MA DESIGN & ENVIRONMENT TOM WALTON...Val d'Isere 1850 Reallon 1560 Valloire 1430 Col de Rousset 1255 La Giettaz 1100 Montmin 635 Orcieres 1850 Les Orres 1550 Chamrousse 1420 Argentiere

STUDENT ID:33309068MA DESIGN & ENVIRONMENT TOM WALTON

DEFINERESEARCHIDEATION

PROTOTYPEIMPLEMENTATION

LEARNOUTCOME

BIBLIOGRAPHYCONTENTS

7 - DEFINE10 - my manifesto12 - location, location, location

17 - RESEARCH18 - summary of reports23 - user survey32 - safety34 - ecosystems36 - energy38 - diversification40 - conclusion

43 - IDEATION44 - timeline46 - energy reduction48 - reducing impact50 - moving up the mountain52 - changing user habits54 - diversification

57 - PROTOTYPE

61 - OUTCOME62 - timeline for change64 - impacts of rising snow66 - adaptations68 - leaflet campaign70 - impact campaign

75 - BIBLIOGRAPHY

6

7



LEARNOUTCOME


In this section I will define the issues faced by ski resorts

8

WEATHERWeather happens within the atmosphere over a short

period of time - hour, day, month.

9

Climate is an pattern of change in the weather over a long period of time - decade, century, millennium.

CLIMATE

10

MY MANIFESTOLOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION

SUMMARY OF REPORTSUSER SURVEYCONCLUSION

Conclusions from previous research

11

Resorts should reduce their impact on the mountains, ecosystems and the environment. This can be successfully completed with the use of renewable and sustainable energy production and consumption - reducing emissions produced.

Adaptation by each resort will be needed. A more autonomous system for example La Grave, could be implemented to reduce impact from lifts and other infrastructure. This could work in har-mony with safety considerations, reducing the risk of injury through bad snow and avalanches.

As the predictions suggest, if the snow and freeze lines rise, new methods of getting to the slope will be important.

All resorts will need to diversify in the future to ensure the survival of their unique lifestyles.

12

Where are these resorts located?

= French Resort (not all resorts are mapped)



13

14

Val Thorens 2300 Auron-Saint Etienne De Tinee1600 Villard Reculas 1480 Passy 1340 La Ruchere-St-Christophe1165 Le Reposoir 980Tignes 2100 VAL Pelens 1600 Aiguilles 1475 Peisey Vallandry 1300 Les Contamines 1164 Saint Jean de Sixt 960Isola 2000 2000 Turini-Camp-d'Argent 1600 SuperDevoluy-La Joue du Loup1470 Valdrome 1300 Col de l'Arzelier 1154 Hery sur Ugine 930Montgenevre 1860 Crevoux 1600 Le Tour 1462 Laye 1300 Vassierux en Vercors 1150 Saint Jean d'Aulps 900L'Alpe d'Huez 1860 Samoens 1600 Le Fanget 1450 Termignon 1300 Chatel 1100 Saint Piere de Chartreuse900Risoul 1850 Auris-en-Oisans 1600 Caillol 1450 Herbouilly 1280 La Clusaz 1100 Orelle 900Courchevel 1850 1850 Saint Sorlin d'Arves 1600 Le Barioz 1450 Vallorcine 1264 Bellevaux la Chevrerie 1100 Sixt Fer a Cheval 800Les Menuires 1850 Flaine 1600 Saint Martin de Belleville 1450 Saint Leger les Melezes1260 Combloux 1100 Morillon 700Val d'Isere 1850 Reallon 1560 Valloire 1430 Col de Rousset 1255 La Giettaz 1100 Montmin 635Orcieres 1850 Les Orres 1550 Chamrousse 1420 Argentiere 1252 Orange 1100 Brides-les-Bains 600Bonneval sur Arc 1850 Sainte Foy Tarentaise 1550 Pralognan la Vanoise 1410 La Plagne 1250 Saint Colomban 1100La Rosiere 1850 Abries-Ristolas 1550 La Tania 1400 Champagny en Vanoise1250 Morzine 1060Les Arcs 1800 1800 Saint Jean d'Arves 1550 Meribel 1400 1400 Montchavin 1250 Mont Saxonnex 1050Sainte Anne la Condamine1800 Le Corbier 1550 Super Sauze 1400 Font d'Urle 1250 Autrans 1050La Foux- Val d'Allos 1800 Valfrejus 1550 Le Colmiane-Valdeblore 1400 Pelvoux 1250 Megeve 1050Avoriaz 1800 Gap Ceuze 1530 Greolieres Les Neige 1400 Gresse en Vercors 1250 Praz sur Arly 1036Estenc 1780 Le Collet d'Allevard 1520 Roubion-les-Buisses 1400 Vaujany 1250 Chamonix 1035Bessans 1750 Val Cenis 1500 Puy Saint Vincent 1400 Doucy Combelouviere 1250 La Chapelle-d'Abondance1020La Toussuire 1750 Le Seignus-Val d'Allos 1500 La Grave-La Meije 1400 La Motte d'Aveillans 1240 Lans en Vercors 1020Le Chazelet 1740 Praloup 1500 Valmorel 1400 Crest Voland 1230 Les Houches 1010Valberg 1700 L'Audibergue 1500 Le Grand Puy 1370 Romme sur Cluses 1200 Cordon 1000Vars 1650 Beuil les Launes 1500 L'Alpe du Grand Serre 1367 Le Grand Bornand Resort1200 Thollon les Memises 1000Les Duex Alpes 1650 Arvieux 1500 La Norma 1350 Les Carroz 1200 Bernex 1000Ceillac 1650 Praz de Lys Sommand 1500 Saint Jean Montclar 1350 Col de Porte 1200 Chichilianne 1000Les Saisies 1650 Sollieres Sardieres 1500 Col d'Ornon 1350 Serre Chevalier 1200 Meaudre 1000Saint-Francois Longchamp1650 Aussois 1500 Les Sept Laux 1350 La Jarjatte 1190 Granier 1000Albiez 1638 Serre Eyraud 1480 Oz-en-Oisans 1350 Grand Echaillon 1180 Les Aillons 1000Chabanon 1612 Manigod 1480 Ancelle 1340 Les Gets 1172 Flumet 1000

15

Val Thorens 2300 Auron-Saint Etienne De Tinee1600 Villard Reculas 1480 Passy 1340 La Ruchere-St-Christophe1165 Le Reposoir 980Tignes 2100 VAL Pelens 1600 Aiguilles 1475 Peisey Vallandry 1300 Les Contamines 1164 Saint Jean de Sixt 960Isola 2000 2000 Turini-Camp-d'Argent 1600 SuperDevoluy-La Joue du Loup1470 Valdrome 1300 Col de l'Arzelier 1154 Hery sur Ugine 930Montgenevre 1860 Crevoux 1600 Le Tour 1462 Laye 1300 Vassierux en Vercors 1150 Saint Jean d'Aulps 900L'Alpe d'Huez 1860 Samoens 1600 Le Fanget 1450 Termignon 1300 Chatel 1100 Saint Piere de Chartreuse900Risoul 1850 Auris-en-Oisans 1600 Caillol 1450 Herbouilly 1280 La Clusaz 1100 Orelle 900Courchevel 1850 1850 Saint Sorlin d'Arves 1600 Le Barioz 1450 Vallorcine 1264 Bellevaux la Chevrerie 1100 Sixt Fer a Cheval 800Les Menuires 1850 Flaine 1600 Saint Martin de Belleville 1450 Saint Leger les Melezes1260 Combloux 1100 Morillon 700Val d'Isere 1850 Reallon 1560 Valloire 1430 Col de Rousset 1255 La Giettaz 1100 Montmin 635Orcieres 1850 Les Orres 1550 Chamrousse 1420 Argentiere 1252 Orange 1100 Brides-les-Bains 600Bonneval sur Arc 1850 Sainte Foy Tarentaise 1550 Pralognan la Vanoise 1410 La Plagne 1250 Saint Colomban 1100La Rosiere 1850 Abries-Ristolas 1550 La Tania 1400 Champagny en Vanoise1250 Morzine 1060Les Arcs 1800 1800 Saint Jean d'Arves 1550 Meribel 1400 1400 Montchavin 1250 Mont Saxonnex 1050Sainte Anne la Condamine1800 Le Corbier 1550 Super Sauze 1400 Font d'Urle 1250 Autrans 1050La Foux- Val d'Allos 1800 Valfrejus 1550 Le Colmiane-Valdeblore 1400 Pelvoux 1250 Megeve 1050Avoriaz 1800 Gap Ceuze 1530 Greolieres Les Neige 1400 Gresse en Vercors 1250 Praz sur Arly 1036Estenc 1780 Le Collet d'Allevard 1520 Roubion-les-Buisses 1400 Vaujany 1250 Chamonix 1035Bessans 1750 Val Cenis 1500 Puy Saint Vincent 1400 Doucy Combelouviere 1250 La Chapelle-d'Abondance1020La Toussuire 1750 Le Seignus-Val d'Allos 1500 La Grave-La Meije 1400 La Motte d'Aveillans 1240 Lans en Vercors 1020Le Chazelet 1740 Praloup 1500 Valmorel 1400 Crest Voland 1230 Les Houches 1010Valberg 1700 L'Audibergue 1500 Le Grand Puy 1370 Romme sur Cluses 1200 Cordon 1000Vars 1650 Beuil les Launes 1500 L'Alpe du Grand Serre 1367 Le Grand Bornand Resort1200 Thollon les Memises 1000Les Duex Alpes 1650 Arvieux 1500 La Norma 1350 Les Carroz 1200 Bernex 1000Ceillac 1650 Praz de Lys Sommand 1500 Saint Jean Montclar 1350 Col de Porte 1200 Chichilianne 1000Les Saisies 1650 Sollieres Sardieres 1500 Col d'Ornon 1350 Serre Chevalier 1200 Meaudre 1000Saint-Francois Longchamp1650 Aussois 1500 Les Sept Laux 1350 La Jarjatte 1190 Granier 1000Albiez 1638 Serre Eyraud 1480 Oz-en-Oisans 1350 Grand Echaillon 1180 Les Aillons 1000Chabanon 1612 Manigod 1480 Ancelle 1340 Les Gets 1172 Flumet 1000

= resorts below 1600m. 114 of 150 ski resorts

in the French Alps (76%)

Table to show altitudes of French ski resorts

16

17



LEARNOUTCOME


Continuation of research to pinpoint the issues and attempt to solve them.

18

The 3 reports in this section provide a basis for continuation of this project at resort level.



19

A ‘strong decrease in the number of Hellmann days, also a substantial reduction in the mean Hellmann-day snowfall can be expected over large parts of western and central Europe. Moreover, seasonal snowfall extremes display trends that are com-parable or even larger. Projected intensity reductions are locally as large as −30% per degree warming, thus being in sharp contrast to mean winter precipitation, which increases in most future climate scenarios. Exceptions are the high Alps and parts of Scandinavia, which may see an increase of up to +10% per degree warming.’

Hellman day = snowfall on days where the mean temperature is below freezing

Future snowfall in western and central Europe projected with a high-resolution regional climate model ensemble.DeVries et al. June 2014.

PRECIPITATION PREDICTIONS

10% INCREASE IN SNOWFALL PER DEGREE OF WARMING 2500m30% DECREASE IN SNOWFALL PER DEGREE OF WARMING

Average Resort Height

High Alps are defined as regions at or above 2500m

20

‘The time at which the signal of climate change emerges from the noise of natural climate variability (Time of Emergence, ToE) is a key variable for climate predictions and risk assessments. A key new aspect of our study is that we quantify the uncertainty in ToE that arises not only from inter-model differences in the magnitude of the climate change signal, but also from large dif-ferences in the simulation of natural climate variability. The uncertainty in ToE is at least 30 years in the regions examined, and as much as 60 years in some regions. Alternative emissions scenarios lead to changes in both the median ToE (by a decade or more) and its uncertainty.’

Time of emergence of climate signals - E.Hawkins & R.Sutton. December 2011.

Arctic Mountains

Time of emergence of climate change from natural climate variability

Lowlands

TIME OF EMERGENCE

21

‘Until recently, long-range forecast systems showed only modest levels of skill in predicting surface winter climate around the Atlantic Basin and associated fluctuations in the North Atlantic Oscillation at seasonal lead times. Here we use a new forecast system to assess seasonal predictability of winter North Atlantic climate. We demonstrate that key aspects of European and North American winter climate and the surface North Atlantic Oscillation are highly predictable months ahead. We demonstrate high levels of prediction skill in retrospective forecasts of the surface North Atlantic Oscillation, winter storminess, near-surface temperature, and wind speed, all of which have high value for planning and adaptation to extreme winter conditions.’

Skillful long-range prediction of European and North American winters - Scaife et al. April 2014.

Long-range forecasting could helps prepare for the predicted conditions - adapting to less/more snow etc.

SEASONAL PREDICTIONS

22

23


SUMMARY OF REPORTSUSER SURVEYCONCLUSIONA survey was conducted to analyze current

user habits to find resort use and level of cli-mate knowledge to best position the designed

outcome.

24

WHAT DO YOU LOVE ABOUT YOUR FAVOURITE RESORT?

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26

Less than 1 week8%

1 week25%

1-2 weeks53%

2-5 weeks14%

5+ weeks0%

Other0%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Price

Travel time

Snow quality/reliability

Family friendly

Environmental aspects

Other

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Hotel

Chalet (fully catered)

Chalet (self catered)

Own your Accommodation

Friends/Family own accommodation

Other

Tour operator

44%Private

bookings48%

Other8%

How often do you ski per year? How do you book your holiday?

Which accommodation type do you typically use? How do you decide which resort to visit?

USERS

27

Cost is the same as regular operator

54%Cost slightly

more33%

I would not consider it

4% Other9%

Yes84%

No16%

More than 1 year0%

1 year - 6 months

25%

6 months to 1 month

50%

less than 1 month14%

Other11%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Cheaper

Easier to get to

More environmentally friendly

More snow reliable

Family friendly

Amazing powder

Other

How early do you book your holiday?

You would consider visiting a new resort if it was:

Would you consider visiting a ski resort during summer?

Would you consider using an environmentally orientated tour operator?

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Yes38%

No62%

Yes64%

No36%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

RecyclingRenewable energy

Sustainable waste managementSustainable water managementSustainable piste management

Ecosystem protectionGreen transport

I don't knowOther

Do you worry about the impact of skiing/holiday has on the environment?

Do you know if your favourite resort has any environmental programmes in place?

If yes, what environmental programmes to you know of?

ENVIRONMENT

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Yes91%

No9%

Yes60%

No40%

Yes62%

No38%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Not real/ Myth

Natural (goes in cycles)

Natural + effected by humans

Do not know enough information to give an opinion

Other

CLIMATE Do you think that climate change could affect ski resorts

within the next 30 - 50 years?If no, would you be interested in knowing the impacts via

an education programme in resort?

Do you know of any effects that climate change could have on ski resorts in Europe within the next 30 - 50 years?

Views on current climate change issues , do you think they are:

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WHAT IMPACTS DO YOU KNOW OF?

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ADD FAVORITE RESORTS MAP

FAVOURITE RESORTSResort Ski Area Resort (m) Highest Point (m) Piste (km)

La Clusaz Aravis 1100 2600 132Chamonix Chamonix-Mont Blanc 1035 3840 153Verbier 4 Vallees 1500 3330 177L'Alpe d'Huez Grand Domaine 1860 3320 249Tignes Espace Killy 2100 3450 300Val d'Isere Espace Killy 1850 3450 300Zermatt Matterhorn Ski Paradise 1620 3883 360Les Arcs 1800 Paradiski 1800 3225 425La Plagne Paradiski 1250 3250 425Courchevel 1850 3 Vallees 1850 3200 600Meribel 1400 3 Vallees 1400 3200 600Val Thorens 3 Vallees 2300 3200 600Les Gets Portes du Soleil 1172 2010 650Avoriaz Portes du Soleil 1800 2350 650

Of the 53 responses, 24 chose French resorts and 4 chose Swiss resorts all located within a 50 mile radius.

All of these ski areas have:- a highest point above 2000m- more than 100km of piste- green policies available to the public

(Swiss resorts marked in grey)

La Clusaz Y Y Y Y Y Y YChamonix N Y Y Y Y Y YVerbier Y Y N Y Y Y YL'Alpe d'Huez N Y Y Y N N NTignes N Y Y Y N Y YVal d'Isere N Y Y Y N N YZermatt N Y Y Y Y N NLes Arcs 1800 N Y Y Y Y Y YLa Plagne N Y Y Y Y N NCourchevel 1850 N Y Y Y Y N NMeribel 1400 N Y N Y N N YVal Thorens Y Y Y Y N N NLes Gets Y Y N Y N N YAvoriaz N Y Y Y Y N Y

Climate Policy

Green BuildingResort ISO14001 Recycling Green

powerTraffic

ReductionSewage Manage

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SAFETY

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As can be seen on the page opposite (a few of the headlines from the 2013 - 2014 season in the Alps) skiing can be a dangerous sport. However with the correct education and common sense, the number of deaths and injuries could have been reduced.

Avalanches have caused the deaths of many thousands of people, but some would not have been in avalanche terrain if they had the correct education and used it. There are many different avalanche training programmes, available in almost every resort worldwide. If people wish to leave the marked pistes (which they may have to as snow lines rise) then they must be educated and be able to use this knowledge to make safe decisions and if anything does go wrong, they must have the correct equipment to help.

The 2013 - 2014 season began slowly in many areas of Europe with poor snowfalls in December. This led to dangerous avalanche conditions, along with exposed rocks. The most well documented injury from this season was Michael Schumacher’s crash on rocks, in Meribel, which are normally cov-ered with snow until late in the season. This was not the only case of this hap-pening this season. In La Clusaz the same happened, leaving a man dead. In Austria another man died after hitting a snow cannon at speed (a fairly regular crash type), ironically the snow cannons are located in positions to in-crease the snow depth. With predictions of less snow in the future along with unpredictability of snowfall, resorts may become more reliant on snow can-nons, but if temperatures rise they will become obsolete. These injury types may become more common and must be included in the thought process for the future of skiing.

In my previous research project I concluded that an autonomous system with fewer lifts and more tour skiing, allowing access to higher and less used ar-eas, could help to increase accessibility. This could be one of the solutions to help increase the safety of skiing, but only if these users are educated cor-rectly in all aspects of mountain safety. With more education they will be less likely to make rash and careless decisions, as where they are travelling will no longer be as easily accessible as it was with lift access. It will also reduce the number of inexperienced users from straying into these more technical areas.

Will this allow a more harmonious experience?

34

2500mAverage Highest point

55 resorts in France have access to mountains above 2500

ECOSYSTEMS

With the notion that snowfall lower down the mountain will reduce (30% per degree warming) and snowfall above 2500m could increase (10% per degree warming), one way to improve the quality of skiing is to al-low access to this higher snow. However, this could lead to damage to the important ecosystems which are currently in untouched locations. Thought must be put into how to minimise the impact of the adaptation of skiing to higher areas of the mountain.

‘The Alps are the largest natural region left in Europe and therefore of extraordinary importance for biodiversity, but the Alps are also home to 14 mil-lion people and one of the most visited areas in the world. This is not without impact on biodiversity. Habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, changes of agricultural practices and pollution count among the most important reasons for biodiversity loss and landscape destruction of the Alps.’

The Ecological Network

How do resorts get users to this higher ground? The first consideration is that lifts need free space under the cables to allow gondolas and chairlifts to hang freely. To do this huge clearing projects are completed, to remove trees and rocks. This damages and destroys ecosystems and habitats which have been there far longer than the resort.

In my previous project I found the height of the treeline in the French Alps peaked around 2000-2500m. This correlates well with the reported increases in snow at this altitude, allowing lifts to be built without the need for deforestation on the slopes, however, there may still be the need to clear some of the land, to create a safe and efficient lift system.

With the increase in popularity of backcountry and tour skiing, the need to build multiple lift systems, like resorts currently use, may not be needed. This higher altitude skiing could be made accessible with only one lift, allowing users to choose their own route down or up the moun-tain, but making safety their own responsibility. This would mean that skiers would spread out to find their own lines down the mountain, but could also cause a ‘follow the leader’ approach, with hot spots, where many people cover the same ground.

2500mAverage Highest point

55 resorts in France have access to mountains above 2500

ChamonixLes Duex AlpesLa Grave-La MeijeTignesVal d'IsereAuris-en-OisansL'Alpe d'HuezOz-en-OisansVaujanyVizard ReculasArgentiereLe Tour VallorcineChampagny en VanoiseLa PlagneMontchavinPeisey VallandryLes Arcs 1800Brides-les-BainsCourchevel 1850La TaniaLes MenuiresMeribel 1400OrelleSaint Martin de BellevilleVal ThorensBonneval sur ArcLe Fanget Serre ChevalierVal Cenis

AussoisLa NormaPuy Saint VincentRisoulVarsValfrejusOrcieresLes OrresMontgenevreLa ToussuireSainte Foy TarentaiseSaint Sorlin d'ArvesIsola 2000La ClusazLa Foux- Val d'AllosLa RosiereLe CorbierManigodSaint ColombanValloireDoucy CombelouviereSaint-Francois LongchampValmorelSuperDevoluySaint Jean Montclar

35

One of the most destructive processes within a ski resort it the creation of new ski runs, these re-quire huge swathes of land to be deforested and cleared of obstacles. This can lead to huge impacts on the habitats of local animals as well as larger impacts on the hydrological cycle, causing water race down the mountain side much faster than before.

A way to resolve this when building new ski runs is with the creation of more natural runs called ‘Itinenary Runs’. These pistes follow the contours of the mountain and negate the need to remove trees and rocks, as they add to the technicality of the skiing. Such runs also reduce the impact they have on the local ecosystems as they are rarely ‘groomed’ (flattened), but they do tend to be more technical and are not normally safety patrolled. If people are educated and have good technique then these runs are far more exciting and interesting to ski than wide open runs.

Artificial snow creation is an example of the ski resorts consumption of water and energy. Each min-ute during snow making operations Sunday River ski resort uses 34,000 litres of water. This exces-sive use of water allows the resort to open earlier (around 2 weeks) and stay open later (around 2 weeks) than it would if it was only using natural snow.

Using this much water can lead to erosion later in the season during stronger melt periods, it can also cause flooding in the villages. Another thing to consider with the amount of water which is used during this period is where it comes from and where it is stored. Most ski resorts now have huge res-ervoirs, to hold the water which is stored rainfall, but some is also pumped from rivers. This requires more land to be cleared and more habitats to be destroyed as these reservoirs must be placed high up on the mountains to allow gravity to feed the snow cannons.

With the rapid expansion and development of ski resorts there have been more effects to the envi-ronment than can be mentioned in this section.

These include changes to the water levels of lakes and streams, damage to wildlife with the de-struction of habitats (through over use and pollution) and the increased chances of landslides and avalanches as more forest is cleared to make way for new lifts, ski runs and developments.

I feel that by focussing on these areas resorts will have a much smaller effect on the surrounding environment and ecosystems.

36

ENERGYSki resorts are very heavy energy consumers. There are two main areas of consumption which no other ‘holiday resort’ has. These are:• Artificial snow - on top of the huge amounts of water used, this process also uses large amounts of electricity to pump the water around.• Lift operations - these use the largest quantity of energy in the resort as they run for the whole day, throughout the winter season, and in many

resorts are now also partly used during the summer.

Artificial snow making has a very heavy energy consumption. There are two main types of snow making facilities, the snow cannon and snow lance.

• The snow cannon uses a fan (powered by electricity) and an air compressor to send out a mist. The fan allows it to travel over a wider area.

• The snow lance uses less energy, as it does not use a fan, but also does not cover as wide an area. SN

OW

CAN

NO

N

SNO

W L

ANC

E

€

The two types of snow making facilities use different amounts of energy to create snow. However, some are more efficient and energy used can vary between 1 kWh/m3 to 14 kWh/m3 of snow. The industry average for energy consumption is around 4 kWh/m3 of snow.

48 tons of oil equivilent/season

5m

1m

10m3

2m

Average energy consumption = 4kWh/m3

5m x 2m x 1m = 10m3 10m3 x 4kWh/m3 = 40kWh

Valfrejus creates 140,000m3 per season to cover 25% of resort slopes

140 000m3 x 4kWh/m3 = 560000kWh

(estimated energy cost 10c/kWh)

56000 €/season to create 40cm snow depth on 17.5km of resort runs

37

Lower 11 88 2666.4 13332Upper 100 800 24240 121200Lower 100 800 24240 121200Upper 250 2000 60600 303000

Gondola Average 500 4000 121200 606000

kWh/Season (5 months)General

Surface Lift

Chairlift

Est. Value kW kWh/Day

(8 hrs)kWh/Month (30.3 days)

Ski lifts require a large amount of energy to carry skiers and snowboarders up the mountains. They are usually powered with elec-trical motors and generally have a diesel back-up motor. There are 3 main types of lift (see right).

• Surface lifts - used over relatively short lengths and drag the skier up the mountain.

• Chairlifts - carry seated passengers over a longer span.• Gondolas - carry the most people and enclose them inside a bub-

ble and can travel large spans.

On average, lifts are open to the public between 9am - 4.30pm and also need to be run at the start and end of the day to allow workers to get to their positions on the mountains. This equates to around 8 hours of use per day.

I received rough power estimations of different ski lifts from Doppel-mayr (a market leader in ski lift technology).

€

GondolaChairliftSurface lift

La Clusaz has 32 Surface Lifts,14 Chairlifts and 6 Gondolas

1011 tons of oil equivalent/season at highest est.

(estimated energy cost 10c/kWh)575,942€/season to run the lifts at lowest est.

1,175,640€/season to run the lifts at highest est.

Lower 11 2816 85324.8 426624Upper 100 25600 775680 3878400Lower 100 11200 339360 1696800Upper 250 28000 848400 4242000

Gondola Average 500 24000 727200 3636000

Est. Value kW kWh/Day (8 hrs)

kWh/Month (30.3 days)

kWh/Season (5 months)

Surface Lift

Chairlift

La Clusaz

La Clusaz Lower Est. kWh Upper Est. kWhTotal/Season 5759424 11756400

495 tons of oil equivalent/season at lowest est.

38

Skiing will have to become just a side attraction, and not the main attraction anymore Hansruedi Muller

Many resorts around the world on average gain around 70 - 80% of their income from the winter season. With increased unpredictably in weather, and also an increase in temperatures, the future of skiing is in a precarious position. Along with minimising the impact that the resort has on the environment and reducing the energy consumed within the resort, they must also make adaptations to encourage people to visit the resort all year round, as the winter season will begin to shorten, affecting the amount of profits the area sees.

DIVERSIFICATION

39

IMPROVEMENT

RESORT

BUSINESS

TOURISM

Sport

Ski

Farming

Safety

Lifts

Leisure

Hotels

ShopsServices

Local BusinessManufacturers

SnowboardClimbingHikingMTB

Food

DrinkOther

VISITORS

ECOSYSTEM

Water Animals Plants

BUILDINGS

Construction

Staff

Staff

Transport

Areas affected by changeAreas for change

Materials

Waste & Emissions

RecycleReduce

Emissions

Efficiency

ENERGY

FUTURE

Intense RainRock & Snow Stability

Glacier MeltSnow Line Rise

Temperature Rise

Snow makingLifts

TransportProduction

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41

MOVING UP THE MOUNTAIN

ENERGY REDUCTION

CHANGING USER HABITS

DIVERSIFI-CATION

In conclusion to this follow-up research, I will attempt to change ‘multiple touch points’. These are linked areas, which if modified correctly could secure the future of many ski resorts.

These include:

If resorts have the option, the best way for them to survive un-predictable weather and rising temperatures is to move their skiing operations higher up the mountain. If this is over 2500m it could mean that they receive around 10% more snow per de-gree warming. This also means a reduction in the need to use artificial snow making facilities. However it will need new infra-structure to be put into place, with the adaptability needed to find the best snow.

Users are key to the suc-cess of a ski resort. They must change the way they travel to and from re-sorts, as well as how they act when using the facili-ties. This may be in the way in which they ski on the mountain, with more back-country skiing be-coming available, but they must also be educated in the new ways in which to use the mountain. This will hopefully see them taking some of the ideas used in resort home with them.

One other area on which resorts can fo-cus, is what they do when there is less snow. This could be to allow visitors to do different activities such as mountain biking, mountaineer-ing, hiking, etc. or it may be an increase in other industries seeing the resorts moving back to the roots on which they were built.

Currently resorts use too much energy and must cut down to re-duce their own impact upon the environment. This could be reduced with the introduction of more efficient lifts, less reliance on snow-mak-ing and reduction in energy consumption by the resort village and its users.

42

43



LEARNOUTCOME


Which methods could help reduce resorts’ impact and create a more har-monious skiing experience?

44

2015 2020 2030Winters generally have good snow,

1 bad winter per 10 years on average.Winters are still fairly reliable, but lower slopes are more reliant on snow making.

Winters are becoming more unpredict-able, lower resorts starting to struggle.

45

2040 2050 2100Tourism begins to take a hit as skiing is

only possible on mid to high slopes.Resorts struggling to remain in business,

villagers finding new jobs.Ski facilities starting to decay on lower slopes, snow only on slopes above 2500m.

46

ENERGY REDUCTION CAN RESORTS CREATE ENERGY?SOLAR

HYDRO

WIND

Solar energy is the most plentiful and widely distributed renewable energy source (Serre Chevalier receives around 300 days of sunshine), which can allow resorts to create a large proportion of their own energy. Some resorts are already using solar energy to power lifts and their more remote patrol huts. Solar energy can be converted into electricity using photovoltaic panels or hot water using solar thermal collectors.

Water is abundant in the mountains during the spring as snow melts. Hydro electricity would be a viable op-tion if the amount of water taken from rivers for artificial snow making was reduced. This can be harnessed with the use of a turbine, allowing its power to be turned into electricity. This power supply is constant, allowing pro-duction 24 hours a day and is used in Whistler Black-comb to produce the entire energy used by the resort.

Wind is another renewable energy source which could be harnessed within ski resorts, however, it can be rather unpredictable and wild in the mountains, which could cause damage to any infrastructure put in place, This method of energy creation would be better suited to be used in the village valleys, where the wind is more uniform (funnelled down the valley) and not as extreme as in the mountains.

47

USING ENERGY MORE EFFICIENTLYLIFTSLifts use a large proportion of the resorts’ energy. If made more efficient then more of the energy for lifts could be created by renewables, making the resort self sufficient. Lift motors could replaced with more efficient ones. Another consideration would be reduce the num-ber of lifts in operation, only running key lifts all season. Users will still be able to use vast areas of the resort, but it may take a little longer.

SNOWMAKING

BUILDINGS

Snowmaking is the second biggest energy consumer in many ski resorts. This could be reduced by using the most efficient machines. As temperatures rise, this would be the best time for resorts to reduce or com-pletely stop artificial snowmaking. This could allow the resort to create enough energy to become self suffi-cient, spending the savings on diversification and edu-cation programmes to keep tourism thriving.

Buildings can often be fairly inefficient. I propose to improve this within ski resorts by the use of incentive schemes, encouraging businesses to improve their buildings. Improvements could include extra insula-tion, fitting solar thermal collectors for hot water, cut-ting down on waste (energy and food). New buildings could take inspiration from the energy efficient building shown to the left - an eco-ski lodge.

48

REDUCING IMPACTTRANSPORT

DEVELOPMENT

Transport to and from, as well as in resort is a key concern. Reducing this can lead to less pollution. This could be completed by reducing the number of flights made by guests and encouraging the ski train or coach instead. A ban on petrol/Diesel vehicles could also be made within the resort centre, such as in Zermatt, Switzerland. This can create a much cleaner and safer environment within the resort, allowing a more family friendly feel. This change could be encouraged by of-fering cheap or free electric charging points for locals and guests, which would make use of the renewable energy created within resort.

Resort vehicles could also be exchanged from loud Diesel to electric, not only reducing fuel consumption, but also cutting down on noise pollution, which can damage wildlife. This would also be able to make use of the new renewable energy created in resort, allowing the pistes to be groomed quietly at night, making less intrusions on guests and wildlife.

Ski resort are constantly developing to meet the needs of their clients. This may increase in the future as they will need to diversify and new facilities may be needed. This will require a strong plan to be created to stop the unique characters of ski resorts being swallowed up by developments. A limit to building height, size and style must be put into place. The creation of new ski lifts must be carefully considered so that they do not damage the environment.

49

ECOSYSTEMThe introduction of more ecosystem friendly manage-ment and development strategies within the resort could aid the protection of natural habitats.

There are a few methods which could work within re-sort:

Piste management is needed to create pistes higher up the mountain as snow lines rise. Those planning the location of these new pistes should consider the natu-ral habitats and ecosystems in the area. The use of itinerary runs would be perfect for this, minimising the amount of change happening.

Reducing the amount of lift-served mountain and en-couraging people to hike to higher ground will spread people around the mountain and allow them to get to the best snow. This would also reduce the amount of focussed attention each area of the mountain receives and would allow more self-directed mountain usage.

Reducing the amount of snow making could allow the reservoirs to become nature reserves in the winter and also allow creation of energy through hydro turbines.

As with all of the points, these plans will be developed over time and will require resorts and users to adapt to the changes made.

50

MOVING UP THE MOUNTAIN GETTING TO THE SNOWCHANGES

ADAPTABILITY

EVOLUTION

As temperatures rise, the lowest slopes will be the first hit. These slopes generally house the most important runs for getting around the resort and linking mountains together. The changes in temperature could cause these slopes to become impassible for longer during the season, leading to bottlenecks in the resort through which all users must pass. In the long run it could make some slopes unusable unless accessed by vehicles.

As the lower slopes become unusable, with increased temperatures, the resort must begin to adapt. This could be with the use of new transport systems, allow-ing guests to reach the snow and lifts. This could be completed by a train, monorail or tram (powered by the resorts’ energy creation programme) allowing large numbers of people to travel efficiently over the ground, but leaving a minimal environmental footprint.

As the resorts adapt to these changes they must also continually evolve, keeping up with technological changes (efficiency, spans, etc). Improvements in met-rological predictions will allow forward planning by the resorts to minimise last minute changes. This constant evolution in the resorts will allow guests to continue to visit. In my survey (page 27), snow reliability was the most important reason for visiting a new resort.

51

GETTING HIGHER

ADAPTABILITY

CHANGES

EVOLUTION

As with the lower slopes, the mid-slopes will also have less snow as temperatures rise. This is why it is impor-tant to increase the altitude of the resorts highest runs. If this is above 2500m, it could allow 10% more snow per degree warming, making it very popular with ski-ers struggling to find good snow. As these changes are made, the local habitats and ecosystems which could be affected must be considered.

The ability to get higher on the mountain will allow more guests to experience better snow, however, this must also be adaptable to begin with, as winters could be-come very variable. The mid to high altitude is likely to see changes slower than the lower slopes, allowing time to prepare an action plan and test the facilities with different snow levels each year.

As the winters begin to become shorter, the resorts will begin to evolve naturally to different seasonal habits. Use of the higher slopes during the spring and summer allows access to snow or for mountain bikers, adding to the diversification of the resort. This, however, must be carefully managed to minimise the impact on sensi-tive and important alpine areas, whilst keeping the live-lihoods of the locals.

Cur

rent

lift

acce

ss

Adaptable lift stations, moveable to best loca-tions

Higher lifts, to allow access to better snow during winter and more of the mountain during summer.

New ski runs (itinerary runs) reducing the need to move obstacles.

52

CHANGING USER HABITS HOW TO CHANGEBASICS

ANALYSIS

IMPROVEMENTS

EXTENT OF SKI AREA

HIGH ALTITUDEPICTURESQUE

TRADITIONAL FRENCH VILLAGE

UNCROWDEDGOOD RANGE OF SLOPES

Using information gained from the surveys completed earlier in the project, it is easier to find areas of change within the current system, allowing improvements. These ranged from why people visit their favourite re-sort to their knowledge of sustainable projects currently in the resorts. Using the data gained, it is clear that many people look for similar things whilst planning a ski trip and this gives a good basis for change.

The main results which stood out from the survey were the level of knowledge resort-users have in terms of the effects of climate change upon the resort (91% think that climate change will effect skiing in 30-50 years) and the lack of worry about the impact of their holiday on the environment (62% not worried). One other stood out - 62% of people asked would be interested in an in resort education programme.

Improvements are constantly made to resorts in terms of capacity of lifts and number of snow cannons, but little is done in terms of education for the future. Edu-cation programmes could be key to improving all resort users knowledge of possible outcomes in the next 30 - 50 years. Many of the people surveyed have shown knowledge in the environment and future of skiing, but have show little sign of reducing their own impacts.

1 to 6 months before

1 to 2 weeks

Price Snow QualityResort chosen by

Where do you stay

Who do you book with

Holiday length

Booked

Tour operator

Hotel/Chalet

Private booking

CHANGES - ADAPATATIONS - IMPROVEMENTS

Now Learn Implement Learn Adapt Evolve Future

53

WHERE TO CHANGEBUSINESS

RESORT

PEOPLEChanging people’s attitudes is hard, but with education and financial encouragement, change is possible. Most people surveyed said they would not visit a new resort for ‘environmental reasons’, but most would for ‘snow reliability’. If people could be educated that improving the environmental impact of a resort could also improve its snow reliability, they may be more interested in envi-ronmental changes that are being made.

One of the main areas which was lacking in the sur-vey replies, was a general knowledge of environmental programmes in place in resorts today. It is of key impor-tance that the profile of such projects is raised, allowing all users and businesses to see what the resort is doing to improve its own environmental standing. This may also encourage people and businesses to do the same at home as they see in resort.

Businesses (tour operators, ski hire, farmers, etc.) are an important area to focus on environmentally, as many may suffer in the future as the number of tourists reduces. Change could be encouraged with the use of tax breaks and incentives to improve emissions, waste and water consumption, etc. This change would have to be made by local government to enforce it fairly, but could improve the whole regions’ future environment.

Changes in resort village can lead to change on the mountains slopes with changes in attitudes.

54

DIVERSIFICATIONSCOTTISH SKIING

ENERGY USE

CASE STUDY

I asked staff at the Nevis Range ski area in Scotland about their resort. They said that when faced with the question of unpredictable conditions and the effects of climate change: ‘Scottish ski centres have always been faced with unpredictability – it is just getting worse. It is not that it snows less, it is that we are getting more extremes, less settled weather, more stormy days and more fluctuations. What is more we have been living with the perception of climate change for at least 10 years and this is having a major effect – for a few years people just assumed there was no snow in Scotland. This changed in recent years when it snowed in England.’

And when asked about energy usage and the future, they said:

‘The top and bottom station of the gondola use the bulk of the energy – this has been reduced over the last 10 years from about 750,000 kWh to 620,000 kWh by lots of small cuts and by installing a biomass boiler and being careful with the restaurant heating. Additionally ski lifts use about 90,000 kWh but that depends entirely on how busy we are and how many days they run. Electricity is only part of the story, fuel for piste machines will be a major expense for many operations, and waste is a challenge for us all. We may see more snowmaking happen in the future as technology improves.’

When asked about diversification in Scotland, they said: ‘We started diversifying many years ago. Snowsports are an important part of what we do, but our gondola visitors outnumber skiers (and always have) so this year we will host something like 130,000 gondola visitors, 10,000 mountain bikers and 25,000 snowsports fans.’

‘Activities include High ropes courses, downhill and cross country mountain biking, winter hill walking and climbing, paragliding. We also host major events like a mountain bike world cup and functions such as birthday parties and weddings. Fort William was a major tourist centre before Nevis Range, but we are definitely an economic driver for the area.’

55

IMPLEMENTING CHANGES IN THE ALPSLEARNING

ADAPTATIONS

FUTURE

Scotland is a good example of a small scale diversification strategy which would have to be enlarged for Alpine resorts. They have limited snow, and have little means to create more if needed. This is a similar situation that Alpine resorts could face in the future. Learning to adapt to these changes and diversifying the activities which are available within the resort could help it to remain profitable and popular with visitors all year round. Scottish ski resorts use of their gondolas all year round, gaining around 100000 visits from walkers alone, could be example Alpine ski resort could learn from, opening more of the mountain up for more of the year. This could allow hikers, walkers and other extreme sport fans to access areas more easily.

As can be seen on the previous diversification page (38), many of the suggestions made are already used in Scottish ski resorts to increase their popularity all year round. Alpine resorts have more oppor-tunity to diversify, as they have higher altitudes to move into. Many ski resorts have been converted from traditional working villages, which were based around farming or related agricultural industries. Many areas could well see businesses diversifying back to the region’s origins. This could see farm-ing becoming more popular as the growing season becomes longer, or it may see new agriculture or businesses moving into the area with the opportunity to make specialised product.

During the next 30 - 50 years resorts can slowly in-crease the amount of diversified activities which are available. This diversification plan would have to be carefully monitored to reduce impact on the environ-ment, as with skiing, too many users may damage important ecosystems and habitats. This could all be completed whilst constantly assessing and adapting to current and predicted weather and climate changes.

56

57



LEARNOUTCOME


Implementing the ideas into design prototypes.

58MOVING UP THE MOUNTAINENERGY REDUCTION

RESORT

MOVE UP THE MOUNTAIN

NEW LIFTS ADAPTABLE LIFTSDIVERSIFY

EDUCATIONNEW ACTIVITIES OLD ACTIVITIES

REDUCE ENERGY

SOLAR

PROGRAMME ENVIRONMENTSAFETY

HYDRO

SOLAR THERMAL

WIND

RENEWABLE ENERGY

LIFTS

SNOWMAKING

BUILDINGSPROTECT

WILDLIFE ECOSYSTEMHABITAT REDUCE IMPACT

EMISSIONSWASTE TRANSPORT

PUBLIC PRIVATE

CHANGING USER HABITS DIVERSIFICATION

59

VILLAGE MOUNTAINSGETTING TO RESORTIMPROVE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

MINIMISE IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEMSREDUCE EMISSIONS

IMPROVE PUBLIC TRANSPORTFEWER CARS

RENEWABLE ENERGYEDUCATION

NEW ACTIVITIES

MOVING UP THE MOUNTAINADAPTABLE LIFTS

RENEWABLE ENERGYEDUCATION

NEW ACTIVITIES

60

61

Final outcome of the design project



LEARNOUTCOME


62

2015 2020 2030EDUCATION

PROGRAMME

RENEWABLEENERGY

DIVERSIFICATIONBUILDINGS

IMPROVEPUBLIC TRANSPORT

50% of resort energy created in resort25% of resort energy created in resort

New ideas for the resort to diversify

Improve efficiency of current buildingsOnly energy efficient buildings to be constructed

Adaptation of ideas

FORECASTING

Allow easier access to the resort, by encouraging and improving low cost

bus and train services.

MOVING UP THE MOUNTAIN

Campaign to show people the poten-tial consequences of the effect climate change could have on the ski resort.

63

2040 2050 2100

Continual development Continual development Continual development

Continual development Continual development Continual development

Resort beginning to allow skiers higher on the mountain with the creation of new lifts, whilst reducing the impact on ecosystems.

All vehicles now electric, powered by re-newable energy created in resort

75% of resort energy created in resort 100% of resort energy created in resort.

All vehicles other than electric ones will be banned from within resort centre.

ADAPTABLELIFTS

Now opened around resort allowing adaptation of ski areas in relation to seasonal forecasting, avoiding impact on one area for too long.

Ski resort still open, numbers of visitors still high, guest travelling from other re-sorts to use the skiing facilities. Resort has activities all year round.

Seasonal weather forecasts now reliable.

64

IMPACTS OF RISING SNOWNOW

LOW LEVEL VILLAGE

MID LEVEL VILLAGE

ON THE SLOPES

65

2050

66

WITHOUT CHANGE

SKI VILLAGE HAS LESS

SNOW

ROCKS EXPOSED DUE TO SNOW REDUCTIONS

SNOW CONDITIONS WORSENED, SKIERS

LOSING INTEREST

NO CHANGES MADE TO BUILD-

INGS

ADAPTATIONS

67

WITH CHANGE

LOCAL GOVERNMENT INITIA-TIVES TO PROMOTE RENEWA-

BLE ENERGY FOR BUSINESSES

ARTIFICIAL SNOW-MAKING

REDUCED

PISTE CONDITIONS ON HIGHER SLOPES

STILL GOOD

ELECTRIC MOUNTAIN VEHICLES, REDUCING IMPACT ON MOUNTAIN

NEW GONDOLA COVER-ING MORE OF THE MOUN-TAIN, WITH LESS IMPACT

68

THE

ENVIRONMENTALAVALANCHE

WHAT’S THE PROBLEM?

CHANGES GETTING TO RESORT

GETTING TO RESORT

CHANGES TO THEVILLAGE

IN THEVILLAGE

CHANGES ON THEMOUNTAIN

ON THEMOUNTAIN

TOM WALTON

35% REDUCTION IN SNOW

90% REDUCTION IN SNOW1000m

2000m

3000m

50% REDUCTION IN SNOW

Snow levels in many resorts could re-duce by between 50 and 90% by 2100, impacting not just your holiday, but the future of the resort, from ecosystems to the stability of the rocks.

There are some simple changes that can be made in resort to help reduce your impact and help stop the effects of climate change ruining your next trip.

Getting to the resort currently impacts by:

• Emissions - created by vehicles bringing people and products to and from the resort.

• Fuel waste - multiple journeys to and around the resort waste fuel.

• Parking - large car parks covering the mountainside, which need to be reg-ularly cleared of snow.

Reducing the villages’ impact on the envi-ronment can be achieved by:

• Improvingtheefficiencyofthebuild-ings.

• Creating energy to power the village (wind, hydro, photovoltaic and ther-mal panels can all be used).

• Pedestrianised zone, improving safe-ty and reducing emissions.

• Improved public transport, allowing quick and easy travel around the area.

• Diversification of activities availablein resort.

Newenergyefficienttransportlinkspow-ered by renewable energy created in re-sort to allow for easy access from trans-port hubs.

LOCALS• Carpooling encouraged.• Low cost public transport.

VISITORS• Reduce air travel to resort • Use trains and public transport, to re-

duce emissions and impact on eco-systems.

The biggest affect on the mountains will be the change in snow levels, but it’s im-pact could be reduced by:

• Efficientadaptable liftsbeingbuilt toallow access to new areas higher on the mountain, allowing adaptability of the ski area.

• Lower lifts giving access to new activ-ity areas where the snow has reced-ed (MTB, hiking, etc) and to the lifts on higher terrain.

• A reduction in snow cannon use saves energy.

• New management programs reduc-ing impact of new piste creation.

The village currently uses a large amount of energy for:

• Transport - people moving around the resort by car (producing emissions).

• Buildings - development of new build-ings and running of current buildings wastesenergyduetoinefficiencies.

Fewer visitors people coming to the re-sort to enjoy the activities.

The infrastructure on the mountain has many impacts on the local and global en-vironment, which will be affected further by rising temperatures:

• Less snow - levels will reduce be-coming critical on lower slopes.

• Ecosystems - will be impacted by changes to the environment.

• Energy consumption - snowsports use a large amount of energy.

LEAFLET CAMPAIGN

69

MOUNTAINS

VILLAGE

TRANSPORT

A

A

B

BC

C

D

D

E

E

F

FGG

H

H

I

IJ

J

KK

K

Electric mountain railway gives access to raised snow-lines

New adaptable lifts give access to higher terrain with good snow cover

Lower lifts used to access new lifts and for other non-snow ac-tivities (MTB, climbing etc.)

Treelines are rising up the mountain

Long range weather forecasting reduces the need for snow can-nons

New buildings constructed to highest efficiency standardsand use renewables to create all energy needed

Micro hydro power station cre-ating energy from the mountain run off

Wind turbines harness the wind in the valley

Village is pedestrianised, ac-cess on foot or public transport

Buildingsareretrofittedwithen-ergy-saving devices and renew-ables, reducing their impact

New energy efficient transportlinks are added to the resort, these include electric bus and train routes

70

THE ENVIRONMENTAL AVALANCHE

THE FUTURE OF SKIING

71


THE FUTURE

OF SKIING

72


THE FUTURE

OFBOARDING

73


THE FUTURE

OF SKIING

74

75



LEARNOUTCOME


Sources of information used throughout the project

76

REPORTS

Chivers, J, 1994. EFFECTS OF THE SKIING INDUSTRY ON THE ENVIRONMENT. 1st ed. UK: Laviniaes

Bhanoo, S. January 2010. Not All Ski Resorts Are Environmentally Equal, Study Concludes. New York Times.

Burakowski, E. December 2012. ‘Climate Impacts on the Winter Tourism Economy in United States’. Protect Our Winter, USA

NSAA, 2013. ‘Sustainable Slopes – The environmental charter for ski areas’. National Ski Areas Association, USA

Energy Tour. 2004. ‘Clean Energy Tour- St. Moritz – Piz Nair’. Engadin St. Moritz Clean, EU

Yang, J & Wan, C. October 2010. ‘Progress in Research on the Impacts of Global Climate Change on Winter Ski Tourism’. Climate change, China

Bogataj, L. 2007. ‘How will the Alps Respond to Climate Change?’. Innsbruck University Press. EU

Beniston, M. 2012. ‘Is Snow in the Alps receding or disappearing?’ John Wiley & Son,Ltd. EU

Koenig, U & Abegg, B. 1997. ‘Impacts of Climate Change on Winter Tourism in the Swiss Alps’ Journal of Sustainable Tourism, EU

ClimChAlp. ‘Climate Change, Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in the Alpine Space – Common Strategic Paper’. The ClimChAlp Partnership. EU

Mayer, M & Steiger, R. 2008. ‘Snowmaking and Climate Change – Future Options for Snow Production in Tyrolean Ski Resorts’. Mountain Research and Development, EU

BMU. 2007. ‘Climate Change in the Alps – Facts, Impacts – Adaption’. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, EU.

BOOKS

Porter Fox, 2013. DEEP: The Story of Skiing and the Future of Snow. Edition. Rink House Productions.

Tony Fry, 2008. Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice. English Ed Edition. Bloomsbury Academic.

Roland Huntford, 2008. Two Planks and a Passion: The Dramatic History of Skiing. Edition. Continuum.

Charles Emmerson, 2011. Future History of the Arctic. Edition. Vintage Books USA.

Bruce Tremper, 2008. Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain. 2 Edition. Mountaineers Books.

Martin Volken, 2007. Backcountry Skiing: Skills for Ski Touring and Ski Mountaineering (Mountaineers Outdoor Expert Series). Edition. Mountaineers Books.

Alastair McIntosh, 2008. Hell and High Water: Climate Change, Hope and the Human Condition. Edition. Birlinn Ltd.

77

BOOKS CONTINUED

Matthew Sinclair, 2012. Let Them Eat Carbon: The Price of Failing Climate Change Policies, and How Governments and Big Business Profit from Them. Edition. Biteback Publishing.

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Iski.fr 2014. Iski.fr - Le guide des stations de ski des Alpes du Sud. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.iski.fr/. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

ifyouski.com . 2014. Ski Holidays | Catered Chalets | Ski Deals | ifyouski.com . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ifyouski.com/. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

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Green resort guide - Ski Club of Great Britain. 2014. Green resort guide - Ski Club of Great Britain. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.skiclub.co.uk/skiclub/skiresorts/greenre-sorts/#.U02MF_ldXHR. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

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IPCC 2014. Projections of Future Changes in Climate - AR4 WGI Summary for Policymakers. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspm-projections-of.html. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

NOAA: 2011 Climate.gov. 2014. State of the Climate: 2011 Snow Cover in Northern Hemisphere | NOAA Climate.gov. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/state-climate-2011-snow-cover-northern-hemisphere. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

78

WEBSITES CONTINUED

WWF 2014. WWF - Climate change impacts in France. [ONLINE] Available at: http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/aboutcc/problems/rising_temperatures/hotspot_map/france.cfm. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

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WWF 2014. WWF - Climate Witness: Andrea Fabellini, France. [ONLINE] Available at: http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/aboutcc/problems/people_at_risk/personal_sto-ries/witness_stories/?uNewsID=100760. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

Motherboard. 2014. How Sochi Made 1,000 Football Fields Worth of Fake Snow | Motherboard. [ONLINE] Available at: http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/how-sochi-made-1000-football-fields-worth-of-fake-snow. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

POWDER Magazine. 2014. Paradise Lost | POWDER Magazine. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.powdermag.com/stories/end-la-grave-know/. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

SummitDaily.com. 2014. Climate change and ski resorts, Part 1: Industry wants Congress to do more | SummitDaily.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.summitdaily.com/exploresummit/9498773-113/climate-ski-resorts-area. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

snowcarbon. 2014. What are ski resorts doing to combat climate change? | snowcarbon. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.snowcarbon.co.uk/ski-resorts/what-are-ski-resorts-doing-combat-climate-change. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

Accuweather. 2014. Skiers, Resorts Adapt to Uncooperative Winter Seasons. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/ski-climate-change/24807428. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

Courchevel. 2014. Présentation. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mairie-courchevel.com/index.php/Pr%C3%A9sentation?idpage=8&afficheMenuContextuel=true. [Ac-cessed 15 April 2014].

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2014. Caspar Badrutt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Badrutt. [Accessed 17 April 2014].

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79

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IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/orga-nization.shtml. [Accessed 17 April 2014].

Whistler Blackcomb. 2014. Whistler Blackcomb - Environment Programme - Whistler, BC, Canada. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.whistlerblackcomb.com/environment/index.aspx. [Accessed 17 April 2014].

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ABC News. 2014. Sochi’s Olympic Snow Stored Under Tarps Since Last Winter [ONLINE] Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/International/sochis-olympic-snow-stored-tarps-winter/story?id=21023724. [Accessed 17 April 2014].

Ride Greener - News. 2014. Ride Greener - News. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ridegreener.com/en/. [Accessed 15 April 2014].

Lectures

The Scott Expedition. Ben Saunders & Tarka L’Herpiniere. Royal Geographical Society. April 2014

VIDEOS/TALKS

Chasing Ice, 2012. [DVD] Jeff Orlowski, USA: Exposure.

The Age of Stupid, 2009. [DVD] Franny Armstrong, UK: Spanner Films

The 11th Hour, 2007. [DVD] Leila Conners, USA: Tree Media Group.

Speed with Guy Martin- Episode 4 ‘ World’s Fastest Toboggan’. 2014. Television Programme. Channel 4

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IMAGES

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1000 lonely places, (2014), swiss glacier express [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.1000lonelyplaces.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Swiss-glacier-express.jpg [Accessed 27 July 14].

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Wex Photographic - Petrie, (2014), Aonach Mor Gondola [ONLINE]. Available at: http://forum.wexphotographic.com/pictures/Aonach%20Mor%20Gondola.jpg [Accessed 29 July 14].

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Freeskier mag, (2014), Brody Leven [ONLINE]. Available at: http://freeskiercom.c.presscdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/DSC2235.jpeg [Accessed 30 July 14].

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All panoramas taken from livecam360.com

ALL IMAGES NOT LISTED ABOVE ARE MY OWN

83

POSTER CAMPAIGN IMAGES

ROCK SKIING

Powder Magazine, (2014), Henrik [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.powder.com/files/2013/07/henrik1.jpg [Accessed 29 August 14].

Blue Sky Scotland, (2014), Paps of Jura [ONLINE]. Available at: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Yo9-69cZ3eg/UdA0w3T2P6I/AAAAAAAAICU/vICm_JZBIGM/s1220/Paps+Of+Jura.+Scree+Descent.jpg [Accessed 29 August 14].

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Spyder Club, (2014), Alps June [ONLINE]. Available at: http://news.spyderclub.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Alps-June-2011-0791.jpg [Accessed 29 August 14].

SKI JUMPING

Dean Mouhtaropoulos, (2014), FIS ski jump [ONLINE]. Available at: http://static1.businessinsider.com/image/520ba457eab8ea4355000018-1200-800/176498373.jpg [Ac-cessed 29 August 14].

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SNOWBOARDER

White Lines Magazine, (2014), Snowboard wallpaper [ONLINE]. Available at: http://cdn3.coresites.mpora.com/whitelines_new/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Snowboard_wall-paper_Nicolas-Muller-_1920x1080.jpg [Accessed 30 August 14].

lue Sky Scotland, (2014), Paps of Jura [ONLINE]. Available at: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Yo9-69cZ3eg/UdA0w3T2P6I/AAAAAAAAICU/vICm_JZBIGM/s1220/Paps+Of+Jura.+Scree+Descent.jpg [Accessed 29 August 14].

GLACIER

Wikipedia, (2014), Glacier Mouth [ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Matanuska_Glacier_mouth.jpg [Accessed 30 August 14].

NewSchoolers, (2014), Candide Thovex [ONLINE]. Available at: http://media.newschoolers.com/uploads/images/17/00/60/70/52/607052.jpeg [Accessed 30 August 14].

Lost and Found Innz, (2014), Mountainside Summer [ONLINE]. Available at: http://lostandfoundinnz.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/dsc06716.jpg [Accessed 29 August 14].

WallpaperWeb, (2014), Stormy Sky [ONLINE]. Available at: http://t.wallpaperweb.org/wallpaper/nature/1366x768/Stormy_Sky_1366x768.jpg [Accessed 30 August 14].

Documents

MA DESIGN & ENVIRONMENT TOM WALTON...Val d'Isere 1850 Reallon 1560 Valloire 1430 Col de Rousset 1255 La Giettaz 1100 Montmin 635 Orcieres 1850 Les Orres 1550 Chamrousse 1420 Argentiere