University of SunderlandFaculty of Arts, Design, Media

MEDIA AND CULTURAL STUDIES

Module Guide

2011/2012

MAC309

MEDIA STUDIES SPECIAL TOPIC

#mac309

Assessment due date:

17th May 2012, 3pm – Prospect Building Library Services and WebCT/SunSpace

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TITLE: MEDIA STUDIES SPECIAL TOPICCODE: MAC309LEVEL: 3CREDITS: 10FACULTY: Arts, Design & Media MODULE BOARD: Media and Cultural StudiesPRE-REQUISITES: MAC201 or MAC202CO-REQUISITES: MAC301 or 302LEARNING HOURS: 100 hours (the exact nature of which is specified in the module guide).

LEARNING OUTCOMES:Upon successful completion of this module students will have demonstrated:Knowledge:

1. knowledge and understanding of contemporary media theories relevant to an analysis of a particular topic

2. ability to apply this knowledge and understanding to an analysis of the media and to communicate effectively.

Skills:3. advanced skills in research and the development of an argument;4. advanced written presentation skills

CONTENT SYNOPSIS:This is variable from year to year. The module aims to develop students’ knowledge of an aspect of the media. It will be based upon theoretical approaches appropriate for final- year work, and will be compatible with staff research expertise.

LEARNING AND TEACHING METHODS:Teaching will adopt a lecture/seminar approach, in which the former will normally be devoted to the exploration of theoretical issues, and the seminar to detailed analysis of a specific topic in the light of the ideas explored.

ASSESSMENT METHODS:The module will be assessed by:End of module essay (2,500 words) (assesses S 1 & 2; K 1 & 2) 100%

PROGRAMMES USING THIS MODULE AS AN OPTION:BA (Hons) Media Production (Video & New Media) BA (Hons) Media WritingBA (Hons) Media Production (TV and Radio) BA (Hons) Film and MediaBA (Hons) Media, Culture and Communication BA (Hons) JournalismBA (Hons) Broadcast Journalism BA (Hons) Public RelationsBA (Hons) Television Studies BA (Hons) Journalism StudiesBA (Hons) Magazine Journalism BA (Hons) Sports JournalismBA (Hons) News Journalism BA (Hons) Mass CommunicationMedia Studies within Combined Subjects

MODULE LEADER: Robert Jewitt, Tel 5153431, Media Centre, room 201be-mail: robert.jewitt@sunderland.ac.uk

Due to the special nature of this module, the themes and content may rotate from year to year. For more information regarding the content of the module please contact the module leader.

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MAC309 Media Studies Special Topic: New Media, the Web and Society

Module overview:

Today’s society is a complex one in which a pervasive media culture dominates social life to the point where it is frequently difficult to comprehend the myriad relationships between the media, society and everyday life. The emergence of the web and the Internet adds a further level of complexity to this.

What we see, hear and read is the product of a number of forces (political, economic, cultural, legislative, etc) and they shape or understanding of ourselves, our community, and our world. Currently, our media culture is undergoing a series of transformations - as new forms of entertainment, new venues for political debate, and new models of journalism emerge online, and as the established producers of media struggle to adapt to the various challenges posed by a read/write model of the Web. Cultural practices are changing, as are our understandings of what they might mean.

This module will explore how the cultural landscape has changed in relation to media and information technologies, how broadcast media and traditional publishing are converging with networked computing, and what implications these changes may have for society, politics, and culture more generally. The current era of the Internet ahs been referred to as Web 2.0 – a term which warrants detailed investigation. It will focus on cases drawn from new, information-based media: online news, blogs, Wikipedia, YouTube, mash-ups, social networking applications, peer-to-peer networks, video gaming, virtual communities, etc - but will examine them so as to understand the underlying relationship between media and society.

One key aspect of the module will involve a focus on the ideas put forward by contemporary technologists and business leaders looking to shape the future of new media businesses. Critical debates about the role the Internet plays in society will be considered. Some sessions will look at the architecture of the Internet and the role it plays in facilitating democracy, and what the future of the Internet might look like. Some sessions will consider the emergence of user-generated content and the ease and accessibility of free tools for self-publicising. The persuasive role of online rhetoric and branding will also feature.

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CONTENTS

1. Timetable 2. Staff 3. Tutorial advice 4. WebCT/SunSpace/MySunderland 5. Weekly sessions 6. Reading material 7. Assessment info

1 - Timetable

Lectures take place in the David Goldman room 108, St Peter’s Campus at 1pm on Thursday afternoon.

Seminars take place at 2pm in Media Centre MC234 and at 5pm in MC233 on Thursday. Some sessions may be supported with a virtual seminar delivered via WebCT Vista. Staff will inform students which sessions are delivered this way in the lecture timeslot or via WebCT Vista

There will be several recommended screenings, many of which are hosted online (eg YouTube, Google Video, or in SunSpace). Staff will advise students in advance if they need to watch screening material.

Check your timetables to see which group you are in. If you have any problems contact Ashleigh Little ashleigh.little@sunderland.ac.uk

2 - Staff Teaching On The Module

Most of your contact time will be spent with the module leader and he should be your first point of contact.

Robert Jewitt (Module Leader): robert.jewitt@sunderland.ac.uk @rob_jewittEve Forrest: eve.forrest@sunderland.ac.uk @eveforrest

3 – Tutorial advice

For individual advice outside of the seminars, all members of full-time teaching staff have office hours, or appointment arrangements. The details of these are normally posted on office doors and available from the Media Centre Reception. These hours are for the benefit of all students of course, and should not be used as a substitute for class time except when you are catching up on work missed because of illness or other circumstances beyond your control.

4 - WebCT/SunSpace/MySunderland

A copy of this module guide and various lecture handouts and reading guides are available in the MAC309 WebCT Vista/SunSpace area which you can access here: http://vista.sunderland.ac.uk

If this module is missing from your WebCT list you must contact the faculty administrator as soon as possible. The easiest and quickest way for you to fix this issue is by contacting administrative staff and completing a Module Change Form available from reception in the Media Centre. Academic staff cannot add you to WebCT/Sunspace – this can only be done via the signing of the Module Change Form.

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There is a Facebook Page for MAC309 here:http://www.facebook.com/pages/MAC309-New-Media-The-Web-Society/108703149174502

You should also find relevant material on the module leader’s blog www.remedialthoughts.com and via Twitter http://twitter.com/rob_jewitt. Look out for the hashtag #mac309

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5 - Week by Week Schedule

Week 1: Module overview: technology and societyThis session will provide students with a framework for engaging with the module. It will also introduce students to some of the ways they can engage with the module and its content using online services such as Facebook, Twitter, and Delicious, etc. It will also touch on the role(s) played by technology when describing the future.

Week 2: New Media Monopolies: “What Would Google Do?”Convergence is the order of the day, from formats and texts through to businesses and ideas. This session will drawn on ideas and themes raised by ideas associated with globalization, in particular how it pertains to global media ownership trends. It will also consider the emergence of the search giant, Google, and attempt to contextualize the shifting balance of power between ‘old’ and ‘new’ media.

Week 3: The Network EffectNetworks of data permeate our lives almost invisibly. How this data flows around the global network that is the Web is coming under increasing scrutiny in numerous circles concerned with copyright, human rights, cyber warfare and e-commerce. This session will consider current arguments around the regulation of data and the neutrality of the Internet and web-traffic, paying attention to specific policy examples taken from North America and Europe.

Week 4: Networked Journalism and the Arab SpringThe session will consider the emergence of journalism as a networked enterprise connecting globally dispersed people with news and information relevant to them. It will also consider the ways in which social networking sites like Twitter have become central to the process of breaking news, and the extent to which veracity and trust in the service can be maintained

Week 5: The Case for Privacy in a Digital EraThe Internet has made it easy to share information with others, but it has also brought with it new opportunities for surveillance. This may include everyday examples of friends following each other on social networks, but it also includes the ways in which organizations monitor web-users online activity via cookies and behavioral advertising programmes. This session will consider some of the implications regarding the nebulous ways in which data about individuals may be used by third parties in the current era.

Week 6: The Cult of AppleThe last decade has seen the Apple brand grow in stature off the back of loyal support from a diehard legion of acolytes, frequently referred to as a ‘cult’. This session will consider the success and failings of several Apple products, brands, marketing campaigns, as well as an exploration of the contribution made by the Apple fanbase to the company’s success. It will pay specific attention to Apple products, notably the iPhone and iPad.

Week 7: The Cost of FreeThe Web has brought with it many innovations that have transformed how business takes place. This week’s session will look at the impact that “free” information (or data) is having by considering examples taken from popular culture including free news, free music, free email, and free software amongst others. It will also consider the arguments of Wired editor, Chris Anderson, that “free” is the price of the future.

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Week 8: Competing With Piracy: “The Pirate’s Dilemma”Building on the arguments put forward in previous weeks, this session will consider the impact of peer-to-peer piracy on the cultural industries. It will consider some of the rhetorical and legal strategies advocated by proponents of the various media industries (eg., MPAA, RIAA, IFPI, BPI, BREIN, etc) and it will position them against the backdrop of changes in the practices and habits of media consumers.

Week 9: Connected: From Viral Media to ‘Gamification’Social media is redundant without the capacity to share material with like-minded people. Many recent success stories like YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Flickr take advantage of the capacity to share content in such a way that it spreads rapidly, like a virus. The session will consider the implications of viral media across a number of examples including news, politics, advertising and celebrity culture. It will also consider the emergence of ‘gamification’ in which brands and services apply gaming mechanics to technology in order to make it more engaging.

=====SPRING BREAK=====

Week 10: Tag, You’re It! Playing Games With Digital PhotographyWith image technology now cheaper and more accessible than ever before we can capture, upload and distribute our photographs globally, within seconds. However new applications and inbuilt GPS allow users to do other interesting things with their camera. This session will review the different roles of photography online, as well as look at the ways that this technology is encouraging various interactions with users and their everyday space.

Week 11: ‘Getting around’ in online environments How do we come to know and explore our way around online places? This session will seek to define and explore more deeply our relationship with different online places and sites and ask how we come to habitually know and navigate around them. It will examine a variety of different places including virtual and gaming worlds as well as social networks, thinking about the ways that we know and interact with these different but very familiar environments. Using the work of Ingold and Shinkle, the session will also look to uncover the different roles of the body and sensoriality when we browse around, interact with and inhabit various online places.

Week 12: Concluding Statements: Where Do We Go From Here?This session will attempt to tie together the various themes and issues that have been raised on the module. It will consider recent online trends and attempt to contextualise them against the background of shifting policies and regulations that will impact on Internet-users in Britain and Europe. Time will also be allotted for discussion of the imminent assessment task.

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6 - READING

Background Reading

Bell, David, and Kennedy, B (2000), The Cyberculture Reader, London: Routledge

Gauntlett, David (2004). web.studies: Rewiring Media Studies for the Digital Age (second edition). Arnold: London

Hassan, Robert & Julian Thomas (eds) (2006), The New Media Theory Reader. Maidenhead, Berkshire

Specific Reading

Many of the texts below are relevant for more than one weekly session.

Week 1: Module overview: technology and society

Heap, Nick, Ray Thomas, Geoff Einon, Robin Mason & Hugie Mackay (1995), Information Technology & Society: A Reader, London: Sage

MacKenzie, Donald and Wajcman, Judy, eds. (1999) The Social Shaping of Technology 2nd edition, Open University Press, Buckingham

Slevin, James (2000), The Internet and Society, London: Polity

Zittrain, Jonathan (2008), The Future of the Internet And How To Stop It, London: Allen Lane, http://futureoftheinternet.org/download

Week 2: New Media Monopolies: “What Would Google Do?”

Anderson, Chris (2006), The Long Tail: Why the future of business is selling less of more, New York: Hyperion.

Burgess, Jean & Joshua Green (2009), YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture, Cambridge: Polity

Jarvis, Jeff (2009), What Would Google Do?, New York: Collins Business

Jenkins, Henry (2004). ‘The Cultural Logic of Media Convergence’ in The International Journal of Cultural Studies Vol.7, No.1 (Spring)

Jenkins, Henry. (2006) Convergence Culture. New York University Press.

Snickars, Pelle & Patrick Vondeerau (eds) (2009), The YouTube Reader, Stockholm: The National Library of Sweden

Week 3: The Network Effect

Benkler, Yochai (2006), The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, New Haven and London: Yale university Press. (ebook here)

Boyle, James (2008), The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind, New York & London: Yale University Press, http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/

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Carr, Nicolas (2010), The Shallows: How the internet is changing the way we think, read and remember, London: Atlantic Books

Ganley, Paul & Ben Allgrove (2006), ‘Net neutrality: A user’s guide’, Computer Law and Security Report 22, Vol 22 Iss 6, doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2006.09.005 

Lessig, Lawrence and Robert W. McChesney (2006), ‘No Tolls on The Internet’, Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060702108.html

Shrimali, Gireesh (2008), ‘Surplus extraction by network providers: Implications for net neutrality and innovation’, Telecommunications Policy, Volume 32, Issue 8, doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2008.06.005    

Week 4: Networked Journalism and the Arab Spring

Shirky, Clay (2008), Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations, London: Allen Lane

Morozov, Evgeny (2011), The Net Delusion: How not to liberate the world, London: Allen Lane

Lotan, Gilad; Graeff, Erhardt; Ananny, Mike; Pearce, Ian & boyd, danah (2011) ‘The Revolutions Were Tweeted: Information Flows During the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions’, International Journal of Communication 5 pp.1375–1405 (.pdf)

Howe, Jeff (2008), Crowdsourcing: How the Power of Crowd is Driving the Future of Business, London: Random House Business Books

Gillmor, Dan (2010) Mediactive Dan Gillmor (pdf copy)

Week 5: The Case for Privacy in a Digital Era

boyd, danah (2008), ‘Facebook's Privacy Trainwreck: Exposure, Invasion, and Social Convergence’, Convergence, Vol 14 Iss 1.

Lessig, Lawrence (2006), Code: Version 2.0, New York: Basic Books (ebook available here)

Livingstone, Sonia (2008), ‘Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers' use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression’, New Media & Society, Vol 10 Iss 3.

Pariser, Eli (2011), The Filter Bubble: What the Internet is Hiding From You, London: Viking

Zittrain, Jonathan (2008), The Future of the Internet And How To Stop It, London: Allen Lane, http://futureoftheinternet.org/download

Week 6: The Cult of Apple

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Campbell, Heidi A. & La Pastina, Antonio (2010), ‘How the iPhone became divine: new media, religion and the intertextual circulation of meaning’ New Media & Society, vol 12 No 7, pp.1191-1207

Jenkins, Eric (2008) ‘My iPod, My iCon: How and Why Do Images Become Icons?', Critical Studies in Media Communication,25:5,466 — 489

Kahney, Leander (2004) The Cult of Mac, No Starch Press, University of Michigan (Chapter 8 available here: http://nostarch.com/download/CultofMac08_Macworld.pdf)

Kahney, Leander (2005) The Cult of iPod, No Starch Press, University of Michigan (Chapter 5 available here: http://nostarch.com/download/ipod_ch5.pdf)

Week 7: The Cost of Free

Anderson, Chris (2009), Free: The Future of a Radical Price: London: Random House Books

Gillespie, Tarleton (2007), Wired Shut: Copyright and the shape of digital culture, London: MIT Press

Lessig, Lawrence (2004), Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity, London: Penguin Press (ebook available here)

Shampanier, Kristina, Mazar, Nina & Ariely, Dan, (2007), “Zero as Special Price: The True Value of Free Products”, Marketing Science, Vol. 26, No 6.

Week 8: Competing With Piracy: “The Pirate’s Dilemma”

Culture Machine, 2009, ‘Pirate Philosophy’ Vol 10, http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/issue/view/21

Lessig, Lawrence (2008), Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy, London: Bloomsbury (ebook available here)

Mason, Matt (2008) The Pirate’s Dilemma: How hackers, punk capitalists and graffiti millionaires are remixing our culture and changing the world, London: Allen Lane (ebook available here)

Rojek, Chris (2005). ‘P2P Leisure Exchange: Net Banditry and the Policing of Intellectual Property’ in Leisure Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp 357-369.

Week 9: Connected: From Viral Media to ‘Gamification’

Christakis, Nicholas & Fowler, James (2011), Connected: The Amazing Power of Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives, London: Harper Press

Jewitt, Robert (2009), ‘The trouble with twittering: integrating social media into mainstream news’, International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics Vol 5, No 3, pp.231-238

Kerr, Aphra (2006), The Business and Culture of Digital Games: Gamework and Gameplay, London: Sage

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Penenberg, Adam (2009), Viral Loop: The Power of Pass It On, Sceptre

Shirky, Clay (2008), Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations, London: Allen Lane

Week 10: Tag, You’re It! Playing Games With Digital Photography

Cohen, K (2005) ‘What does the photoblog want?’ Media, Culture and Society, Vol 27 No 6, pp 883 – 901

Davies, J (2006) ‘Affinities and Beyond’, E-Learning, Vol 3 (2) pp 217 – 233. Available at: http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pdf/freetoview.asp?j=elea&vol=3&issue=2&year=2006&article=8_Davies_ELEA_3_2_web

Lister, M (2000) 'Photography in the age of electronic imaging' in Wells, Lis (ed) Photography: A Critical Introduction London, Routledge

Week 11: ‘Getting around’ in online environments

Ingold,T (2000) Perception of the environment: Essays in livelihood, dwelling and skill London, Routledge (chapter 13 pp. 226-231)Shinkle, E Video games, emotion and the six senses Media, Culture & Society Vol. 30(6): 907–915

Papacharissi, Z (2009) ‘The virtual geographies of social networks’ in New Media Society; 11; 199 - 220

Week 12: Concluding Statements: Where Do We Go From Here?

Dave Everitt & Simon Mills (2009), ‘Cultural Anxiety 2.0’, Media, Culture & Society, Vol 31 (5): pp. 749-768

You may be directed to specific readings and chapters during each lecture. Handouts may also be available via WebCT.

Other reading:

Journals

There are a number of academic journals that specifically focus on issues covered in the module. Some of these are electronic; some exist in paper form over at the St Peters Library; some are online. You can access the electronic journals we subscribe to by selecting the SunJournal link on the following page:

http://www.library.sunderland.ac.uk/e-resources/quick-links-to-resources/

New Media & Society (paper: back catalogue until 2008)Convergence - the Journal of Research into New Media Technologies (paper)First Monday (online: http://firstmonday.org/)Culture Machine (online: http://www.culturemachine.net/)

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Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication (online: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/ pre-Jan 2008; http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117979306/home thereafter)Fibreculture (online: http://journal.fibreculture.org/) M/C Journal (online: http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal)

It is recommended that students are familiar with a variety of digital technology news sources so they can stay up to date on new issues and developments. A number of influential and respected sources are listed below. It is advisable to setup an RSS feed with something like Google Reader (free) for these sites. How to do this will be covered in the Week 1 session.

Wired News http://www.wired.com/

Guardian Technology http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology

Ars Technica http://arstechnica.com/

Tech Crunch http://www.techcrunch.com/

Tech Dirt http://www.techdirt.com/

Mashable http://mashable.com/

Social Media http://www.socialmedia.biz/

TorrentFreak http://torrentfreak.com/

Zero Paid http://www.zeropaid.com/

Listening

A number of useful free podcasts are available from the BBC and Guardian Unlimited:

Digital Planet http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/digital_planet.shtml

The Media Show http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/mediashow/

Tech Weekly http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/series/techweekly

Media Talk http://www.guardian.co.uk/podcasts (search for ‘Media Talk’)

Click On http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tht9

7 - ASSESSMENT

MODULE TITLE: NEW MEDIA, THE WEB & SOCIETY

CODE: MAC309

MODULE SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT

Task Weighting

1. 2000-2500 word written assignment 100%

UNIT DESCRIPTION:

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You will be required to write a 2000-2500 word assignment on one of the following topics:

New media ownership and/or convergenceDigital policy and regulationThe Internet and piracyBlogging and/or collaborative productionSocial mediaViral marketingTechnology brandingDigital photographyDemocracy onlineConsumer fan-bases in a digital age

Essay titles will be released via WebCT SunSpace in week 6.

Word Count: 2000-2500 words - word-processed.

LATE SUBMISSION OF AN ASSIGNMENT MAY RESULT IN A FAIL GRADE

SUBMISSION DATE AND TIME: 19th May 2011

PLACE OF SUBMISSION: Library Services, St Peter’s Campus and via WebCT/SunSpace

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ASSESSMENT

IN GENERAL THE FOLLOWING GRADE-RELATED CRITERIA WILL APPLY TO THEORETICAL MODULES:

Grade points – 0%¨ Plagiarism and/or collusion

Fail – 0-39%¨ Failure to show understanding of the question¨ Unintelligibility of argument¨ Gross inconsistency of argument¨ Failure to identify relevant material¨ Gross inaccuracy¨ Little or no evidence of critical reading

3rd – 40-49%¨ Some understanding of the question¨ Some identification of relevant issues¨ Lack of clear and consistent argument¨ Limited range of material covered¨ Some inaccuracy¨ Little evidence of critical reading

2:2 – 50-59%¨ Understanding of the question¨ Identification of main relevant issues¨ Organisation and clarity of argument¨ Limited range of material covered¨ Some inaccuracy¨ Evidence of critical reading

2:1 – 60-69%¨ Critical understanding of the question¨ Critical engagement with main relevant issues¨ Clear and coherent argument¨ Integrated treatment of topic¨ Some complexity of argument¨ Use of wide range of relevant material¨ Use of critical reading

1st – 70%+¨ Critical understanding of the question¨ Critical engagement with main issues and approaches¨ Clarity, coherence and depth of argument¨ Fluency of argument¨ Integrated treatment of topic¨ Complexity in treatment of topic¨ Use of wide range of relevant material¨ Effective use of critical reading

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MEDIA AND CULTURAL STUDIES FEEDBACK: CHECKLIST FOR WRITTEN

ASSIGNMENTS

IDENTIFICATION OF KEY ISSUES AND APPROACHES

Ask yourself:

« Have I teased out all the issues which this question is asking me to address?

« Am I clear about the ways in which I can best address them?

CRITICAL ENGAGEMENT WITH TOPIC

Ask yourself:

« Am I really thinking through the issues involved in this question for myself, and not just producing a list of the ways in which other people have addressed them?

DEVELOPMENT OF A CLEAR AND STRUCTURED ARGUMENT

Ask yourself:

« Does my argument make sense - to a reader as well as myself? Have I given appropriate weight to the different arguments and topics involved in the question, and not spent too much time on some aspects at the expense of others?

« Have I signalled clearly the different stages of my argument? Is the essay clearly divided into the different sections of my argument, rather than jumping from one point to another?

« Is it consistent - do I suddenly change my mind half way through?

« Have I kept to my plan and not become distracted by a particular aspect of the question?

« Is my argument supported by evidence?

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« Does my conclusion pull my argument together for the reader?

UNDERSTANDING AND USE OF CRITICAL SOURCES

Ask yourself:

« Have I read widely enough in the critical literature on this subject to be in command of my arguments?

« Have I quoted the critics I have read at appropriate points?

« Have I made clear my own standpoint and the reasons for it?

RANGE AND RELEVANCE OF MATERIAL COVERED

Ask yourself:

« Have I ranged broadly enough to cover the question properly?

« Are the texts I have chosen to study for my answer the most appropriate to make my case?

« Have I studied enough texts to really make my case?

INTRODUCTION

Ask yourself:

« Have I established clearly for the reader the way in which I will address the question?

« Have I engaged the reader in my argument?

STYLE AND PRESENTATION

Ask yourself:

« Have I written in sentences and paragraphs?

« Are my spelling and punctuation correct?

« Have I spelt proper names correctly and included dates where necessary?

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ACADEMIC REFERENCING AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ask yourself:

« Have I quoted accurately?

« Have I referenced all quotations with their exact source (i.e. the page no. as well as the title of their source)?

« Have I indicated through quotation marks each time I have used someone else's exact words?

« Have I indicated where I have drawn on someone else’s ideas but not quoted directly?

« Have I used the Harvard system of referencing?

« Have I included a bibliography and/or list of references with my essay, and is it accurate (spelling, title, dates, etc.)?

CONCLUSION

Ask yourself:

« Does my conclusion pull the argument of the essay together?

« Does it articulate my thoughts rather than simply listing what other people have said?

« Does it refer the reader back to the terms of the question and make it quite clear that I have produced a thoughtful and well-substantiated answer to that question?

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