procedure forhorizontal traversing is as follows: The instruc

torhaving described the figures between which fire is tobe directed,

willgive the command Traversing followed by the signal to fire.

The firer willlay the gun on the flank figure named and press the

button, then tap the gun approximately to the center of the interval

to the next figure, again press the button, then tap, and so on, until




the limitordered has been reached. The firer should be taught to

firegroups of about eight rounds by maintaining pressure on the

button for about one second at each group. By thismethod he will

learn to tap the gun withthe necessary force in order to avoid firing

more than one group at the same place, and also to avoid leavinggapß in the line he is traversing. (Standard time, 2 seconds for eachcompleted series, i.c., a group and completed traverse.)

As proficiency increases, instruction should be given in diagonaltraversing. In this case the target willbe three bands each with

three figures as for horizontal traversing. The bands willbe joined

so that each of the outer bands is in the same vertical plane as thecenter band and forms an angle of 120° with it.

In this case the firer is taught to combine the use of the elevating

wheel with tapping for deflection, the same principles being appliedas in horizontal traversing. Instruction should be afforded intraversing from right to left as wellas from leftto right.

During instruction, fire should be stopped at least twice inorder to check the laying and also to measure the distance traversed.By comparing the distance traversed with the groups fired, an estimate can be made as to the value of the traversing fired. Forexample: Traversing fire is ordered from the firstto the sixth figure;fire is stopped after the fourth group. Ifthe traverse had been correctly carried out, the gun should be laidon the interval betweenthe second and third figures. (Standard time, 3 seconds for eachcompleted group and traverse.)—

18. Swinging traverse. Against dense targets at close range, the

normal method of traversing is too slow, and fire is unnecessarily"concentrated. The "swinging traverse willtherefore be employedfor this purpose. This consists of rapidly traversing a given linewith the traversing clamp loose, the limitand speed of traverse

being controlled by the action of the gunner.

Elementary instruction in "swinging traverse" willbe given onthe machine gun instructional target. The gunner willbe trainedto traverse evenly and smoothly the breadth of the target from outside figure to outside figure in about 5 seconds.

As proficiency is attained, practice willbe afforded in traversing

various types of targets which are suitable for this method of fire.

18. Combined drill.

Instruction in machine-gun signals (see Infantry Training, sec.164) must be given before combined drillis commenced, and thesesignals should henceforth be used whenever possible.




Combined drillis best carried out with four or more guns. Condensers willalways be attached and bags

filled. Barrel casingswillalso be filled. Competition between detachments should beencouraged with a view to increasing proficiency in elementarydrill. The following subjects are taught during combined drill:

(a) The execution and delivery of fire orders.(6) The use of combined sights.

(c) Indication and recognition of targets.

(d) Immediate action.(c) The replacement of breakages.

(/) Casualties.The instructor should take times, correct mistakes, and carefully

note the performance of each detail. When combined drillis carried on out of doors in fine weather, allnumbers should lie down,3 and 4 forming a short chain, and the remainder representing reserves in the rear.

19. Auxiliary mounting drill.

1. The auxiliary (light) mounting is not intended to replace theMark IV tripod. The gun can be placed on the Mark IV- tripod

without removing the light mounting.—

It is intended for use in

(a) The firingline.

(6) Rapid advances,

(c) Trench to trench rushes.(d) Fighting in captured trenches when hurried changes of

position are essential, etc.

(c) Trench fighting, when the gun has to be fired hurriedlyfrom a position other than the battle emplacement, orwhen the Mark IV tripod has been destroyed.

The gun can be carried by either one or two men, as desired.

The leather straps, one on the rear crosspiece and one on the frontclip band, enable Nos. 1 and 2 to carry the gun between them.They should move in single file, thus concealing the gun from the

front. In this way the fact that a machine gun is being brought

up willbe moreeasily

concealed from the enemy.When in action in the open with the lightmounting, No.1shouldlieon his back, withhis legs to the left of the tripod, No. 2 beingon his right-hand side, supporting the fixer's back and neck with

his legs. (See PI. VII.)2. When itis desired to have the gun carried by one man, Nos.

1and 2 should move extended to two or three paces, but conform



49ACHINE GTTN NOTES NO. 1.

ing as far as possible to neighboring infantry extensions, No. 1

carrying the gun and No. 2 two or more boxes of ammunition andfirstaid case.3. The following method willbe taught in addition to other

methods which may be suitable on special occasions. The gun

willbe carried vertically on the right-hand side, muzzle upward,

the right hand grasping the rear leather band, back of the hand

to the front, and taking all the weight; the lefthand steadying themuzzle end by means of the light mounting clip.

The method of carrying the gun on the shoulder leads to ex-

posure, and is unsuitable in trenches or when in close contact withthe enemy.

The condenser tube willbe attached throughout.

4. (a) For drillpurposes about 3 seconds after No. 1has opened

firehe should pull the crank handle on to the roller, thus allowing

the short length of belt to be pulled through the feed block andthe web belt inserted.

(b) The fixed sight is invariably used in light mounting work;

consequently the tangent sight willnot be raised.(c) Stoppages should be practiced.(d) When this drillis carried out on rough ground the necessary

precautions for concealment willbe observed when bringing the

gun into and out of action. —5. Drillwith "two-man load." The gun, with light mounting

attached, legs closed and engaged in the clip, willbe placed on theground 20 yards in the rear of the selected position upon whichthe gun is to be brought into action.

The muzzle of the gun willbe placed to the front.Nos. 1 and 2, each with an ammunition belt box containing a

few dummy cartridges at the end of the belt, willassume the prone

position, No. 1 behind the rear crosspiece, No. 2 on the right ofthe gun. No. 2 willhave also a short length ofbelt withtwo dummycartridges in its leading end, and the firstaid case.

The condenser bag willnot be carried.— —

6. On the caution Prepare to advance. No.1will

(a)Pull

back thesliding

shutter.(b) Perform the firsthalf of the loading motion.(c) Throw the short length of belt over the feed block to the

left.

(d) Release the lock spring.

(c) Turn the gun on its left-hand side.

101862°— 17 4




No. 2 will—(a) Insert the short length of belt in the feed block.(6) See that the front leather strap is to the top.

(c) Open the tripod legs after (c).7. On the command Action, the numbers spring to their feet

seizing the appropriate straps, and, each carrying a belt box in thedisengaged hand, willmove rapidly to the position selected. No.1has the strap in his right hand; No. 2 inhis left hand. —

8. On arrivalat the position,No. 1willcall out Actionand(a) Steady the tripod and liedown, placing the belt box in a

convenient position forNo. 2.(ft) Throw the short length of belt over to the right and com-

plete the loading motions.

(c) Adjust the rear leather strap ifnecessary.(d) Open fire.

No. 2 will—(a) Turn down the front leather strap.

(6) Lie down and support No. 1.

(c) Open the belt box and hold a new belt ready.

9. On the caution Prepare to advance, preceded by the commandCeasefire, No.1willunload; No. 2 removes the web belt and insertsthe short length of belt, if there has been time to replace it.

10. On the command Out of action, the gun willbe unloadedwithoutremoving the belt from the feed block and willbe withdrawn—untilcover is reached, when No.1will

(a) Depress the pawls and release the lockspring.(6) Close the sliding shutter.

No. 2 will—(a) Pack away the belts.(6) Adjust the front strap.

Both willthen jump up and retire, carrying the boxes and gun.—11. Drillwith "single load." As for drillwith the two-man load,

except that No. 2 willcarry both belt boxes.12. On the caution Prepare to advance, the same procedure willbe

followed as for the two-man load, except that No. 2 should see that

the front strap is at the bottom.13. On the command Action, as for the two-man load, except that

No, 1carries the gun alone; No. 2 the belt boxes. In moving for-ward, No. 2 should extend to the right, and close in again onNo.1on nearing the position.

The remainder of the drill follows the same lines as for the two-

man load.




20. Rough ground drill.

1. The gun willbe mounted throughout on a steep slope, forfiringin each of the followingdirections in turn:

(a) Down.(6) Up.

(c) Horizontally to the right.

(d) Horizontally to the left.

Nos. 1, 2, and 3 with the gun, tripod, and ammunition box, and 4

with water bag (full)and another box of ammunition, willbe in a

position of readiness not more than 10 yards from the selected posi-tion. The instructor having marked the position and pointed itout,

the gun numbers, on receipt of a target and range, will,on the orderAction, mount, load, and lay the gun on the target indicated. Thesame procedure willbe followed for each of the four positions.

2. The following points are important:(a) Correct setting up of the tripod, the rear leg always downhill.(& ) The positions adopted by Nos. 1and 2 (as regards fire effect,

exposure, and comfort).(c) The position of the ammunition box to insure correct feed.(d) The position of No. 3 (minimum exposure with facility for

supply).

(c) The position of No. 4.

(/)The gun must be properly in action, and alldetails of elemen-tary training must be observed.

21. Trench drill

1. The object of trench drillis to practice:(a) Posting and relieving sentries and No. 1.

(6) Relieving detachments.(c) Action in 'trenches.(d) Preparing to advance and coming into action.(c) Quick change to an alternative position.

All the above should be practiced on the barrack square beforedrilltakes place in the trenches.

—2. Posting andrelief ofsentries and No.1. The principles involved

are identical with those of posting and relief of an infantry sentryon guard or outpost duty.

3. At a gun position in trenches:(a) By day only one number need be on duty at the gun position,

and he willbe the sentry.




(6) By night twomen willalways be on duty;one being the sentry,

whois keeping a lookout, and the second being the No.1for the term

of duty. The latter is actually at the gun, and may sit down, butmust be awake.

. 4. A gun number (ifby night, usually the last number on gun—duty) willbe posted as a sentry by day witha periscope or at aloopholeifno periscope is available; by night, looking over the parapet. He willbe acquainted with the position of allemplacements

allotted to his gun, and willhave a thorough knowledge of the fol-lowing:

(a) The section of theground

coveredby

thegun

whichit

is hisduty to watch.(6) Points shown on the range card.(c) Special orders forhis gun positionduring his relief. These may

include action as regards patrols, wiring parties, etc.

(d) Standing orders for the sentry on machine-gun emplacements.

He willbe informed of any unusual circumstances noticed by hispredecessor.

The relieving No.1willnspect the gun and insure that the gun

is in firingorder, also that allnecessary equipment isinplace. Hewillbe informed of any special fire orders which may have beenissued for that gun.

Allthe foregoing is applicable to internal relief within a gun detachment. For relief of sentries when sections or companies areconcerned see paragraphs 5 and 6.—

5. Relief of detachments. The guide with the relieving detachment willead them to the dugout of the detachment tobe relieved,

and report to the gun commander of that detachment that the relieving detachment has arrived.' —

The relieving N. C. 0. orman in charge will

(a) Ascertain the positions of the gun, the sentry, alternativeemplacements, his officer's headquarters, the nearest telephone,and the latrine.

(6) Take over and give a receipt for trench stores.

(c) Receive a report from his No.1when his gun, etc., is present

and correct.

(d) Ensure that his No.1understands his orders, range card, etc.,for his gun, and show him the alternative emplacements.

(c) Order his No. 1 to mount his tripod (and gun, if relief is bynight), and see that this is done correctly.

(J) Detailhis first sentry, and instruct him to take over.(g) Report to his officer, "Relief complete,"(h) Draw out a duty roster.




6. The relievingsentry willascertain the orders for the sentry as—

detailed in paragraph 4, and, in addition, willfindout

(a) Whether the gun has been fired during the previous relief.(6) Ifso , at what target, and from what emplacement. —7. The officerin charge of the relievingdetachment will(c) On arrival in the trench sector to be defended by his guns,

report to the officer of the guns to be relieved.

(6) Remain with him and receive reports from his gun com

manders.(c) Receive any instructions or information with regard to the

situation, other than those he has learned during his previous reconnaissance.

(d) As soon as the relieved detachment has moved off he willgo

round allhis guns and make sure that his gun commanders havecarried out their work correctly. Atthe same timehe willsee that

any special orders he may have issued withregard to work to bedone, standing fire orders, etc., are being complied with.

(c) Report "Relief complete" to his machine-gun company commander and to the company commander of the trench sector in

which he finds himself.(/) See that his arrangements for communication are on a satis

factory basis.8. Officers in charge of detachments relieved willnot move off

untiltheir detachments are reported closed up and complete.

ACTION IN TRENCHES.—9. (a) By day. On the command Action, the sentry runs to the

dugout, wakes the other members, takes the gun to the emplacement, mounts, loads and lays; No. 2 follows immediately with the

ammunition and first-aid case, and the remaining members standby in the dugout. When the occupants of the trench are qrderedto Stand-to, the above procedure is carried out by the machine-gundetachments, except that the gun is onlyhalf loaded.

The loophole (ifblinded) wouldhave tobe cleared before fire couldbe opened; the actual moment when this should be done depends on

the nature of the situation.—(6) By night. On the command Action, No.1willcomplete theloading motions. The sentry willwaken the men in the dugout andreturn to his post.

(c) Practice should be given inmounting the gun onthe auxiliarymounting in alternative positions during drillby day to represent

theMark IVmounting having been destroyed.



54 MACHINE dtflT NOTES ITO. 1.

Practice willalso be given with, the pivot and ammunition boi

mountings.PREPARE TO ADVANCE.—

10. (a) By day. The sentry willrun to the dugout and warn the

other numbers. Nos. 1and 2 willcarry out their duties as laiddownfor the caution Prepare to advance in "AuxiliaryMounting Drill."(Sec. 19 (6).) After this is completed they willcarry the gun fromthe dugout to the correct place in the trench. No. 3 willcome up

and dismount the tripod.

—(b) By night. Nos. 1and 2 willbe in their proper positions (seepar. 3), spare parts, short length of belt, and two beltboxes in theemplacement, spare numbers in the dugout. On the command Prepare to advance, No.1willunload, withdraw the web belt, insert the

short length, perform half the loading motions, throw the shortlength over the feed block and release the lock spring; whileNo. 2

warns the spare numbers in the dugout. The latter then returns to

the gun, helps No. 1to dismount, opens the auxiliarylegs, and both

adjust the leather straps. The gun is then brought to the easiestplace from which to climb over the parapet, two belt boxes, spareparts, etc.,being brought withit. No. 3 dismounts the tripod when

the emplacement is clear, and awaits further orders.(c) On the command One-man load, Action, or Two-man load,

Action, either by day or night,Nos. 1and 2 willact as laiddown insection 19, (7) and (8). No. 3 willassist Nos. 1and 2 with theirequipment over the parapet. —

(d) At this stage the instructor may either

(i) Give the command Out of action, on which the gun num-bers willetire withthe gun to their originalposition, or

(ii) Order No. 3 to advance withMark IV tripod and mount

itnear Nos. 1and 2, taking care that there is no crowding of men.

22. Section tactical exercises.

1.Section tactical exercises willinclude all details of training

that a section of machine guns should receive from the section officer. If these exercises are carefully prepared and executed, the

section officer on service willbe relieved from the necessity ofsupervising the detailed execution ofhis orders, and willbe leftfree

to devote his attention to the general situation, whilemaintainingcontrol of the movements and actions of his guns.




2. Exercises with one gun.— The position of readiness willbe not

closer to the gun position than about 50 yards. Instead of indi-cating the exact position on which the tripodwillbe set up the in-structor willmark two points about 30 yards apart, between which

the gun willcome into action. The ground selected should affordpractice in firingin the positions described in rough ground drill(sec. 20). Whenever possible there should be only one small por-tionof the prescribed frontage fromwhich the objective can be seenwhen the gun is in action. By this means the detachment willbepracticed

inselecting suitable gun positions to meet

theparticular

requirements of the situation, and thus develop an eye forground.

In these exercises attention willbe paid to the followingpoints:

(a) The use of ground to obtain the greatest possible concealmentin approaching the gun position from the position of readiness. Thisshould be kept inmindby the instructor in selecting positions.

(6) The method of approach to the gun position as regards carrying

the gun, tripod,and ammunition box. Concealment is of greater im-

portance than rapiditywithin reasonable limits.

(c) Proficiency in the lessons taught in rough ground drill. Observers willbe sent out to note visibilityin the approach, inmount-ing, and when the gun and detachment are in action.

—3. Exercises with two guns. The entire subsection willbe exer

cised with twoguns on the same progressive lines as those laiddownin paragraph 2. The actual position of each gun willbe marked bythe instructor in order to bring out the handling of the section withreference to the ground and the requirements of the situation. Thetactical situation should be described in greater detail than isneces

sary for elementary drillpurposes in order to employ scouts and range

takers in a realistic manner. A simple tactical situation should begiven and ranges actually taken. The position of the gun limber, of

which the corporal willbe in charge, willbe represented by ahandcart or indicated by a flag. The supply of ammunition willbe ac

tuallycarried out, empty boxes being returned. The men willbechanged around at intervals so that each may be exercised in the du-ties of the various numbers.

4. The points to be attended to inrough ground drillsec. 20) andin tactical exercises with one gun (par. 2) should be carefully observed and the performance criticized.

5. Further instruction should be given by carrying out a certainnumber of elementary tactical exercises, involving all duties ofmachine-gun section or subsection establishments, with a view to




developing cooperation between the gun numbers and initiative.

These exercises should comprise movements of various kinds over awider stretch of country than hitherto attempted. Complete exercises should be prepared in detail, with maps, instructions, andpoints for criticism.

When possible, trained men should be used to demonstrate themethods employed.

6. Schemes should also be framed for the purpose of trainingmachine-gun officers in the tactical principles laiddown inInfantryTrainingand Field Service Regulations, as wellas those given in thismanual, and inNotes forInfantryOfficers onTrench Warfare. Theseexercises should involve the rapid appreciation of a situation, theissue of orders tomeet the situation, and the control ofmachine guns.

The actual presence of guns on such tactical schemes is of value,

in order to test to some extent the feasibilityof the execution of theorders given. The presence, however, is not essential for the conduct of the exercise.

Chapter V.

FIRE DIRECTION.

23. General remarks.

1. The theory of riflefire and itspractical application discussed inChapter 111 of the Musketry Regulations is equally applicable to

the fire ofmachine guns, due regard being had to the greater concen

tration, or closer grouping of shots produced by the fireof a machinegun than by the fire of an equivalent number of rifles.

2. The principal methods of machine-gun fire are dealt with inInfantry Training, section 163. Some further methods are given in

this chapter.

3. Itmust be remembered that these methods are not suitable for

Lewis guns, but only for machine guns fired from a fixed platform,

such as theMark IV tripod.

4. Various tables foruse

inthese

methods offire are given

inAppendix A.

24. Traversing fire.

1. The principles of traversing are taught during elementary gun

drill and during the annual and general machine-gun courses.

(See also Infantry Training, sec. 163 (1) (iii).)



57ACHINE GTTN NOTES NO. 1.

2. This method of engaging a linear target possesses certain, dis-advantages. It

is a slow methodand requires

carefultraining, and

the regularity of the groups may possibly detract from the effectproduced on the target. The former can. be remedied to a great

extent by seeking opportunities for oblique fire, thus reducing trav-

ersing to a minimum. Fire effect from this very systematic form oftraversing may be lost owing to the enemy anticipating where thenext series of groups willfall. This can be overcome if the gunneris trained to apply series of groups at different parts of the lineartarget in turn.

3. Analternative method is the "swinging traverse," the travers-ing clamp being kept fairly loose, and the gun swung evenly and

smoothly from side to side. This method may sometimes be found

necessary against dense targets at close range, when the normal

method wouldbe too slow.

Using this method, a gun can distribute fire over approximately 30yards of frontin five seconds at close ranges.

25. Searching fire.

1. The principles of searching are demonstrated in PartIf the

Annual and General Course for Vickers, Maximand ColtGuns. It

is used when only one or twoguns are available orcombined sightswillnot overcome ranging errors. Itrequires much skillon the part

of the firer to aVoid gaps. The size of the groups fired willdepend

on the nature of the target engaged. "2. When one gun is being employed in "searching the sights are

adjusted so that the firstgroup willinclude the lowest limitof range

to be searched, which is dependent on the probable error to be ex-

pected in estimating the range. The gunis then laidon the aimingmark, and the sights adjusted withoutrelaying, so that the last groupwillinclude the highest limitof range. The line of sight willnowstrike the ground short of the aiming mark. (See PI. XXII.) Agroup willnow be fired, after which the elevating wheel willbe so

turned as to cause the next group to strike sufficiently far beyond thefirst to insure an overlap. This is continued until the line of sight

is again brought on to the aiming mark.3. When using two guns the leftgun willact as described above;the sights of the rightgun willbe adjusted in the firstinstance to thehighest limit, and willwork down to the lowest limit. (See PI.XXIII.)

4. Searching willbe discontinued if observation of results isobtained.




5. The effect of ground rising withrespect to the line of sight must

be considered when combined sights or searching is employed.(See Musketry Regulations, sec. 187.)

6. Combined sights, searching, or a combination of both can alsobe used for engaging targets of great depth, such as roads, bridges, etc.

26. Combined sights.

Combined sights is a method of increasing the beaten zone byordering two ormore guns to engage the same target withdifferent

elevations. It can be used to engage targets of great depth, or itmay be employed to insure that the target shall fall within the

¦

ieaten zone, when the range toeaten zone, when the range to the target is uncertain. (See PI.he target is uncertain. (See PI.CXI.)XI.)

The table below shows the mhe table below shows the m imber of guns required, and thember of guns required, and theiifferences for 5 per cent, 10 peiifferences for 5 per cent, 10 pei r cent, and 15 per cent errors incent, and 15 per cent errors inanging. The table is not extencnging. The table is not extenc led to include a larger number ofed to include a larger number oftins than four, as on service a se<ins than four, as on service a se< ction wouldmost probably be thetion wouldmost probably be the

irgest unit under the control of argest unit under the control of a single fireingle commander.ire commander.

Combined smombined sm ihts table.hts table.

75 per5 center cent sffectiveffective saten z<aten z< me.e. 90 per cent c:0 per cent c: fectiveective saten z<aten z< me.e.

Differ-iffer- Differ-iffer-Errorrror Leasteast encesnces Errorrror Leasteast encesnces

Estimatedstimated inn num-um-be-e- Estimatedstimated inn num-um-

bee-range.ange. rang-ang- ber ofer of range.ange. rang-ang- ber ofer ofing.ng. guns.uns. tweenween ing.ng. guns.uns. tweenween

guns.uns. guns.uns.

Per ct.er ct. Per a.er a.700 and00 800nd 800 155 2 10000 1,000 and,000 1,100..and 1,100.. 155 2 10000

100 2 10000 100 2 10000900 and00 1,000...and 1,000... \ 1515 3 10000

1,200 and,200 1,300..and 1,300..155 3 10000

100 3 10000 100 3 100001,100,100 155 4 10000 1,400,400 155 4 10000

1,200,2005 2 500

1,500,500 5 2 10000100 4 500 100 3 10000

1,300,300 5 2 { 5001,600 51,600 2 10000

500 100 3 100001,400, 1,500,,400, and,500, and ( 55 3 5003 1,700 to 2,000, 5,700 to 2,000, 2 10000

1,600 500,600 inclusive. ..... 100nclusive. ..... 4 100001,700 to,700 2,100....o 2,100.... 5 4 .5050 2,100 and above. 5,100 and above. 2 10000

The number of variabhe number of variab >les inles thn th le table above makes it de table above makes it d liflScultiflScult to layo diay di own anywn any

accurate rule for the emplccurate rule for the empl loyment iofcombined sights.ofoyment Forsombined sights. Fors iverage service ccerviceverage cc mditionsditionsthe following willbo fouihe following willbo fouiad to givic goodd results.ood results.o givi—Rule. Always use aule. Always use a is manys many guns as possible: Withuns as possible: With 100 yai rds diffeids00 diffeiai •ences, ifences, if

error in ranging is probsrror in ranging is probs ibly consbly cons aderable; 50 yards diftereiderable; 50 yards difterei aces ifce s cf c srror inrror nnn inging isnging isprobably small.robably small.



59ACHINE GUN NOTES HO. 1.

27. Overhead fire.

1. Overhead fire withmachine guns may be employed under certain conditions. The followingfactors, allof which tend to increase

the difficultyand risk, necessitate the working out of a reasonablemargin ofsafety :

(a) The state of the barrel.(6) The condition of the tripod and the nature of the ground on

whichmounted.(c) The degree of visibilityof the target.

(d) Errors due to ranging and climatic conditions.(c) Accuracy of layingand holding by the firer.2. The flat trajectory of modern ammunition necessarily restricts

overhead fire at the closer ranges, if the gun position, friendly.troops,

and the enemy are approximately in the same horizontal plane;whileat long ranges the dispersion of the cone of fire and difficulty

in ranging make it necessary to insist on ample precautions being

taken to insure safety.

3. Overhead fire, therefore, may normally only be employed

under the following conditions:(a) When the distance to the target has been obtained accu

rately; that is, by a highly trained range taker, who is able to guar-

antee the distance within5 per cent of error.(b) When the No.1at the gun is an expert firer.(c) When an angle of not less than 30 minutes is formed by the

intersection of imaginary lines drawn from the target and friendly

troops to the gun, the distance to the target being 1,000 yards orunder. If the distance to the target is over 1,000 yards, the angle

thus formed should be not less than 60 minutes, ifover 1,500 yardsnot less than 100 minutes, provided always that fire must cease

whenever the friendly troops reach a distance of 2,000 yards fromthe gun, since the position of the lowest shot over this range isuncertain.

The above angles give a sufficient margin of safety at 1,000, 1,500,

and 2,000 yards, respectively. At distances within 1,000 yards,

between 1,000 and 1,500 yards, and between 1,500 and 2,000 yards,

the margin of safety continually increases. In order to obtainthese safety angles, itwilloften be necessary to seek commanding

positions for the guns, i.c., rising ground, upper stories of houses, etc.

4. The foregoing instructions may be modified provided accurate

and reliable observation is insured. This, however, is a matter forthe exercise of judgment and common sense on the part of themachine-gun commander. Too much reliance must not be placed



60 MACHINE. GTJN NOTES NO. 1.

on the ability of an observer to pick up the cone of fire during an

attack. The fire of the attacking troops, the supporting troops and

the artillery willprobably be such that the machine-gun cone of

fire can notbe observed correctly.

5. The safety angles may be obtained as follows:(a) From prismatic field glasses, graticuled forMark VIIammu

nition. In this case the distance between the zero line and the 600

yards graticule gives the required angle for 1,000 yards and under;

the distance between the zero line and the 1,000 yards graticule willgive tke angle for distances between 1,000 and 1,500 yards, and the

distance between the zero line and the 1,300 yards graticule willgive the angle for distances between 1,500 and 2,000 yards.

(6) With the aid of the graticule card as follows:Hold the card vertically and at the fulllength of the cord from

the eye; the space between the safety lines marked willthen give

the required angles. (See PI. XXIV.)

(c) Bymeans of the tangent sight:

Lay the gun on the target withthe correct elevation; then move

the slideup 300 yards for allranges up to 2,000 yards without altering

the elevation of the gun; and adopt the auxiliary aiming mark thusfound. (See PI.XXV.)

With the tangent sight method, the firermust note carefully theauxiliaryaiming mark obtained after raising the slide, and re-lay onthis mark. If he is traversing, he must find a second auxiliaryaiming mark at the other end of the line to be traversed, and must

traverse along an imaginary line joining the two auxiliary aimingmarks and parallel to the enemy's position.

The tangent sight method and either graticuled glasses or a grati

cule card should be used simultaneously, in conjunction .with andas a check on each other.

When the heads of the friendly troops become visible to the firerover the sights, he should not cease fire, but should elevate his gun,taking the enemy position as his auxiliaryaiming mark. This will

cause the cone of fire to search ground in rear of the enemy's position,whichmaybe occupied by his supports and reserves.

28.l

Indirect fire.1. On occasions indirect fire may be used. This form of fireis

rendered possible by the MarkIV tripod of themachine gun. Guns

not fired froma fixedplatform must never be used forindirect fire.—iNote. This section does not deal with overhead indirect fire or with searching

reverse slopes, for.which see pars. 30 and 31 , respectively.



MACHINE GUN NOTES NO. 1. 61

2. Indirect fire may be of great value in annoying the enemy andaffecting his morale, but, except under unusually favorable condi

tions, can not be expected to inflictserious loss.The main disadvantages of indirect fire are that it requires, in

most cases, a great deal of preparation and accuracy in calculation.Unless officers possess experience, itmay sometimes be employed

under conditions where direct fire is not onlypossible but necessary.Under certain conditions itmay be positively dangerous to our own

troops. —3. As the target is invisible, the problems to be solved are

»

How to lay the gun, both to obtain and to put on elevationand direction; andHow to maintain the laying.

The methods ofsolving these problems are given in skeleton formin the following table. The actual cn the following table. The actual c us ois oi Le mete met

are given in the subsequent paragraplre given in the subsequent paragrapl i..

Indirect firendirect Ufire U >U.U.

Direction.irection.

Seeee

Elevation.levation.Seeee

par.ar. par.ar.—Obtained bybtained by

Posts, directosts, direct 8 Graticulesraticules 4Map andap compassnd compass 9Map,protractor, andreferenceobject .ap,protractor, andreferenceobject . 100 Contoured mapontoured map 5

Put on gunby-Put on gunby-

Posts andosts compassnd compass 111 Elevation dial.levation dial. 6Reference object and direction dial...eference object and direction dial... 122 Tangent sightangent sight 7

Maintained byaintained byAuxiliaryaiminguxiliary markiming mark 155 Auxiliary aiminguxiliary markiming mark 133Direction dialirection dial 166 Elevation diallevation dial 144

4. To obtain elevation by means <4. To obtain elevation by means <ofgnfgn alicules.licules.By means of graticules cut aero )ss thssy theans of graticules cut aero lg focal plane of a pair of prisg focal plane of a pair of pris-

matic fieldglasses, or by graticulatic fieldglasses, or by graticul les pies pirinted on a card witha stringinted on a card witha stringtor a base, indirect fire can be asor a base, indirect fire can be as quiduid klyapplied as ordinary directlyapplied as ordinary directBLre. These graticules are eimiliLre. These graticules are eimiliar tc > an inverted backsightr andn inverted backsight andc

represent the angles of elevation for the gun. The topmost graticulerepresents zero, and the lines below represent every 100 yards

upwards, from 200 yards.

The procedure is as follows:(i) Obtain the range to the target.

(ii)Select an auxiliary aiming mark visible to the firer anddirectly above the target.

(iii)Move to a position whence the target and the auxiliaryaimingmark already chosen can be observed; look at the target in sucha way that the graticule, representing the range to the target, falls




across the target; then see which graticule falls across this aimingmark. (See PI. XXVI.)

The range corresponding to this graticule is the tangent elevationat which to open fire, using the aiming mark already chosen to layon. By this means accuracy may be obtained from a gun which isinvisible to the enemy. It is important to get an aiming markvertically above the target, making any necessary allowance forwind. This method becomes inaccurate when the eye of theobserver using the graticuled glasses is much below or above thegun.

If it is found necessary to increase or decrease the elevation afterfire has been opened, the following method must be employedsince the position of the slide does not indicate the range to thetarget. The range on the sights is- the range for the aiming markand not the actual range to the target, c. g., the sights may show 500yards when the target is 1,200 yards away. Ifin this case the coneof fire is observed to fall100 yards short of the target, the necessary

correction willnot be obtained by moving the slide of the tangent

sight up to 600 yards. It willbe necessary tomove the slide up for

the same distance as from 1,200 yards to 1,300 yards. Inmovingthe slide up for allranges below 1,500 yards, as many clicks can beheard on the ratchet of the tangent sight as there are hundreds of

yards in the range, c. g., between 1,000 and 1,100 yards there are10 clicks, between 1,100 and 1,200 yards 11 clicks, and so on. Inthe present example, therefore, itwillbe necessary to move theslide up for 12 clicks. If the cone of fire were falling 50 yards short,

itwouldbe necessary to move the slide up for 6 clicks.This method of indirect fire must not be employed when firing

over the heads of our own troops.5. To obtain elevation by means of a contoured map.

Having noted on the map the exact positions of gun and target,

measure the distance between them. From Table I, AppendixA, obtain the corresponding angle of tangent elevation.

From the map note the contours on which the gun and target lie

and by subtraction obtain the difference in height between them.By means of the angle of sight formula,1 knowing the range and the—

"1Note. The "angle of sight can be calculated by means ofthe followingapproximate formula:

s=^x34oo=angles=^x3400=angle ofsight inminutes.

Where VIand HE are in the same denomination.To convert yards to meters deduct one-tenth.To convert meters to yards add one-tenth.

From tables in Appendix A the quadrant angle can be obtained directly withoutworkingout the angle of sight.




difference in height between gun and target, work out the angle of

eight.If

theangle

of sight is found to be positive, addit

to theangle of tangent elevation to obtain the angle of quadrant elevationnecessary to put on the gun; if ,on the other hand, the angle ofsightis found to be negative, subtract it.

6. To put on elevation by means of the elevation dial. —To place the required quadrant elevation on the gun

(a) Level the gun by the spirit levelNo.1 taking the holdingpressure.

(6) Slip the dial round tillzero is under the pointer without dis-

turbing thebubble.(c) Clamp the dial to,but withoutdisturbing the elevating wheel.(d) Turn the elevating wheel tillthe required angle is obtained.

One revolution of the elevating wheel produces 4° of elevation or

depression on the gun. To obtain an angle of elevation of 8° theelevating wheel would have to be revolved twice. The elevationdial is accordingly graduated to 4°, showing subdivisions of fiveminutes, which are easily capable of subdivision by eye.

(c)

Ifan obstruction exists between gun and target, make

surebefore firing that the shots willclear it. (See par. 17.)

7. To put on elevation by means of the tangent sight.This method entails the use of an auxiliary aiming mark which

must be at least 100 yards distant from the gun.

To put elevation on the gun by means of the tangent sight, con-vert the angle of quadrant elevation (see par. 5 above) into a rangeby reference to Table I,Appendix A. Then level the gun by thespiritlevel, No.1 taking the holdingpressure.

Any of the four followingcases may occur:(a) Quadrant elevation ispositive and a suitable natural auxiliary

aiming mark can be seen or an artificial one put out.

(6) Quadrant elevation isnegative and a.suitable natural auxiliary

aiming mark can be seen or an artificialone put out.

(c) Quadrant elevation is positive,but there is no suitable naturalauxiliary aiming mark, nor can an artificialone be placed inposition.

(d) Quadrant elevation is negative, but there isno suitable naturalauxiliaryaiming mark, nor can an artificialone be placed inposition.

Cases (c) and (d) may occur when the ground slopes down steeplyin front of the gun.—

Case (a). With sights at zero, look along the sights and select a

natural aiming mark or place one out and lay onit. Run the tan-

gent sight up to the range found above and relay on the auxiliary

aiming mark.




—Case (b). Run the tangent sight up to the range found above

(disregarding the sign), maintaining the holding. Select a suitable

natural aiming mark orplace one out and lay on it. Run the sightsdown to zero and relay on the auxiliary aiming mark.

—Case (c). Run the tangent sight up till some suitable natural

or artificialauxiliary aiming mark is visible and lay on it. Notethe range on the tangent sight and convert into an angle by means

of the table given in Appendix A. Add to this angle the angle ofquadrant elevation found as in (par. 5). Convert the answer into arange by means of the table given in Appendix A. Run the sightaup to this range and relay.

—Case (d). Run the tangent sight up tillsome suitable natural orartificialauxiliary aiming mark is visible and lay on it. Note therange on the tangent sight and convert into an angle by means ofthe table given in Appendix A. Subtract from this angle the angle

of quadrant elevation found as in par. 5. Convert the answer into

Fig. 1.

7V\ /•7

\ /lz

\\

\

\V

a range by means of the table given in Appendix A. Run the sights

down to this range and relay.

8. To obtain direction by posts, direct.By day, an observer selects the gun position and also the target

he wishes to engage. He places a stick (L)(see fig.1) in the ground

in rough alignment between the target and;gun position. He thencrawls back and, if necessary, places a second stick (L2) in exactalignment withhis first stick (L) and the target, continuing the

process until his last stick is visible from the gun position (G). If

it is probable that more than one target is tobe engaged, other sticks(I,12) can be placed between the stick (G) and the different targets

(T^T1). To do this an assistant is required to place the sticks inposition while the observer dresses them from G. Itis necessary

to place the sticks vertically in the ground, and the stick (G) should

not be more than 6 inches above the ground to avoid being knocked

over by th"c crosslieM of the tripod when it is placed over it.

1




Should it be found impossible to place the stick (L) in positionowing to the proximityof the enemy, the stick (G) should firstbe

placed inposition, and a second stick (M)placed in rear of itand inalignment with(G) and the target.

Under cover of darkness the position of (L) can be easily ascer-

tained by an observer at (M) directing an assistant to place a stickin alignment with (M)and (G).

9. To obtain direction by map and compass.

To direct fire onto a target invisible to the guns, a map having a

sealeof not less than 1/20, 000 must be used. The exact position of theguns nust be marked also. This can be done by resection. (See

Chapter XIV,Manual of Map Reading and Field Sketching.)The magnetic bearing of the target from the gun position must be

worked out on the map. If the target to be engaged is a linear one,

igg-

7SwSw >efef

X \

\»

\> ii

Gunun \ /P.C?P.C?

the magnetic bearing* of its limitsmust be worked out in the sameway.

10. To obtain direction by map, protractor and reference object.

The exact position of the gun must be marked on the map as

directed in paragraph 9 above. If possible, a reference object

should be selected, which is marked on the map and visible from

the gun position. If the only suitable reference object visible from

the gun position is not marked on the map, its magnetic bearing

should be taken from the gun position, and a line showing its direc-

tion drawn through the gun position on the map.On the map by means of a protractor measure the angle included

between lines joining the target, and the gun, and the reference

object and the gun. (See fig. 2.) If the target to be engaged is a

linear one, measure the angles included between lines joining its

limitsto the gun and the target to the gun,

101862°— 17 5



66 MACHINE GTJN NOTES NO. 1.

11. To layfor direction by means of a post and compass.

To layout an aimingpost, drive ina stick (not more than 6 inches

high) at the gun position, and place a compass on top. Rotate thecompass tillhe dialindicates the required magnetic bearing foundas directed in paragraph 9. Dress a post on this bearing, using thehair line on the compass glass. Replace the gun and tripod on thefirst'stick and lay on the post put out.

12. To layfor direction by means of reference object and direction dial.

The gun is laid on any convenient part of the reference object

with the sights set for any convenient range; itneed not be leveled.

The elevationrequired to

hit thetarget

shouldnot

beplaced

on thegun tillthe latter is directed on the target. The direction dial

should now be set to read zero (or the reading noted if the dial cannot be rotated). The gun is then swung right or left through theangle found as directed in paragraph 10, according as the reference

ooject is to the left orright of the target. The gun can be directed

to either end of a lineartarget simply by swinging through

theangles

found as directed inparagraph 10. (See fig. 3.)

13. To maintain elevation by means of an auxiliary aiming mark

and the tangent sight.

Once the gun has been laid the sights onlymay be adjusted so as

tobring a line of sight onto any suitable natural or artificialauxiliary

aiming mark, c. g., a night firing-box, white or luminous stone,chimney, post, etc. The range shown on, the tangent sight aftersuch adjustment willhave no connection with the quadrant eleva

tionon the gun, unless the elevation has been put on by the methodgiven in paragraph 7, and the same auxiliary aiming mark is usedtomaintain it.

The distance between the gun and the auxiliary aiming mark isimmaterial when maintaining elevation, and in this respect differs

from the TniiriTrmnn distance laid down inparagraph 7 when puttingon elevation.




14. To maintain elevation by the elevation dial.Between bursts of fire the firer should make sure that the pointer

continues to show the same quadrant elevation on the dial as wasoriginally put on the gun. If this method is to be reliable, it isessential that the legs of the tripod should not sink unevenly into

the ground; the tripod must, therefore, be placed on a firm foundation.It is desirable, where possible, to use an auxiliary aiming mark

in addition, but if this is not possible the spirit level should beplaced on the gun at frequent intervals, and the procedure laid

down in paragraph 6 for putting on elevation repeated.It

shouldbe noted that unless the socket is absolutely upright the quadrant

elevation may vary considerably if the gun is traversed through awide arc, though the reading of the elevation dial willnot alter.15. To maintain direction by means of an auxiliary aiming mark.

(See par. 13 above.)

16. To maintain direction by means of the direction dial.

The gun having been laid for direction, the reading of the direction dial is noted. Direction can be maintained during firing by

insuring that the pointer is set accurately to this reading.

17. In all cases where the target is invisible, owing to the presenceof an obstacle, steps must be taken before firing to insure that the

shots willclear the obstacle. The procedure is as follows:(a) After the gun has been given the quadrant elevation neces

sary to hit the target, the tangent sight willbe adjusted for the range

to the top of the obstacle. Ifon looking along the sights the obstacle

is not visible, the shots willclear. If, however, the obstacle is

visible, the shots willnot clear, and the gun must be moved fartherback.

(6) If the range to the obstacle is under 100 yards, the methodgiven above willnot apply, and the No. 1must look through thebarrel, either directly or by using the mirrorreflector.

(c) Should the obstacle be invisiblefromthe gun position,recourse

must be had to the formula given in section 30, paragraph 4 (I).

The clearance required willbe one-half of the height of the 90 percent cone at the range of the obstacle. In using the formula given

in section 30, paragraph 4(1), for "our own troops" read "the obstacle" throughout.

29. Night firing.

1. If the gun position is not exposSd to the enemy's fire or todirect observation, the gun can be mounted and laid by day and

leftuntil night.




Some kind of auxiliaryaiming mark must be in position in frontof the gun for the purpose of maintaining elevation and direction

after nightfall. (See sec. 28.)This auxiliary aiming mark can be a transparent screen secured

to the open side of a box containing some form of illuminant. (See

fig. 1.) The screen is marked withlines to permit of searching andtraversing within definite limits. The horizontal lines are 1 inch

apart, which willgive a difference in angle of 10 minutes from the

center line ifthe screen is placed 10 yards from the gun. The amount

that 10 minutes represents in range can be readily ascertained fromthe tables showing the angles of elevation for the gun. (AppendixA, Table 1.) The vertical lines are 2\ inches apart, which willgive

a deflection of about 2 feet per 100 yards of range when the screen

is placed 10 yards from the gun.

Fig. 1

Bands

A,B, C, D, F

are \ inch

wide.

2. When the gun position is exposed, or the gun is required else-where during the day, it willsometimes be possible for arrange-ments to be made by day co that the gun and tripod can be brought

up under cover of darkness and placed inposition to open fire whenrequired. (See sec, 28.)

The direction and elevation dials should be employed; and a

luminous reference object should be laid out in any convenientposition, where it is invisible to the enemy, for obtaining the direc-tion to any target, correct elevation being put on by the elevationdial.

As the rear leg of the tripod may sink during firing, elevation

can not; be maintained by means of the elevation dial, which is acomponent part of the mounting. One or more luminous auxiliary




aiming marks should therefore be laid out by the method given in

section28,

paragraph 8.

30. Indirect overhead fire,

1. In trench warfare, where the positions of our own and theenemy's units are clearly marked, indirect fire over the heads ofour own troops may often be safely employed.

2. The best results willbe secured when observation of the strikeof the bullets can be obtained. The element of chance, due to errorsin ranging, climatic conditions, errors as to the exact position ofthe gun, etc., will thus be removed.

3. Fire may be directed on the hostile support or reserve lines,communication trenches, cooking places, ration parties, reverseslopes of hills, roads, etc. When observation is not possible, themost that can be done is to sweep an area of ground, in which isincluded the target it is desired to engage. (See sec. 31.)

4. To insure the safety of our own troops the followingrules must

at all times be strictly adhered to:

(a) The guns must never be more than 2,000 yards distant frombodies of our own troops, over whom they are firing.

(6) When the guns are 1,000 yards or under from our own troops,the range at which they are fired must be such as to insure the center

of the cone of fire passing at least 20 yards over their heads. (Seetrajectory table, Appendix A.) When the guns are between 1,000yards and 1,500 yards from our own troops this height must be at least40 yards; between 1,500 and 2,000 yards it must be at least 80 yards,

(c) When, the gun, friendly troops, and target are allon the same

plane (not necessarily the same horizontal plane), rules (a) and (6)

"jive the followingresults:(i) No target may be engaged at a range of less than 1,500 yards.

(ii) Eange to target (in yards) :Limits of safety zone for

friendly troops (in yards).

1,500 700 to 1,000 fromgun.

1,600 500 to 1,000 from gun.

1,700 500 to 1,000 from gun.

1,800. 400 to 1,200 fromgun.

1,900 400 to 1,500 from gun.

2,000 300 to 1,500 from gun.

2,100 300 to 1,500 from gun.

2,200 300 to 1,500 from gun.

2,300 200 to 1,800 from gun.

2,400 and over 200 to 2,000 fromgun.




(<£) Climatic conditions must be carefully studied (see MusketryRegulations, sec. 29).

(c) The laying must be checked frequently, both for direction andelevation, upon the auxiliary aiming mark.(/) The necessity for good holdingmust be impressed on the firer,

(g) As a slight sinking of the tripod during firing may seriouslyaffect the safety of our own troops, owing to the altered angle of ele-vation, every precaution must be taken to prevent this happening.

The legs of the tripod should be firmlyimbedded in the ground, and

provision made to prevent them moving from their original position,

but the use of an auxiliary aiming mark largely minimizes the effectofslight movements of the tripod.

(h) When "traversing" or "searching" is used, provision must bemade by means of wooden battens, etc., to fix safe limits beyond

which the gun can not be moved.(i) A worn barrel should not be used, and the barrel should be

cleaned after every 1,000 rounds continuous fire.(j) Allcalculations must be carefully checked by an ojfiicer before

fireis opened.

(Jb) Troops over whom fire is to be opened must be cautioned,, anda certificate to this effect signed by the machine gun company com-mander.

(Z) Inorder to find the clearance, i.e., the height from the ground

to the center of the cone at any pointin the line of fire, the following

is the simplest and most accurate method, which should be used:

(i) Let gun contour =A yards.

Let own troops contour =B yards.

Let center of cone above orbelow horizontalplane through gun position when passing over

own troops' heads =C yards.+

Then clearance (yards) =A—BorC.

0 must be added or subtracted according as the trajectory to ourown troops position is above or below the horizontal plane through

the gun position.

(ii) From the sketch the clearance is XZ.Then A—B=ZY and XV is the height of trajectory either aboveor below the horizontal plane through the gun position.

+ +Obviously clearance =XZ=ZYor XY=A-Bor C.

(iii)Inorder to findC, either Table 2a or Table 2b must be usedaccording as to whether the quadrant angle on the gun is positive




ornegative. On these tables, the words "positive"and "negative"

are printed. If the trajectory height found is positive, 0 must beadded to A—B; ifnegative, it must be subtracted fromA—B.

(iv) If the quadrant angle on the gun is positive, the range corresponding must be found from Table 1in order to use Table 2(a).

If the quadrant angle is negative it willbe used directly in Table2(b) without conversion.

(v) The following three examples illustrate the method and deal

withthree typical cases. (See sketch above.)

Case I.—Quadrant angle is positive and sufficiently large to

throw the center of cone above the horizontal plane when passingover own troops' heads.

Example. Gun contour (A)=7o yards.Own troops contour (B)=20 yards.

Q.E.=+B6 minutes. Range corresponding=l,2oo yards.

Assumed range to own troops 900 yards.

From Table 2(a) trajectory height for 1, 200 yards at 900 yards

=9 yards (positive) =C.Clearance=A-B+C.

=70-20+9=59 yards.

Clearance required =2o yards. It is safe to fire.—

Case II. Quadrant angle is positive but small so that the center

of cone is below the horizontal plane when passing over own troops'

heads.

Example. A and Bas above.

Q.E. =+35 minutes.Range

corresponding=7ooyards.

Assumed range to own troops 900 yards.

From Table 2 (a) trajetory height for 700 yards at 900

yards=4.s yards (negative) =C.— —Clearance =A B C.

=70-20-5 (say)=4s yards.

Clearance required =2o yards. Itis safe to*fire.



72 MACHINE GUN NOTES NO. 1.—Case 111. Quadrant angle is negative.Example. A and Bas above.

Q. E.= —75minutes.Assumed range to own troops 900 yards.

From Table 2b trajectory height for—7s minutes at 900

yards=33.2 yards (negative)=C.— —Clearance= A B C.

=70-20-33 (say)=l7 yards.

Clearance required=2o yards. It is not safe to fire,''

(vi)InAppendixB is given a copy of the indirect overhead fire

sheet which should be used on service. Certain specimen exampleshave been filledin on it, for the purpose of bringing out variouspoints.

5. Elevation and direction maybe obtained, put on the gun, andmaintained by any of the methods described in section 28. Thedials are particularly suitable for this type of fire.

31. Searching reverse slopes.

1. Itmay sometimes be desired to search the reverse slope of ahilloccupied by the enemy, where he is under shelter from short-range fire.2. Reverse slopes are often chosen by the enemy as suitable

areas where troops may be disposed preparatory to attack, or may

maneuver free fromobservation. Itis therefore necessary to knowhow such ground may be brought, most effectively, under machine-gun fire. Table 7 enables the machine-gun officer to search thereverse slope ofahill,and is constructed on the followingbasis:

3. Ifa gun is placed at such a distance from the crest that the cone,

just passing over it,willfall at a steeper angle than the slope of theground on the other side of the hill,then fire effect willbe broughttobear on the reverse slope. No endeavor has been made to fit thetrajectory exactly to the reverse slope, as the difficulties and variablesin the problem are so many, that small errors wouldupset the results.

Traversing and searching should be employed, for the same reasons

as govern all forms ofindirect fire.—

4. Table 7. This tableis

so constructed that when the gun isplaced as required by itsuse, and fire suitably directed at the reverseslope, the bullets willfallon itat an angle of somewhere between

100 and 200 minutes to the slope itself.

The table is divided into two parts, "Gun above crest" and

"Gunbelow crest."The table is used as follows:



73MACHINE GUN NOTES NO. 1.

(a) On the map, draw a line from the crest, which willbe the

probable line of fire.(6) From the map, determine the drop in yards in 100 yards,

measured from the crest down the slope.

(c) Making use of the two top horizontal columns, note the distance

to measure back, which willvary according as the spot thus found is

above or below the crest. (See center column.)

(d) From map note the difference in height between this spot

and the crest, above orbelow as the case may be. Run down the

center column tillthis height is found.

(c) Then look along horizontally, when the final range from thecrest willbe found in the vertical column under the drop in yards

found in (b).

(/) Place thegun at this point, and layon the crest by any suitable

means'.

Note.— lfit is found that the gun position is on the same level

as the crest two answers willbe given, i.c., one in portion of "Gun" "above crest, one in portion "Gun below crest, both opposite the

aero mark. Select the most suitable.

Chapter VI.

MACHINEGUNS INBATTLE.

32. Introductory.

1. The general principles laid down inInfantry Training, ChapterXV,for the employment of machine guns inbattle remain unalteredby the introduction of the machine-gun company organization andthe substitution of Lewisgun detachments for machine-gun sectionsin battalions. But the new organization and the increase in thenumber of machine guns with infantry units have rendered neces

sary certain modifications in detail which are discussed in thepresent chapter. A certain amount of repetition and rearrangement

of matter that is already dealt with in Infantry Training has been

found necessary in order to avoid too frequent reference to paragraphs or sentences in that manual.

2. The special characteristics of Lewis guns and the manner inwhich these characteristics affect their employment must be studiedby machine-gun officers, as they have to cooperate closely with

Lewis guns. These characteristics, therefore, are discussed in




sections 33 and 34. 1 Detailed instructions for Lewis guns are given

inLewis Gun Training.2

3. The special principles which govern the employment ofmachine guns in the phase of operations known as trench warfareare dealt within Notes for Infantry Officers oxiTrench Warfare.

4. Itmust be remembered that in Infantry Training a machine-gun section means two guns, whereas under the present organizationitmeans two subsections each of two guns, or four in all.

33. Characteristics of machine guns and Lewis guns compared.

1. The principal characteristic of the machine gun is its ability

to produce rapid and sustained fire. Provided water and ammunition

are available, a machine gun is capable of keeping up a rapid firefor a very considerable period.

On the other hand, the Lewis gun, though capable of extremelyrapid fire, is incapable of sustaining this fire for long. This necessi-

tates, therefore, the use of short bursts offire as the normal practice.

Its inability to sustain fire is primarily due to the fact that a water

jacket is not provided (in order to economize weight) and the gunconsequently becomes hot very quickly. Further, owing to theirlightness, the working parts willnot stand constant vibration to

the same extent as those of the machine gun.

2. A further difference between the two weapons is in the type ofmounting used. The machine gun is provided witha heavy tripod

which enables the gun Ito be used for overhead and indirect fire.Thismounting also allows of the gun being laidon a fixedpoint, andfired at any time, by day

ornight, without further

preparation. Bythis means itis possible to form"bands of fire"through which anyenemy attempting to pass must suffer heavy loss.

The Lewis gun is fired from the shoulder, a lightbipod providinga support for the barrel; there is no traversing or elevating gear; andaimis taken and altered as when using a rifle, the conditions are,

therefore, not suitable for overhead or indirect fire, nor for creating

"bands of fire."

3. The machine gun, owing to its weight, and that ofitsmounting,

is less mobile than the Lewis gun. The latter being specially pro-vided witha lightbipod to increase its mobility, can be carried like

a rifle, and fired with very littlepreliminary preparation, so that

1Infantry battalions areprovided with Lewis guns organized inLewis gun detach-ments of 1noncommissioned officer and 12 men each, with2 Lewis guns.*

To be issued shortly.




aftermovement its fire can be brought to bear on any object much

more rapidly than that of a machine gun.

34. The employment ofLewis guns.

1. Owing to its greater mobilitya much greater liberty of actioncan be allowed to this weapon than to the machine gun. Itmust,

however, be clearly understood that the Lewis gun can not take theplace of the machine gun. Itis a supplement to and not a substitutefor the latter type of weapon.

2. Itis adapted foreven

closer cooperation withinfantry than themachine gun, as the Lewis gunner can move and appear to the

enemy as an ordinary rifleman. Its distribution as a battalion andcompany weapon provides a mobile reserve of fire available for thesmallest unit commander wherever an infantry soldier can go.3. It is specially adapted for a concentrated enfilade fire on a

definite line such as a hedge orwall,or to cover a road ordefile whereit is not possible to deploy a number of rifles, and for places whereit is difficultor impossible to bring up a machine gun unobserved.

When wider fronts have to be swept with fire or heavier fire is required at longer ranges machine guns can be more usefully employed.

4. Although the expenditure of ammunition is not so great as with

machine guns, the difficulty of getting ammunition up to the moreexposed positions to which Lewis guns can go willbe much greater.

Itis important, therefore, to withhold fire as long as possible and touse the power of the gun to develop unexpected bursts of fire against

favorable targets.

35. The tactical handling of infantry machine guns.

1. The tactical principles laid down in Infantry Training, sec

tions 160, 161, and 162, apply generally, but the organization anddistribution of the machine guns witha brigade there discussed needmodification to suitthe neworganization and distribution ofmachineguns.

2. The introduction of the machine-gun company organization,while facilitating the collective employment of machine guns, doesnot mean that they should always be so employed. Itmay some

times be advisable to detach machine guns under the orders ofbattalion commanders and this should be done if the tactical situation requires it. (See sec. 36 (2) (3).). In this case the battalioncommander concerned should clearly understand the reasons whythe guns are attached to him. Definite instructions should be given




by the battalion commander to the machine-gun officer as to what is

required ofhim,

but the latter should be allowed as much freedomas possible in the execution ofhis task.—3. Command and control. The various tasks which the machine-

gun company has to carry out demand the most careful preparationand organization on the part of the company commander.Hemust insure that allsection commanders fullyunderstand the

part theyhave to play,and he must be always on the watch to regaincontrol, at the earliest possible moment, of any guns temporarilydetached, in order toprovide a reserve forhis brigade commander.

During action the machine-gun company commander willkeepin the closest possible touch with the brigade commander, and itisimportant that section officers should keep in close touch with thecommanders of units to which they may be attached and underwhose command they come. Machine-gun officers must carefullyobserve this principle in order to avoid dual control and consequentmisunderstanding.

It is unsafe to rely on telephones, especially in open fighting.Steps must, therefore, be taken tomaintain communication by visualsignaling and by orderlies.—

4. Cooperation. Cooperation is an essential feature in machine-gun tactics, both between the machine guns and other arms andbetween the guns themselves.

Grouping machine guns into companies by centralizing controlfacilitates the execution of a comprehensive scheme of machine-guncooperation in accordance with the needs of the tactical situation.

When this is to be effected the machine-gun company commander

must be thoroughly conversant with the situation. He should takeevery Btep to insure cooperation, not onlybetween the guns of his

company, butbetween his company and machine guns on the flanks.

5. Concealment.— —(a) During movement. To insure concealment when on the move

machine gunners should try to disguise their identity as such by

adopting the formation of the neighboring troops. This, and any

other means of escaping detection, should be constantly practised.

When machine guns are moving, they should watch and avoidareas that are being swept by shell fire.

(b) When in position:

(i)As few men as possible should be near the gun. Itwillusually

be found that two men are quite sufficient.

(ii) When time, implements, etc., are available, guns should bedug in,but, unless itis possible to construct a reallysatisfactory em




placement, itis better to seek cover fromview. A hastily madeemplacement willmerely serve to draw the attention of the enemy.

(iii)Masks and gloves willoften facilitate concealment, especially

when facing strong sunlight.

Every effortmust be made to prevent machine guns being locatedby artillery. If, however, machine guns are shelled, their actionwilllargely depend on the tactical situation. They may make a

change in position of about 50 yards or they may temporarily cease

fire, the guns and detachment getting under cover; the latter willoften deceive the enemy intothinkingthat they have been destroyed

and enable the guns to obtain a good target later. A careful distri-bution of the gun numbers willminimize casualties.

36. Machine guns in the attack.

1. Inorder to obtain the best results, the machine-gun companycommander must be thoroughly acquainted withthe plan of opera

tions and must make a careful reconnaissance of the ground.

Byuse of maps and study of the ground through a telescope from

positions in rear or on the flanks, he should endeavor to make him-self familiarwith the nature of the ground, the correct use of whichmay prove of decisive value. (See InfantryTraining, sec. 161.)

Having made his reconnaissance, and having received instructionsfrom the brigade commander (Infantry Training, sec. 160 (13)), themachine-gun company commander willgive definite orders to his

section officers. —2. Distribution of machine guns in the attack. The machine-gun

company commander may divide the guns under his command into

groups, some to go forward with the Infantry, some to cover theiradvance, others as a reserve.

3. The machine guns that go forward withthe attacking Infantry

willbe placed under the control of the Infantry commander towhom they are attached. (See Infantry Training, sec. 160 (13).)—

The role of these guns willbe to

(a) Assist the Infantry in obtaining superiority of fire.(b) Make good the positions won.(c)

Pursuethe enemy with

fire.(d) Cover reorganization of the Infantry

(c) Repel counterattack.(/) Cover retirement in the event of the attack proving

unsuccessful.

The number of guns to be sent with the Infantry willbe governedby two factors, viz, the length of front and the nature of the ground.




The time of their advance willbe determined by the nature of the

ground and progress of the Infantry. The progressof

the Infantrymust be carefully watched so that the guns may be brought forwardat the earliest possible moment. They should very rarely advancewiththe leading line of Infantry. This is the duty of the Lewisguns, the fire of which should suffice tohold the position wonuntilitcan finallybe consolidated by the machine guns.

4. The guns detailed to cover the advance of the Infantry willnormally be under the control of the machine-gun company commander, who acts under the instructions of the brigade commander.

The r6le of these guns willbe toprovide covering fire for the Infantryup to the last possible moment in the followingways:

(a) By fire from the flanks or through gaps in the line.(6) By overhead fire.(c) By indirect fire.

Great care must be exercised in (6) and (c) in order to avoidendangering our own troops.

Orders to the machine guns detailed for this task may, ifnecessary,

include general instructions to govern their action, after the task has

been completed, pending receipt of further orders fromthe machine-gun company commander. Itmust, however, be remembered thatitis usually dangerous to prescribe to a subordinate at a distanceanything that he should be better able to decide on the spot, with afullerknowledge of local conditions, for any attempt to do so may

cramp his initiativein dealing withunforeseen developments. (SeeF.8.5., Part I, sec. 12, par. 2.)

5. Guns kept as a reserve willbe under the control of the machine-

gun company commander, acting under the instructions of thebrigade commander. Owing to their characteristics, machine. gunsare valuable as a reserve of fire power, and when kept in reserve inthe hands of the brigade commander mayprove of the utmost valueat the critical moment. Itmust be remembered, however, that agreat development of fire power is most useful in the opening stages

ofan attack, to cover the advance of the infantry, and it is amistaketo keep guns in reserve if they can be usefully employed in supporting, the advance. These guns may be used for long rangesearching fire on ground behind the enemy's line, which is likelyto

hold supports orreserves, but must be available to move forward at

once, when required.

6. The great fire power of machine guns relative to the spacethey occupy, the rapidity withwhich they may be brought into or

outof action and the ease withwhich they can change the direction




of their fire render them especially suitable for the protection of

threatened flanks and for fillinggaps which may appear laterallyorin depth. Any ofthe guns mentioned in the previous paragraphs

may at times be employed in this manner.7. During an attack it may be advisable to continue to hold cer

tain tactical points, which have been captured, until the attacking

troops have made good their next objective. The characteristicsof machine guns fit them for 'this duty; their use willavoid dimin-ishing the strength and dash of the attacking infantry.

—B..Limbers and ammunition reserve. Gun limbers willgenerally

remain under the orders of section or subsection officers, but ammunitionlimbers would, as a rule,be placed under the officer in charge

of the brigade ammunition reserve (Infantry Training, sec. 166 (2)),or under a machine-gun officer, who should keep thoroughly intouch withthe progress of the machine guns so that he may be ableto keep the wagons as close up as possible.

When machine guns are attached to battalions, a proportion ofammunition limbers willaccompany them ifrequired.

Itmust be remembered that ammunition limbers are farlessmobile than gun limbers.

37. Machine guns in the defense.

1. When ithas been decided to consolidate a position for defensea reconnaissance should be carried out, the machine guns beinggenerally allotted on the followingprinciples.

2. Some guns should be posted as soon as possible in accordancewith the nature of the ground to form a complete belt of flanking

machine-gun fire along the front of the position. Important concealed approaches and folds in the ground should also be coveredby machine guns.

Cooperation must be arranged with the Lewis guns of battalions,

which can cover the less important approaches or small depressions

orhollows which the machine guns can not sweep.

3. A proportion of machine guns should be kept in reserve.When the ground is suitable, these may be used for indirect over

headfireif the

results arelikelyto justify

theexpenditure

of ammunition, and the readiness of the guns to take up other tasks is not

impaired. Itwilloften be found advisable to prepare machine-gunemplacements at important tactical points in rear of the front lineand to detail guns for their occupation, if necessary. Preparationin this respect willfacilitate a rapid readjustment of the line at anypoint.




4. Secondary positions and lines of retirement must be recon

noitered, and steps must be taken to insure that the detachmentsare familiar with them. Incase of a withdrawalbecoming necessary,machine guns in supporting positions willcover the retirement ofthe Infantry and guns in the front line. When the latter haveoccupied their secondary positions, they, in their turn, willcoverthemovement of the guns originally in support.

5. Arrangements for firing at night should be made. The day

and night gunpositions willprobably be different; the change fromthe one to the other should be made just aftor dark and just before

dawn.6. Communication -must xarefully be arranged throughout

machine-gun sections. Machine-gun officers must keep in touchwithbattalion commanders and the machine-gun company commander. (See sec. 35, par. 3.)

7. The followingpoints should also be noted:

(a) The position of the ammunition limber should be determinedand the arrangements for ammunition supply made known to all

concerned.(6) Range cards should be made for each gun.

8. The variations that arise during the protracted defense of aposition are dealt with in Notes for Infantry Officers on TrenchWarfare.

38. Machine guns with an advanced guard.

1. The functions of an advanced guard make it necessary thatgreat firepower should be available when required. A large proportion of machine guns should therefore be allotted to advancedguards.

These machine guns should move well forward in the column, so

that they may be able to get quickly into action.

2. The principalduties of machine guns with the advanced guard—are to

(a) Assist in driving back enemy forces by rapid production ofgreat firepower at any required point;

(b) Assist in holding any position gained until the arrivalof theInfantry;

(c) Cover the deployment of the mainbody by holding the enemy

on a widefront. ,3. The characteristics of machine guns render them as a rule more

suitable foremployment with the main guard than with the van-




guard, but the size of the vanguard may necessitate machine guns

being attached to it.

39. Machine guns with a rear guard.

1. As rear guards willusually be required to hold positions with

the minimumof men, a large proportion of machine guns should beallotted to them.

2. Experience has shown that well-placed machine guns, sup-

ported by a few Infantry only,willfrequently hold up an advance

for long periods.3. In occupying a rear guard position with machine guns theordinary principles of defense apply, but the followingpoints shouldbe specially noted:

(a) As wide a fieldof fire as possible should be selected.(6) Guns must be concealed in the least obvious places,(c) Covered lines of retirement must be reconnoitered.(d) Gun limbers should be close up to facilitate a hasty retire-

ment.

(c) Positions in rear must be chosen before the machine gunsretire from their forward positions.

(/) A proportion of the machine guns should occupy the positionsin rear before all the machine guns retire from the forward position.Thus the retirement of the last gun can be covered.

(g) Pack transport is very useful.

40. Village fighting.

1. As soon as the infantry have made good one edge of a village,machine guns should be brought up in close support. They shouldthen- search windows, doorways, roofs, etc., likely to be held by theenemy.

2. Machine guns should be used to command cross streets, etc., so

as to guard against attack on the flanks or rear of the infantry. Theyshould also be posted on the edges of the villages to prevent flankattacks, and when possible should be pushed forward well on theflanks, so as to command the exits from the village.

3. During villagefighting use may be made of windows, doors, etc.,

as machine-gun positions. Ifa good fieldof fire can not be obtainedfrom existing doors and windows, and time is available, smallholescan be made in the outside walls of the upper stories of buildings,enabling a good field of fire to be obtained.

101862°— 17 6




41. Occupation of various positions.

1. Machine guns may be hidden in almost any position, butitisadvisable to avoid places which are either obvious or easy to recog-

nize, such as cross roads or single objects, or places which can easilybe located on the map. Itis important that guns should merge intothe surroundings, and straight edges or distinct shadows should not

be made.

2. Banks of rivers, canals, and railways, ditches, foldsin the ground,hedges, palings or walls, also mounds of earth, may be used either to

afford a covered line of approach and supply to a gun position orelse a gun position itself. When firing over the top of the cover,greater protection is given if hollows are scooped out for the fronttripod legs. (Pis. XIIto XIV.)

3. Houses may be employed in the following ways:

The gun may be placed in rear, firing through windows or doorsin line or past the sides of the house. When firingfrom a window,door, or hole in the roof, the gun should be placed wellback forconcealment. (PI. XVI.) Adamp piece of cloth hung in front of

the gun helps to conceal the flash. When firing from a cellar, careshould be taken not to cause a cloud of dust to rise and give awaythe position. A means of retirement and alternative emplacementsshould be arranged. Overhead fire and observation may often beobtained from highbuildings.4. Woods and crops provide cover from view, facilities for com

munication, and good lines of approach or supply. Inneither caseshould guns be placed too near to the front edge. Inwoods itwill

often be possible toconstruct

hasty overhead cover.5. If a barricade has been constructed across a road, machineguns should not be put on the barricade itself but, if possible, in aconcealed position to a flank from which they can sweep the road.

6. Haystacks do not aa a rule afford a very satisfactory position,

but guns may be placed in a hollow in front, or behind, firingpast

the side, or else in a hollow on top, firing through the front face ofthe stack. A machine gun concealed in a field which is coveredwith cornstalks, manure heaps, or mounds of roots is very hard to

locate. (PI. XV.)7. Wood stacks, planks, logs of trees, and farm implements may

be used to conceal guns; cover from fire can often be obtained by

the additionof bricks or sandbags. (PI. XV.)

8. Trees generally providebetter observation posts than machine-gunpositions.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/(PI.XV.)






42. Signals.

Inmany cases observation willbe impossible from the gun posi-tion, and it willbe necessary for observers to signal results fromaflank. The following semaphore code is used in signaling the

results of observation of fire:

O =Fire observed over.S =Fire observed short.R =Fire observed to right of target.

L =Fire observed to

leftof target.

K=Fire observed correct (target or range).W=Fire unobserved or "Washout."



MACAC lUJ.XIO XIV.UJ.XIO X.IV.X.

iI

6

3

s

d

d8

5I

I..

BQIQOIOQOOOQOOIOOIOQIQOIOQOOOQOOIOOIOw>oôt^'*^-ioo«DiO'»'->tirow>oôt^'*^-ioo«DiO'»'->tiro.. •¦t^COio"*COCOt^COio"*COCO CTT <NN044 i-l-l-<-< i-<-<i-l-l -I-IrHH

>COWl'-OOONCO»OI>OeOt»OWOt»COOCOWl'-OOONCO»OI>OeOt»OWOt»COO. * "rHHrHHtHH T-5-5OSS W«CO«CO COO W33 COO

• .. •m®eot»thceihia»CJm®eot»thceihia»CJ i<<ooo W coo too!'

¦ •i-Hi-seqeê<3Wi''*'a<>o»n'Ot-oc'o»i-Hi-seqeê<3Wi''*'a<>o»n'Ot-oc'o»

8

•¦'

•StIOontOOtONOO'SHOOOOOStIOontOOtONOO'SHOOOOO•¦ •NOool>NOool> U55¦**CSISI t-H-HOSS 000 t--1^ t~~ t^t~~

¦•

i •C^W»MC^W»M iHHi-l-l-<-<iHHiHH

s;;o

1"°"°§

122

i

6

3

¦«"3i—"3i— «ooo»eoiot~ocor»ocoot>-jp30ooo»eoiot~ocor»ocoot>-jp30

I***

"i-si-;rHi-HiHe<ioic4eoco->s!-*>rft£si-si-;rHi-HiHe<ioic4eoco->s!-*>rft£s

| ¦•150000500:000000000^00050000500:000000000^000• • ¦e<iWTOco''9'»o<orô6'aSoi-3e4iiu3e<iWTOco''9'»o<orô6'aSoi-3e4iiu3

Q 'HiHit "*-41-41-!4-41-41-!4 1-4-41-!-!c4wcicococicoco •&& ¦**ujjsdjjsdcoo t-1-1066 ooo caa

3C>s>s

1"SS

I333

,||

&

Cot-i-ItOiP>«SIOCOCÎNCO tpi-lb-lo»O«î-Ht-ot-i-ItOiP>«SIOCOCÎNCOtpi-lb-lo»O«î-Ht-HH««MÛ!!Dt»oSOHeOIONp«H««MÛ!!Dt»oSOHeOIONp«

rHrtrtrHi-ISNHrtrtrHi-ISN

¦• ¦HC4EO^tOtf}QOHnNOIOQIQOCOHC4EO^tOtf}QOHnNOIOQIQOCO

!•'•' o>oot>*>oot>*

: .'' .'.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S'.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S• ¦ • a a a aaa a a a aaa a aaaaa c a:: :oo©ooooooooooooooo©ooooooooooooo

I

I i

I

COO

-e 3e3



—Table 2 (A). Trajectory table, .303 Vickers gun, Mark Vllammunition.

lintdistant from gun in yards.intdistant fromgun in yards.

Rangeangeyards.ards.

20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 1,000 j,000 jj 1,100j 1,100 1,200,200 1,300,300 1,400,400 1,500,500 1,600,600 1,700,700 1,800,800 1,900,900 2,000,000 2,100,100 2,200,200 2,300,300 2,400,400 2,500 2,600 2,700,600,500 2,700 2,800,800

I I

I i I I

O 0.4.4 1.0.0 1.9.9 3.2.2 4.9.9 7.1.1 10.00.0 13.63.6 18.08.0 23.43.4 30.00.0 38.28.2 47.67.6 58.98.9 72.12.1 87.57.5 10505 12525 1494910000 .22 .77 1.5.5 2.8.8 4.4.4 6.5.5 9.3.3 12.82.8 17.27.2 22.42.4 28.98.9 37.07.0 46.46.4 57.07.0 70.70.7 86.06.0 10404 12424 14747 I

20000 O .44 1.1.1 2.2.2 3.7.7 5.7.7 8.4.4 11.81.8 16.06.0 21.11.1 27.67.6 35.55.5 44.84.8 55.95.9 68.98.9 84.04.0 10202 12121 14545 s I30000 .3 O3 .66 1.6.6 3.0.0 4.9.9 7.5.5 10.70.7 14.84.8 19.89.8 26-S6-S r -Ft0-Ft0 99.59.5 11919 1424240000 .55 .5 O5 .99 2.1.1 3.9.9 6.3.3 9.5.5 13.33.3 18.38.3 79.69.6 96.86.8 11717 14040

i

E81.681.60000 .99 .99 .6 O6 1.1.1 2.6.6 4.9.9 7.9.9 11.61.6 16.36.3 22.F2.F L 6V.46V.4 76.66.6 93.63.6 11313 13636

?0000 1.2.2 1.4.4 1.3.3 .99 O 1.4.4 3.5.5 6.3.3 9.8.8 14.44.4 20.20.2 27.67.6 36.16.1 46.66.6 59.09.0 73.63.6 90.60.6 11010 13333ii

70000 1.6.6 2.0.0 2.1.1 1.9.9 1.2.2 O 1.9.9 4.5.5 7.9.9 12.22.2 17.87.8 25.05.0 33.33.3 43.63.6 55.85.8 70.10.1 87.07.0 10606 1282880000 2.1.1 2.7.7 3.1.1 3.1.1 2.6.6 1.6.6 O 2.4.4 5.5.5 9.6.6 15.05.0 21.91.9 30.00.0 40.10.1 52.02.0 66.16.1 82.72.7 10202 12424 I iii !! |90000 2.6.6 3.5.5 4.1.1 4.4.4 4.2.2 3.5.5 2.0.0 O 2.9.9 6.7.7 11.91.9 18.58.5 26.46.4 36.26.2 48.08.0 61.71.7 78.08.0 96.66.6 11919 ii II

:

1,000,000 3.2.2 4.3.3 5.3.3 5.8.8 5.9.9 5.5.5 4.4.4 2.6.6 O 3.5.5 8.7.7 14.74.7 22.42.4 31.81.8 43.23.2 56.96.9 72.82.8 91.11.1 11313i

i

| ||

1,100,100 3.9.9 5.4.4 6.6.6 7.5.5 7.9.9 7.8.8 7.1.1 5.6.6 3.3.3 O 4.5.5 10.60.6 17.97.9 27.07.0 38.28.2 51.41.4 67.07.0 85.05.0 10606 i! III iiI !

1,200,200 4.6.6 6.5.5 8.1.1 9.3.3 10.20.2 10.30.3 10.10.1 9.0.0 7.1.1 4.2.2 O 5.7.7 12.62.6 21.41.4 32.12.1 45.05.0 60.10.1 78.08.0 98.9i

98.9 Ii

II

!I

!I j! I!

II

j

1,300,300 5.5.5 7.8.8 9.5.5 11.51.5 12.72.7 13.43.4 13.53.5 12.82.8 11.31.3 8.6.6 5.1.1 O 6.5.5 14.84.8 25.15.1 37.57.5 52.32.3 69.59.5 90.00.0 iI

1,400,400 6.4.4 9.2.2 11.71.7 13.83.8 15.55.5 16.76.7 17.27.2 17.07.0 16.06.0 13.93.9 10.60.6 6.0.0 O 7.9.9 17.77.7 29.69.6 43.93.9 60.70.7 30.80.81,500,500 7.3.3 10.70.7 13.73.7 16.36.3 18.78.7 20.30.3 21.31.3 21.71.7 21.91.9 19.79.7 17.07.0 12.72.7 7.3.3 O 9.3.3 20.70.7 34.64.6 50.80.8 70.40.41,600,600 8.7.7 12.72.7 16.06.0 19.39.3 22.02.0 24.34.3 26.06.0 27.07.0 27.07.0 26.06.0 24.04.0 20.40.4 15.35.3 8.7.7 O 10.90.9 24.14.1 39.79.7 58.68.61,700,700 10.00.0 14.34.3 18.78.7 22.72.7 26.06.0 29.09.0 31.31.3 32.72.7 33.33.3 33.03.0 31.71.7 28.78.7 24.34.3 18.38.3 10.00.0 O 12.62.6 27.67.6 45.95.9

1,800,800 11.31.3 16.76.7 21.31.3 26.06.0 30.30.3 33.83.8 36. 7 39. 06. 7 39. 0 40.30.3 40.70.7 40.00.0 37.77.7 34.34.3 28.78.7 21.31.3 12.02.0 O 14.34.3 32.02.01,900,900 13.03.0 19.09.0 24.74.7 30.00.0 35.05.0 39.19.1 43.0 46. 03.0 46. 0 48.38.3 49.39.3 49.39.3 48.08.0 45.05.0 40.30.3 33.73.7 25.05.0 14.04.0 O 16.86.82,000,000 14.34.3 21.31.3 27.77.7 34.04.0 39.79.7 45.05.0 49.7 53.39.7 53.3 56.76.7 58.38.3 59.39.3 58.78.7 56.76.7 53.03.0 47.37.3 39.39.3 29.09.0 16.06.0 O2,100,100 16.36.3 24.34.3 31.71.7 38.78.7 45.35.3 51.11.1 SZJ)ZJ) 70.70.7 70.70.7 69.89.8 66.76.7 62.02.0 54.74.7 45.75.7 33-73-7 18.78.7 O2,200,200 18.38.3 27.37.3 35.75.7 43.73.7 51.31.3 58.18.1 »>s.Y) '.»_ 7(17'>s.Y) '.»_ 7(17' '80. 82.72.780. 83.73.7 83.73.7 81.71.7 77.77.7 71.71.7 63.33.3 52.32.3 38.38.3 20.70.7 b2,300,300

6^.0^.0 '7^77^ 792J 96.06.02J 98.08.0 99.09.0 98.38.3 95.75.7 90.70.7 83.33.3 73.73.7 60.70.7 44.04.0 24.04.0 6""20.70.7 30.70.7 40.00.0 49.39.3 58.38.3 66.16.1 8613613

2,400,400 23.03.0 34.04.0 45.05.0 55.35.3 65.35.3 74.74.7 83.3 91.73.3 91.7 99.09.0 105 11005 110 11414 11616 11616 11515 11111 10505 96.06.0 84.34.3 69.09.0 50.70.7 27.37.3 Oi

2,500,500 25.75.7 38.08.0 50.00.0 62.02.0 73.33.3 84.04.0 94. 34. 104104 11212 120 12620 126 13131 13535 13636 13636 13434 12929 12121 11111 97.07.0 79.79.7 58.08.0 31.71.7 O "2,600,600 28.78.7 42.72.7 56.36.3 69.39.3 82.32.3 94.34.3 106 11706 117 12727 136 14436 144 15050 15555 15858 15959 15858 15555 14949 14040 12727 11111 91.01.0 66.36.3 35.35.3 0"........"........2,700,700 32.32.3 47.77.7 62.72.7 77.77.7 92.02.0 10606 119 13219 132 14343 153 16353 163 17171 17878 18282 18585 18686 18484 18080 17272 16161 14747 12828 10505 75.75.7 41.7 O1.7 O ' ""

2,800,800 35.35.3 52.72.7 69.79.7 86.36.3 10202 11818 133 14733 147 16161 173 18473 184 19191 20202 20909 21313 21515 21515 21212 20707 19797 18585 16868 14646 11919 86.0 46.36.0 46.3 6

JUSUS .77 1.0.0 1.3.3 1.7.7 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0.7.3.0 i.0 i 3.33.3 4.0 4.7.0 4.7 I 5.3 I.3 I 6.0 I.0 II 6.7 I.7 I 7.3.3 8.0.0 8.7.7 9.3 10.00.0.3 13.33.3 16.76.7 20.00.0 25.0 30.00.05.0 35.05.0 41.71.7

.__ .____ j__ j

l

— —=

Notes.otes. sight.ight.Example. Ata range of 1,800xample. Ata range of 1,800 )yards tlards tl le lowest shot at 900 yard;e lowest shot at 900 yard; s from the gun is39 3 36 yards above tlfrom the gun is39 3 36 yards above tl le linee ofine of

PAET ABOVE ZERO LAET ABOVE ZERO LJNE.NE.

She ordinary trajectory table; that part abovihe ordinary trajectory table; that part abovi c and the words "positive" and "negative" are for use when determiningc and the words "positive" and "negative" are for use when determiningtal )laneal t)lane

Slearance in indirect overhead fire. (See se<learance in indirect overhead fire. (See se< c. 30, par. 4 (I).). 30, par. 4 (I).) 1. Triistable gives at any dist. Triistable gives at any dist tance froiance froi tn the gun the height in yan the gun the height in yairds of the center of the cone below a horizomrds of the center of the cone below a horizom

The table is divided into two parts, one 1he table is divided into two parts, one 1below the zero l ine and the other above. That part below the zero lineiselow the zero l ine and the other above. That part below the zero lineis

passing through the gun position,assing through the gun position,. WhenWhen using this table the rangesing this table the range c is not the range to the target, but is the q [uadrantuadrantis not the range to the target, but is the q'PART BELOW ZERO LINE.ART BELOW ZERO LINE. angle onthe gun converted toa rangle onthe gun converted toa ramge byge 1y 1 Cable 1, column 2.able 1, column 2.

Example.—At a range of 800 ;xample.—At a range of 800 ;yards, aiards, ai ndat a distance of 1,200 ydat a distance of 1,200 yrards from the gun the center of the cone isards from the gun the center of the cone is 15 yards5 yards

1. This table gives at any distance from tlhe gun the height in yards of the center of the cone above the line ofe. sight.un the height in yards of the center of the cone above the line of sight.This table gives at any distance from tl below the horizontal plane throuelow the horizontal plane throulgh thegh gthe g ;un position.un position.—Example. At a range of1,900 yards and a ita distance of1,000 yards from the gun the center of the cone is 48.3txample. yardsa distance of1,000 yards from the gun the center of the cone is 48.3 yardst a range of1,900 yards and a 2. To findthe height of the lo. To findthe height of the lo west shoest sho »t below the horizontal pist below the horizontal pis ane passing through the gun position add tlne passing through the gun position add tlhe figuree figure

ibovethe line ofsight. in theline L.S. to the height ofnbove thheline L.S. to the height of ththe line ofsight. le trajectle traject ;ory.ory.

2. To findthe height of the lowest shot a ibove the line of sight subtract the figure in the line marked L.S. fromibove. thehe line of sight subtract the figure in the line marked L.S. from theo findthe height of the lowest shot aExample.—

At a range of 800 ysxample.—

At a range of 800 ysards,

therds,

the :owest shot at1,400 yards

owest shot at1,400 yards 3

from thegu n

is 30plus

6

=

36yards

belowfrom thegu n

is 30plus

6

=

36yards

belowthe horihe hori-

leight of the trajectory. zontal plane through the gunontaleight poslane through the gun posof the trajectory. sition.ition.

101862°— 17. (To face page 84.)



MACHINE GTTN NOTE6NO. 1. 85

O'eotoosmts2l£jc4

t~oect~oeot>.oeo

50odo3c5e4eotoocortHi-(HN«

OOOOOOOQO

O»00Nt0OOOOt-t~r-ooooo>Oi-ics

NOMt-OMNOW

OnNOOOONMoeot£scs>ooio»-iodHHrt««COMV*

¦*ioooni>coos«oco*ioooni>coos«oco

.S.S-S.S.S.S.S.S.SS.S-S.S.S.S.S.S.S

00000000000000000

WiISt»O!«IDNHiISt»O!«IDNH

ot-oooortmst-oooortms

oonohmohoonohmohoooN<oOTfaioHoN<oOTfaioH

esT«'e<r«'« >

ef«"«"«*



HOTESOTES NO.O. 1..

8O33

« ssggsgg

•ss T-t-t r-t-t tHHT-H-H6oo cfefeow SSS :i

cocooco . .

Iftt o

r-T-T

«??

COO

IQCOQCO

S2g|2g|

sliSliS

1OO t^>^>000 O55

OOOii-lgOOii-lg

rHC^COrHHC^COrH

COOOI-lOOOI-l i

SSSSS :

fee COO

e44 Si^si^s <si>ooosi>ooo sssssss

e44t^t^toco^t^toco

OOOIQHOOIQHlotoooootoooo ssSssSs TflCl«Ot~flCl«Ot~

$

%.ss

opii

NCO-HtOCO-HtO

oot^ôot^ôcoîotooîoto

ioooooooooot^l^JÔO^l^JÔO¦VsCOt>VsCOt>

OU)OU )O

«DDUJJ IOOTt*t*

NOOOOOOOO

OQOOffiOiQOOffiOi00OOH0OOH

fscotôoscotôo OÔ55 000 000

a

IJ5~5~

'aa

?

8

I

rHH1

8

COO

¦**

5OO

t~~

Ooo<DtJ<oo<DtJ<

«OIMb-NOIMb-Ncopto'coopto'co

oeo«oooeo«ooo

2SJSS2S?SJSS2S?——lC4OO COO

NCOCO-*COCO-*

T)<rH00lO)<rH00lO

o oiit^«dd

NOMOOMOcoo6-«csoo6-«cseOM^<U3OM^<U3

00-*<35«30-*<35«3oscoim'ojscoim'ojCOÎOWOÎOW

NUSCOO>USCOO>t~^~^ Tl«i-il«i-i000**wcoco too

cococooococoo

¦*ooo«*ooo«

¦ *NOOO*NOOO

too ciiooo cooIQCDCOt-QCDCOt-

H(»O<D(»O<D

tp<NoiiOp<NoiiOcot-t-ooot-t-oo

tocooooocoooot-»-»000 OSS Oii

tocooco

B§2S§2S

«Ot(HNC>Ot(HNC>

W 000O>> O55

SSS3SS3

S2§§2§§

6SS2'SS2'

3S?SS?S

§§s§§s§

S^ss^ss

NQOOtDQOOtDloeoSt—oeoSt—

SsSsS

lO>-HOOO>-HOO

||g|g

000•

¦

H

paa

M

I..g

o

O33

o

o

COOtog;*og;*

OOMtCOIOMtCOI

-tfoScgt^tfoScgt^

t»C0O>0»C0O>0

we*e* cocooco

tootôoo o»»

NCOWOOCOWOO

COO COOCOO

t~»HTl<00~»HTl<00

OOOJNCOOOJNCOt~~ N066 coo

nsisosiso

Hif lUNiflUN U309C4C0309C4C0

88§g?g8§g?g

•**P)) COOrf<f<

§E2g2SBE2g2SB

O55 lOHOH

lapJcoapJcot-tôo-tôo

S3S3S

U33

I 7777777iii i cocooco(coo

I \llll iiiTT Ttt i



MACHINE GUN NOTES NO. 1. 87

¦a¦a

/M? +3

1

P "8

53 +a,d.»

« SIfl*» ?

¦S pto o3IQ

«

2

I

2B

¦*î *2

•a

!« !I§ S3

+3«M

,s8»¦»

aIil1s

"S fa g•s v-2 -g=>

Atb

1«

°.2 "§M+3 HiIsi I

H +5,_ SS f'?a 5T 7

II". »3

.2I« ,•'!•'+

i-5 bociw §*1 II

S 1"




•**i-H6*<N CO-H6*<N CO ¦vio»racer-vio»racer- t*OO 5 35 O*OO 5 35 O gjigfcfSjigfcfSCOCO<OCO<OOCO<OCO<O CO CO CO cot-O CO CO cot-

off

Icff

cff

offs

s effsS ININ

in"n"I S CMCM

N-aa

I

§

II N

I §>> cqq

<NN

F COO

COO_T-T-T

!| COO

I COO

1-&&

•**

I>oo

! CDD

l>>

3.33

¦aa

t>» t«»>» CO«»CO

lO cOr*t<- oOO cOr*t<- oO

CO Q5 CO ?4 0^ CO04 O> CO04O Q5 CO ?4 0^ CO04 O> CO04d O H N N CO^^flscOO H N N CO^^flscO1O w5U3 l£3 *O U3 VO IOIOIQ1O w5U3 l£3 *O U3 VO IOIOIQ

¦"JirtOOUJH OOIONCficO"JirtOOUJH OOIONCficOIOSOcDtÔO** OSOcDtÔO** 0005©© tH005©© tH

00 W5 CO CO t^ 000 W5 CO CO t^ 00 lOCOOCOOi COCO iO tO t*"i COCO iO tO t*"

**4* T|i**4* Tt*|i Tt*

OOiONON lONSMOOiONON lONSMOCOt**00 OS O5 Q i^HC4*4COCOt**00 OS O5 Q i^HC4*4CO

*^*^* ost-igcNiost-igcNioCO 00 *OCOO 00 *OCO CO^*00 O5

"Ô^*00 O5

"^CO CO CO COCOO CO CO COCO co co co coo c o co c o

SSfHCsS CSfHCsS 44¦ ^CMO^ CM O

C^ CO CO COCO C*f^ C O C O C OCO C*f JC COC COOCO

lO COC4OO^ o^*^BpQ" C)lO COC4OO^ o^*^BpQ" C)lCOI> 00 O5 OS O t-HINCO*ÔI> 00 O5 OS O t-HINCO*^noctnn c*TfTco co ccoctnn c*TfTco co cc

t-"-<-"-<OHH

CO COCO COO CO

Oot~tot~t-cMcxncMci |c*McxncMci |c* r-oocn-oocn

pM MMM

t*» b"" WOG00 ,00 00 00 00 00*» b"" WOG00 ,00 00 00 00 00QOOJQHN l*Q^ÔCptrOOJQHN l*Q^ÔCptr»-Ht-HC«WCS

C^^NWC*-Ht-HC«WCS

C^^NWC*S^fegg^fegg £8888

COOOOcoiooio

TH RmK^lH RmK^l NCSCS

g(N'*«O00(N'*«O00 oo©*o©*Oll O44

0404404

i-HC>)T«Ustc>-HC>)T«Ustc> 00OJO§C00OJO§C0

C^co»-t lOft^co»-t lOftSiO O> CO 00 t^CnpH«iO O> CO 00 t^CnpH«-HO4-H »O4 »OHHHrtH r-si^CS OJ CSHHrtH r-si^CS OJ CS

•S<*©CO*-«S<*©CO*-« mô>ô>00ONP5O0ONP5O W-HCN-HCN

rHNNHNN

OS CO*—t 00OS CO

*—t 00

*HO Q*O5 00*HO Q*O5 00 t*»co Ia co*»co Ia co

1OC0OOO5»H C3^tf3t»OOOC0OOO5»H C3^tf3t»OO

t»^rH r* i f*T4 O*Pi v^t»^rH r* i f*T4 O*Pi v^

(Oooo«»oOooo«»o oo ©o eoSooeoSoo

t-US^CO^-t OQ>OOeOtfS-US^CO^-t OQ>OOeOtfSi- ti-H-t rH -HrH

CO COt— 04 C©O COt— 04 C©SiHtfS©^ C4CD OS CO CDiHtfS©^ C4CD OS CO CDS O4CO 03 04O1&COCOS O4CO 03 04O1&COCO

lodispui disdis'oodispui disdis'oSh«n coco ¦*¦*ioh«n coco ¦*¦*io

i - lOOÔcp «MO»>Oi-100- lOOÔcp «MO»>Oi-100

wSScOTit-* wmcpr-wwSScOTit-* wmcpr-wCO CD COCO CO CO COCDCD COO CD COCO CO CO COCDCD CO

0^ COC45 CO CO O) COO9O)^ COC45 CO CO O) COO9O)CptÔOOOCJ ©©^HCMC*ptÔOOOCJ ©©^HCMC*U3 iO 'O CO CO CO COCO3iO 'O CO CO CO COCO

COOt^^f© WTtft-tt^^*OOt^^f© WTtft-tt^^*CNCOCO^VO »OCOt*l>ooNCOCO^VO »OCOt*l>oo\OiOiOUSiO iT3wSiOiCWSOiOiOUSiO iT3wSiOiCWS

© t* *Ht* *H0000 O^ CC1 rHdCO CO0 00 O^ CC1 rHdCO CO

tfjo if }»O io*C lOfjo if }»O io*C lO

NOt-VJN ONIQMOOt-VJN ONIQMOLO>O COt* 00 00 iÔ>O COt* 00 00 i^

OOtD'i'NOOtD'i'NOO--ICNCO-«--ICNCO-«* ¦*

--»i --H•** ¦*

--»i --H•*

OOcO'l'cMfHOcO'l'cMfH2|||§|||§

O C O C O * G*O CO CO *G*

«*4 Oi00 COU? CO O5*4 Oi00 COU? CO O5»OlOcOt>»00 OOiHNNOlOcOt>»00 OOiHNNcococococo co^ôcocococo l^ô^ l^^

t^COWJCON C4HO9QO^COWJCON C4HO9QOWCOÎOCO t»00OJO»C5COÎOCO t»00OJO»C590 CO CO COCO CO CO CO CO0 C O C O C OCO CO CO CO CO

cpcOifflW^CpcOifflW^Coihcnco"* >ncot»ooo»ihcnco"* >ncot»ooo»cococococo cococococoococococo cococococo

OOOAOO) O)0iO)AO>OOOAOO) O)0iO)AO>

OOOiO'-tCSI COîOCOt-OOiO'-tCSI COîOCOt-WCTCOCOCO COCOCOCOCOCTCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO

CO to CO CO t*-CO 00 O> ©O to C O C O t*-CO 00 O> ©t>CoO>©i-H NCCîON>CoO>©i-H NCCîONo*cqcNcoeo cococococo*cqcNcoeo cococococo

HM^^t*OJONfO^M^^t*OJONfO^cpNooao r-ieo^.iocppNooao r-ieo^.iocp

COCOCOCOCOOCOCOCOCO

eqioivoseqqioivoseqiO«D(>O0©O«D(>O0©O»«NC<»CO»«NC<»CO CO CO CO CO COO CO CO CO CO

¦*cpt-000 nrti»o to *cpt-000 nrti»o toWWNNCO COCOCOCOCOWNNCO COCOCOCOCO

NHffiOUJHffiOUJHCO'VCDNCO'VCDN

040404 O4CO CO CO CO CO CO40404O4CO CO CO CO CO CO

wsi-icoc<n>. cocs'fOeosi-icoc<n>. cocs'fOeo-»ftpt~oso (NCOOrÔO»ftpt~oso (NCOOrÔOCiSCINW CSCOCCCOCOiSCINW CSCOCCCOCO

CO iO CO © t^ OlCOO iO CO © t^ OlCOICCPOOOO!ICCPOOOO! COlOl^-OOQCOlOl^-OOQ

wclwcoco cocococo^clwcoco cocococo^

04»-(©OS00 OOWCOlO'"^4»-(©OS00 OOWCOlO'"^jOOp©iHCO iOt»O»rHCOOOp©iHCO iOt»O»rHCOWO4COCO CO CO CO COO4COCO CO CO C O C O

OS f™4 CO *fCO t«"00 O> rHC4S f™4 CO *fCO t«"00 O> rHC4N>OC4^*S 00©CSlOI>>OC4^*S 00©CSlOI>OlCO CO CO O3 COOlCO CO CO O3 CO

IO©ÔSCO 00O4I>C4COO©ÔSCO 00O4I>C4CO©COlCt*© <M*Ol>-©«COlCt*© <M*Ol>-©«CO CO CO CO *O*OC O C O C O C O *O*O

N © fliOOfliOOC O C OO CO COO

oo

©lO OS COOO 04 CO*-* 00lO OS COOO 04 CO*-* 00OCOtOOCC t-» © "Î

"COOCOtOOCC t-» © "Î"

CO-^TfiîOlO ICCOCDCOCO^TfiîOlO ICCOCDCOCO

usoinou) o'iad>aosoinou) o'iad>aowcotot-t- 56ooo»o»'-(cotot-t- 56ooo»o»'-(




?ag

« d

S£

<§

+3 S S

g Sg¦2 "«

SfB'ESIlls11R«"SSffl&5 n ss

2 .i>"5 d Mto

*¦* Hto P<Q,

°UsIS?. ?

¦3)l^â a7s Q 'I•fa . «9 in

J|el|gi-ifl°B§S ii

SSBJ.IT2»



90machine arm notes no. i.

Nggusss uS 35 10 io >o u5 u5>os uS 35 10 io >o u5 u5>o

eJ IJ I

3c§clcsS SSBSSS S^cSSS SSc?SSc§clcsS SSBSSS S^cSSS SSc?SS

Ic<r<r iowsiow3*o ioiowS^^ ¦^•^•^¦^*î•^•^^¦^ôwsiow3*o ioiowS^^ ¦^•^•^¦^*î•^•^^¦^^

co »co o « coococoo eo iooMN iSJSPrîfSo »co o « coococoo eo iooMN iSJSPrîfS

IN"N"-^î^^î^^TP'^CO-^î^^î COCOCOCOCO^^TP'^CO COCOCOCOCO

C33u5 iH5 iH SSSSS2 gggssSSSS2 s§i§§ggss s§i§§

f 4 'S'COCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO4 'S'COCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO

s Sft 00 Sb- CO >O lO *tCQ C 4 CNi"H©OO» OOOOI^cOigft 00 Sb- CO >O lO *tCQ C 4 CNi"H©OO» OOOOI^cOig

» WWCO W CO COCOCOCOCO COCOOOCOC* WNWCO NNCiW CO COCOCOCOCO COCOOOCOC* WN NNCiI musw on to oo oco us oo onio oomusw on to oo oco us oo onio ooIft «# i gr t go 0$ O C5S 00 t^*CD CO*O CO IN~Îft «# i gr t go 0$ O C5S 00 t^*CD CO*O CO IN~^

CO CO §5 CO CO CO CO COIN IN INININININ INININININO CO §5 CO CO CO CO COIN IN INININININ INININININeff

ti—l U5ts»C3ilN'^ CO QOOCN CO Cft*MCO*Ot-»—l U5ts»C3ilN'^ CO QOOCN CO Cft*MCO*Ot-»* CO Cf t CO t-"CD!O»O'^1 COCNCNi—IO OSCwOOt^co

¦* CO Cf t CO t-"CD!O»O'^1 COCNCNi—IO OSCwOOt^coN INN IN HOOS

NCOININ

OOS

NCOININ

©

IN

©

IN

00

INININININ INININININiHr-li-trHrH0

INININININ INININININiHr-li-trHrH

Cii

oinm "O/»—Ian cnti< isinm "O/»—Ian cnti< is*f-Sf- nnnnsnnnns

ooooooot-itSoooooot-itSow co a? ooo>"5-^rtHCOiN

ow co a? ooo>"5-^rtHCOiN

n*n*

rHi-ii-li-li-lHi-ii-li-li-lMM MNNMMNtNINCNINNNMM rHrtrtrHrtNtNINCNIN rHrtrtrHrt

in"n"00 OS © IN,0 OS © IN,

OOi OONN COIQThCON i—l-lO C3500Oi OONN COIQThCON i—l-lO C3500SeTSeT

innO* ININ IN* ININ IN

«00 —* nn iti V rrr eo-*"s»t^ oo tson «n iti V rrr eo-*"s»t^ oo tson « INCO

001-NCO001-

«lOCOS«O-WlOCOS«O-WINN i-h ooa> oo r~to"s-«<eo <N»-ir-ioc»-h ooa> oo r~to"s-«<eo <N»-ir-ioc»

H «l oi^Nt^ 0000 0103 0l oi^Nt^ 00 00 0 10 3 038E8E •* CO (NjH O* CO (NjH O

*oot-co io ¦weoiNt-i iHoot-co io ¦weoiNt-i iH

r-T-T

.ss i>. t->. r-- r- to cococococoo cows»owsW3ococococo cows»owsW3 U3>O3>OS ININ CO U3O Tt<3 Tt<

— —~~ ~~~—~~ ~~~ ?3c^3c^"~~

'•~~

'•x yy woo o>oooo o>ooS C 44 ~ 53 ;lB3 ;lBI

a>Ia>

CO <NCO i-lN i-l

tîCO t*» I 00 O i-*CO

tîCO t*» I 00 O i-*CO

sS 0404 33S3S CJJ.II

us in co oo co "*s in co oo co "*s i—cs t—t I 00 HMiON »N at»S>0 HMiON »N at»S>o o» 36 c«ysi coo» 36 c«ysi co

11111' '

TTT1111' '

TTT00 IO H00 U3 vH 0000 IO H00 U3 vH 00 OQO H 115

wQO H 115

wOOHÎ"ONOO

OHÎ"ONOO

N HTjtN NOCOTjtNOCOo6n«-*m in6n«-*m in |HIQ OlHIQ 1-HNCOXSC6l 1-HNCOXSC6If 1 II I I rHrH rH^,^f 1 II I I rHrH rH^,^

in t^ co 0> i*n t^ co 0> i*CN CON CO

I04 00 00 0104 00 00 01

]S rH W INOO CO 05 lO OC O y^05H £" ¦O OC O y^

£" ¦INOO CO sOi

sOi

COO05 CO CO NCO>5 CO CO NCO>

$ efcoocoS 1iii* i*1? ?? c1fcoocoS iii* i*1? ?? c

i

us oos oo o rlOi O(CO l-» .-I05 CO Tf<rH Cf)lO C*rlOi O(CO l-» .-I05 CO Tf<rH Cf)lO C*

coo TfrfS 2SSS2TfrfS SSSSBBSSS2 SSSSBB''''iiii i i i i i i i'''iiiii i i i i i i

CC O Ok CO Nt>O »O CO <N*H ©C O Ok CO Nt>O »O CO <N*H ©¦** 8 33 n3T coooon w "5 WOiri 23 ininSjjcocjjS3T coooon w "5 WOiri 23 ininSjjcocjjS T T I 777 -mcfcfT T I 777 -mcfcf Safe 22afe £222 £22

•** s°° T' '

-TT-T-T T ???? cococococo' '-TT-T-T T ???? cococococoI I >oo

o ?^s§B|3^ga[gssg||g|s^^s§B|3^ga[gssg||g|s^COO TSSfe^ SSSgg SSSSS gSS^STSSfe^ SSSgg SSSSS gSS^S? '^-T 7*?°?°?°? fTTTT TTTo^'^-T 7*?°?°?°? fTTTT TTTo^

m MNH CD O oo h u!oo nNH CD O oo h u!oo nIt—haancsat—haancsa

—IU3OUS— OSCOOOtNCpU3OUS OSCOOOtNCp

t-- ?h -w oo S S tNcocncocoh -w oo S S tNcocncoco,T|rti-i HMNNM ««¦*¦** USIOUSCO®T|rti-i HMNNM ««¦*¦** USIOUSCO®

coo

1-H-H

j3 >0.0.3idno") o"id"3 Q uj duid >n o>s 2!gSdno") o"id"3 Q uj duid >n o>s 2!gS

iohh ncn coeo^"*us uscoeot-t- 0000 Soniohh ncn coeo^"*us uscoeot-t- 0000 Son



91MACHINE GUN NOTES NO. 1.

4) © ¦

«§w

s£§8h

.S3 (D

,fllP» 3 O w

5 S.o»

o g I

fltff

ao?l|SS

fenTi

i—v V t>i Mm Oi^1

525 a!#a* w *3 f I

sfSfifl

3* 5G SiJ•-<

d ¦a 5 S

|a|9|j

£Sft



92 MACHINE Gtfrf NOTES NO. 1.—Table 4. Wind allowances.

The followingis the usual table for rough guidance:

Lateral allowances.ateral allowances.

Yards.ards.

Mild.ild. Fresh.resh. Strong.trong.

Yards. Minutes.ards. Minutes. Yards. Minutes.ards. Minutes. Yards. Minutes.ards. Minutes.1 55 1J 10J 10 2 1515

[,000,000 3 1010 6 2020 9 20201,500,500 6 1515 12 •12 3030 18 458 45!,000,000 12 202 20 24 404 40 36 606 60

Noioi 'ES.ES .

(i)The table is for right-angle winds; hii)The table is for right-angle winds; hi ilye the allowances for oblique winds.lye the allowances for oblique winds.(ii) The minutes of angle should be useiii) The minutes of angle should be usei 1 inconjunction witha card and string1 inconjunction witha card and string?inin

order to obtain an auxiliaryaiming mark on which to order the gunner to lay.(iii)When no clearly denned auxiliary mark is obtainable the lateral angular

allowance may be putonby the direction dial,ifthe angle isreasonably large. Ifnot,the followingrough rule may prove of value.

(iv)Assume the followingfactors: Mild, 2; fresh, 3; strong, 4; then multiply therange by the appropriate factor,

andthe first figure of the

answergives

thetaps

required. Thus fresh wind at 1,500 yards; 1,500X3=4,500; 4 taps are necessary.(v ) The deflection due to drift is negligible below 1,000 yards. At 1,500 yards it

is about 2 yards. Above1,500 yards itis unknown but is certainly several yards atextreme ranges.N.B.—Driftis to the left.—

Table 5. Allowances for atmospheric influences.

More elevation.ore elevation. Less elevation.ess elevation.

Cold (40° F. or less).old (40° F. or less). Heat (80°F. or more).Heat (80°F. or more).Strong headtrong wind.ead wind. Strong reartrong wind.ear wind.Extreme dryness.xtreme dryness. Rain.ain.

Over 3,000 feet above sea.ver 3,000 feet above sea.

Allowances in Yards of Range.llowances in Yards of Range.

Range.ange. 1 factor.factor. 2 factors.factors.

1,000 yards,000 yards 5001,500

yards.

"1,500

yards.

" 50"0" 100002,000 yards,000 yards 10000 15050



11U1JJS UVi1U1JJS ,Vi ,X..—T..

Total timeotal timeofflightf (tolight(toseconds).econds).

12345678

BLB 6.LB 6.

Distanceistancecovered (toovered (to

yards).ards).

600001,000,0001,300,3001,550,5501,775,7751,950,9502,100,100

2,225,225

\me ofme flight.fflight.

Total timeotal time Distanceistanceof flightf (tolight (to covered (inovered (inseconds).econds). yards).ards).

9 2,350,350-100 2,450,450111 2,550,550122 2,625,625133 2,700,700144 2,775,775155 2,840,840

Notes.

(i)Due to the effect of lighton the human eye, more elevation must be given in avery bright lightand less elevation ina very poor light., (ii)Factors affecting elevation in opposite directions willnaturally cancel out;

the result of combined factors only must be used in the allowance table.(iii)Less elevation is required when firingup or down hill. This may beneglected

when the angle of sight to the target does not exceed 10s.



• •

• • • •• • •

• •


J

s

t

14-a4-a

ICOO

II

II..

1>>

9

nI8

COO coo

*tftf

*OO

o I8

r-

000

o

o

<NNI- H-H

"8°8°

N s

1-1-11-1-1

2

o>> Tooo

i-(-(

t--

too

If lfl

¦**

tooiHH

«

1-1-1

SS :::::::::::::::::::S :::::::::::::::::::533 :::::::: i :::::•::::33 :::::::: i :::::•::::oo o S • • •

*i *-^• • • • •¦oo o S • • •

*i *-^• • • • •¦

a3^ a ii:T£: :::::::::::3^ a ii:T£: :::::::::::¦rnrnîrHrH ;; \ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;nrnîrHrH ;; \ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

i ¦ ¦¦j*)i^ j-^ i gy jJ^ t\j \2 1 t i ¦ ij*)i^ j-^ i gy jJ^ t\j \2 1 t i ¦ i

OOOOOQOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOQOOOOO

nnnnSmnnnnSmn25 c5oio to io5 c5oio to io

i-ii-(8n8S§o»-ii-(8n8S§o»

IO ioO UvoUv

HHHrtl-lHHrtl-l

ssaasaa

U3 *Oio C>*Q3*Oio C>*Q

SSSSSSSSmSSSSSSSSmS

SSSeSSSP ;SSeSSSP ;

S?SS •S?SS ••

j



Appendix B.

Indirect overheadndirect fiverhead fi c sheet.sheet.

[No.51.No. 51. M. G. Coy. No. 3 Section. Date. 11.2.19. Map used, 36c.G. Coy. No. 3 Section. Date. 11.2.19. Map used, 36c NT. W.3. 1/10,000. Officer i/c firing,2/Lt.D.Hay.]T. W.3. 1/10,000. Officer i/c firing,2/Lt.D.Hay.]

El«l« svation.vation. Clearanilearani :e overe omver om troops.roops. Direction.irection. smarks.marks.

Contionti )urs inurs in Trajec-rajec-

Gunun Rangeange yaa rds.ds. Q.E..E.Rangeange Contourontour Rangeange toryory Clearancelearance

Clear-lear-No.o.

Target.arget.too V.I..I. minutes.inutes.

for Q.or E.Q.E. of ownf ownto owno own

height (ineight (in obtainedbtainedance re-nce re- Numum-

targetarget (inin Tableable(inin troopsroops

troopsroopsyards).ards). by noteynote quireduired

Compass bearingompass bearingTime ofime firing.of firing. ber ofer of Checkedhecked General.eneral.

(inin yards).ards). 3 (A)3 orA) oryards).ards). (inin

(inin Tableable (1)below1)below (inin or D.D.r reading.D.D.reading. roundsounds by-y-

Gun. table 1,ableGun. 1, yards).ards). 2 (A)2 orA) or (inin fired.ired.yards).ards).A..

Target. 3(B).(B).Target. col. 2.ol. 2. B..yards).ards).

2(B).(B). yards).ards).yards).ards).

C..

Dump,ump, TT.28.b.5.4T.28.b.5.4 2,000,000 11818 933 255 21313

i

1,850,850 | 10404 40000 i233 377 80°0° magneticagnetic 19.569.56 D.H..H. Traversedraversed andnd searchedearched slightly.lightly. Enn-emymy retaliatedetaliated onn frontrontlineine withith 777mm.m. shells.hells.

Brickworks,rickworks,U.29.C.0.9.29.C.0.9 1,900,900 10000 14040 400 30000 2,150,150 j D.D.62°(leftof.D.62°(leftof

R..0.)..).10.0. 00,0, 12.2. 244 75050 D.H..H. Ownwn troopsroops notot betweenetween gunun andnd tarar-

get.et. Artilleryrtillery F ..0.0..0 . reportseports enn-emymy casualtiesasualties onn bothoth occasions.ccasions.

Crossroads,rossroads, 8.17.d.5.1.17.d.5.1 1,500,500 11111 477 288 888 70000 211 D.. D.. 72°-74°2°-74°(rightright offR..0.)..).

21.151.15 35555 D.H..H. Firingiring lineine reportseports noisesoises off stampedtamped-ingng transport.ransport. Enemynemy retaliatedetaliated onndummyummy emplacement.mplacement.

Battalionattalion headquarters,eadquarters, B .18.a.8.4.18.a.8.4. 1,700,700 13232 299 10303 -3 131 11414 55050 2 9 71°1° magneticagnetic D.H..H. Insufficientnsufficient clearancelearanceDidid notot fire.ire.

overver ownwn troops.roops.

5-16-16 Barragearrage onn nearearWood.ood.

edgedge off Crowrow 2,300,300 3 11111 13838 277 39999

|

2,400,400 |I

955 1,100,100 UO5O5 12121 400 Parallelarallel linesines offfireire 101"01" magag-netic.etic.

Onn cal lall fromrominfantry.nfantry.

41,5001,500 D.H..H.L.T.N..T.N.K.O.A..O.A.

S.. O.. S.. signalignal att 18.20,8.20, 19.30-19.56,9.30-19.56, andnd21.10.1.10. Noo enemynemy attacksttacks developed.eveloped.

Shafskopfhafskopf redoubtedoubt 2,200,200 11919 711 488 25858 2,000,000 | 99,979,97 900,1,50000,1,500 153,533,53 73,753,75 20,400,40 Gunun laidaidbyy day.ay. 19.089.08 71010 D.H..H. Noo informationnformation assraversedraversed slightly,lightly,too results.esults.

1Positive.Positive. :Negative.Negative. 3 LowtLowt (St.St. «BB ith positive.ith positive.

1. Clearance in yards=A— B plus or minus C according as trajectory tables give positive or negative values ofC.2. Immediately before firingQ. E. must be corrected, ifnecessary, for atmospheric influences, see Table 5.3. For lateral windallowance see Table 4. " "4. Ifobstruction exists between gun and target and its highest point can not be seen, ascertain ifshots willclear by substituting Obstruction" for Own troops'' inclearance columns above and find clearance by rule. Note. Minimum clearance required is one-half height ofcone at range to obstruction.

101862°— 17. (To face page 94.)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/11.2.19






° - 35 9 b ©

<d Q 5 33 *".§WW +2 +3 £

I tf is |iif J-2 || f | |32 a§ S 5 .S «>.« «S P 3 -d PI 5S•; || ij§ -j s p« ti_<9 Or » S us

Ii!44 11ii!$pill!

IIIf i? Ii1

1 irsitil lia lllW«l111CQ O M£gr<a 58 IS SP

|wig1!!! I'S^ ."§§s

ig-|!|:îpi vi

lllli^lills||

liPli!



96 MACHINE QTJX NOTES NO. 1.

KEY TO PLATES.

Company commander.

£ Second in command.

<J Sectionection officer.fficer.

q Subsection officer.

A Company sergeant major.

fa .. Companyompany quartermasteruartermaster ssergeant.

£j Sergeant.

gj Corporal.

jjjj Range taker.

{g Scout.

j2 Gun number, lance corporal, or private

j23 Artificer.

jgj Batman.

Eil Saddler.

gij Shoeingsmith.

gS Cook

© Storeman.

J2 Driver.

OSD Signaler.

£B Pilterer.

fi Horse ormule.




PLATE I.

MACHINE-GUN COMPANY DKAWN UP INLINE.

i-fs

if hjo -oo l-oo oo !-oo -oo | -oo ooij c-'l-OW <$) 'i -OfiO- #¦ ;-pO -OJO i -OfQ -o|o

IJ_ ...1...CD B I Q C3!Q El I O E)

i

i

—i|i •

am j d '"'''-—"¦*!¦EII"3. •'•'•1 ¦Ell3. .— ..

1 1: {»'»'

! Ij t..

iff

B^"^"FF

00*s0*s°V^

,

Hr%-'%-' JC3E33E3£titi

cioio

•

-OPOOPOjfjis*fjis*£333333

6

'OHOOHOrJfSAA

'ICCLJJWs;is;i"

J « iaia

_ ---4 «>•••«>•••

/?<rr^t orStcrio*?<rr^t orStcrio*

Sy.lS,</rc» ¦y.lS,</rc» S.f.&tti*S.f.&tti*

iGB 0B 0R?T?T I. i*i«i«i"i"i. i*i«i«i"i"i

IQlB§2°—l7—7




PLATE 11.

MACHINE-GUN COMPANY IN COLUMN OF ROUTE. ACTION NOTEXPECTED.

;; "*¦&—"• "& .- U '&&£#¦;~ mmc/ r fi mm ...* —-1.,!

• I I j^' """*|J«»»**««

r«rf ""'«*"- ?< ......... "I}—I | I J. co

¦

r t: wI M ?i -fl**"

|_J-^ £l «Sf

! s I ..jS a rmymtjp.

jpL Detail of sectionf 6 #*&3cl, in fours.r ..« $ itiflivMZ>

-•00 enCDQ3CZJCD

*• mmn im*•

! 100mm m

•w o mmcomv m mm czj*-- S3 /w /&*«».-W mmmm»• • mm m

;tt|. "g w^.*. Total length of

Hc.:v"".T".::::s__!^lZ^ column=

311 yds.-»oio




PLATE 111.

MACHINE-GUN COMPANY IN COLUMN OF KOUTE ACTION

EXPECTED.

4" E3i-3't-

i-f-

QIB GD Corpt.

-*4*

£~*

»o oeOIO

/2» A/9/ Gun Umtxt

°f| _..J_ I N*lSection.

9* Oefdckmmf

RijAtSub -Section

?'¦ "b"0 00010

/2 N?2 Gu n Umber

°fi J I N?lSect,onf C 3

OcfacAmenf

i LeftSui-Secton9 '

E35»

j. + S*t,Sec.qffr*.'/*?;Sect*.O « 0.C./V2 Sect/on

Followed in succession by 2, 3 and 4 sections in above order. The subsectionlimbers and

Documents

Machine Gun Notes No 1 Part 1