Dr. R.K. DhawanPh.D., M.I.E., M.E., M.I.S.T.E.

PrincipalRamgarhia Institute of Engineering & Technology

Satnampura, Phagwara(Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar)

S. CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD.(AN ISO 9001 : 2008 COMPANY)

RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055

forThe Students of B.E./B.Tech.

IN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION[According to the Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.) SP: 46-1988 & IS: 696-1972]

A Textbook of

MachineDrawing

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© 1996, Dr. R.K. DhawanAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyright owner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, Tribunals and Forums of New Delhi, India only.First Edition 1996Subsequent Editions and Reprints 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014 Reprint with Corrections 2015ISBN : 978-81-219-0824-5 Code : 1010F 148printed in indiaBy Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Plot 20/4, Site-IV, Industrial Area Sahibabad, Ghaziabad-201010 and Published by S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110055.

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This revised edition of book takes special care to include the new topics of machine drawing as per the new syllabi of different universities. Twelve Model Test Papers, given at the end of the book are useful for the students to practice before examination.

All chapters, given in multicolour enchance the content value and give the students an idea of which they will be dealing in reality to abridge the gap between theory and actual practice. I hope the readers will find this book more useful.

Three test papers have been added for Self Assessment of the students. These papers contain MCQs and Objective Type Questions.

The author is thankful to Prof. Harvinder Lal, Prof. Jagjot Singh, Prof. Naresh Dr. Naveen Dhillo and Prof. Gurmeet Singh Gahir for their valuable suggestions.

Suggestions for further improvement of the book from the colleagues and learners will be greatly acknowledged and incorporated in the subsequent edition.

Dr. R.K. DHAWAN

P R E F A C E PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION

Disclaimer : While the author of this book has made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and has used his skill, expertise and knowledge to the best of his capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The author and S. Chand do not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever. S.Chand and the author expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. S. Chand shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.

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A Textbook of Machine Drawing has been prepared to meet the requirements of the students preparing for B.Sc. Engineering, B.E., B.Tech., A.M.I.E. (India), Diploma in Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering, Automobile Engineering and Textile Engineering, I.T.I. (Draftsman Course in Mechanical Engineering), C.T.I. and other Engineering Examinations. The book is in First Angle Projection as recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards, SP: 46-1988. However, the third angle projection has also been included in it.

The book is divided into three sections, each containing different chapters covering questions for self examination (viva-voce), objective type questions, fill in the blanks, problems for practice, thus covering the full syllabus of all Indian Universities and boards. The book is equally useful for the students of different Technical Universities and Polytechnics of India.

Simple language, easy to follow descriptions of subject matter and clear diagrams are the characteristic features of the book.

Acknowledgement is due to Bureau of Indian standards and other authorties on the subject, whose works author has Consulted for writing the book.

Authors warmest thanks to M/s S. Chand & Co. for bringing out the book in such short period with good get-up, fine printing and reasonable price.

The author is thankful to Prof. Rattan Bhandari, Prof. S.K. Aggarawal, Dr. G.D. Bansal, Prof. L.D. Garg, Prof. S.P. Thapar, Prof. Rakesh Chandera, Prof. J.S. Gill and Prof. S. Charanjet Singh.

Suggestions for the improvement of the book will be acknowledged with thanks.

Dr. R.K. DHAWAN

P R E F A C E PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

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Section – i

1. Introduction and Drawing Instruments ...3 — 31 Introduction–Drawing–ClassificationofDrawing–ArtisticDrawing–Engineering

Drawing–GeometricalDrawing–MechanicalEngineeringDrawingorMachineDrawing–CivilEngineeringDrawing–Electrical andElectronicEngineeringDrawing–SelectionofDrawingInstruments–DrawingInstrumentsandOtherDrawingMaterials –DrawingBoard–T-Square –SetSquares– InstrumentBox–InkBowCompass,SmallBowCompassandSmallSizeDivider–Scales–RulingPenorLiner–Pencil–Protractors–Clinograph–RubberorEraser–ErasingShield–DrawingPinsandSellotapes&Clips–IrregularorFrenchCurves–DusterorHandkerchief–DrawingInk–DrawingPaperorDrawingSheet–SizesofDrawingSheets–TracingPaper–TracingCloth–SketchBook–ModernInstrumentsforSpeedyandAccurateWork

2. Layout of Drawing Sheet ...32 — 39 Introduction–LayoutofDrawingSheet–Margin–BorderLines–Titleblock–

ListofParts–RevisionPanel–ZoneSystem–NumberingofSheets–FoldingMarksandFoldingofSheets–FixingtheSheetontheBoard–PreparationofDrawing

3. Conventions ...40 — 51 Introduction–ConventionorCode–ConventionsforLines–DetailedDescription

andUses ofVarious Lines –Thickness of Lines –Conventions forVariousMaterials –ConventionalBreaks–ConventionalRepresentationofCommonFeatures

4. Lettering ...52 — 68 Introduction–Lettering–RequirementsofGoodLettering–GeneralProportions

ofLettering–CompositionofLetters–SpacingofLetters–SizeofLetters–OrderandDirectionoftheStrokeofLetters–UniformityinLettering–GuideLines –GuideLineDevices–Classification of Lettering –Gothic Lettering –RomanLettering –FreehandLettering–MechanicalLetteringDevices–InclinedItalicFreehandLettering

5. Dimensioning ...69 — 83 Introduction–Dimensioning–NotationofDimensioning–TheoryofDimensioning

– SystemofPlacingDimensions–UnitofDimensioning–GeneralRulesofDimensioning

CONTENTSC O N T E N T S

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6. Scales ...84 — 105 Introduction–Scale–UsesofScale–SizesofScale–UnitofMeasurement

–RepresentativeFraction(R.F.)orScaleFactor(S.F.)–ScalesonDrawing–InformationsNecessaryfortheConstructionofScales– ClassificationsofScale–PlainScale–DiagonalScale–PointstoDrawScales–PrincipleofDiagonalScale–ComparativeorCorrespondingscales–VernierScales–ScaleofChords

Section – ii

1. Theory of Projection and Orthographic Projection ...109 — 152 Introduction–Projection–TypesofProjection–PictorialProjection–Orthographic

Projection–How toget theOrthographicProjection–PlaneofProjection –FourQuadrants–RotationofPlanes–TypesofOrthographicProjection–FirstAngleProjection–SixViews–SymbolforFirstAngleProjection–ThirdAngleProjection–SixViews–SymbolforThirdAngleProjection–SelectionofViews–SpacingofViews–WaysofProjectingThreeViewDrawings–PrecedenceofLines–ConversionofPictorialViewsintoOrthographicViews–DirectionofSight–OrthographicViewsofSimpleObjects–InvisiblelinesinOrthographicViews–GeneralPrinciplesofOrthographicDrawing–ProcedureforPreparingOrthographicViews

2. Orthographic Reading or Interpretation of Views ...153 — 160 Introduction–OrthographicReadingorInterpretationofViews–HowtoRead

OrthographicViews–SimpleFactsofReadingOrthographicProjections–Surface,Edge,CornerandAreaBoundedbyOutlines–ProcessofVisualization

3. IdentificationofSurfaces ...161 — 167 Introduction–IdentificationofSurfaces–IdentificationofSurfacesfromPictorial

toOrthographicViews–IdentificationofSurfacesfromOrthographicProjectionstoPictorialViews

4. Missing Lines and Views ...168 — 176 Introduction–Missinglines–ProcedureforDrawingtheMissingLines–Missing

Views

5. Sectional Views ...177 — 203 Introduction–SectionalView– CuttingPlaneor SectionalPlane–Section

Lines–TypesofSectionalViews–SomeImportantSections–PartialorBrokenOutSection–OffsetSection–RevolvedSection–RemovedSection–OutlineSection –PhantomSection –ThinMaterial inSection–SpokesofWheel inSection–Web inSection–AuxiliarySection–AlignedSection–PartsnotSectioned–TreatmentofDottedLinesinSectionalViews

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6. Isometric Projections ...204 — 239 Introduction–IsometricVieworProjection–TheoryofIsometricProjection–

IsometricLength–IsometricScale–MethodtodrawIsometricScale–DifferencebetweenIsometricViewandIsometricProjection–MethodtodrawIsometricVieworProjection–SomeImportantTerms–VariousPositionsofIsometricAxes–IsometricViewsofVariousObjects–ObjectswithIsometricLines–ObjectswithNon-isometricLines–ObjectswithCircularorCurvedSurfaces– IsometricProjectionofaScale

7. Auxiliary Views ...240 — 249 Introduction–AuxiliaryView–UsesofAuxiliaryViews–AuxiIiaryPlane–Types

ofAuxiliaryPlanes–AuxilaryVerticalPlanes(A.V.P.)–AuxiliaryInclinedPlanes(A.I.P.)–MethodtoDrawAuxiliaryView

8. Freehand Sketching ...250 — 260 Introduction–FreehandSketching–UsesofFreehandSketchinginEngineering

– ImportantPoints forGoodSketching –SketchingMaterials –Holding thePencil–SketchingStraightLines–SketchingCircles–MethodsforDrawingSmallCircle–MethodsforDrawingLargeCircles–SketchingArcsandCurves–SketchingEllipse–TypesofFreehandSketches–OrthographicSketches–IsometricSketches

9. Sections of Solids ...261 — 270 Introduction–SectionsofSolids–TermsUsedinSectionsofSolids

Section – iii

1. Production Drawings ...273 — 285 Introduction – ProductionDrawing – Engineering Procedure forMaking a

ProductionDrawing–DetailDrawing–AssemblyDrawing–TypesofAssemblyDrawings–DesignAssemblyDrawing–WorkingAssemblyDrawing–GroupAssemblyDrawing–InstallationAssemblyDrawing–ExplodedAssemblyDrawing–CheckAssemblyDrawing–ProcedureforMakingAssemblyDrawingFromDetails–WoodenJoints

2. Limits, Fits and Machining Symbols ...286 — 315 Introduction–LimitsandFits–NeedsofLimitsandFits–Tolerance–Allowance

–ApplicationofTolerances–SelectedAssembly–GeneralTolerance–ToleranceofFormandPosition–UnilateralandBilateralTolerance–GradeofTolerance–SizeofTolerance–ToleranceofAngles–Clearance–Interfernce–TypesofFits–Symbols forTolerancesDeviationsand forFits–StandardTolerances–LimitGauges–HoleBasicandShaft basisSystems–MachiningSymbolsandSurfaceFinishes–IndicationofSurfaceRoughness–MethodsofPlacingMachiningSymbolsonOrthographicViews

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3. Rivets and Riveted Joints ...316 — 331 Introduction–Fastening–Fasteners–TypesofFastenings–Rivet–Practical

Application of Rivets –Types of Rivets – Rivet Symbols – ConventionalRepresentationsofHoleandRivets(BIS)–Riveting– CaulkingandFulleringOpertions–GeneralTermsandProportionsofRivetedJoints–TypesofRivetedJoints–ButtJoints–ConnectionsofPlatesatRightAnglesandParallel

4. Welding ...332 — 345 Introduction–Welding–ApplicationsofWelding–TypesofWelding–Welded

Joint–TypesofWeldedJoints–EdgePreparation–RepresentationofWeld–ElementaryandSupplementaryWeldingSymbolsAccordingtoBIS–PositionoftheSymbolsonDrawingasperBIS–RelationBetweentheArrowLineandtheWeldJoint–PositonoftheArrowLine–PositionoftheReferenceLine–PositionoftheSymbolwithRegardtoReferenceLine–DimensionsofWelds–SizeofWeld–SurfaceCountourandFinishofWelds–WeldsallAround–SiteWeld–DifferentProcessesofWelding–CompoundWeld–BackingStripWeld–StudWeld–SpotWeld–SeamWeld–ProjectionWeld

5. Screw Threads ...346 — 356 Introduction–ScrewThreads–PracticalApplicationsofScrewThreads–Terms

UsedinScrewThreads–FormsofScrewThreads–ComparisonofVandSquareThreads–FormsofVThreads–FormsofSquareThreads–ThreadDesignation–ConventionalRepresentationofScrewThreads

6. Fastenings ...357 — 376 Introduction–Fastening–Nut–FormsofNuts–Bolt–FormsofBolts–Locking

Devices–FoundationBolt–TypesofFoundationBolts–Studs–EndofDrilledholeandScrewedPiece–TapBoltorCapScrew–MachineScrews–SetScrews–Washer–ConventionalSymbolsforNutsandBolts

7. Keys, Cotters and Joints ...377 — 392 Introduction–Key–KeyWay–DepthofImmersion–ProportionsofKey–Taper

ofKey–ClassificationofKeys–SunkKeys–RoundorPinKey–SaddleKey–TangentialKeying–Cotter–Gib–SplineShaft–JointsUsedforConnectingRods–SleeveandCotterJoint–SpigotandSocketJoint–GibandCotterJoint–AdjustableJoint–KnuckleJoint

8. Shaft Couplings ...393 — 405 Introduction–ShaftCoupling–TypesofCouplings–RigidflangeCoupling–

FlangeCoupling–ProtectedTypeFlangeCoupling–MuffCoupling–HalfLagMuffCoupling–SplitmuffCoupling–FlexibleCoupling–Oldham’sCoupling–UniversalCoupling(Hook’sJoint)–CompressionCoupling–Clutches–TypesofClutches–ClawClutchorClawCoupling–ConicalFrictionClutch

9. Bearings ...406 — 433 Introduction–Bearings–TypesofBearings–SimpleJournalBearing–Bushed

Bearing–OpenBearing–MethodsofPreventingRotationofBrassesinaBearing–PlummerBlock–MarineEngineShaftBearing–AnglePlummerBlock–SwivelBearing–Foot-stepBearing–BallandRollerBearings–SelfAligningBearing

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10. Brackets ...434 — 441 Introduction–Brackets

11. Pulleys ...442 — 450 Introduction–Pulleys–Crowning–TypesofPulleys–CastIronPulleys–Fast

andLoosePulleys–SplitupPulley–SpeedConeorSteppedPulley–RopePulley–V–BeltPulley

12. Pipe Joints ...451 — 460 Introduction–Pipes–PipeJoint–PipeMaterial–SizeofPipe–DifferentPipes

andtheirUses–FormsofPipeJoints–CastironFlangedJoint–SpigotandSocketJoints–HydraulicPipeJoint–ExpansionJoint–UnionJoint–SymbolsforPipsFittings

13. Steam Engine Parts ...461 — 486 Introduction–SteamEngine–SteamEngineParts–PistonandPistonRod–Box

orHollowPiston–LocomotivePiston–PistonRings–StuffingBox–CrossHead–CrossHeadwithDetachableShoe–ConnectingRodEnd–Crank–TypesofCrank–Eccentric–SlideValve

14. I.C. Engine Parts ...487 — 501 Introduction–I.C.Engine–I.C.EngineParts–StationaryParts–Reciprocating

Parts–RevolvingParts–Piston–ConnectingRod–AtomiserorFuelInjector

15. Valves ...502 — 533 Introduction–Valves–ValveSeats–ClassificationofValves–StopValve–

SafetyValve –TypesofSafetyValves–SpringLoadedSafetyValve–DeadWeightSafetyValve–LeverSafetyValve–BlowOffCock–FeedCheckValve–RelifeValve

16. Gears ...534 — 557 Introduction–Gear–ClassificationofGears–SpurGear–BevelGears–Helical

Gears–WormandWormWheelorWorm–Gearing–TermsUsedinSpurGear–ProfileorFormofTeeth–MethodtoDrawBaseCircleofaGear–MethodtoDrawBaseCirclesofTwoMatingGears–ConstructingSpurGearProfile– ExactMethodofConstructingToothProfile–GearTemplate– InternalGear–BevelGears–TermsUsedinBevelGears–MethodtoDrawaBevelGear–ConstructionofBevelGearsinMatingPositions–RackandPinion–ConventionsforGears

17. Cams ...558 — 574 Introduction–Cam–PracticalApplicationsofCam–TypesofCam–Types

ofCamFollowers–TermsUsedinCam–DisplacementDiagram–TypesofMotionofFollower–UniformVelocityofStraightLineMotion–SimpleHarmonicMotion–UniformlyAcceleratedandDeceleratedMotion

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18. Jigs and Fixtures ...575 — 587 Introduction–JigsandFixture–DifferenceBetweenJigandFixture–Driling

Jig–DrillingJigforValveStemHole–MillingJig

19. Miscellaneous Drawings ...588 — 671 Introduction–ToolPost–TailStock–LatheSlideRest–ThreeJawChuck–Tool

HeadofShapingMachine–MachineSwivelVice–ScrewJack–MachineVice–BenchVice–PipeVice–CarburettorBody–QuickChangeDrillHolder–RotaryGearPump–BevelGearJunctionBox–MeasuringStand–CraneHook–HandDrill–ShaftBracket–WormReductionGearBox–IndexingFixture–ForcePump–MultipleDiscFrictionClutch–CentrifugalClutch–ScrewHoist

20. Computer Aided Drafting ...672 — 691 Introduction–Computer–ApplicationsofComputer–ClassificationofComputer–

ElementsofComputer–Hardware–Software–HardwareComponents–StorageDevice–GraphicSoftwarePackage–ComputerGraphics–ComputerAidedDrafting–AdvantagesofComputerAidedDrafting–AutoCAD–CapabilitiesofAutoCAD–Main Features ofAutoCAD2004 –OpeningAuto–CAD-2004 –ComponentsofAutoCAD–DrawingEntities–DrawingEntity–Point–DrawingEntity–Line–DrawingEntity–Rectangle–DrawingEntity–Circle–DrawingEntity–Ellipse–DrawingEntity–Arc–DrawingEntity–Polygon–ThreeDimensional(3D)Modelling–TypesofModelling

Model Test Papers ...693 — 733

1. Introduction and Drawing Instruments

2. Layout of Drawing Sheet

3. Conventions

4. Lettering

5. Dimensioning

6. Scales

SECTION - I

INTRODUCTIONIn this fast developing society, an engineer

plays a vital role. He is rightly called "The Creator" ...a man who puts his imagination into actual practice.He thinks of the problems in his mind and conveysthem to others through the language of systematiclines. It is this language of systematic lines which iscalled engineering drawing. Therefore, an engineermust have knowledge of this language to project hisideas correctly on the paper and then execute the jobefficiently and effectively with the help of this drawing.

Since, the modern research work in engineer-ing depends mainly upon engineering drawing, it is,therefore, necessary for an engineer to acquire agood working knowledge about the subject in order

Introduction andDrawing Instruments

Introduction1.1. Drawing1.2. Classification of Drawing1.3. Artistic Drawing1.4. Engineering Drawing1.5. Geometrical Drawing1.6. Mechanical Engineering Drawing

or Machine Drawing1.7. Civil Engineering Drawing1.8. Electrical and Electronic Engineer-

ing Drawing1.9. Selection of Drawing Instruments

1.10. Drawing Instruments and OtherDrawing Materials

1.11. Drawing Board1.12. T-Square1.13. Set Squares1.14. Instrument Box1.15. Ink Bow Compass, Small Bow

Compass and Small Size Divider1.16. Scales1.17. Ruling Pen or Liner1.18. Pencil1.19. Protractors1.20. Clinograph1.21. Rubber or Eraser1.22. Erasing Shield1.23. Drawing Pins and Sellotapes & Clips1.24. Irregular or French Curves1.25. Duster or Handkerchief1.26. Drawing Ink1.27. Drawing Paper or Drawing Sheet1.28. Sizes of Drawing Sheets1.29. Tracing Paper1.30. Tracing Cloth1.31. Sketch Book1.32. Modern Instruments for Speedy and

Accurate Work

1C H A P T E R

4 A Textbook of Machine Drawing

to express and record the shape, size and other informations necessary for the constructionof various objects such as buildings, roads, bridges, structures, machines, etc.

In this chapter, we will deal with the study of introduction of drawing, engineeringdrawing, drawing instruments, their uses and cares in handling them along with moderninstruments for speedy and accurate work.

1.1. DRAWINGThe art of representation of an object by systematic lines on a paper is called drawing.

1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF DRAWINGThe drawing may be classified into the following two main groups:1. Artistic drawing (Free hand or Model drawing)2. Engineering drawing (Instrument drawing)

1.3. ARTISTIC DRAWINGThe art of representation of an object such as painting, cinema slide, advertisement

boards, etc. by the artist by his imagination or by keeping the object before him is known asartistic drawing.

The artist tries to produce the object in the shape of a picture by giving various shadesand colours. Dimensions and other details are not given in it, however, one can appreciatethe shape and size of the object.

The artistic drawing is commonly used by the artists for commercial purposes, i.e., inpainting, advertisement boards, cinema slides, etc.

1.4. ENGINEERING DRAWINGThe art of representation of engineering objects such as buildings, roads, machines,

etc. on a paper is called engineering drawing.

Engineering drawing is always prepared by the drawing instruments according to somesutiable scale giving all the information necessary for the construction of an object.

The subject of engineering drawing can be divided from engineering point of view intothe following categories :

1. Geometrical drawing(i) Plane geometrical drawing(ii) Solid geometrical drawing

2. Mechanical engineering drawing3. Civil engineering drawing4. Electrical and Electronic engineering drawing, etc.

1.5. GEOMETRICAL DRAWINGThe art of representation of geometrical objects such as rectangle, square, cube, cone,

cylinder, sphere etc. on a paper is called geometrical drawing.

1.5.1. Plane Geometrical Drawing : The art of representation of objects having twodimensions, i.e., length and breadth such as square, rectangle, triangle, etc. on a paper iscalled plane geometrical drawing.1.5.2. Solid Geometrical Drawing : The art of representation of objects having threedimensions i.e. length, breadth and thickness such as cube, prism, cylinder, sphare etc. ona paper is called solid geometrical drawing. It is also called descriptive or practical solidgeometrical drawing.

Machine Drawing

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121908245 Author : R K Dhawan

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