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M. Sc (Genetic Engineering) Course Outline
The M. Sc (Genetic Engineering) Course is of four semesters
Semester I
Course Code Title Credits
GEN 601 Cell Biology & Genetics 3
GEN 611 Bio-Molecules 3
GEN 621 Molecular Biology 3
GEN 631 Computer Applications in Biology &
Bio-statistics
3
GEN 641 Analytical Techniques 3
GEN 651 Laboratory – I 12
Comprehensive Viva Voce 4
Total 31
Semester II
Course Code Title Credits
GEN 602 Immunology 3
GEN 612 Microbial Technology 3
GEN 622 Enzyme Technology 3
GEN 632 Metabolic Engineering 3
GEN 642 Bio-informatics 3
GEN 652 Environmental Biotechnology 3
GEN 662 Student Seminar 1
GEN 672 Laboratory – II 10
Comprehensive Viva Voce 4
Total 33
Semester III
Course Code Title Credits
GEN 603 Recombinant DNA Technology 3
GEN 613 Agriculture Biotechnology 3
GEN 623 Animal Tissue Culture 3
GEN 633 Bioprocess Technology 3
GEN 643 Biosafety, Bioethics and IPR 3
GEN 653 Home Assignment 2
GEN 663 Student Seminar 1
GEN 673 Laboratory – III 10
Comprehensive Viva Voce 4
Total 32
Semester IV
Course Code Title Credits
GEN 604 Research Project 25
Comprehensive Viva Voce 4
Total 29
Total Credits for All Semesters in 2 Years 125
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
1 Diversity of cell size and shape.
2 Cell theory.
3 Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells - Isolation and growth of
cells.
4. Cellular organelles- Plasma membrane, cell wall, their structural
organization; Mitochondria,
Chloroplast; Nucleus and other organelles and their organization.
5. Transport of nutrients, ions and macromolecules across membranes.
6. Cell cycle - molecular events and model systems Apoptosis.
7. Cellular responses to environmental signals in plants and animals-
mechanisms of signal transduction.
8. Cell motility- cilia, flagella of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
9. Biology of cancer.
10. Cellular basis of differentiation and development - mitosis,
gametogenesis and fertilization, development in Drosophila and
Arabidopsis; Spatial and temporal regulation of Gene Expression.
11. Genes, Mutation and Mutagenesis - UV and chemical mutagens; Types
of mutation; Ames test for mutagenesis; Methods of genetic
analysis.
12. Bacterial Genetic System
Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction, Recombination, Plasmids
and Transposons. Bacterial genetics map with reference to E.Coli.
13. Virus and Their Genetic System
Phage I and its life cycle; RNA phages; RNA Viruses; Retroviruses.
14. Genetic Systems of Yeast and Neurospora.
15. Extra-Chromosomal Inheritance.
BIOMOLECULES
1. Chemical foundations of Biology - pH, pK, acids, bases, buffers, weak
bonds, covalent bonds.
2. Principles of thermodynamics.
3. Classes of organic compounds and functional groups - atomic and
molecular dimensions, space
filling and ball and stick models.
4. Amino acids and peptides - classification, chemical reactions and physical
properties.
5. Sugars - classification and reactions.
6. Heterocyclic compounds and secondary metabolises in living systems -
nucleotides, pigments,
isoprenoids.
7. Separation techniques for different biomolecules.
8. Lipids - classification, structure and functions.
6. Proteins - classification and separation, purification and criteria of
homogeneity, end group
analysis, hierarchy in structure, Ramachandran map.
10. Polysaccharides - types, structural features. methods for compositional
analysis.
11. Analytical techniques in biochemistry and biophysics for small
molecules and macro- molecules
for quantitation.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides from ribose including
regulation, salvage pathways
DNA Replication
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication, Mechanism of DNA
replication, Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA replication.
DNA Repair.
Transcription
Prokaryotic transcription, Eukaryotic transcription, RNA polymerases,
General and specific transcription factors, Regulatory elements and
mechanisms of transcription regulation, 5'-Cap formation, Transcription
termination, 3'-end processing and polyadenylation, Nuclear export of
mRNA, mRNA stability.
RNA splicing
Nuclear splicing, spliceosome and small nuclear RNAs, group I and group II
introns, Cis- and Trans-splicing reactions, tRNA splicing, alternate splicing.
Translation
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation: Synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA,
aminoacyl synthetases, Mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination,
Regulation of translation, co-and post-translational modifications of
proteins, Mobility shift assay, Dipeptide assay, Tripeptide assay. In vitro
translation.
Regulation of gene expression
Induction and repression, operon theory, lac operon, his operon, trp operon,
ara operon, attenuation, positive and negative control, catabolite repression,
regulation of transcription by cAMP and CRP, and guanosine
tetraphosphate, Run off transcription. Britten-Davidson and Mated models of
gene regulation,
Protein Localization
Synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins, Import into nucleus,
mitochondria, chloroplast and peroxisomes, Receptor mediated endocytosis.
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
Viral and cellular oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes from humans,
Structure, function and mechanism of action of pRB and p53 tumor
suppressor proteins.
Antisense and Ribozyme Technology
Molecular mechanism of antisense molecules, inhibition of splicing,
polyadenylation and
translation, disruption of RNA structure and capping, Biochemistry of
ribozyrne; hammer- head, hairpin and other ribozymes, strategies for
designing ribozymes, Applications of antisense and ribozyme technologies.
RNA interference.
Homologous Recombination
Holliday junction, gene targeting, gene disruption, FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox
recombination RecA and other recombinases
Molecular Mapping of Genome
Genetic and physical maps, physical mapping and map-based cloning,
choice of mapping population, Simple sequence repeat loci, Southern and
fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome analysis, Chromosome
microdissection and microcloning, Molecular markers in genome analysis:
RFLP, RAPD and AFLP analysis, Molecular markers linked to disease
resistance genes.
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS
1. Overview of computers: generations of computers, Classification of
computer, Hardware, software, Operating system (Windows and
Unix).
2. Number systems: Binary, decimal, octal, hexadecimal.
3. Introduction to Programming: Development of Algorithms and flow
charts, low-level and high-level programming languages, C, C++,
Java and SQL
4. Introduction to data structures and database concepts
5. Introduction to lnternet and its applications.
6. Introduction to MS-OFFICE: MS Word, MS Powerpoint, MS Excel
7. Introduction to Haward Graphics/Corel Draw.
8. Computer-Oriented Statistical Techniques: SPSS, Matlab.
9. Sampling - Sampling procedure, homogenization of samples, samples
size, Selection of random sample, Limitation of analytical methods,
classification of errors, measurement of averages and variation,
minimization of errors.
10. Types of data, Frequency distribution, Frequency table of single
discrete variable, Bubble sort
11. Graphical representation of Data, Histogram, Frequency polygon, Pie
Chart
12. Measure of central values - Mean, median and mode, Measures of
dispersion - range, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of
variation, moment, Skewness and kurtosis.
13. Probability, Concept of Probability Theory, Events, Trials, Mutually
exclusive events, favorable events, exhaustive events, Bayesian
theorem of Probability, Addition theorem, Multiplication theorem
14. Binomial distribution, Normal distribution, Poisson distribution &
their applications.
15. Testing of hypotheses: chi-squared test and its significance. Small
sample test – Z-test & T-test for Means, Paired T-test.
16. Design of experiments, ANOVA (one-way and two-way), F-test.
17. Simple regression and correlation
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
1. Introduction to biophysics : Molecular organization, of proteins -
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure.
2. Conformational analysis : Nucleic acids and their organization in
living cells, interactions of nucleic acids.
3. Methods in biophysical analysis : CD, ORD and fluorescence
spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy.
4. Separation of bio-molecules: Various types of Chromatography TLC,
and Column chromatography ( partition chromatography, Adsorption
Chromatography, Ion-exchange chromatography, Gel filtration
chromatography, affinity chromatography, reverse phase
chromatography, HPLC, chromatofocussing.
5. Electrophoresis: Agarose, Starch, PAGE including SDS-PAGE,
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis, Isoelectrofocussing,
Isotachophoresis.
6. Centrifugation: Differential centrifugation, Density gradient
centrifugation, Ultracentrifugation.
7. Absorption and emission spectroscopy- theory, instrumentation and
application of visible, UV, IR, AAS, NMR, ESR and Mass
spectroscopy.
8. Characterization of macromolecules using X-ray diffraction analysis.
9. Microscopy, phase contrast, fluorescence microscopy, Electron
microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy.
10. Radio isotope technique : Detection and measurement of radio activity
Geiger Muller counters, scintillation counting, auto radiography and
RIA Application of isotopes in biological studies.
IMMUNOLOGY
Introduction
Phylogeny of Immune System , Innate and acquired immunity , Clonal
nature of immune response.
1. Organization and structure of lymphoid organs.
2. Nature and Biology of antigens and super antigens.
3. Antibody structure and function.
4. Antigen- antibody interactions.
5. Major histocompatibility complex,
6. BCR & TCR, generation of diversity.
7. Complement system.
8. Cells of the immune system: Hematopoiesis and differentiation,
Lymphoeyte trafficking, B- Iymphoeytes, T-lymphocytes,
Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Natural killer and Lymphokine
activated killer cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils and Mast-Cells.
9. Regulation of immune response.
10. Antigen processing and presentation, generation of humoral and cell
mediated immune responses
- Activation of B- and T- lymphocytes
- Cytokines and their role in immune regulation
- T-cell regulation, MHC restriction
- Immunological tolerance.
11. Cell - mediated cytotoxicity: Mechanism of T cell and NK cell
mediated lysis, Antibody dependent cell mediated.cytotoxicity,
macrophage mediated cytotoxicity.
12. Hypersensitivity.
13. Autoimmunity.
14. Transplantation
15. Immunity to infectious agents ( intracellular parasites, helminthes &
Viruses).
16. Tumor Immunology.
17. AIDS and other Immunodeficiences.
18. Hybridoma Technology and Monoclonal antibodies.
MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY
1. General Concept of microbial biotechnology
2. Principles of exploitation of microorganism, primary and
secondary metabolism
3. Microbial Production of: Antibiotics : penicillin, streptomycin
4. Enzymes : proteases, amylases, lipases
5. Organic acids : Citric acid acetic acid
6. Vitamins : Glutamic acid lysine Alkaloids
7. Beverages: Alcohol, beer, wine
8. Food and Dairy Products:
9. Single cell protein
10. Single cell oil
11. Cheese, bread and yogurt
12. Microbial production of nucleosides, nucleotides and pigments
13. Mushroom cultivation
14. Microbial transformations of antibiotics and steroids
15. Bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides
16. Biopolymers and bio-plastics
ENZYME TECHNOLOGY
1. Discovery, classifications and nomenclature of enzymes.
Techniques of enzyme isolation
Techniques of enzyme assay
2. Intracellular localization of enzymes
Techniques used in the purification of enzymes. Criteria of enzyme
homogeneity
Techniques used for determination of native and sub-unit molecular
weight of enzymes
3. Isoenzymes
Multienzyme complexes and multifunctional enzymes
4. Physico-chemical characterization of enzymes
Enzyme kinetics : Enzyme catalysis in solution - kinetics and
thermodynamic analysis, effects of
organic solvents on enzyme catalysis and structural consequences.
Kinetics of enzyme inhibition
5. Allosterism including half of the site activity phenomena
Enzyme memory and pnemonical enzymes
6. Structure and activity of the enzymes
Mechanism of action of chymotrypsin, glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate
dehydrogenase, lysoenzyme,
carboxy peptidase, ribonuclease, aldolase etc.
7. Various techniques used for the immobilization of enzymes
Applications of immobilized enzyme in Biotechnology
8.Riboenzyme and catalytic antibodies- Functional proteins- structure and
drug targets (enzymes and receptors)
METABOLIC ENGINEERING
1. The concept of Metabolic Engineering, Historical and current views,
Importance of secondary metabolites in medicine and agriculture
2. Introduction to Intermediary Metabolism
3. Carbohydrate Metabolism : Regulation of Embden, Meyerhoff and
Parnass (EMP) Pathway & its regulation, Correlation of EMP pathway with
other pathways; Krebs cycle and its regulation, Krebs Kornberg Cycle,
Pentose Phosphate pathway and its regulation, Glucuronate- Xylulose
pathway, Oxidative phosphorylation, Entner-Duodoroff pathway for glucose
catabolism , Industrially important enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism viz.
Cellulases, Xylanases, starch phosphorylase, pectinmethylesterase,
pectinases, glucose isomerase, Glucose oxidase.
Biosynthesis of glycogen in animals and its regulation.
4. Lipid Metabolism: Beta Oxidation of Fatty acids, fatty acid biosynthesis,
Biosynthesis of simple fat, phospholipids, cholesterol , sulfolipids and their
possible regulation.
5. Biosynthesis and degradation of individual amino acids, Urea Cycle.
6. Inborn errors of metabolism.
7. Secondary metabolites, various pathways for secondary metabolites viz.
Alkaloids, Phenolics, Lignins, Terpenoids Flavonoids , Porphyrins and their
possible regulation.
8. Exploitation of metabolic pathways for various drugs.
- Flavanoid pathway
Chemistry : The basic structure
Stereochemistry
Chemical synthesis of different intermediates
Biochemistry : The biochemical pathway
Carbon flow
Different regulatory points
Intermediate pools and their significance in horticulture, agriculture and
medicine.
Molecular genetics: Regulatory genes
Gene expression in response to environmental stimuli
Regulation of gene expression
- Terpenoid pathway
Chemistry : The basic structure
Stereochemistry
Chemical synthesis of different intermediates
Biochemistry : The biochemical pathway
Carbon flow
Different regulatory points
Intermediate pools and their significance in agriculture and medicine
Microgenetics
Molecular genetics: Regulatory genes
Gene expression in response to environmental stimuli
Regulation of gene expression
- Polyketoid pathway
Chemistry: The basic structure
Stereochemistry
Chemical synthesis of different intermediates
Biochemistry : The biochemical pathway
Carbon flow
Different regulatory points
Intermediate pools and their significance in horticulture, agriculture and
medicine
Molecular genetics: Regulatory genes
Gene expression in response to environmental stimuli
Regulation of gene expression
5. Biomolecules transformation pathways
6. Networking of the secondary pathways Concepts of common “global” regulation and response
Possible links between different pathways via intermediates
Implications of adding a new pathway
Resource restructuring
BIOINFORMATICS
Major Bioinformatics Resources: NCBI, EBI, ExPASy The knowledge of
various databases and bioinformatics tools available at these resources, the
major content of the databases, purpose and utility in life sciences, Literature
databases.
• Nucleic acid sequence databases: GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ
• Protein sequence databases: SWISS-PROT, TrEMBL,
PIR_PSD
• Genome Databases at NCBI, EBI, TIGR, SANGER
Sequence analysis:
• Various file formats for bio-molecular sequences: genbank, fasta, gcg,
msf, nbrf-pir etc.
• Basic concepts of sequence similarity, identity and homology,
definitions of homologues, orthologues, paralogues.
• Scoring matrices: basic concept of a scoring matrix, Matrices for
nucleic acid and proteins sequences, PAM and BLOSUM series
• Sequence-based Database Searches: what are sequence-based
database searches, BLAST and FASTA algorithms, Various versions
of basic BLAST and FASTA,
• Pairwise and Multiple sequence alignments: basic concepts of
sequence alignment, Needleman & Wuncsh, Smith & Waterman
algorithms for pairwise alignments, Progressive and hierarchial
algorithms for MSA. use of pairwise alignments and Multiple
sequence alignment for analysis of Nucleic acid and protein sequences
and interpretation of results; Sequence patterns and profiles: PSI-
Blast, PSSM
• Taxonomy and phylogeny: Basic concepts in systematics, taxonomy
and phylogeny; molecular evolution; nature of data used in Taxonomy
and Phylogeny, Definition and description of phylogenetic trees and
various types of trees,
Prediction of protein structure
• Secondary structure: algorithms of Chou Fasman, GOR methods;
• Tertiary Structure: basic principles and protocol of Homology
Modeling
• Protein structure comparison and classification: classes, folds; the
concepts in 3D structure comparison, purpose of structure
comparison, algorithms such as FSSP, VAST and DALI
Molecular modeling and simulations
• Visualization of structures using Rasmol or SPDBViewer or CHIME
• Basic concepts in molecular modeling:, different types of computer
representations of molecules
• Concepts of force fields: representations of atoms and atomic
interactions, potential energy representation
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Environment: Basic concepts and issues
2. Environmental Pollution: types of pollution, Methods for the
measurement of pollution;
Methodology of environmental management - the problem solving
approach, its limitations.
3. Air pollution and its control through Biotechnology.
4. Water Pollution and Its Control: Water as a scarce natural resource, Need
for water management,
Measurement of water pollution, sources of water pollution, Waste water
collection, Waste water
treatment -physical, chemical and biological treatment processes.
5. Microbiology of Waste Water Treatments, Aerobic Process: Activated
sludge, Oxidation ditches,
trickling filter, towers, rotating discs, rotating drums, oxidation ponds.
6. Anaerobic Processes: Anaerobic digestion, anaerobic filters. Upflow
anaerobic sludge blanket
reactors.
7. Treatment schemes for waste waters of dairy, distillery, tannery, Sugar,
antibiotic industries,
8. Microbiology of degradation of Xenobiotics in Environment . Ecological
considerations,
decay behaviour & degradative plasmids; Hydrocarbons, substituted
hydrocarbons, oil
pollution, surfactants, pesticides.
9. Bioremediation of contaminated soils and waste land.
10. Biopesticides in integrated pest management.
11. Solid wastes: sources and management (composting, wormiculture and
methane production).
12. Global Environmental Problems: Ozone depletion, UV-B, green -house
effect and acid rain, their
impact and biotechnological approaches for management.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
1. Scope of Recombinant DNA Technology
2. Milestones In Genetic Engineering
Isolation of enzymes, DNA sequencing, synthesis and mutation, detection
and separation, cloning,
gene expression. Cloning and patenting of life forms. Genetic engineering
guidelines.
3. Molecular Tools and Their Applications
Restriction enzymes, modification enzymes, DNA, and RNA markers.
4. Nucleic Acid Purification, Yield Analysis
5. Nucleic Acid Amplification and Its Applications
6. Gene Cloning Vectors
Plasmids, bacteriophages, phagemids, cosmids, Artificial chromosomes.
7. Restriction Mapping of DNA Fragments and Map Construction. Nucleic
Acid Sequencing.
8. cDNA Synthesis and Cloning
mRNA enrichment, reverse transcription, DNA primers, Linkers, adaptors
and their chemical
synthesis, Library construction and screening.
9. Alternative Strategies of Gene Cloning
Cloning interacting genes- Two-and three hybrid systems, cloning
differentially expressed genes.
Nucleic acid microarray arrays.
10. Site-directed Mutagenesis and Protein Engineering
11. How to Study Gene Regulation?
DNA transfection, Northern blot, Primer extension, S1 mapping, RNase
protection assay, Reporter assays.
12. Expression Strategies for Heterologous Genes
Vector engineering and codon optimization, host engineering, In vitro
transcription and translation, expression in bacteria, expression in Yeast,
expression in insects and insect cells, expression in mammalian cells,
expression in plants.
13. Processing of Recombinant Proteins
Purification and refolding, characterization of recombinant proteins,
stabilization of proteins.
14. Phage Display
15. T-DNA and Transposon Tagging: Role of gene tagging in gene
analysis, T-DNA and transposon tagging, Identification and
isolation of genes through T-DNA or transposon.
16. Transgenic and Gene Knockout Technologies, Targeted gene
replacement, Chromosome engineering.
17. Gene Therapy: Vector engineering. Strategies of gene delivery,
gene replacement/augmentation, gene correction, gene editing,
gene regulation and silencing.
AGRICULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Conventional Plant Breeding
2. Introduction to cell and Tissue Culture, tissue culture as a technique to
produce novel plants and hybrids.
3. Tissue culture media (composition and preparation).
4. Initiation and maintenance of callus and suspension culture; single cell
clones.
5. Organogenesis: somatic embryogenesis: transfer and establishment of
whole plants in soil.
6. Shoot-tip culture: rapid clonal propagation and production of virus-free
plants.
7. Embryo culture and embryo rescue.
8. Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion; selection of hybrid cells and
regeneration of hybrid plants; symmetric and asymmetric hybrids, cybrids.
9. Anther, pollen and ovary culture for production of haploid plants and
homozygous lines.
10. Cryopreservation, slow growth and DNA banking for germ plasm
conservation.
11. Basic Techniques in rDNA Technology.
12. Plant Transformation technology: basis of tumor formation, hairy root,
features of TI and RI plasmids, mechanisms of DNA transfer, role of
virulence genes, use of TI and RI as vectors, binary vectors, use of 35S and
other promoters, genetic markers, use of reporter genes, reporter gene with
introns, use of scaffold attachment regions, methods of nuclear
transformation, viral vectors and their applications, multiple gene transfers,
Vectors- less or direct DNA transfer, particle bombardment,
(electroporation, microinjection, transformation of monocots. Transgene
stability and gene silencing.
13. Application of Plant Transformation for productivity and performance:
herbicide resistance, phosphoinothricin, glyphosate, sufonyl urea, atrazine,
insect resistance, Bt genes, Non-Bt like protease inhibitors, alpha amylase
inhibitor, virus resistance, coat protein mediated, nucleocapsid gene, disease
resistance, chitinase, 1-3 beta glucanase, RIP, antifungal proteins, thionins,
PR proteins, nematode resistance, abiotic stress, post- harvest losses, long
shelf life of fruits and flowers, use of ACC synthase, polygalacturanase,
ACC oxidase, male sterile lines, bar and barnase systems, carbohydrate
composition and storage, ADP glucose pyrophosphatase.
14. Chloroplast Transformation: advantages, vectors. success with tobacco
and potato.
15. Metabolic Engineering and Industrial Products: plant secondary
metabolities, control mechanisms and manipulation of phenylpropanoid
pathway, shikimate pathway; alkaloids, industrial enzymes, biodegradable
plastics, polyhydroxybutyrate. therapeutic proteins, lysosomal enzymes,
antibodies, edible vaccines, purification strategies, oleosin partitioning
technology.
16. Molecular Marker-aided Breeding: RFLP maps, linkage analysis, RAPD
markers, STS, microsatellites, SCAR (sequence characterized amplified
regions), SSCP (single strand conformational polymorphism), AFLP, QTL,
map based cloning, molecular marker assisted selection.
17. Arid and semi-arid plant biotechnology.
18. Green House and Green-Home technology.
ANIMAL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Structure and organization of animal cell
2. Equipments and materials for animal cell culture technology
3. Primary and established cell line cultures
4. Introduction to the balanced salt solutions and simple growth medium,
Brief discussion on the
chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of
culture medium. Role of
carbon dioxide. Role of serurn and supplements.
5. Serum & protein free defined media and their application.
6. Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity.
7. Biology and characterization of the cultured cells, measuring parameters
of growth.
8. Basic techniques of mammalian cell culture in vitro; disaggregation of
tissue and primary culture.,
maintenance of cell culture; cell separation.
9. Scaling-up of animal cell culture.
10. Cell synchronization.
11. Cell cloning and micromanipulation.
12. Cell transformation.
13. Application of animal cell culture.
14. Stem cell cultures, embryonic stem cells and their applications
15. Cell culture based vaccines
16. Somatic cell genetics.
17. Organ and histotypic cultures.
18. Measurement of cell death
19. Apoptosis
20. Three dimensional culture and tissue engineering
BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY
1. Introduction to Bioprocess Engineering.
2. Bioreactors.
3. Isolation, Preservation and Maintenance of Industrial Microorganisms.
4. Kinetics of microbial growth and death.
5. Media for Industrial Fermentation.
6. Air and Media Sterilization.
7. Types of fermentation processes: Analysis of batch, Fed-batch and
continuous bioreactions,
stability of microbial reactors, analysis of mixed microbial populations,
specialized bioreactors
(pulsed, fluidized, photobioreactors etc.)
8. Measurement and control of bioprocess parameters.
9. Downstream Processing: Introduction, Removal of microbial cells and
solid matter, foam reparation,
precipitation, filtration, centrifugation, cell disruptions, liquid-liquid
extraction, chromatography,
Membrane process, Drying and Crystallization, Effluent treatment:
D.O.C. and C.O.D. treatment
and disposal of effluents.
10. Whole cell lmmobilization and their Industrial Applications.
11. Industrial Production of Chemicals: Alcohol (ethanol), Acids (citric,
acetic and gluconic), solvents
(glycerol, acetone, butanol), Antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin,
tetracycline), Aminoacids
(lysine, glutamic acid), Single Cell Protein.
12. Use of microbes in mineral beneficiation and oil recovery.
13. Introduction to Food Technology
- Elementary idea of canning and packing.
- Sterilization and Pasteurization of food Products.
- Technology of Typical Food/Food products (bread, cheese, idli)
- Food Preservation.
BIOSAFETY, BIOETHICS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS
Bioethics: Legality, morality and ethics, the principles of bioethics:
autonomy, human rights, beneficence, privacy, justice, equity etc.
Transgenics and Bioethics: The expanding scope of ethics from biomedical
practice to biotechnology, ethical conflicts in biotechnology - interference
with nature, fear of unknown, unequal distribution of risks and benefits of
biotechnology, bioethics vs.business ethics, ethical dimensions of IPR,
technology transfer and other global biotech issues.
Biosafety in the laboratory institution: Laboratory associated infections and
other hazards, assessment of biological hazards and levels of biosafety,
prudent biosafety practices in the laboratory/ institution
Biosafety regulations in the handling of recombinant DNA processes and
products in institutions and industries, biosafety assessment procedures in
India and abroad
Biotechnology and food safety: The GM-food debate and biosafety
assessment procedures for biotech foods & related products, including
transgenic food crops, case studies of relevance.
Ecological safety assessment of recombinant organisms and transgenic
crops, case studies of relevance (Eg. Bt cotton).
Biosafety assessment of biotech pharmaceutical products such as
drugs/vaccines etc.
International dimensions in biosafety: Catagena protocol on biosafety,
bioterrorism and convention on biological weapons
Ethical issues in biotechnology. Biosafety and Risk assessment of GMOs.
Public perception. IPR and Trade related aspects. Methods for producing
transgenic plants and animals. Important genes of agronomic interest.
Current trends in finding useful genes. GMO Act 2004. Traceability.
Legislative aspects.
Bioethics & Animal Experimentation - Chronology of Biotechnological
studies on animals – Law & legislation on animal experimentation in India
and world – Moral status of animals as objects of experiments –
Contemporary view on animal experiments – Moral responsibility of
scientists over animal experiments.
Bioethics & Human Person: Personhood – Abortion – Bioethical issues in
reproduction, population explosion and control – Assisted reproduction –
AIDS – Egg donation – Prenatal screening & sex selection – Cloning -
Ethical issues on life & death – Brain Vs Cortical death – Persistent
vegetative state – Voluntary euthanasia & physician assisted suicide – Organ
donation & Transplantation.
Bioethics & Society (Indian context): Ethical issues on New Genetics –
Human Genome Project – Gene therapy – Genetic screening –
Experimentation with human subjects - National Practice of health care –
Public & Private medical practice – National resource allocations.
Intellectual property rights (IPR), sovereignty rights, CBD, bioethics and
patenting
General agreement on trade and tariffs Indian sui-generis system for animal
variety and farmer’s rights protection act. WTO with reference to
biotechnological affairs, TRIPs.
General Introduction: Patent claims, the legal decision – making process,
ownership of
tangible and intellectual property, Patent litigation.
Basic Requirements of Patentability: Patentable subject matter, novelty and
the public
domain, non obviousness
Special issues in Biotechnology Patents: Disclosure requirements,
Collaborative
research, Competitive research, plant
Plant biotechnology Indian patents and Foreign patents, Plant variety
protection act, The strategy of protecting plants.
Recent Developments in Patent System and Patentability of biotechnological
inventions.
IPR issues in Indian Context Role of patent in pharmaceutical industry,
computer related innovations. Case studies Rice, Haldi, neem, etc. and
challenges ahead