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ESMO PRECEPTORSHIP ONLung Cancer Diagnosis:
Role of Pathology and Genetic Analysis
Teh-Ying Chou, MD, PhD, MBA
November 20, 2019
DISCLOSURES
I have nothing to disclose.
2
3
Lung Cancer: Pathological Classification
20041999 2015
Histology
Targeted Therapy
Immunotherapy
Molecular Pathology-based Precision Medicine of Lung Cancer
Precision Medicine
Molecular Biomarkers
4
Lung Cancer: Molecular Classification
Carcinoma (CA)
Non-small Cell CA (NSCC)
Small Cell CA
Squamous Cell CA
Non-squamous Cell NSCC
Large Cell CA
Adenocarcinoma
Other NSCC
Large Cell Neuroendocrine CA
Other Large Cell CA
Typical Carcinoid
Atypical Carcinoid
Neuroendocrine CA
Molecular Analysis
5
Lung Cancer: Molecular Diagnostics
EGFRoma, ALKoma…
6
Lung adenocarcinoma: Molecular profile
7
Tsao et al. J Thorac Oncol. 2016 May;11(5):613-38.
8
Recommended biomarker tests for patients
with newly diagnosed NSCLC
� EGFR
� ALK
� ROS1
� BRAF
� PD-L1
� RET
� MET exon 14
� HER2
� KRAS
� NTRK
Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2019 Jan;39:531-542.
Minimum necessaryRecommended
(for NGS panels)
9
EGFR mutation in lung cancer
10
Test mutations in EGFR exon 18-21 with ≧1% prevalence(codons 709, 719, exon 19 del, 768, exon 20 insertions, 790, 858, and 861)
TechniqueSensitivity
(% t DNA)Mutations identified
Comprehensive detection
of deletions and insertions
PCR/Direct sequencing 25 Known and new Yes
PCR-SSCP
(ss conformation polymorphism)10 Known and new Yes
PCR-RFLP and length analysis 5 Known only No
MALDI-TOF MS-based genotyping 5 Known only No
Real-time PCR based technology
•PNA-LNA PCR clamp 1 Known only No
•Scorpion/Arms 1 Known only No
•TaqMan PCR 10 Known only No
Mutant-enriched PCR 0.2 Known only No
Next generation sequencing 1 Known and new Yes
Modified from Pao et al. Clin Cancer Res 200711
12
Mechanisms of acquired resistance to
1st and 2nd generation EGFR-TKIs
Ann Oncol. 2018 Jan 1;29(suppl_1):i10-i19
13
EGFR testing at the time of recurrence
Piotrowska Z, et al. Cancer J. 2015
1st biopsy and EGFR testing
2nd biopsy and EGFR testing
3rd biopsy and EGFR testing
14
Mechanisms of acquired resistance to first-
line Osimertinib therapy
15
Lung adenocarcinoma: Molecular profile
16
ALK rearrangement in lung cancer
Chromosome 2
1. Expression of ALK fusion protein
2. Dimerization of ALK
3. Constitutive activation of ALK
Shaw AT at al. Clin Cancer Res. 2011Soda M et al. Nature. 2007
17
18
Testing for ALK rearrangement
19
ALK testing by break apart FISH
Thunnissen E. et al. Virchows Arch. 2012
20
ALK break apart FISH
ALK (-) ALK (+)
Cheng L. et al. Modern Pathology 2012
21
� Normal lung tissue does not express ALK
� ALK fusion (+) lung cancer express ALK fusion protein
ALK Fusion: Immunohistochemistry
Adapted from IASLC Atlas of ALK Testing, 2013
22
� Recommended IHC assay: D5F3 or 5A4 clone
� Pooled estimates of IHC relative to FISH
� 97% sensitivity
� 99% specificity
� Discrepant FISH and IHC results
� No consistent pattern of clinical outcome
ALK rearrangement: IHC vs. FISH
Arch Pathol Lab Med.
2018 Mar;142(3):321-346.
23
Lung adenocarcinoma: Molecular profile
Kohno et al. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2015 Apr;4(2):156-64.
24
ROS1
• Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) of the insulin receptor family,
closely related to ALK
(a) Glycoprotein-rich extracellular domain
(b) Transmembrane domain
(c) Intracellular tyrosine kinase
ROS1 gene: Chromosome 6q22
25
Leads to constitutive
kinase activity
26
Detection of ROS1 rearrangement
� Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH)
� Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
� Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
� Next generation sequencing (NGS)
27
Detection by FISH
Negative for ROS1
rearrangement
Positive for ROS1
rearrangement
(split signal in
>15% of cells)
3’ 5’
Positive for ROS1
rearrangement
(isolated 3’ signal
in >15% of cells)
Detect known and unknown fusion variants
28
� Anti-ROS1 clone D4D6 (Cell Signaling)
� Anti-ROS1 clone SP384 (Ventana)
Detection by IHC
ROS1 FISH (+), IHC (+) ROS1 FISH (-), IHC (-)
Mod Pathol. 2014 May;27(5):711-20
29
ROS1 IHC staining pitfalls
Macrophages/Giant cells Reactive pneumocytes
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� Pooled estimates of IHC (≧2+) relative to FISH� 96% sensitivity
� 94% specificity
� Up to 1/3 ROS1 FISH (-) cases show focal or weak ROS1
expression by IHC
ROS1: IHC vs. FISH
Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2018 Mar;142(3):321-346.
31
CAP/IASLC/AMP molecular test guideline:
ROS1 testing in lung cancer
� ROS1 IHC may be used as a screening test
� Positive ROS1 IHC results should be confirmed by a
molecular or cytogenetic method
� Each laboratory must validate its own interpretive cutoff
from known positive and negative samples
Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2018 Mar;142(3):321-346.
32
ROS1: IHC vs. FISH (VGH-TPE data)
ROS1 IHC
(SP384)
ROS1 FISH/NGS
Negative Positive Total
0 125 0 125
1+ 41 0 41
2+ 5 1 6
3+ 3 6 9
Total 174 7 181
0: H-Score = 0
1+: H-Score = 1~100
2+: H-Score = 101~200
3+: H-Score = 201~300
ROS1 IHC
No stain or
Weak / Focal stain
Moderate to Strong
Diffuse stain
ROS1 FISH
Negative PositiveNegative
VGH-TPE
approach
33
34
Lung adenocarcinoma: Molecular profile
Kohno et al. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2015 Apr;4(2):156-64.
http://www.apmggroup.net/innovation/molecular_testing/Colon_Pathways/colon.html35
36
BRAF mutation in lung cancer
By Sholl LM, from BWH/DFCI data (~2500 NSCLC sequenced)
37
Dabrafenib plus trametinib in
BRAF-V600E mutant NSCLC (1st line)
Lancet Oncol. 2017 Oct;18(10):1307-1316.
38
Characteristics of patients with
BRAF-V600E mutated lung tumors
Lancet Oncol. 2017 Oct;18(10):1307-1316.
39
BRAF V600E IHC testing (clone VE1)
BRAF-V600E
mutated
tumor
BRAF
non-V600E
mutated
tumor
Ann Oncol. 2013 Mar;24(3):742-8.
40
BRAF V600E IHC testing (clone VE1)
Study Sensitivity Specificity
Ilie et al.
Ann Oncol 2013
90.5%
(19/21)
100%
(19/19)
Sasaki et al.
Lung Cancer 2013
100%
(5/5)
95.2%
(20/21)
Gow et al.
Cancers 2019
96.6%
(28/29)
98.6%
(69/70)
Total94.5%
(52/55)
98.2%
(108/110)
Cancers (Basel). 2019 Jun 21;11(6).
41
Recommended biomarker tests for patients
with newly diagnosed NSCLC
� EGFR
� ALK
� ROS1
� BRAF
� PD-L1
� RET
� MET exon 14
� HER2
� KRAS
� NTRK
Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2019 Jan;39:531-542.
Minimum necessaryRecommended
(for NGS panels)
42
Key elements in biomarker
development for checkpoint inhibition
Nishino M. et al. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017 Nov;14(11):655-668.
43
44
Cells with PD-L1 expression
� Tumor cells
� Immune cells
� Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells)
� Dendritic cells
� Macrophages
� Stromal cells
� Certain types of normal epithelial cells
Analyzed by
Immuno-
histochemistry
(IHC)
45
PD-L1 expression in tumor cells (TC)
46
PD-L1 expression in immune cells (IC)
47
Key points:
1. Increased PD-L1 expression is associated with higher ORR
2. Negative PD-L1 expression does not preclude response
3. ORR in high PD-L1 expression patients still below 50%Cancer Biol Med. 2016 Jun;13(2):157-70
48
Confounders in PD-L1 expression IHC testing
� Multiple different assays and cut-off values
� Inter-observer variability
� Heterogeneous expression of PD-L1
49
NivolumabPembro-
lizumabAtezolizumab
Durva-
lumabAvelumab
Detection
antibody28-8 22C3 SP142 SP263 73-10
IHC platform Dako Dako Ventana Ventana Dako
Epitope
locationExtra-cellular Extracellular Intracellular
Intra-
cellular
Intra-
cellular
Cell types
evaluatedTC TC TC + IC TC TC
Cut-offs in
clinical trials1, 5, 50%
1%
50% (High)
TC: 1, 5, 50%
IC: 1, 5, 10%25% 1%
FDA
diagnostic
status
Complementary
(Not required)
Companion
(Required)
Complementary
(Not required)
PD-L1 testing: at least 5 different assays
TC: tumor cells; IC: immune cells
50
Blueprint project (phase 2):
PD-L1 IHC comparability study
Tsao MS. et al. J Thorac Oncol. 2018 May 22. pii: S1556-0864(18)30626-9.
Tumor staining:
SP142: Lower
73-10: Higher
51
Tsao MS. et al. J Thorac Oncol. 2018 May 22. pii: S1556-0864(18)30626-9.
Tsao MS. et al. J Thorac Oncol. 2018 May 22. pii: S1556-0864(18)30626-9.
52
Interobserver variability (for TC scoring)
in Blueprint phase 2
Presented by Tsao MS at WCLC 2017
53
Interobserver variability (for IC scoring)
in Blueprint phase 2
Tsao MS. et al. J Thorac Oncol. 2018 May 22. pii: S1556-0864(18)30626-9.
Presented by Tsao MS at WCLC 2017
54
Tumor heterogeneity
� Intra-tumoral heterogeneity
� PD-L1 expression is frequently heterogeneous within a tumor
� Sampling error
� Inter-tumoral heterogeneity
� Differences between primary and metastasis?
Fusi A et al. Lancet Oncology 2015; 16(13),1285-1287
PD-L1 Tumor Heterogeneity
McLaughlin et al, JAMA Oncol., 2016.
H&E PD-L1 (SP142)
PD-L1 Tumor Heterogeneity
57PD-L1 (SP142)
PD-L1 TPS > 50%
PD-L1 TPS < 1%
58
Discordance of PD-L1 expression between paired
biopsy and resection specimens
Ilie M et al. Ann Oncol. 2016 Jan;27(1):147-53.
Overall concordance rate = 52%
59
Primary tumor vs. Metastasis
Concordance: 80.1% (1% cutoff), 90.7% (50% cutoff)
60
PD-L1 expression as a biomarker
� Imperfect & Weak predictive power
� Multiple different assays and cut-off values
� 22C3/28-8/SP263 are highly analytically comparable
� Interobserver agreement
� Good for tumor cells, Bad for immune cells
� Challenges
� Heterogeneous expression
61
Recommended biomarker tests for patients
with newly diagnosed NSCLC
� EGFR
� ALK
� ROS1
� BRAF
� PD-L1
� RET
� MET exon 14
� HER2
� KRAS
� NTRK
Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2019 Jan;39:531-542.
Minimum necessaryRecommended
(for NGS panels)
62
63
Cocco E, Scaltriti M & Drilon A, Nature Reviews Clinical Oncol 201864
65
66
67
68
69
Journal of Thoracic Oncology 2019 14, DOI: (10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.051) 70