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MOTION Motion- A change in position in a certain
amount of time In order to describe motion, you need a
frame of reference to compare it with
SPEED Speed- The rate at which an object moves
Velocity- Speed in a given direction
Since distance is usually measured in meters and time in seconds, the unit for speed is given in meters per second (m/sec)
Speed = Distance Time
MEASURING SPEED If a car travels 500 meters in 20 seconds, what is
its speed? 500 meters 20 seconds
Speed = distance = 500 meters = 25 m/sec time 20 seconds
What is the speed of a jet plane that travels 7200 km in 9 hours?
Speed = 7200km / 9 hr = 800 km/hr The speed of a cruise ship is 50km/hr. How far will
the ship travel in 14 hours? Distance = Speed x time
= 50km/hr x 14 hrs = 700 km
ACCELERATION Acceleration- The rate in change of velocity
If something is accelerating, it is speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction
The acceleration of an object is equal to its change in velocity divided by the time in which the change occurs
Acceleration = Final velocity – Original Velocity Time
DETERMINING ACCELERATION A rollercoaster has a velocity of 10 m/sec at the top of a hill. Two
seconds later it reaches the bottom of the hill with a velocity of 20 m/sec. What is the acceleration of the rollercoaster?
Acceleration = Final velocity – Original Velocity Time
Acceleration = 20 m/ sec – 10 m/sec = 10 m/sec = 5 m/sec/sec
2 sec 2 sec
A rollercoaster is moving at 25 m/sec at the bottom of a hill. Three seconds later it reaches the top of the next hill, moving at 10 m/sec. What is the deceleration of the rollercoaster?
Deceleration = Final velocity – Original Velocity Time
Deceleration = 10 m/ sec – 25 m/sec = -15 m/sec = -5 m/sec/sec
3 sec 3 sec
LAWS OF MOTION Newton’s laws of motion describe three
states of motion
Rest Constant motion Accelerated motion
The laws also explain how forces cause all of the states of motion
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION The first law states that an object at rest will
remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force
Since constant velocity means the same speed and direction, in order for an object to change velocity, or accelerate, a force must act on it
The concept of inertia forms the basis for this law Inertia- the property of matter that tends to resist any
change in motion The inertia of an object is related to its mass The more massive an object, the more inertia it has
and the more difficult it will be to move You feel the effects of inertia when you are riding
in a car that stops suddenly while you keep moving forward
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
The second law of motion show how force, mass, and acceleration are related
Force = Mass x AccelerationWhen mass is measured in kilograms and acceleration in meters/sec/sec, force is measured in Newtons (N)
Tells us that a greater force is require to accelerate an object with a greater inertia (mass)
Explains one reason why smaller cars get better gas mileage than larger ones
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION States that for every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction According to the third law:
Every force must have an equal and opposite force
All forces come in pairs You demonstrate the third law when you walk
Your feet push against the floor The floor pushes with an equal but opposite force
against your feet You move forward
The reaction engine utilizes the third law
WORK Work- a force acting through a distance In order for work to be done on an object, a
force must move it Work is the amount of force applied to an
object times the distance the object moves in the direction of the force If an object doesn’t move, no work is done If an object doesn’t move in the direction of the
force, no work is done
MEASURING WORKWork = force x distance (w = f x d )
Force (f) is measured in Newtons
Distance (d) is measured in meters
Work (w) is measured in newton-meters (n-m) or joules (J)
A force of 10,000 N is applied to a stationary wall. How much
work is performed?
Work = f x d = 10,000 N x 0 m = 0 N-m or 0 J
A 950 N skydiver jumps from as altitude of 3000 m. What is the total work performed on the skydiver?
Work = f x d = 950 N x 3000 m = 2,850,000 N-m or 2,850,000 J
An ant does 1 N-m of work in dragging a 0.002 N grain of sugar. How far does the ant drag the sugar?
distance = work / force = 1 N-m / 0.002 N = 500 m
POWER Power- how fast work is done The rate at which work is done, or the amount of work
per unit time
power = work / time (p = w / t)
Since power is the amount of work done per unittime it can also be written
p = (f x d) / t
The unit for power is the newton-meter per second (m-n/sec) or the joule per second (J/Sec)
Large quantities of power are measured in kilowatts (kW) one kilowatt equals 1000 watts
MEASURING POWERpower = work / time (p = w / t) or p = (f x d) / t
A horse performs 15,000 J of work pulling a wagon for 20 seconds. What is the horse’s power?
power = 15,000 J x 20 seconds = 300,000 w
A 750 N pole vaulter lifts himself 5.0 m in 2.5 seconds. What is his power?
power = 750 N x 5.0 m / 2.5 sec = 1500 wA tow truck pulls a car out of a ditch in 6.5 sec. If 6000 watts of power is used, how much work is performed by the truck?
work = p x t = 6000 watts x 6.5 sec = 39,000 J