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Provides an overview of general telecommunication main trends into mobile broadband and data traffic demands in large crowd concentrations. Analyzes the system capacity for capturing the high density traffic: SmallCells. Brings the main related concerns for SmallCells deployment.
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4G for Upcoming Mega Events
Alberto Boaventura
Diretoria de Tecnologia e Plataformas [email protected]
+55 21 8875 4998
LTE Latin America 2013
16-17 April 2013 Windsor Barra Hotel,
Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Gerência de Tecnologia e Integração de Serviços
Telecom is Changing
Fixe
d &
Mo
bile
Acc
ess
es
(M
illio
ns)
Fixe
d &
Mo
bile
Bro
adb
and
(M
illio
ns)
0,0%
20,0%
40,0%
60,0%
80,0%
Local LD
18 a 24
25 a 34
35 a 44
45 a 54
55 a 64
65 ~ 0
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0
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1000
20
00
20
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Fixed telephone linesMobile cellular subscriptionsFixed broadband subscriptionsMobile broadband subscriptions
Telecom becomes mobile ...
Source: SmallCell Forum
Mobile devices are preferred in the younger
generations for the establishment of
telecommunications services.
In Latin America, it is expected that the number
of mobile broadband access to overcome the
fixed in 2012.
Source: ITU/ICT/MIS
and mobile becomes data …
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
400
1000
Voice
Data
Source: Ericsson 2012
Tota
l (U
L+D
L) t
raff
ic (
Pe
taB
yte
s)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
10
6
LTE UMTS/HSPA
GSM;EDGE
TD-SCDMA
CDMA
Other
Wo
rld
Mo
bile
Su
bsc
rip
tio
ns
(Bill
ion
s)
Source: Ericsson 2012
According to Ericsson, mobile data traffic doubled between Q3 2011 and Q3 2012.
The average smartphone will generate 2.7 GB of traffic per month in 2017. Aggregate smartphone traffic in 2017 will be 19 times
greater than it is today – Cisco VNI 2012.
It has influenced by rapid technology network lifecycle.
The LTE will quickly represent the most expressive growth, representing CAGR
around 75% for 2012-2018 against -10% for 2G and 25% for 3G in the same period-
Ericsson 2012.
1960 1970 1980 1990 2020+
1 MM+ 10 MM+
Mainframe Mini
Desktop Internet
Mobile Internet
100 MM+
1 B+
10 B+
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
SmartphonesTabletsNetbooksNotebooksDesktopsTotal smartphone subscriptions reached 1.1
billion by the end of 2012 and are expected to grow to 3.3 billion in 2018.
It is estimated that the demand for Tablet and Smartphone will surpass 1 billion shipments by
2013.
Smartphones represented only 18 percent of total global handsets in use in 2012, but represented 92% of all handset traffic. Source: Morgan Stanley & Nomura 2012 W
orl
d D
evi
ce S
hip
me
nts
(M
illio
ns)
The significant growth forecast for the mobile Internet is justified by the integration of
features (for personal use) in a single device, making it in some years, the primary device
from the desktop.
Gerência de Tecnologia e Integração de Serviços
Telecom is Changing
and data becomes video …
Mobile video will grow at a CAGR of 75% between 2012 and 2017, the highest growth rate of any mobile application category. Of the 11.2 exabytes per month crossing the
mobile network by 2017, 7.4 exabytes will be due to video –
Cisco VNI 2012.
At the same time, it is expected that the average grows exponentially. In Brazil, the growth is 82% year-on-
year by 2015 according to Cisco
0 Mbps
1 Mbps
2 Mbps
3 Mbps
4 Mbps
5 Mbps
6 Mbps
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
América Latina
America do Norte
Europa Ocidental
Brazil
Source: Cisco VNI 2010 Source: Cisco VNI 2012
12
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
6
Mobile File Sharing
Mobile M2M
Mobile Web/Data
Mobile Video
Exab
yte
s p
er
mo
nth
The Convention Industry Council Manual guidelines recommend 10
square feet per person. It represents 1 Million persons per km2. If all
persons upload video with 64 kbps, it represents 64 Gbps/km2!
On the market demand in dense urban areas during business hours, it has been calculated that 800 Mbps/km2 are required (BuNGee and Artists4G
Projects).
This is an order of magnitude higher than the forward looking current state of the art, such as LTE.
and mobile, data, video, social, cloud & games become crowd density traffic …
and video becomes social & cloud … Facebook has over 1 billion users and monthly 850 million are active.
A half of them use mobile access (488 million users) regularly. Every day are uploaded over 250 million photos and, in 2012,
210,000 years of music have been played on Facebook.
11 accounts are created every second on Twitter. 50% of Twitter users are using the social network via mobile.
The average Instagram user spent 257 minutes accessing the photo-sharing site via mobile device in August 2012, while the average Twitter user over the same period spent 170 minutes viewing.
More than 5 million photos are uploaded to Instagram every day. Nearly 4 billion photos have been shared on Instagram since its
beginning.
More than 1 billion unique users visit YouTube each month Over 4 billion hours of video are watched each month on YouTube 72 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute In 2011, YouTube had more than 1 trillion views or around 140
views for every person on Earth 25% of global YouTube views come from mobile devices People watch one billion views a day on YouTube mobile YouTube is available on hundreds of millions of devices Traffic from mobile devices tripled in 2011
In 2016, Social Newtorking will be second highest penetrated consumer mobile service with 2, 4 billion users – 53% of consumer mobile users - Cisco 2012
Gerência de Tecnologia e Integração de Serviços
1000 x
We need to be prepared!
10 x More devices
10 x Average Throughput
10 x Usage
1000 x Traffic Concentrated
1000 x
Gerência de Tecnologia e Integração de Serviços
𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ≤ 𝑲𝟏 ∙ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑲𝟐 ∙ 𝑺𝑵𝑹
More Spectrum New Technologies Split Cells
𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ≤ 𝑲𝟏 ∙ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑲𝟐 ∙ 𝑺𝑵𝑹
System Capacity
Gerência de Tecnologia e Integração de Serviços
Frequency Requirements for MBB
ITU-R M.2078 projection for the global spectrum requirements in order to accomplish the IMT-2000 future development, IMT-
Advanced, in 2020:
531 MHz
749 MHz
971 MHz
749 MHz
557 MHz
723 MHz
997 MHz
723 MHz
587 MHz
693 MHz
1027 MHz
693 MHz
Low High Low High Low High
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
Spectrum Requirements per Operator (Rysavy Research – February 2010):
The expectation is to be needed over than 200 MHz per operator in 2016.
Coverage: < 1 GHz
Coverage or Capacity : > 1 GHz & <2 GHz
Capacity : >2 GHz
Combined usage for LTE Advanced
Band UL (MHz)
DL (MHz)
Width (*)
WRC 3GPP (LTE) Anatel
450 MHz 451-457 461-468 14 MHz 2007 Not defined Res 558/2010
700 MHz 703-748 758-803 90 MHz 2007 Bands 12, 13, 17 & 28
CP 12/2013
850 MHz 824 - 849 869 - 894 25 MHz 2000 Band 5 Res 454/2006
900 MHz 898,5 - 901; 943,5 - 946
907,5 - 915; 952,5 - 960
10 MHz 2000 Band 8 Res 454/2006
1800 MHz 1.710-1785 1805-1880 150 MHz 1992/ 2000
Band 3 Res 454/2006
2100 MHz 1920-1975 2110-2165 110 MHz 2000 Band 1 Res 454/2006
2600 MHz 2500-2570 2620-2690 140 MHz 2007 Band 7 Res 544/2010
3500 MHz 3400-3600 (TDD) 200 MHz 2007 Band 43 Res 537/2010
In Brazil, the total amount of frequency is 330 MHz (Res 454)
and recently 204 MHz have been available
with LTE auction. But due CAP
constraint, only 120-140 MHz per operator
is allowed.
New technologies
Spectrum Aggregation Sensing and Cognitive radio
technologies for spectrum sharing Offloading with fallback techniques to
exclusive global bands, e.g. for mobility/roaming.
Licensed spectrum
ITU-R forecasts a need of 1280 to 1720 MHz in the medium term for IMT (before 2020)
Global IMT spectrum of 715 MHz currently available, plus <300 MHz on a regional basis
WRC’12 confirmed the intention to allocate more spectrum to IMT in the 700 MHz band (~90 MHz)
New spectrum
FCC: Make 500 MHz of spectrum newly available for broadband within 10 years
European Comm.: 1200 MHz (incl. exist. 625 MHz) to be allocated to mobile broadband by 2015
Need to consider shared spectrum: Unlicensed spectrum, unlicensed secondary usage or Licensed Secondary Access (LSA) e.g. in TV white space,
Gerência de Tecnologia e Integração de Serviços
ITU-R M.2034 Spectral Efficiency
DL 15 bits/Hz
UL 6.75 bits/Hz
Latency
User Plane < 10 ms
Control Plane < 100 ms
Bandwidth
ITU-R M.2034 40 MHz
ITU-R M.1645 100 MHz
LTE Advanced
ADVANCED
Coverage
Cap
acit
y
SmallCells
High order MIMO Carrier Aggregation
Hetnet/CoMP
LTE
LTE –A
Carrier Aggregation Intra & Inter Band
Band X
Band y
Multihop Relay
Multihop Relay
Smallcells Heterogeneous Network
Colaboration MIMO (CoMP) e HetNet
High Order DL-MIMO & Advanced UL-MIMO
3GPP TR 36.913
3GPP Release 8
3GPP Release 10
Release 8/9 Release 10/11 Release 12/13
20 MHz OFDM SC-FDMA DL 4x4 MIMO SON, HeNB
Carrier Aggregation UL 4x4 MIMO DL/UL CoMP HetNet (x4.33) MU-MIMO (x1.14)
Small Cells Enh. CoMP Enh. FD-MIMO (x3.53) DiverseTraffic Support
LTE Roadmap
Gerência de Tecnologia e Integração de Serviços
Access Network Dimensioning
Traffic
Coverage
Cap
acit
y
#𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 = 𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆; 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
Cell Range
Exceeded Traffic
𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 =𝑨
𝑨𝒄
Where: A: Coverage Area Ac: Base Station Coverage Area D: Traffic Demand Ct: Base Station Traffic Capacity
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 =𝑫
𝑪𝒕
𝑨
𝑨𝒄
𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆><
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑫
𝑪𝒕
𝑪𝒕
𝑨𝒄
𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆><
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑫
𝑨 D/A: Traffic Demand Density (Traf/km2)
Ct/Ac: System Offering Dens. (Traf/km2)
Traffic Demand Density
More Spectrum
New technologies
Split Cells
𝑪𝒕
𝑨𝒄 𝑫
𝑨
Coverage
Capacity Investment
System Growth
↓
↑
System Offering Density
𝑫
𝑨>
𝑪𝒕
𝑨𝒄
Capacity Investment
𝑫
𝑨<
𝑪𝒕
𝑨𝒄
Higher Cell Range, lower
investment level
𝑫
𝑨=
𝑪𝒕
𝑨𝒄
Optimized Investment
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
𝑨𝒄
𝑪𝒕
System Rural Suburban Urbao
GSM 1800 MHz (5) 0,1 Erl/km2 3,2 Erl/km2 45,3 Erl/km2
UMTS 2100 MHz (5) 8,0 Erl/km2 41,7 Erl/km2 264,2 Erl/km2
HSPA+ 2100 (10) 10,4 Mbps/km2 21,5 Mbps/km2 35,3 Mbps/km2
LTE 700 MHz (10) 1,4 Mbps/km2 3,0 Mbps/km2 5,4 Mbps/km2
LTE 1800 MHz (10) 9,2 Mbps/km2 19,4 Mbps/km2 32,3 Mbps/km2
LTE 2600 MHz (10) 16,4 Mbps/km2 33,6 Mbps/km2 53,3 Mbps/km2
LTE 2600 MHz (20) 32,8 Mbps/km2 67,2 Mbps/km2 106,6 Mbps/km2
SmallCell 2600 MHz (10) 8584,7 Mbps/km2
SmallCell 2600 MHz (20) 17169,3 Mbps/km2
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0,0 Mbps/km2
100,0 Mbps/km2
200,0 Mbps/km2
300,0 Mbps/km2
400,0 Mbps/km2
500,0 Mbps/km2
0,3 km0,4 km0,5 km0,6 km0,7 km
The blue line shows the system density capacity (Ct/Ac) for LTE with 50 RBs in function of Cell Range (km);
The coverage plan of (Cell Range = 640 m) meets the demands of 2013 and 2014;
However in 2015, the Cell Range must reduce to 400 m to accommodate all demand this year. The impact is the need to increase the number of sites by 156% ;
In 2016, the Cell Range reduction is 250 m., the new impact is the increase of 156%;
At this moment Small Cells can be an alternative;
Handling High Density Traffic
Coverage Capacity
2015
156% 156%
Capacity
2016
2014
2015
2016
2013
25% 45% 50%
52% 38% 35%
23% 17% 15%
Rooftop 30m Tower 50m Tower
Infra BTS Transport
Cell Site CapEx New Cell Site
represents a huge impact in Wireless
Operation total cost.
And infrastructure is one of the main part.
Traffic Density Effect in Access Network Plan
1,0 Mbps/km2
10,0 Mbps/km2
100,0 Mbps/km2
1000,0 Mbps/km2
10000,0 Mbps/km2
100000,0 Mbps/km2
Rural Suburban Urban
HSPA+ 2100 (10)LTE 700 MHz (10)LTE 1800 MHz (10)LTE 2600 MHz (10)LTE 2600 MHz (20)SmallCell 2600 MHz (10)SmallCell 2600 MHz (20)ArtistsCrowd Traffic
Bands below 1 GHz, such as 700 MHz is applicable for low density traffic, like: product in initial lifecycle; suburban and rural areas;
When traffic is becoming more density, there is no difference between high and low spectrum band
For crowd density traffic, SmallCells has higher capacity than macro cells with very cost effective
Qualcomm estimates the gain for 32 SmallCells increase the network capacity in 37 x macro cells.
Small Cell, existing fiber
Small Cell, NLOS
Owned Tower
Leased Tower
CapEx/Mbps
8-year OpEx/Mbps
$2K $4K $6K
Source: Mobile Experts, 2012 Source: Planning Area, Oi, 2012
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Indoor Application
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0,0 k Usrs/km2 0,8 k Usrs/km2 1,5 k Usrs/km2
Nearly 50% of mobile communications occur in indoor environment
39%
32%
14%
4% 11% In CarAt HomeAt WorkTravellingOthers
Source: SmallCell Forum
Additional Percentage of Macro Cells for Indoor SLA assurance
0,0 dB 5,0 dB 10,0 dB 15,0 dB 20,0 dB 25,0 dB
700 MHz
900 MHz
1800 MHz
2100 MHz
2600 MHz
Building Penetration Loss
0 Mbps
20 Mbps
40 Mbps
60 Mbps
0,0 km 0,3 km 0,6 km
2600 MHz(10 MHz) - Indoor 2600 MHz(10 MHz) - Outdoor
50%
Average Sector Throughput vs Cell Range
Due high level of investment in macro cells, SmallCells is applicable
for indoor coverage, even in low density traffic.
In 3G, femtocells have a successful history for traffic offload and gap coverage. Besides providing a solution for high density traffic, LTE SmallCells is a cost
effective solution for indoor coverage, even for low traffic density.
Based on simulations, DL loses around 50% of average throughput
in indoor coverage.
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SmallCells Topology Alternatives
Residential and Enterprise (SME) Application - Indoor & Hotspots
Metro Cell & HetNet – Outdoor (eventually indoor) & HetNet
BBU 1
BBU 2
BBU N
Video Cache
BBU Hotel
MME
Core Network
S/PGW
Internet
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC )
Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP)
CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface)
Internet Video Cache
Local Breakout (LIPA/SIPTO)
Mini POP
S1-APPL SEG MME
Core Network
Aggregation (ONT/DSLAM/BRAS)
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SmallCells vs DAS
According to Infonetics 2012, 73% of operators admitted to having deployed small cells, most of deployments were of the femtocell variety
that typically are limited in coverage to a single residence. By comparison, 80% had
deployed a DAS system to bolster their cellular coverage, with a majority of those
deployments at venues expected to be the primary home for macrocell support.
The operators interviewed believe DAS will remain a fundamental tool for malls, airports,
stadiums and the like.
SmallCells
DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems)
BBU 1
BBU N
BBU Hotel
Core Newtork
CPRI
Core Newtork
BBU
RRU
eNB/DAS
1 Sector
Limited to the throughput of 1 sector and the air link
Engineered for coverage
Satisfies requirements for multi-operator transmission (“neutral host”)
Limited to the throughput of the air interface and backhaul
Is a mini Base Station in itself
Capable to accomodate high density traffic
Not geared toward neutral host operation
Indoor SmallCell
Carrier Wi-Fi
Stadium DAS
Macro
Repeater 0,01 0,02 0,03
$ 0,50
$ 1,00
$ 1,50
$ 2,00
$ 2,50
$ 3,00
Co
st/
m2
Mbps/m2
Source: Mobile Experts, 2012
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Challenges for SmallCells
Backhaul
IP Access (MPLS-TP, Metro Eth, MDU) , Giga-Ether over 150 Mbps per BTS
Required necessarily optical fiber, but Radio NLOS can be alternative for higher capillarity
New synchronism support (IEEE 1588, SyncE)
For CoMP, Latency must be below 1 ms New interface other than IP: CPRI
Mobility Management
Mobility device in idle state impacts the relative load between layers and battery consumption and frequency of handovers.
Increase in handovers due to the small size of the cells increases the risk of dropped calls (Dropped Call Rate),
Devices in connected state may need to HO to a small cell and, if they are on different frequencies, will need efficient scheme discovery of small cell that minimizes the impact on battery consumption.
Traffic/Capacity balancing with several resources and frequencies
Interference Mitigation
Downlink: Terminal camped on in macro is interfered by a small cell. And terminal served by a small cell to connect the edge of cell will be interfered by the macro cell.
Uplink : one terminal connected in macro and close to the cell border creates strong interference in a small cell next. And large number of connected terminals in small cells generate uplink interference in the macro cell.
They both are addressed with sofisticated mechanisms like ICIC, e-ICIC and CoMP
MME
Core Network
S/PGW
BBU DSLAM
Interferences need to be addressed by ICIC , e-ICIC
and CoMP
Backhaul is IP and requires synchronism, latency throughput. For CoMP the
latency must be below 1 ms.
SmallCells increases mobility and impact in battery consumption
and DCR.
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Challenges for SmallCells
Planning Small cell radius of coverage is reduced compared to macro, it is
necessary to locate accurately the traffic sources; The installation of small cell (site acquisition) occurs with small
error regarding the location planned. Heterogeneous RF planning requires how traffic will be handled by
each layer. For maximum result from the limited range making the reuse of the
spectrum. Reuse requires a plan of distribution of the cells very well done.
Deployment and Rollout Site aquisition: Given the limitation on the scope of the small cell,
you have to know exactly where the traffic is generated and get the rights to install that exact spot.
New types of leases should be developed. The expectation for the installation of Small scale is Cells that are an
order of magnitude greater than the macro cells . Visual Polution: Due a number of SmallCells, the shape and format
may impact in acceptance to install in building and public facilities.
Traffic
Coverage
Cap
acit
y
Operational The range in the number of radio stations in the layer of Small Cells
should be an order of magnitude larger than the current one. The way to optimize and operate should fit depending less manual
intervention. Resources SON (Self Organizing Networks) will be important to maintain a good performance.
Service Availability: Internal battery must be required for accomplishing service SLA requirements.
The licensing cost (TFI/TFF) was a recent issue but still exist for SmallCells with higher power
TFI+TFF Nx(TFI+TFF)
Smallcells SON with Automatic Inventory
and Automatic Neighbor Relations in conjunction with
CoMP and ICICI can minimize the planning impact issue
Gerência de Tecnologia e Integração de Serviços
SmallCells and Future
Maximum 4 DL subframe every 5 ms
Improved 33%compared to 64QAM
1150%
230%
173%
126%
109,50%
100% LTE baseline
CRS Reduction
Multi-TTI scheduling
Traffic Adaptation
256 QAM
Carrier Aggregation 5CC
70M bps 2x2M IMO, conf.1, CFI=3, DwPTS=102
Reduced 2-port CRS overhead
Only 1 OFDM reserved every 5 ms
838 Mbps
Source: IEEE Communications Magazine Feb, 2013; “Trends in Small Cell Enhancements in LTE Advanced”; Takehiro Nakamura et All
New Technologies & Improvements New Architecture
U-plane
C-plane (RRC)
Phantom Celll
Macro Cell
F1 F2 F2>F1
White Space & Spectrum Sharing
MME
Operator 1
S/PGW
MME
Operator N
S/PGW
...
RAN Sharing
Accelerate harmonization and potential re-farming. Access underutilized spectrum TV white spaces (TVWS) spectrum spans roughly 450 MHz to
850 MHz, with the actual swath within that range varying by country.
New technologies and industry opportunities Qualcomm: Authorized Shared Access (ASA)—Suited for Small
Cells
27,2%
26,7%
17,1%
15,0% 8,2% 3,6% 1,4% 0,9% Defense Other Commercial
Aeronautical Mobile
Broadcasting Maritime
Other Public Public Safety
Source: Qualcomm
