M. Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics)gndu.ac.in/syllabus/201213/SCI/MSC APPLIED PHYSICS ELECTRONI… · NSL-501 Carbon Nanotubes and its Functionalization NSL-502 Nano Sensors and

FACULTY OF SCIENCES

SYLLABUS

FOR

M. Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics) (Under Credit Based Continuous Evaluation Grading System)

(Semester: I-IV)

Examinations: 2012- 13

GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY AMRITSAR

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Nobody is allowed to print it in any form. Defaulters will be prosecuted. (ii) Subject to change in the syllabi at any time. Please visit the University website time to time.

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M.Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics) (Semester System) (Under Credit Based Continuous Evaluation Grading System)

Course Code: PHB 3 Semester – I: Course No. C/E/I Course Title Hrs/Week LTP

APL-401 C Quantum Mechanics 4 4-0-0

APL-402 C Physics and Chemistry of Solids 4 4-0-0

APL-403 C Elements of Physical Chemistry 4 4-0-0

APL-404 C Basic Mathematics 4 4-0-0

APP-421 C Solid State Physics Lab-I 6 0-0-3

APP-422 C Electronics Lab-I 6 0-0-3 _____ Total Credit 22 Semester – II: Course No. C/E/I Course Title Hrs/Week LTP

APL-451 C Solid State Physics 4 4-0-0

APL-452 C Microwaves 4 4-0-0

APL-453 C Characterization Techniques 4 4-0-0

APL-454 C Basic Electronics 4 4-0-0

APP-471 C Solid State Physics Lab-II 6 0-0-3

APP-472 C Electronics Lab-II 6 0-0-3 _____ Total Credit 22

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M.Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics) (Semester System) (Under Credit Based Continuous Evaluation Grading System)

Course Code: PHB 3 Semester – III : Course No. C/E/I Course Title Hrs/Week LTP

APL-501 C Computer Programming and 4 4-0-0 Computational Methods APL-502 C Semiconductor Devices 4 4-0-0 APL-503 C Microprocessors 4 4-0-0 APL-504 C Fabrication of Electronic Devices 4 4-0-0 E-1 E 3 3-0-0 APP-521 C Computer Lab 6 0-0-3 APP-522 C Advanced Electronics Lab 6 0-0-3 ____ Total Credit 25 Elective Courses: NSL-501 Carbon Nanotubes and its Functionalization NSL-502 Nano Sensors and Nanodevices NSL-503 Nano Semiconductors, Plasmonics Spintronics Semester – IV: Course No. C/E/I Course Title Hrs/Week LTP

E-2 E 3 3-0-0 E-3 E 3 3-0-0 E-4 E 3 3-0-0 I-1 I 3 3-0-0 I-2 I 3 3-0-0 APD-571 Project 12 0-0-6 _____ Total Credit 21 Elective Courses: PHL-581 Experimental Methods PHL-582 Reactor Physics PHL-583 Material Science PHL-584 Nanotechnology PHL-585 Communication Electronics PHL-586 Radiation Physics APL-581 Physics of Low Dimensional Semiconductors APL-582 Digital Signal Processing APL-583 Digital Communications APL-584 Optical Communications

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M.Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics) (Semester – I) (Under Credit Based Continuous Evaluation Grading System)

QUANTUM MECHANICS

Course No. LTP APL-401 4 0 0

Unit-I Introduction Wave-particle duality, Postulates of quantum mechanics, operators, expectation values, Concepts of wavefunction, eigenfunction, eigenvalues, Normalization and orthogonality of eigenfunctions, parity operator, correspondence principle, Ehrenfest’s theorem, Exact statement and proof of uncertainty principle, Dirac-delta function and its properties and importance in quantum mechanics Wave Mechanics Time dependent and independent Schrodinger equation, Solutions of Schrodinger equation for a free particle, particle in a potential well of infinite and finite depth, double potential well, linear harmonic oscillator, one dimensional triangular well, linear harmonic oscillator, Reflection and transmission by a potential step and by a rectangular barrier, Resonant tunneling through a double potential barrier, Solution of Schrodinger equation for a Hydrogen atom, Lamb shift in hydrogen spectra.

Unit-II Ket-Bra Algebra & Angular Momentum Problem Vector spaces, ket and bra algebra, Relationship between kets and wavefuctions., Stern-Gerlach experiment, spin angular momentum, The angular momentum operators, and their representation in spherical polar co-ordinates, Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of L2 , Commutation relations, Angular momentum and rotations, Rotational symmetry and conservation of angular momentum, reflection invariance and parity, ladder operators, Pauli spin matrices, addition of angular momenta-Clebsch-Gordon Coefficients.

Unit-III Approximate Methods WKB approximation and its application to one dimensional problems, Time independent perturbation theory for non-degenerate and degenerate energy levels, Dalgarno’s method, Basic principle of the variational method and hydrogen atom as an example, Time dependent perturbations, transition probability, Fermi’s golden rule, adiabatic approximation, sudden approximation.

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UNIT-IV

Effects of Electric & Magnetic Fields Solution of Schrodinger equation with linear electric field, Bound states in a triangular well, Stark Effect, Hamiltonian in an electromagnetic field, Landau gauge, Solution of Schrodinger equation with uniform magnetic fiedl Cyclotron frequency, Landau levels, Interaction of spin angular momentum of the electron with magnetic field, spin-orbit interaction, magnetic resonance. Quantum Computation Concept of quantum computation, Quantum computation algorithms, requirements for realisation of quantum computers, spin as a physical realisation of a qubit, Quntum Qbits etc. Recommended Books: 1. Quantum Mechanics – B.H.Bransden and C.J.Joachen - Longman; 2000

2. Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles, 2nd Edition by R.

Eisberg and R. Resnick, John Wiley & Sons, 1985

3. Quantum Physics – A. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan- Macmillan India Ltd.;2007.

4. Principles of Quantum Mechanics 2nd ed. - R. Shankar-Springer;1994

5. Quantum Mechanics – Vol. 1 & 2 – C.C.Tannoudji, B.Dier & F. Laloe-John Wiley & Sons;

2006

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PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS


Unit-I Structure of Matter Amorphous, crystalline, crystals, polycrystals, symmetry, Unit Cells, Crystal Structures (Bravais Lattices), Crystallographic Directions, Crystallographic Planes, Miller Indices, Reciprocal lattices, Bragg’s Law, Single Crystal and Powder X-ray Diffraction

Unit-II Chemical Bonding Atomic Bonding in solids, Types of bond: Metallic, Ionic, Covalent and Vander waals bond; Hybridisation; H- bonding Molecular orbital theory for simple molecules such as diatomic molecule etc.

Unit-III Imperfections in solids Imperfections of crystal structure: point defects, Grain boundaries, phase boundaries, Dislocations Screw, Edge and Mixed Dislocations, generation of defects by quenching, by plastic deformation and by radiation, interaction between point defects and dislocations.

Unit-IV

Thermal and electrical properties of crystals Phonon heat capacity, Planck distribution function, density of states in one and three dimensions, Debye model for density of states, Debye T3 law, Einstein model of density of states, General result for density of states- D( ), anharmonic crystal interactions : thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity of phonon gas: normal and umklapp processes, Free electron Fermi gas, Fermi –Dirac distribution function, Free electron gas in three dimensions, heat capacity of the electron gas, experimental heat capacity and electrical resistivity of metals, heavy fermions, umklapp scattering, Ohm’s law and Hall Effect in metals, Matthiessen’s rule, thermal conductivity of metals, Wiedemann –Franz law, electrical properties of nanostructures.

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Recommended Books: 1. Introduction to Solid State Physics -C. Kittel; John Wiley & Sons 8th Edition, 2008.

2. Solid State Physics- A.J. Dekker, Macmillan India Ltd. 2005

3. Solid State Physics -R.K Puri and V.K.Babbar, S. Chand & Co. ,2004

4. Elements of Material Science & Engineering, L.H.Van Vlack, 6th Edition, Addison-

Wesley, 1989

5. The Physics and Chemistry of Solids - Stephen Elliott and S. R. Elliott , John Wiley, 1998

6. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 5th edition- William D. Callister, Jr,

John Wiley, 2001

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ELEMENTS OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY


Unit-I Introduction to Thermodynamics: The first and second law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic functions, heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy. Equilibrium in one component system, real gases, the reactions between gases, ,reaction kinetics, rate equations, reactions of solid-state phases

Unit-II Elementary Statistical Mechanics: Microstates and entropy and its statistical definition, Entropy of mixing, Gibb’s free energy, Gibb’s paradox, phase space density, ergodic hypothesis, Liouville’s theorem, The microcanonical-, canonical- and grand canonical- ensemble and their connections, Fluctuations. Classical Statistical systems, Boltzmann statistics and quantum statistical systems, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Statistics and their applications.

Unit-III Theory of Solutions and Related Topics The theory of solutions, Free energy as a function of composition, Methods for calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium, Electrochemical processes. Diffusion Fick's Law, mechanisms of diffusion; generation of point defects; self-diffusion; the influence of the pressure and pressure gradient; Kirkendall effect; fast diffusion; influence of isotropic state; experimental methods of investigation of diffusion.

Unit-IV Phase Transformations Gibbs phase rule and phase diagram, Mechanisms of phase transformation; homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation; spinodal decomposition; grain growth; precipitation in solid solution; transformation with constant composition; order-disorder transformations; Martensitic transformation.

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Recommended Books: 1. Statistical Physics by K. Huang, John Wiley, 2nd Edition, 1987

2. Statistical Physics, L.D.Landau and E.M.Lifshitz, 2nd revised edition, Oxford Pergamon

Press, 1970.

3. Physical Chemistry – Atkins Peter, Paula Julio, 7th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2002.

4. Physical Chemistry, David W.Ball, 3rd Edition, Thomson Books/Cole Publishers, 2002

5. Heat and Thermodynamics by Mark Zemansky and Richard Dittman, 7th Edition., McGraw

Hill Inc., 1997.

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BASIC MATHEMATICS


Unit-I

Function of a complex variable: Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, simply and

multiply connected regions, Cauchy integral theorem, Cauchy's integral theorem for multiply-

connected regions, Cauchy's integral formula, Taylor and Laurent series, singularities and their

classification, residue theorem and evaluation of definite integrals, dispersion relations (Hilbert

Transforms).

Unit-II

Definitions of vector space, linear independence, dimensionality of vector space, basis and

expansion theorem, inner product, orthonormal set, Hilbert space, Schmidt’s orthogonalization,

Schwartz inequality, Dirac notation of vectors. Matrices: addition, multiplication and direct

products, singular, orthogonal, normal, Hermitian and unitary matrices and their properties.

Determinants, inverse and rank of matrices, eigen value problem in matrices, Cayley-Hamilton

Theorem, Solution of linear equations: Cramer’s rules. Matrices in classical and quantum

mechanics: Rotation matrix, Dirac Matrices and Pauli Matrices.

Unit-III

Solution by power series method: Legendre and associated Legendre differential equation,

Hermite differential equation, Laguerre equation, Bessel differential equation, Neumann

functions, Hankel functions, spherical Bessel functions. Generating function and the recurrence

relations: Legendre polynomials, Hermite polynomials, Bessel functions. Dirac delta function: its

representation and properties, Green’s function: Green’s function for one-dimensional case,

symmetry properties, expansion of Green’s function, Green’s function for Poisson equation,

Green’s function for quantum mechanical scattering problem.

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Unit-IV

Integral Transforms: Laplace transform, first and second shifting theorems, LT of derivative and

integral of a function, Inverse LT by partial fractions. Fourier series; Fourier theorem, half range

series, change of interval, Fourier integral, complex form of Fourier series, half-wave rectifier,

full-wave rectifier, sawtooth wave, square wave, solution of heat conduction equation,

generalized Fourier series and Dirac delta function, summation of Fourier series, Gibbs

phenomena. Fourier Transforms, convolution Theorem, Parseval's therorem, derivative of

Fourier transform, Fourier transform of derivatives.

Recommended Books:

1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists- G.Arfken, Academic Press Inc; 1985

2. Matrices and Tensors for Physicists- A.W.Joshi-Wiley Interscience; 1995

3. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. E.Kreyszig, John Wiley, 1999

4. Special Functions. E.D.Rainville, Mac Millan, N.Y, 1960

5. Special Functions. W.W.Bell, Dover Publications, 2004

6. Mathematical Method for Physicists and Engineers. K.F.Reily, M.P.Hobson and S.J.Bence,

Cambridge University Press; 2006

7. Mathematics for Physicists, Mary L. Boas, Wiley; 2005.

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Solid State Physics Lab-I

Course No. LTP APP-421 0 0 3

Electronics Lab-I Course No. LTP APP-422 0 0 3

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M.Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics) (Semester – II) (Under Credit Based Continuous Evaluation Grading System)

SOLID STATE PHYSICS


Unit-I

Band theory of crystals, origin of the energy gap, magnitude of the energy gap, Bloch Functions, Kronig-Penney model, Central equation and its solution, Kronig-Penney model in reciprocal space, Empty lattice approximation, approximate solution near a zone boundary, Number of orbitals in a band and distinction between metals, semimetals, semiconductors and insulators according to band theory. Concept of Fermi Surface in metals, Reduced, extended and periodic zone schemes, construction of Fermi Surfaces, nearly free electrons, electron orbits, hole orbits and open orbits, calculation of energy bands, Tight bonding model for energy bands, Wigner Seitz method, Experimental methods in Fermi surface studies, Quantization of orbits in magnetic field, De Haas-van Alphen effect, Fermi surface of copper and gold, Integral and fractional quantum Hall effects.

Unit-II

Dielectric function of the electron gas, Optical reflectance, Kramers-Kronig relations, Electronic interband transitions, Frenkel and Mott-Wannier excitons, Macroscopic description of the static dielectric constant, static field electronic and ionic polarizability of molecules, orientational polarization, static dielectric constant of gases and solids.The complex dielectric constant and dielectric losses, dielectric loss and relaxation time, classical theory of electronic polarization and optical absorption. Ferroelectric materials and their general properties. Structure and properties of BaTiO3. Dipole theory of ferroelectricity, objections against dipole theory, ionic displacements and behaviour of BaTiO3 above Curie temperature, Theory of spontaneous polarization of BaTiO3 ,Thermodynamics of feroelectric transitions, Ferroelectric domains.

Unit-III

Diamagnetism, Langevin diamagnetism equation, Failure of classical theory to explain diamagnetism, quantum theory of diamagnetism of mononuclear systems, Paramagnetism, Quantum theory of paramagnetism, Crystal field splitting, quenching of orbital angular momentum, cooling by isentropic demagnetization, paramagnetic susceptibility of conduction electrons, Ferromagnetic order, Curie temperature and xxchange integral, Saturation magnetization and its temperature dependence, Ferromagnetic domains, anisotropy energy, Bloch walls and their transitions, Single domain particles, magnons, thermal excitation of magnons, neutron magnetic scattering, ferrimagnetic order : Curie temperature and susceptibility of ferrimagnets, antiferromagetic order, Neel temperature, antiferromagnetic magnons, Magnetic bubble domains, Important properties in relation to nanomagnetism.

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Unit-IV

Occurrence of superconductivity, Meissner effect and isotope effect, Destruction of

superconductivity by magnetic fields, Type I and Type II superconductors, Heat capacity of

superconductors, energy gap, microwave and infrared properties, Order and thermodynamics of

superconductivity transition, London equation, concept of coherence length, BCS theory of

conventional superconductors, flux quantization, duration of persistent currents, single particle

tunneling, DC and AC Josephson effect, Microscopic quantum interference of superconducting

currents, Superconducting magnets and SQUIDS, High temperature superconductors : structure

and properties, superconductivity in fullerenes and magnesium diboride (MgB2).

Recommended Books: 1. Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel , 8th edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

2. Solid State Physics, A. J. Dekker, Macmillan India Ltd., 2005.

3. Introduction to Solid State Physics, N.W. Aschcroft and N. David Mermin, Saunders

College, 1988.

4. Principals of Solid State Physics, R.A. Levy, Academic Press, 1968.

5. Introduction to Solids, L.V. Azaroff, Tata McGraw Hill, 1977.

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MICROWAVES


Unit -I

Maxwell’s equations and boundary conditions, Electromagnetic wave equation, Poynting

Theorem, Reflection of uniform plane waves at normal and oblique incidence, Plane wave

propagation in free space, lossless and lossy dielectric, Plane wave propagation in good and poor

conductors, Plane wave propagation in metallic film coating on plastic substrate.

Microwave transmission line equations, solutions of transmission line equations, Reflection and

Transmission coefficient, standing wave and standing wave ratio, Line impedance and line

admittance, Smith chart, Impedance matching.

Unit - II

Rectangular and Circular waveguides, Solutions of wave equations in rectangular and cylindrical

co-ordinate systems, TE and TM modes in rectangular and circular wave guides, Power

transmission in rectangular wave guides, Power losses in rectangular wave guides.

Rectangular cavity resonator, circular and semicircular cavity resonators, Q of a cavity

resonators, s parameters, wave guide Tees, Magic Tee, Directional couplers, Hybrid couplers,

Microwave circulators and isolators

Unit –III

Dipole radiation, Retarded potentials, Electric and magnetic dipole radiation, Radiation form

arbitrary distribution of charges and currents, Radiation from a point charge, Lienard-Wiechert

Potentials, Fields of a moving charge, Power radiated by a point charge, Radiation reaction,

Abraham–Lorentz Formula, Physical origin of radiation reaction.

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Unit - IV

Microwave generation by Klystron, Reflex Klystron, magnetron and Travelling wave tubes,

Antennas: Electric (Hertzian Dipole Antenna, Finite Length Dipole antenna, Antenna parameters

: Effective Area, Radiation Intensity, Radiation Efficiency, Power gain, Directive gain,

Directivity, Linear array of antenna elements: Broadside and endfire arrays, Reflectors, parabolic

dish and horn antennas.

Recommended Books:

1. Microwave Devices and Circuits, 3rd Edition - Samuel Y Liao, Prentice Hall of India.New

Delhi - 1991

2. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. J. Griffiths, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi- 1997.

3. Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd edition, J. D. Jackson, John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

4. Microwave Principles, Herbert J. Reich, Affiliated East-West Press Ltd., New Delhi -

1978.

5. Electromagnetics, Joseph A. Edminister, Schaum Outline Series, McGraw Hill Inc.-

1993.

6. Microwaves – K.C. Gupta, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi - 2002.

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CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES


Unit-I Electrical, optical and mechanical methods for determination of the thickness of thin films, AES, XPS/ESCA, RBS and SIMS techniques for the analysis of surfaces, X-ray diffraction, data manipulation of diffracted X-rays for structure determination, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for element detection with concentration.

Unit-II Scanning Probe Microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning-tunneling microscopy, electron probe-microanalysis, atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy.

Unit-III Ultrasonic velocities and attenuation in solids, ultrasonic flaw detection, acoustic emission technique, Surface acoustic wave technique, tensile, bending, hardness, impact, fatigue and creep tests DTA, TGA and DSC measurements and analysis of the curves

Unit-IV

Microwave, infrared, ultra-violet, visible, Raman, ESR, NMR and Mossbauer spectroscopy, Frank-Condon principle, Eddy current methods, Guoy and Faraday balances and vibrating reed magnetometer. Recommended Books:

1. Thin film fundamentals, A. Goswami – New Age International, 2007 2. Methods of surface analysis (techniques and applications), J.M. Walls, Cambridge

University Press, 1989 3. X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry, R. Jenkins, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1999 4. Science of engineering materials, C.M. Srivastava and C. Srinivasan – New Age

International Ltd.(P), 2005. 5. The Principles and Practice of Electron Microscopy- Ian.M.Watt- Cambridge University

Press, 1997 6. Modern techniques for surface science-D.P. Woodruff and T.A. Delchar –Cambridge

University Press, 1994 7. Ultrasonic testing of materials, J.K. Krammer and H.K. Krammer –Springer Verlag, 1996 8. Materials science, testing and properties for technicians. W.O. Fellers – Prentice Hall,

1990.

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BASIC ELECTRONICS


Unit-I

Differential amplifier; circuit configurations; dual input, balanced output differential amplifier;

DC analysis; AC analysis; inverting and non inverting inputs; CMRR; constant current bias level

transistor.

Block diagram of a typical Op-Amp analysis. Open loop configuration inverting and non-

inverting amplifiers. Op-amp with negative feedback; voltage series feed back; effect of feed

back on closed loop gain, input resistance, output resistance; bandwidth and output offset

voltage; voltage follower.

Practical Op-amp; input offset voltage; input bias current; input offset current; total output offset

voltage; CMRR frequency response.

Unit-II

DC and AC amplifier; summing, scaling and averaging amplifiers; instrumentation amplifier;

integrator and differentiator.

Oscillators: principles; oscillator types; frequency stability; response; The phase shift oscillator;

Wein bridge oscillator; LC tunable oscillators; Multivibrators; Monostable and Astable;

comparators; square wave and triangle wave generators.

Voltage regulators; fixed regulators; adjustable voltage regulators; switching regulators.

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Unit-III

Combinational Logic: The transistor as a switch, OR, AND and NOT gates, NOR and NAND

gates; Boolean algebra; Demorgan's theorems; Exclusive OR gate; Adder,

Decoder/Demultiplexer; Data selector/multiplexer; Encoder.

Sequential Logic: Flip-Flops: A 1-bit memory; The RS Flip-Flop; JK Flip-Flop; JK master slave

Flip-Flop; T Flip-Flop; D Flip-Flop; Shift registers; synchronous and asynchronous counters;

cascade counters.

Unit-IV

Active filters; First order low pass Butterworth filter, First order high pass Butterworth filter,

Bandpass filter, Band reject filters, Basic comparator, Zero crossing Detector,Schmitt trigger,

Digital-to-analog converters, ladder and weighted resistor types. Analog to digital converters-

counter type, successive approximation and dual slope converters, Applications of DACs and

ADCs.

Recommended Books:

1. OP-Amps and Linear integrated circuits: Ramakanth A. Gayakwad. Prentice Hall India, 1991

2. Electronic Devices and circuit theory: Robert Boylested and Louis Nashdsky, Prentice Hall

India, 1991

3. Digital principles and Applications: A.P .Malvino and Donald P. Leach, Tata Mc Graw Hill,

1993

4. Microelectronics - J. Milman, McGraw Hill International Book Co., New Delhi, 1990.

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Solid State Physics Lab.-II


Electronics Lab.-II Course No. LTP APP-472 0 0 3

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M.Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics) (Semester – III) (Under Credit Based Continuous Evaluation Grading System)

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING & COMPUTATIONAL METHODS


Unit – I

Numerical Methods – I

Finite Differences and Interpolation: Difference Operators, Finite differences and differentiation,

Interpolation using forward differences, Lagrange’s Polynomial Interpolation. Differential Equations:

Solving Differential equations by Taylor series method, Euler’s method, Runge-Kutta second order and

fourth order methods. Differentiation based on equal – interval interpolation, Newton’s Backward

difference formula, Differentiation based on Lagrange’s interpolation formula. Numerical Integration:

General Quadrature formula, Trapezoidal, Simpson’s one third and three eighth rules, Gauss quadrature

formula.

Unit – II

Numerical Methods – II

Solutions of non-linear equations: Bisection method, Newton-Raphson method, System of Linear

Equations: Gauss elimination methods, Triangularization method, Inverse of a matrix by compact

schemes, Jacobi’s iterative method . Eigen values and Eigen vectors : Introduction, properties of eigen

values and eigenvectors, Determination of Eigen values and Eigenvectors by Iterative (Power method)

and Jacobi methods. Curve Fitting: Fitting Linear equations, Fitting Transcendental equations, Fitting a

Polynomial equations.

Unit – III

Matlab – I

Introduction: Basics of MATLAB, working with arrays, creating and printing plots, Interacting

Computations: Matrices and Vectors, Matrices and Array Operations, built in functions, saving and

loading data, plotting simple graphs Programming in MATLAB: Script files, function files, Compiled

files, p-code, variables, loops, branches, and control flow, Input/Output, Advanced data objects,

structures, cells.

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Unit IV

Matlab – II

Linear Algebra; solving a linear system, Gaussian elimination, finding eigen values and eigen vectors,

matrix factorization, Curve fitting and Interpolation; polynomial curve fitting, least square curve fitting,

interpolation, Data analysis and statistics, Numerical integration; double integration, Ordinary differential

equation; first order linear ODE, second order nonlinear ODE, tolerance, ODE suite, event location, Non

linear algebraic equations

Recommended Books:

1. Numerical Methods – S.Balachandra Rao and C.K.Shantha- Stosius Inc/Advent

Books Division-2000

2. Numerical Methods – E Balagurusamy-Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co Ltd-1999

3. Getting Started with MATLAB - Rudra Pratap-Oxford University Press-2005

4. A concise introduction to MATLAB-William J Palm III-McGraw Hill-2008

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SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES


Unit-I

Semiconductor Materials: Energy Bands, Intrinsic carrier concentration. Donors and Acceptors, Direct

and Indirect band semiconductors; Determination of bandgap by optical method. Degenerate and

compensated semiconductors, Carrier Transport in Semiconductors: Carrier Drift under low and high

fields in (Si and GaAs), saturation of drift velocity, High field effects in two valley semiconductors,

Carrier Diffusion, Carrier Injection, Generation Recombination Processes - Direct, Indirect bandgap

semiconductors, Minority Carrier Life Time, Drift and Diffusion of Minority Carriers (Haynes-Shockley

Experiment), Determination of Conductivity by (a) four probe and (b) Van der Paw techniques, Hall

Coefficient, Minority Carrier Life Time.

Unit-II

Junction Devices: (I) p-n junction - Energy Band diagrams for homo and hetero junctions. Current flow

mechanism in p-n junction, effect of indirect and surface recombination currents on the forward biased

diffusion current, p-n junction diodes rectifiers (high frequency limit), (ii) Metal-semiconductor (Schottky

Junction): Energy band diagram, current flow mechanisms in forward and reverse bias, effect of interface

states. Applications of Schottky diodes, (iii) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) diodes). Energy band

diagram, depletion and inversion layer. High and low frequency Capacitance Voltage (C-V)

characteristics. Smearing of C-V curve, flat band shift, Applications of MOS diode.

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Unit-III

Transistors: JFET, BJT, MOSFET and MESFET: Structure, Working, Derivations of the equations for I-

V characteristics under different conditions. High frequency limits, Memory Devices: Static and dynamic

random access memories SRAM and DRAM, CMOS and NMOS, non-volatile-NMOS, magnetic, optical

and ferroelectric memories, charge coupled devices (CCD).

Unit-IV

Switching Devices: p-n-p-n Shockley diode; UJT; SCR; DIAC and TRIAC, Microwave Devices: Gunn

Diodes, IMPATT diodes, BARRITT diodes, Klystron and Magnetron.

Recommended Books:

1. The Physics of Semiconductor Devices - D.A.Eraser – Oxford Physics Series – 1986

2. Semiconductor Devices (Physics and Technology)- S.M.Sze – Wiley – 1985

3. Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization-Dieter K Schroder-John Wiley &

Sons-2006

4. Introduction to Semiconductor Devices and Materials- M.S.Tyagi – John Wiley & Sons -

1991

5. Solid State Electronics Devices - B.G. Streetman and S.Banerjee – Prentice Hall - 1999 6. Microwaves - K. C. Gupta - Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi – 1983

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MICROPROCESSORS


Unit-I

Microprocessors and Architecture: 1nternal Microprocessor Architecture, Real mode and

protected modes of memory addressing, memory paging.

Addressing modes: Data addressing modes, Program memory addressing modes, Stack memory

addressing modes.

Instruction Set: Data movement instructions, Arithmetic and Logic instructions, Program control

instructions, Assembler details.

Unit – II

Programming the Microprocessor: Modular programming, using the keyboard and video display,

Data conversions, Disk files, Example programs.

Hardware Specifications: Pin-outs and the Pin functions, clock-generator (8284A), Bus buffering

and Latching, Bus timing, Ready and wait state, Minimum mode versus maximum mode.

Unit- III

Memory Interface: Memory devices, Address decoding, 8088 and 80188 (8-bit) memory

interface, 8086, 80186, 80286 and 80386 (16-bit) memory interface, 80386DX and 80486(32-

bit) memory interface, Dynamic RAM.

Basic I/O interface: Introduction to I/O interface, I/O port address decoding, 8255, 8279, 8254,

16550, ADC and DAC (excluding multiplexed display & keyboard display using 8255).

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Unit- IV

Interrupts: Basic interrupt processing, Hardware interrupts, Expanding the interrupt structure,

8259A PIC. Direct Memory Access: Basic DMA operation, 8237 DMA controller, Shared Bus

operation, Disk memory systems, Video displays.

Recommended Books:

1. The Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium,

and Pentium Pro Processor Architecture, Programming, and Inter- facing, 5th Edition

- Barry B. Brey, - Prentice Hall - 2000.

2. Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and Hardware 2nd edition, Douglas V.

Hall, - Glencoe McGraw-Hill - 1991.

3. 80X86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers: Assembly Language, Design, and

Interfacing (vol. 1 & 2), 4th edition - Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie-Mazidi, -

Pearson Education - 2002.

26


FABRICATION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES


Unit-I

Crystal growth: Czochralski and Bridgman techniques, Float Zone growth, Distribution coefficients, Zone

refining, Wafer preparation and specifications. Epitaxy: importance of lattice matching in epitaxy, CVD

of Si, Thermodynamics of vapour phase growth, defects in epitaxial growth, MBE technology.

Unit – II

Diffusion: Fick's diffusion equation in one dimension, Atomistic models of diffusion, analytic solution of

Fick' s law for different cases. Diffusivities of common dopants in Si and SiO2. Diffusion enhancements

and retardation, Thermal Oxidation: Deal-Grove model of oxidation, Linear and Parabolic oxidation rate

coefficients. Effects of dopants during oxidation, oxidation induced defects, Ion Implantation: channeling

and projected range of ions, implantation damage, Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA).

Unit - III

Metallization applications: Gates and interconnections, Metallization choices, metals, alloys and silicides,

deposition techniques, metallization problems, step coverage, electromigration, Etching: Dry and wet

chemical etching, Reactive Plasma Etching, Ion enhanced etching and ion induced etching, Plasma

etchers and Barrel reactors.

Unit – IV

Optical lithography: photoresists, Contact and proximity printers, projection printers, Mask alignment, X-

ray and electron beam lithography, Fundamental considerations for IC processing: Building individual

layers, Junction and Trench isolation of devices, NMOS IC technology, CMOS IC technology, Bipolar IC

technology.

27


Recommended Books:

1. The Science and Engineering of Microelectronics Fabrication - SA Campbell -

Oxford University Press –1996

2. VLSI Technology - SM Sze - - McGraw Hill International Editions – 1988

3. Fundamentals of Microelectronics Processing - HH Lee - Mc Graw Hill – 1990

4. The Theory and Practice of Microelectronics - SK Gandhi - John Wiley & Sons – 1968

5. Silicon VLSI Technology: Fundamentals, Practice and Modeling- James D.

Plummer, Michael D. Deal, Peter B. Griffin- Prentice Hall- 2000

28


COMPUTER LAB


ADVANCED ELECTRONICS LAB Course No. LTP APP-522 0 0 3

29

M.Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics) (Semester – III) (Elective Courses) (Under Credit Based Continuous Evaluation Grading System)

CARBON NANOTUBES AND ITS FUNCTIONALIZATION

Course No. LTP NSL-501 3 0 0

Unit I

Preparation of Carbon Nano-Tubes; CVD and other methods of preparation of CNT, Structure

and properties of single walled and multi walled carbon nanotubes; Electrical, Optical,

Mechanical, Vibrational properties and ballistic conductance of carbon nanotubes.

Unit II

Applications of Carbon Nanotubes; Field emission, Fuel Cells, Display devices, Energy Storage,

nanotube sensors, composites for military and space applications, applications in NanoFET

Unit III

Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes; Reactivity of Carbon Nanotubes, Covalent

Functionalization -Oxidative Purification Defect Functionalization –Transformation and

Modification of Carboxylic Functionalization like Amidation, Thiolation, Halogenations,

Hydrogenation, Addition of Radicals, Addition of Nucleophilic Carbenes, Sidewall

Functionlization through Electrophilic Addition, Cycloadditions, Carbenes Addition, Addition of

Nitrenes, Noncovalent Exohedral Functionalization, Endohedral Functionalization

30


Unit IV

Other Important Carbon based materials; Preparation, properties and Characterization of

Fullerene and other associated carbon clusters/molecules, Graphene-preparation, characterization

and properties, DLC and nanodiamonds.

Recommended Books:

1. Nanoscale materials - Liz Marzan and Kamat - Springer - 2003.

2. Physical properties of Carbon Nanotube-R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus -

Imperial College Press – 1998

3. Applied Physics of Carbon Nanotubes : Fundamentals Of Theory, Optics And Transport

Devices , S. Subramoney & S.V. Rotkins - Springer – 2005

4. Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications- Michael J. O'Connell - CRC Press – 2006

5. Carbon Nanotubes- Liming Dai – Elsevier – 2006

6. Nanotubes and Nanowires- CNR Rao and A Govindaraj - Royal Society of Chemistry - 2005

31


NANOSENSORS AND NANODEVICES


Unit I

Micro and nano-sensors: fundamentals and characterization of sensors, micro fluids, MEMS and

NEMS, packaging of sensors, methods of packaging at zero level and first level.

Unit II

Sensors: sensors for aerospace and defense, accelerometer, pressure sensor, chemical sensors,

strain gauges, night vision system, optical sensors, nano tweezers, nano-cutting tools, integration

of sensor with actuators and electronic circuitry, metal insulator semiconductor devices, Schottky

devices, other civil applications: metrology, bridges etc.

Unit III

Biosensors: sensor for bio-medical applications: cardiology, neurology, clinical diagnostics and

tools, generation of biosensors, immobilization, characteristics, applications, conducting Polymer

based sensor, DNA biosensors, biochips, molecular electronics, information storage, molecular

switching.

Unit IV

Quantum Structures and Devices: quantum layers, wells, dots and wires, optical properties of

quantum dots, quantum wires and quantum wells, quantum well lasers. mesoscopic devices,

ballistic transport, nanoscale transistors, single electron transistors, MOSFET and NanoFET,

resonant tunneling devices, carbon nanotube based logic gates.

32


Recommended Books:

1. 1. Sensors. Vol. 8. Micro-and Nanosensor Technology/Trends in Sensor Markets- H. Meixner and R. Jones (Editors) –John Wiley & Sons – 2000

2. Between Technology & Science: Exploring an emerging field knowledge flows &

networking on the nanoscale - Martin S. Meyer - D-Phil Thesis - Publisher : Disseration.com – 2003

3. Nanoscience & Technology: Novel structure and phenomena - Ping Sheng (Editor) -

Taylor & Francis - 2003.

4. Nano Engineering in Science & Technology: An introduction to the world of nano-design: Series on the Foundations of Natural Science & Technology-Vol. 6 - Micheal Reith - World Scientific – 2003.

5. 5. Enabling Technology for MEMS and nano devices - H. Baltes, O. Brand, G. K.

Fedder, C. Hierold, J. G. Korvink, Dr. O. Tabata (Editors) - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. – 2004.

6. Optimal Synthesis Methods for MEMS - G. K. Ananthasuresh (Editor) - Kluwer

Academic Publishers – 2003.

7. Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor - Supriyo Datta- Cambridge University Press -2005

8. Fundamentals of Nanoelectronics, George W. Hanson, Pearson Education Inc., Prentice

Hall -2008.

9. Sensor Technology Handbook; MEMS Applications, Edited by Mohamed –El-Hak, Taylor & Francis -2006.

10. Sensor Technology Handbook, Edited by Jon Wilson, Elsevier Inc. -2005.

11. MEMS and Microsystems: Design, Manufacture, and nanoscale Engineering, Tai-Ran

Hsu, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.-2008.

33


NANOSEMICONDUCTORS, PLASMONICS AND SPINTRONICS


Unit I

Confinement and transport in nanostructure- size–dependant physical properties; current,

reservoirs, and electron channels, conductance formula for nanostructures, quantized

conductance, Landauer formula, Ballistic transport, Diffusive transport, Single particle

conductance, Coulomb Blockade, Single electron transistors, Resonant Tunneling devices.

Unit -II

Semiconductor nanoparticles – applications; optical luminescence and fluorescence from direct

band gap semiconductor nanoparticles, surface-trap passivation in core-shell nanoparticles,

carrier injection, polymer-nanoparticle, LED and solar cells, electroluminescence, doping

nanoparticles, light emission from indirect semiconductors, light emission form Si nanodots,

semiconductor heterostructures .

Unit III

Optical properties of noble metals, Plasmons, Drude-Sommerfeld theory, Surface plasmon

polaritons at plane interfaces, excitation of surface plasmon polaritons: Otto and Kretschmann

configurations, Surface plasmon sensors, Surface plasmons in nano-optics, plasmons supported

by nanowires and particles.Photonic crystals, theory of photonic bandgap, optical microcavities,

merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions, single photon transistor using

surface plasmons, optical modulation by plasmonic excitation of quantum dots, near field

photonics, localized surface plasmons, slow guided surface plasmons at telecom frequencies.

34


Unit IV

Spintronics Introduction, Overview, History & Background, Generation of Spin Polarization;

theories of spin injection, spin relaxation and spin dephasing, Spintronic devices and

applications, spin filters, spin diodes, spin transistors.

Recommended Books:

1. Fundamentals of nanoelectronics, George W. Hanson, Perason Education Inc. Prentice

Hall –2008

2. Principles of Nano-optics, Lukas Novotony and Bert Hecht, Cambridge University Press

2006

3. Nanoplasmonics, From Fundamentals to Applications Vol. 1 & 2 - S. Kawata & H.

Masuhara - Elsevier - 2004

4. Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology - Bharat Bhushan – Springer - 2004.

5. Handbook of Semiconductor Nanostructures and Nanodevices Vol 1-5- A. A. Balandin -

K. L. Wang - American Scientific Publishers – 2006.

6. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials - Synthesis, Properties and Applications - Cao,

Guozhong - Imperial College Press - 2004.

7. Concepts in Spintronics – Sadamichi Maekawa - Oxford University Press – 2006.

8. Spin Electronics – David Awschalom – Springer – 2004.

35

M.Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics) (Semester – IV) (Under Credit Based Continuous Evaluation Grading System)

PROJECT

Course No. LTP APD-571 0 0 6

36

M.Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics) (Semester – IV) (Elective Courses) (Under Credit Based Continuous Evaluation Grading System)

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Course No. LTP PHL-581 4 0 0 Interaction & Detectors: Interaction of heavy charged particles, Interaction of fast electrons interaction of gamma rays, Interaction of Neutrons, Radiation exposure & Dose, Angular distribution, Gamma-Gamma angular distribution, Theory of internal Conversion, charged particles, neutrons etc, GM counter, Scintillation detectors, Solid State detectors. Counting Statistics & Error Prediction: Error analysis, least square fitting, Chi square test, Normal and Poisson distribution, Statistical errors in nuclear particle counting, propagation of errors, Plotting of graphs. Vacuum& Low Temperature Techniques: Vacuum techniques, Basic idea of conductance, pumping speed, Pumps: Mechanical pumps, Diffusion pumps, Ionization pumps, turbo molecular pumps, gauges; Penning, Pirani, Hot cathode, Low temperature: Cooling a sample over a range upto 4 K and measurement of temperature. Transducers and Temperature Measurements: Classification of transducers, Selecting a transducers, qualitative treatment of strain gauge, capacitive transducers, inductive transducers, linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), photoelectric transducers, piezoelectric transducers, temperature measurements (Resistance thermometer, thermocouples, Themisters).

Text and Reference Books:

1. Electronic Devices and Circuits: Jacob Milliman, C. Halkias

2. Vacuum Technology: A. Roth.

3. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments: W.R. Leo.

4. Radiation Detection and Measurements: Glenn F. Knell.

5. Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements Techniques: William David Cooper.

37


REACTOR PHYSICS

Course No. LTP PHL-582 4 0 0 Interaction of Neutrons with Matter in Bulk Thermal neutron diffusion, Transport and diffusion equations, transport mean free path, solution of diffusion equation for a point source in an infinite medium and for an infinite plane source in a finite medium, extrapolation length and diffusion length-the albedo concept.

Moderation of Neutron Mechanics of elastic scattering, energy distribution of thermal neutrons, average logarithmic energy decrement, slowing down power and moderating ratio of a medium, Slowing down density, slowing down time, Fast neutron diffusion and Fermi age theory, solution of age equation for a point source of fast neutrons in an infinite medium, slowing down length and Fermi age.

Theory of Homogeneous Bare Thermal and Heterogeneous Natural Uranium Reactors Neutron cycle and mulplication factor, four factor formula, neutron leakage, typical calculations of critical size and composition in simple cases, the critical equation, material and geometrical bucklings, effect of reflector. Advantages and disadvantages of heterogeneous assemblies, various types of reactors with special reference to Indian reactors and a brief discussion of their design feature.

Power Reactors Problem of Reactor Control Breeding ratio, breeding gain, doubling time, Fast breeder reactors, dual purpose reactors, concept of fusion reactors, Role of delayed neutrons and reactor period, Inhour formula, excess reactivity, temperature effects, fission product poisoning, use of coolants and control rods.

Reference Books: 1. Glasstone & Edlund : The Elements of Nuclear Reactor Theory-Van Nostrand,

1952.

2. Murray: Introductions of Nuclear Engineering-Prentice Hall, 1961.

38


MATERIAL SCIENCE

Course No. LTP PHL-583 4 0 0 Thin Film Technology: Classification of Thin films configurations; Film deposition method: Physical vapor deposition, Chemical vapor deposition, Spray pyrolysis, Sputtering (RF, DC); Modes of film growth by vapor deposition: from vapor to adatoms, from adatoms to film growth, growth modes based on surface energies; film microstructure: Epitaxial films, polycrystalline films, Origin of films stress: classification, stress in epitaxial films, stress in polycrystalline films, consequence of stress in film; effect of substrate temperature, deposition angle and thickness on thin film formation.

Polymers & Ceramics: Characteristics, Application and Processing of polymers; Polymerization, Polymer types: Stress- Strain behaviour, melting and glass transition, thermosets and thermoplasts; Characteristics, Application and Processing of Ceramics, glasses and refrectories. Characterization Techniques-I: Electrical, Optical and Mechanical method for determination of thickness of films, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Characterization Techniques-II: X-ray diffraction, data manipulation of diffracted X-rays for structure determination; X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for element detection with concentration; Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) Text and Reference Books:

1. Thin Film Materials-Stress, defect, formation and surface evolution: L.B. Freund and S. Suresh- Cambridge,

2. Thin Film Phenomena :K.L. Chopra-Mc Graw Hill Book, Comp.,1979. 3. Thin Film fundamentals: A. Goswami-New age International, 2007 4. Material Science and Engg :W.D. Callister-John Wiley, 2001 5. Elements of X-ray Diffraction (3rd edition) : B.D. Cullity, S.R. Stock-Prentice Hall, 2001. 6. X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy: R. Jenkins-Wiley Interscience, New York, 1999. 7. Methods of Surface Analysis : J.M. Walls- Cambridge University Press, 1989. 8. The principles and Practice of Electron Microscopy: Ian M. Watt-Cambridge University Press, 1997 9. Modern techniques for surface science: D.P. Woodruff and T.A. Delchar- Cambridge

University Press, 1994.

39


NANOTECHNOLOGY

Course No. LTP PHL-584 4 0 0 Introduction and Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Basic idea of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Physical Methods: inert gas condensation, arc discharge, Laser ablation, molecular beam epitaxy, electron deposition, ball milling; electron beam lithography; Chemical Methods: sol-gel, micelles and micro emulsions. Nanoparticles: Introduction to Nanoparticles; Metal Nanoclusters: magic numbers, theoretical modeling of nanoparticles, geometric structure, electronic structure, reactivity, magnetic clusters, bulk to nanotransition; Semiconducting nanoparticles: optical properties, photofragmentation, columbic explosion; Rare gas and molecular clusters. Quantum Nanostructures: Introduction to quantum wells wires and dots; preparation using lithography; Size and dimensionality effects: size effects, conduction electrons and dimensionality, potential wells, partial confinement, properties dependent on density of states, single electron tunneling; Application: Infrared detectors, Quantum dot Lasers. Carbon Nanostructure: Carbon molecules: nature of carbon bond; new carbon structures; Carbon clusters: small carbon clusters, structure of C60, alkali doped C60; Carbon nanotubes: fabrication, structure, electrical properties, vibrational properties, mechanical properties, Application of carbon nanotubes: field emission and shielding, computers, fuel cells, chemical sensors, catalysis. Text and Reference Books:

1. Thin Film fundamentals: A. Goswami-New age International, 2007

2. Introduction to Nanotechnology: Charles P. Poole Jr. and Franks J. Qwens,-John Wiley &

Sons, 2003.

3. Solid State Physics: J.P. Srivastva-Prentice Hall, 2007.

4. Nanotubes and Nanowires: CNR Rao and A Govindaraj-Royal Society of Chemistry,

2005.

40


COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS

Course No. LTP PHL-585 4 0 0 Amplitude Modulation: Frequency spectrum of AM wave, representation and power relations in AM wave, evaluation and description of SSB, superstition of unwanted side bands, form of amplitude modulation. Frequency Modulation: Theory of frequency and phase modulation, mathematical representation, frequency spectrum of FM wave. Generation of frequency modulation. Pulse modulation: Information theory, pulse modulation: PWM, PPM and PCM, Multiplexing: frequency-division multiplexing. Time division multiplexing, shot, medium and long-hand system. Microwave Devices: Klystrons, Magnetrons, Velocity modulation, Basic principles of two cavity Klystrons and Reflex Klystrons, principles of operation of magnetrons., Transferred electron devices, Gunn Effect, Principles of operation. Modes of operation, Read diode, IMPATT diode, TRAPATT diode, Tunnel diode and Stimulated emission and associated devices. Microwave Communications: Advantages and disadvantages of microwave transmission, loss in free space, propagation of microwaves, atmospheric effects on propagation, Fresnel zone problem, ground reflection, fading sources, detectors, components, antennas used in MW communication systems. Radar Systems Radar block diagram an operation, radar frequencies, pulse considerations. Radar range equation, derivation of radar range equation, minimum detectable signal, receiver noise, signal to noise ratio, integration of radar pulses. Radar cross section. Pulse repetition frequency. Antenna parameters, system Losses and propagation losses. Radar transmitters, receivers. Antennas, Displays. References Books:

1. “Microelectronics”:Jacob Millman, Mcgraw-hill International Book Co., New Delhi, 1990.

2. “Optoelectronics: Theory and Practice”, Edited by Alien Chappal. Mc GrawHill Book Co., New York.

3. “Microwaves” :K.L. Gupta-Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1983 4. “Advanced Electronics Communications Systems”: Wayne Tomasi., Phi. Edn.

“Electronic Communication Systems” :G. Kennedy-Tata McGraw-Hill

41


RADIATION PHYSICS

Course No. LTP PHL-586 4 0 0 Ionizing Radiations and Radiation Quantities: Types and sources of ionizing radiation, fluence, energy fluence, kerma, exposure rate and its measurement – The free air chamber and air wall chamber. Absorbed dose and its measurement; Bragg Gray Principle, Radiation dose units- rem, rad, Gray and Sievert dose commitment, dose equivalent and quality factor.

Dosimeters: Pocket dosimeter, films, solid state dosimeters such as TLD, SSNTD, chemical detectors and neutron detectors, simple numerical problems on dose estimation.

Radiation Effects and Protection Biological effects of radiation at molecular level, acute and delayed effects, stochastic and non-stochastic effects, Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), Linear energy transformation (LET), Dose response characteristics. Permissible dose to occupational and non-occupational workers, maximum permissible concentration in air and water, safe handling of radioactive materials. The ALARA, ALI and MIRD concepts, single target, multitarget and multihit theories, Rad waste and its disposal, simple numerical problems. Radiation Shielding Thermal and biological shields, shielding requirement for medical, industrial and accelerator facilities, shielding materials, radiation attenuation calculations – The point kernal technique, radiation attenuation from a uniform plane source. The exponential point-Kernal. Radiation attenuation from a line and plane source. Practical applications and some simple numerical problems. References Books:

1. Nuclear Reactor Engineering -S.Glasstone and A. Seasonke-Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981.

2. Radiation Theory-Alison. P. Casart 3. Radiation Biology-A.Edward Profio-Prentice Hall, 1968 4. Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry -F.H. Attix-Wiley VCH,

1986.

42


PHYSICS OF LOW DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTORS


Unit 1

General properties of heterostructures, Growth of heterostuctures: MBE & MOCVD, Band

Engineering, Band Diagrams of different heterostructures, Superlattice devices, Doped

Heterostuctures: Modulation Doping, band diagram of modulation doped layer, MODFET,

electrostatic potential, conduction band and gate bias, threshold voltage, gate-channel

capacitance, screening by 2D electron gas, layered structures, band structure modifications by

strain, Quantum wires and dots.

Unit –II

Solution of Schrodinger wave equation in one dimensional square wells of finite and infinite.

depths, parabolic and triangular wells, Low dimensional systems, sub-bands and their

occupation, Two and three dimensional quantum wells: cylindrical, two dimensional parabolic

and spherical wells, Quantum wells in heterostructures, Tunneling transport in semiconductors,

potential step, square barrier, T -matrices, Tunneling current in one, two and three dimensions,

Resonant Tunneling through Quantum Wells, Coulomb Blockade and single electron devices,

Tunneling in Heterostructures, Intervalley transfer.

Unit-III

Semiclassical dynamics of electrons in a magnetic field, semiclassical approach to

magenetotransport, Quantum mechanical approach to electrons in uniform magnetic fields,

Landau levels, Aharonov-Bohm effect, De-Haas effect, Shubnikov-de-Haas Effect, Quantum

Hall Effect, Fractional Quantum Hall Effect.

43


Unit-IV

General Theory of optical properties of Quantum Wells; Kramers-Kronig relations, optical -

response functions, sum rules, valence band structure: Kane model, energy bands in a quantum

well, interband Transitions in quantum wells, Absorption spectrum, optical gain and lasers,

Excitons in two and three dimensions, Excitons in a quantum well.

References Books:

1. Physics of Low Dimensional Semiconductors - John H Davies –- Cambridge

University Press -1998.

2. Low Dimensional Semiconductor Heterostructures - Keith Barnham & Dimitri

Vvedensley – Cambridge University Press – 2001.

3. Physics of Semiconductors and their Heterostructures - Jasprit Singh – Mc Graw Hill -

1994.

44


DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING


Unit-I

Signals and systems: Introduction, classification of signals, representation of signals, elementary

discrete-time signals, manipulation of signals, classification of systems, static and dynamic

systems, linear systems, time invariant systems, causal and non-causal system, stable and

unstable systems, Fourier analysis; trigonometric, complex and exponent forms of Fourier series,

Parseval identity, power spectrum, Fourier transform and its properties, Fourier transform of

power and energy signals, Z-Transform: Introduction, definition, properties, evaluation of

inverse z-transform.

Unit-II

DFT and FFT: The DFT, Properties of DFT: Linearity, periodicity, circular shift of a sequence,

time reversal of a sequence, circular frequency shift, complex conjugate property, circular

convolution, Hilbert transform, FFT: radix-2 FFT, decimation in time (DIT) algorithm,

decimation in frequency (DIF) algorithm. Fast convolution: Overlap-add method, Overlap-save

method, correlation.

Unit-III

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters: Introduction, magnitude and phase response of digital

filters, frequency response of linear phase FIR filters, design techniques, design of optimal linear

phase transformations.

45


Unit-IV

Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters: Introduction, IIR filters design by derivatives, impulse

invariant and bilinear transformation method, frequency transformations. Adaptive filters:

Theory, structure and applications (speech analysis and mobile communication)

References Books: 1. Digital Signal Processing - Alan V. Oppenhein and Ronald W. Schaffer - Prentice Hall Inc.- 2002 2. Digital Signal Processing - S Salivahanan, A. Vallavaraj and C Gnanapriya -Tata Mc Graw Hill-2000 3. Digital Signal Processing - S.K. Mitra- Tata Mc Graw Hill-2005 4. Digital Filter Designers Handbook - C.B. Rorabaugh- Mc Graw Hill-1993

46


DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS


Unit-I

Digital Modulation -Techniques and System: Introduction, comparison of analog and digital

signals, advantages and disadvantages of digital communication, elements of digital

communication system, pulse code modulation (PCM), quantization noise, companding, signal

representation: sampling theorem, PCM bandwidth, PCM system, advantages of PCM over

analog modulation, differential PCM, delta modulation (DM), continuously variable slope delta

modulator (CVSDM) or adaptive delta modulation.

Unit-II

Digital carrier - modulation techniques and system: Introduction, Amplitude Shift Keying

(ASK), ASK spectrum, ASK modulator, Coherent ASK detectors, Noncoherent ASK detector,

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), bandwidth and frequency spectrum of FSK, Non-coherent FSK

detector, Coherent FSK detector, FSK detection using PLL, Binary Phase Shift Keying, Binary

PSK spectrum, Coherent PSK detection, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), QPSK

demodulator, Differential PSK.

Unit-III

Spread-Spectrum Techniques and Communication Systems: Introduction, principles of spread

spectrum, direct sequence pseudo noise (DSPM) spreading, Frequency Hop Coding, Time Hop

Spreading, spread spectrum modulation systems, generation of pseudo random Sequences,

Sequence length, independence of Sequences, number of ones and zeros in maximal Sequence,

clustering in a PN Sequence, correlation properties, spread spectrum modulation, Continuous-

Phase-Shift-Modulation (CPSM),Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

47


Unit-IV

Cellular and Mobile Communication Systems: Introduction, main methods of radio transmission,

GSM standard for cellular phones, GSM architecture, features of GSM, cellular mobile radio

systems, inside the cell phone, other services of GSM, future of telecommunication, operation of

cellular systems, concept of frequency, reuse channels, frequency reuse schemes, frequency

reuse distance, consideration of components of cellular systems, switching equipment data links,

security and identification, supervision, power controls, function of the MTSO, cellular analog

switching equipments, description of analog switching equipment, modification of analog

switching equipment, cell site controllers and hardware, cellular digital switching equipment,

general concept, elements of switching, radio.

References Books:

1. Communication Systems - Simon Haykins - 4th edition - John Wiley & Sons - 2001.

2. Digital and Analog Communication System - K Sam Shanmugam - John Wiley & Sons -

1979.

3. Elements of Digital Communication - N Sarkar - Khanna Publishers - 2003.

4. Modern Electronic Communication : Principles and Practice - A. K. Sharma and R. K.

Sinha -- Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company - 2001.

48


OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS


Unit -I

Advantages of Optical Fibre Communication, Ray Theory, Modes in planar guide, Cylindrical

fibre, Mode Coupling. Step index fibres: Multimode Step index Fibres, Single Mode Step Index

Fibres, Graded index Fibres, Attenuation, Material Absorption Losses, Linear Scattering Losses,

Non-Linear Scattering Losses, Fibre Bend Loss, Dispersion, Interamodal, Intermodal Dispersion,

Overall fibre dispersion, Multimode, Single mode, Modal Noise, Liquid phase Technique, Vapor

phase Deposition Technique, Fibre Cables, Fibre Splices, Fibre Connectors, Fibre attenuation

measurements, Dispersion measurements, Fibre refractive index profile, Fibre Numerical

Aperture, Fibre diameter, Field Measurements (OTDR).

Unit -II

Lasers, Basic concepts, Emission from semiconductors, Injection laser, Multimode injection

laser, Single mode injection laser, Single mode structures, Injection laser characteristics, Non

semiconductor lasers, LED, Efficiency, Double heterostructure, Planar, Dome, Burrus type, Lens

coupling, Edge emitting, LED characteristics, power, spectrum, Modulation bandwidth,

Reliability, Modulation.

Unit -III

Detectors, Device type, Absorption, Quantum efficiency, Responsivity, Longwavelength cut-off,

p-n, p-i-n, Avalanche, Silicon reachthrough, Germanium avalanche, Drawbacks of avalanche

diodes, Receiver Noise, Thermal, Dark Current, Quantum Noise, p-n and pin diode receiver

noise, Receiver capacitance, APD Excess Noise, Receiver Structure, Low impedance front end,

Transimpedance front end, FET preamplifiers, GaAs MESFETs, PIN-FET hybrid

49


Unit –IV

Optical transmitter circuit, Source limitation, LED drive circuits, Laser drive circuits, Optical

receiver circuits, Preamplifier, Automatic gain control, equalizaiton, System Design, Component

choice, Multiplexing, Digital system, The regenerative repeater, The Optical transmitter, The

Optical Receiver, Channel losses, Temporal response, Optical power budgeting, Line coding,

Analog Systems, Direct intensity modulation, System Planning, Subcarrier intensity modulation,

Subcarrier double sideband modulation, Subcarrier phase modulation, Pulse analog techniques,

Coherent Systems, Public Network Applications, Military Applications, Civil and Consumer

Applications, Industrial Applications, Computer Applications, Integrated Optics, Integrated

Optical devices.

References Books:

1. Optical Fiber Communication - J.M.Senior, Perason Education, 2nd Edition- 199

2. Optical Fiber Communication – G.E.Keiser –Tata McGraw Hill , 3rd Edition- 2000

3. Optical Communication Systems – J. Gowar- Prentice Hall- 1993

4. An Introduction to Fiber Optics- A. K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan- Cambridge

University Press-1998.

Documents

M. Sc. Applied Physics (Electronics)gndu.ac.in/syllabus/201213/SCI/MSC APPLIED PHYSICS ELECTRONI… · NSL-501 Carbon Nanotubes and its Functionalization NSL-502 Nano Sensors and