LTE for UMTS – OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access

Edited by

Harri Holma and Antti Toskala

both of Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

LTE for UMTS – OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access

LTE for UMTS – OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access

Edited by

Harri Holma and Antti Toskala

both of Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

This edition first published 2009© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

LTE for UMTS-OFDMA and SC-FDMA based radio access / edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-99401-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. 2. Wireless communication systems--Standards. 3. Mobile communication systems--Standards. 4. Global system for mobile communications. I. Holma, Harri, 1970- II. Toskala, Antti. TK5103.4883.L78 2009 621.3845’6--dc22

2008052792

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 9780470994016 (H/B)

Set in 10/12 pt Times by Sparks, Oxford – www.sparkspublishing.comPrinted and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, UK

Contents

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

List of Abbreviations xvii

1 Introduction 1Harri Holma and Antti Toskala

1.1 Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth 11.2 Mobile Data Usage Growth 21.3 Wireline Technologies Evolution 31.4 Motivation and Targets for LTE 41.5 Overview of LTE 51.6 3GPP Family of Technologies 71.7 Wireless Spectrum 81.8 New Spectrum Identified by WRC-07 101.9 LTE-Advanced 11

2 LTE Standardization 13Antti Toskala

2.1 Introduction 132.2 Overview of 3GPP Releases and Process 132.3 LTE Targets 142.4 LTE Standardization Phases 162.5 Evolution Beyond Release 8 182.6 LTE-Advanced for IMT-Advanced 192.7 LTE Specifications and 3GPP Structure 21 References 22

3 System Architecture Based on 3GPP SAE 23Atte Länsisalmi and Antti Toskala

3.1 System Architecture Evolution in 3GPP 233.2 Basic System Architecture Configuration with only E-UTRAN Access Network 25

vi Contents

3.2.1 Overview of Basic System Architecture Configuration 253.2.2 Logical Elements in Basic System Architecture Configuration 263.2.3 Self-configuration of S1-MME and X2 interfaces 343.2.4 Interfaces and Protocols in Basic System Architecture Configuration 353.2.5 Roaming in Basic System Architecture Configuration 39

3.3 System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Legacy 3GPP Access Networks 403.3.1 Overview of 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 403.3.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System

Architecture Configuration 423.3.3 Interfaces and Protocols in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture

Configuration 443.3.4 Inter-working with Legacy 3GPP CS Infrastructure 44

3.4 System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP Access Networks 453.4.1 Overview of 3GPP and Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture

Configuration 453.4.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System

Architecture Configuration 473.4.3 Interfaces and Protocols in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture

Configuration 503.4.4 Roaming in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 51

3.5 Inter-working with cdma2000® Access Networks 513.5.1 Architecture for cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 513.5.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements for cdma2000® HRPD Inter-

working 543.5.3 Protocols and Interfaces in cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 553.5.4 Inter-working with cdma2000® 1xRTT 56

3.6 IMS Architecture 563.6.1 Overview 563.6.2 Session Management and Routing 583.6.3 Databases 593.6.4 Services Elements 593.6.5 Inter-working Elements 59

3.7 PCC and QoS 603.7.1 PCC 603.7.2 QoS 63

References 65

4 Introduction to OFDMA and SC-FDMA and to MIMO in LTE 67Antti Toskala and Timo Lunttila

4.1 Introduction 674.2 LTE Multiple Access Background 674.3 OFDMA Basics 704.4 SC-FDMA Basics 764.5 MIMO Basics 804.6 Summary 82 References 82

Contents vii

5 Physical Layer 83Antti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Esa Tiirola, Kari Hooli and Juha Korhonen

5.1 Introduction 835.2 Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels 835.3 Modulation 855.4 Uplink User Data Transmission 865.5 Downlink User Data Transmission 895.6 Uplink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission 93

5.6.1 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) 945.6.2 PUCCH Configuration 975.6.3 Control Signaling on PUSCH 1015.6.4 Uplink Reference Signals 103

5.7 PRACH Structure 1095.7.1 Physical Random Access Channel 1095.7.2 Preamble Sequence 110

5.8 Downlink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission 1125.8.1 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) 1125.8.2 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) 1135.8.3 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) 1155.8.4 Downlink Transmission Modes 1155.8.5 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) 1165.8.6 Synchronization Signal 117

5.9 Physical Layer Procedures 1175.9.1 HARQ Procedure 1185.9.2 Timing Advance 1195.9.3 Power Control 1195.9.4 Paging 1205.9.5 Random Access Procedure 1205.9.6 Channel Feedback Reporting Procedure 1235.9.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Technology 1295.9.8 Cell Search Procedure 1305.9.9 Half Duplex Operation 130

5.10 UE Capability Classes and Supported Features 1315.11 Physical Layer Measurements 132

5.11.1 eNodeB Measurements 1325.11.2 UE Measurements and Measurement Procedure 133

5.12 Physical Layer Parameter Configuration 1335.13 Summary 134 References 135

6 LTE Radio Protocols 137Antti Toskala and Woonhee Hwang

6.1 Introduction 1376.2 Protocol Architecture 1376.3 Medium Access Control 139

6.3.1 Logical Channels 1406.3.2 Data Flow in MAC Layer 142

viii Contents

6.4 Radio Link Control Layer 1436.4.1 RLC Modes of Operation 1446.4.2 Data Flow in RLC Layer 145

6.5 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 1456.6 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 146

6.6.1 UE States and State Transitions Including Inter-RAT 1476.6.2 RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures 148

6.7 X2 Interface Protocols 1586.7.1 Handover on X2 Interface 1596.7.2 Load Management 160

6.8 Early UE Handling in LTE 1626.9 Summary 162 References 163

7 Mobility 165Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Jarkko Koskela and Jussi Reunanen

7.1 Introduction 1657.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 166

7.2.1 Overview of Idle Mode Mobility 1667.2.2 Cell Selection and Reselection Process 1677.2.3 Tracking Area Optimization 169

7.3 Intra-LTE Handovers 1707.3.1 Procedure 1707.3.2 Signaling 1717.3.3 Handover Measurements 1747.3.4 Automatic Neighbor Relations 1747.3.5 Handover Frequency 1757.3.6 Handover Delay 177

7.4 Inter-system Handovers 1777.5 Differences in E-UTRAN and UTRAN Mobility 1787.6 Summary 179 References 180

8 Radio Resource Management 181Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Daniela Laselva, Klaus Pedersen, Claudio Rosa and Ingo Viering

8.1 Introduction 1818.2 Overview of RRM Algorithms 1818.3 Admission Control and QoS Parameters 1828.4 Downlink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation 184

8.4.1 Layer 2 Scheduling and Link Adaptation Framework 1848.4.2 Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling 1858.4.3 Combined Time and Frequency Domain Scheduling Algorithms 1878.4.4 Packet Scheduling with MIMO 1888.4.5 Downlink Packet Scheduling Illustrations 189

8.5 Uplink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation 1928.5.1 Signaling to Support Uplink Link Adaptation and Packet Scheduling 196

Contents ix

8.5.2 Uplink Link Adaptation 1998.5.3 Uplink Packet Scheduling 200

8.6 Interference Management and Power Settings 2048.6.1 Downlink Transmit Power Settings 2058.6.2 Uplink Interference Coordination 206

8.7 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 2078.8 RRC Connection Maintenance 2098.9 Summary 209 References 210

9 Performance 213Harri Holma, Pasi Kinnunen, István Z. Kovács, Kari Pajukoski, Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen

9.1 Introduction 2139.2 Layer 1 Peak Bit Rates 2139.3 Terminal Categories 2169.4 Link Level Performance 217

9.4.1 Downlink Link Performance 2179.4.2 Uplink Link Performance 219

9.5 Link Budgets 2229.6 Spectral Efficiency 224

9.6.1 System Deployment Scenarios 2249.6.2 Downlink System Performance 2289.6.3 Uplink System Performance 2319.6.4 Multi-antenna MIMO Evolution Beyond 2 × 2 2349.6.5 Higher Order Sectorization (Six Sectors) 2389.6.6 Spectral Efficiency as a Function of LTE Bandwidth 2409.6.7 Spectral Efficiency Evaluation in 3GPP 2429.6.8 Benchmarking LTE to HSPA 243

9.7 Latency 2449.7.1 User Plane Latency 244

9.8 LTE Refarming to GSM Spectrum 2469.9 Dimensioning 2479.10 Capacity Management Examples from HSPA Networks 249

9.10.1 Data Volume Analysis 2509.10.2 Cell Performance Analysis 252

9.11 Summary 256 References 257

10 Voice over IP (VoIP) 259Harri Holma, Juha Kallio, Markku Kuusela, Petteri Lundén, Esa Malkamäki, Jussi Ojala and Haiming Wang

10.1 Introduction 25910.2 VoIP Codecs 25910.3 VoIP Requirements 26110.4 Delay Budget 26210.5 Scheduling and Control Channels 263

x Contents

10.6 LTE Voice Capacity 26510.7 Voice Capacity Evolution 27110.8 Uplink Coverage 27310.9 Circuit Switched Fallback for LTE 27510.10 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) 27710.11 Summary 280 References 281

11 Performance Requirements 283Andrea Ancora, Iwajlo Angelow, Dominique Brunel, Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Peter Muszynski, Earl McCune and Laurent Noël

11.1 Introduction 28311.2 Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements 283

11.2.1 Frequency Bands 28311.2.2 Channel Bandwidth 28511.2.3 Channel Arrangements 287

11.3 eNodeB RF Transmitter 28811.3.1 Operating Band Unwanted Emissions 28811.3.2 Coexistence with Other Systems on Adjacent Carriers Within the Same

Operating Band 29011.3.3 Coexistence with Other Systems in Adjacent Operating Bands 29211.3.4 Transmitted Signal Quality 295

11.4 eNodeB RF Receiver 30011.4.1 Reference Sensitivity Level 30011.4.2 Dynamic Range 30111.4.3 In-channel Selectivity 30111.4.4 Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) and Narrow-band Blocking 30311.4.5 Blocking 30411.4.6 Receiver Spurious Emissions 30611.4.7 Receiver Intermodulation 306

11.5 eNodeB Demodulation Performance 30711.5.1 PUSCH 30711.5.2 PUCCH 30911.5.3 PRACH 310

11.6 UE Design Principles and Challenges 31111.6.1 Introduction 31111.6.2 RF Subsystem Design Challenges 31111.6.3 RF–Baseband Interface Design Challenges 31811.6.4 LTE vs HSDPA Baseband Design Complexity 324

11.7 UE RF Transmitter 32711.7.1 LTE UE Transmitter Requirement 32711.7.2 LTE Transmit Modulation Accuracy, EVM 32811.7.3 Desensitization for Band and Bandwidth Combinations (Desense) 32911.7.4 Transmitter Architecture 329

11.8 UE RF Receiver Requirements 33111.8.1 Reference Sensitivity Level 33111.8.2 Introduction to UE Self-desensitization Contributors in FDD UEs 336

Contents xi

11.8.3 ACS, Narrowband Blockers and ADC Design Challenges 34111.8.4 EVM Contributors: A Comparison Between LTE and WCDMA

Receivers 34811.9 UE Demodulation Performance 352

11.9.1 Transmission Modes 35211.9.2 Channel Modeling and Estimation 35411.9.3 Demodulation Performance 356

11.10 Requirements for Radio Resource Management 35811.10.1 Idle State Mobility 36011.10.2 Connected State Mobility when DRX is Not Active 36011.10.3 Connected State Mobility when DRX is Active 36211.10.4 Handover Execution Performance Requirements 363

11.11 Summary 364 References 364

12 LTE TDD Mode 367Che Xiangguang, Troels Kolding, Peter Skov, Wang Haiming and Antti Toskala

12.1 Introduction 36712.2 LTE TDD Fundamentals 368

12.2.1 LTE TDD Frame Structure 36912.2.2 Asymmetric Uplink/Downlink Capacity Allocation 37112.2.3 Co-existence with TD-SCDMA 37112.2.4 Channel Reciprocity 37212.2.5 Multiple Access Schemes 373

12.3 TDD Control Design 37412.3.1 Common Control Channels 37412.3.2 Sounding Reference Signal 37612.3.3 HARQ Process and Timing 37612.3.4 HARQ Design for UL TTI Bundling 37912.3.5 UL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission 38012.3.6 DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission 38012.3.7 DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission with SRI and/or CQI over

PUCCH 38112.4 Semi-persistent Scheduling 38112.5 MIMO and Dedicated Reference Signals 38312.6 LTE TDD Performance 385

12.6.1 Link Performance 38612.6.2 Link Budget and Coverage for TDD System 38612.6.3 System Level Performance 38912.6.4 Evolution of LTE TDD 396

12.7 Summary 396 References 397

13 HSPA Evolution 399Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala

13.1 Introduction 39913.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 400

xii Contents

13.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA 40113.4 Enhanced FACH and RACH 40413.5 Downlink MIMO and 64QAM 40513.6 Dual Carrier HSDPA 40713.7 Uplink 16QAM 40913.8 Layer 2 Optimization 41013.9 Single Frequency Network (SFN) MBMS 41113.10 Architecture Evolution 41213.11 Summary 414 References 415

Index 417

The number of mobile subscribers has increased tremendously in recent years. Voice com-munication has become mobile in a massive way and the mobile is the preferred way for voice communication. At the same time the data usage has grown fast in those networks where 3GPP High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) was introduced indicating that the users find value in broadband wireless data. The average data consumption exceeds hundreds of Megabytes per subscriber per month. The end users expect data performance similar to the fixed lines. The operators request high data capacity with low cost of data delivery. 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is designed to meet those targets. This book presents 3GPP LTE standard in Release 8 and describes its expected performance.

The book is structured as follows. Chapter 1 presents an introduction. The standardization background and process is described in Chapter 2. The system architecture evolution (SAE) is presented in Chapter 3, and the basics of air interface modulation choices in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 describes 3GPP LTE physical layer solutions, and Chapter 6 protocol solutions. The mobility

Preface

Figure 0.1 Contents of the book

Chapter 2 –standardization

Chapter 3 – system architecture evolution (SAE)

Chapter 4 – introduction to OFDMA and SC-FDMA

Chapter 5 –physical layer

Chapter 6 –protocols Chapter 7 –

mobilityChapter 8 – radio resourcemanagement

Chapter 10 –voice over IP

Mbps, dB

Chapter 9 –performance

Chapter 11 –performance requirements

Chapter 13 – HSPA evolution

Chapter 12 – LTE TDD

Chapter 1 –introduction

xiv

aspects are addressed in Chapter 7, and the radio resource management in Chapter 8. The radio and end-to-end performance is illustrated in Chapter 9. The voice performance is presented in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 explains the 3GPP performance requirements. Chapter 12 presents the main LTE Time Division Duplex (TDD). Chapter 13 describes HSPA evolution in 3GPP Releases 7 and 8.

LTE can access a very large global market – not only GSM/UMTS operators, but also CDMA operators and potentially also fixed network service providers. The potential market can attract a large number of companies to the market place pushing the economies of scale which enable wide scale LTE adoption with lower cost. This book is particularly designed for chip set and mobile vendors, network vendors, network operators, application developers, technology managers and regulators who would like to get a deeper understanding of LTE technology and its capabilities.

Acknowledgements

The editors would like to acknowledge the hard work of the contributors from Nokia Siemens Networks, Nokia, ST-Ericsson and Nomor Research: Andrea Ancora, Iwajlo Angelow, Dominique Brunel, Chris Callender, Kari Hooli, Woonhee Hwang, Juha Kallio, Matti Kiiski, Pasi Kinnunen, Troels Kolding, Juha Korhonen, Jarkko Koskela, Istvan Kovacs, Markku Kuusela, Daniela Laselva, Earl McCune, Peter Muszynski, Petteri Lunden, Timo Lunttila, Atte Länsisalmi, Esa Malkamäki, Laurent Noel, Jussi Ojala, Kari Pajukoski, Klaus Pedersen, Karri Ranta-aho, Jussi Reunanen, Haiming Wang, Peter Skov, Esa Tiirola, Ingo Viering, Haiming Wang and Che Xiangguang.

We also would like to thank the following colleagues for their valuable comments: Asbjörn Grovlen, Jorma Kaikkonen, Michael Koonert, Peter Merz, Preben Mogensen, Sari Nielsen, Gunnar Nitsche, Miikka Poikselkä, Sabine Rössel, Benoist Sebire, Issam Toufik and Helen Waite.

The editors appreciate the fast and smooth editing process provided by Wiley and especially Sarah Tilley, Mark Hammond, Katharine Unwin, Brett Wells, Tom Fryer and Mitch Fitton.

We are grateful to our families, as well as the families of all the authors, for their patience during the late night and weekend editing sessions.

The editors and authors welcome any comments and suggestions for improvements or changes that could be implemented in forthcoming editions of this book. The feedback is welcome to editors’ email addresses harri.holma@nsn.com and antti.toskala@nsn.com.

List of Abbreviations

3GPP Third Generation Partnership ProjectAAA Authentication, Authorization and AccountingACF Analog Channel FilterACIR Adjacent Channel Interference RejectionACK AcknowledgementACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage RatioACS Adjacent Channel SelectivityADC Analog-to Digital ConversionADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber LineAKA Authentication and Key AgreementAM Acknowledged ModeAMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit RateAMD Acknowledged Mode DataAMR Adaptive Multi-RateAMR-NB Adaptive Multi-Rate NarrowbandAMR-WB Adaptive Multi-Rate WidebandARP Allocation Retention PriorityASN Abstract Syntax NotationASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation OneATM Adaptive Transmission BandwidthAWGN Additive White Gaussian NoiseAWGN Additive White Gaussian NoiseBB BasebandBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBE Best EffortBEM Block Edge MaskBICC Bearer Independent Call Control ProtocolBiCMOS Bipolar CMOSBLER Block Error RateBO BackoffBOM Bill of MaterialBPF Band Pass FilterBPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

xviii List of Abbreviations

BS Base StationBSC Base Station ControllerBSR Buffer Status ReportBT BluetoothBTS Base StationBW BandwidthCAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Autocorrelation CodesCBR Constant Bit RateCCE Control Channel ElementCCCH Common Control ChannelCDD Cyclic Delay DiversityCDF Cumulative Density FunctionCDM Code Division MultiplexingCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCIR Carrier to Interference Ratio CLM Closed Loop ModeCM Cubic MetricCMOS Complementary Metal Oxide SemiconductorCoMP Coordinated Multiple PointCP Cyclic PrefixCPE Common Phase ErrorCPICH Common Pilot ChannelCQI Channel Quality InformationCRC Cyclic Redundancy Check C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary IdentifierCS Circuit SwitchedCSCF Call Session Control FunctionCSFB Circuit Switched FallbackCSI Channel State InformationCT Core and TerminalsCTL ControlCW Continuous WaveDAC Digital to Analog ConversionDARP Downlink Advanced Receiver PerformanceD-BCH Dynamic Broadcast ChannelDC Direct CurrentDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCH Dedicated ChannelDC-HSDPA Dual Cell (Dual Carrier) HSDPADCI Downlink Control InformationDCR Direct Conversion ReceiverDCXO Digitally-Compensated Crystal OscillatorDD Duplex DistanceDFCA Dynamic Frequency and Channel AllocationDFT Discrete Fourier TransformDG Duplex GapDL Downlink

List of Abbreviations xix

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDR Dynamic RangeDRX Discontinuous ReceptionDSP Digital Signal ProcessingDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChannelDTM Dual Transfer ModeDTX Discontinuous TransmissionDVB-H Digital Video Broadcast – HandheldDwPTS Downlink Pilot Time SlotE-DCH Enhanced DCHEDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM EvolutionEFL Effective Frequency LoadEFR Enhanced Full RateEGPRS Enhanced GPRSE-HRDP Evolved HRPD (High Rate Packet Data) network EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated PowerEMI Electromagnetic InterferenceEPA Extended Pedestrian AEPC Evolved Packet CoreEPDG Evolved Packet Data GatewayETU Extended Typical UrbanE-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessEVA Extended Vehicular AEVDO Evolution Data OnlyEVM Error Vector MagnitudeEVS Error Vector SpectrumFACH Forward Access ChannelFCC Federal Communications CommissionFD Frequency DomainFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDE Frequency Domain EqualizerFDM Frequency Division MultiplexingFDPS Frequency Domain Packet SchedulingFE Front EndFFT Fast Fourier TransformFM Frequency ModulatedFNS Frequency Non-SelectiveFR Full RateFRC Fixed Reference ChannelFS Frequency SelectiveGB GigabyteGBF Guaranteed Bit RateGDD Group Delay DistortionGERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access NetworkGF G-FactorGGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

xx List of Abbreviations

GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift KeyingGP Guard PeriodGPON Gigabit Passive Optical NetworkGPRS General packet radio serviceGPS Global Positioning SystemGRE Generic Routing EncapsulationGSM Global System for Mobile CommunicationsGTP GPRS Tunneling ProtocolGTP-C GPRS Tunneling Protocol, Control PlaneGUTI Globally Unique Temporary IdentityGW GatewayHARQ Hybrid Adaptive Repeat and RequestHB High BandHD-FDD Half Duplex Frequency Division DuplexHFN Hyper Frame NumberHII High Interference IndicatorHO HandoverHPBW Half Power Beam WidthHPF High Pass FilterHPSK Hybrid Phase Shift KeyingHRPD High Rate Packet DataHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared ChannelHSGW HRPD Serving GatewayHSPA High Speed Packet AccessHS-PDSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared ChannelHSS Home Subscriber ServerHS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control ChannelHSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessIC Integrated CircuitIC Interference CancellationICI Inter-carrier InterferenceICIC Inter-cell Interference ControlICS IMS Centralized ServiceID IdentityIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIL Insertion LossiLBC Internet Lob Bit Rate CodecIM Implementation MarginIMD IntermodulationIMS IP Multimedia SubsystemIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsIoT Interference over ThermalIOT Inter-Operability TestingIP Internet ProtocolIR Image Rejection

List of Abbreviations xxi

IRC Interference Rejection CombiningISD Inter-site DistanceISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkISI Inter-system InterferenceISTO Industry Standards and Technology OrganizationISUP ISDN User PartIWF Interworking FuntionLAI Location Area IdentityLMA Local Mobility AnchorLB Low BandLCID Logical Channel IdentificationLCS Location ServicesLMMSE Linear Mininum Mean Square ErrorLNA Low Noise AmplifierLO Local OscillatorLOS Line of SightLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMAP Maximum a PosterioriMAP Mobile Application PartMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast SystemMBR Maximum Bit RateMCH Multicast ChannelMCL Minimum Coupling LossMCS Modulation and Coding SchemeMGW Media GatewayMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMIP Mobile IPMIPI Mobile Industry Processor InterfaceMIPS Million Instructions Per SecondMM Mobility ManagementMME Mobility Management EntityMMSE Minimum Mean Square ErrorMPR Maximum Power ReductionMRC Maximal Ratio CombiningMSC Mobile Switching CenterMSC-S Mobile Switching Center ServerMSD Maximum Sensitivity DegradationMU MultiuserNACC Network Assisted Cell ChangeNACK Negative AcknowledgementNAS Non-access StratumNAT Network Address TableNB NarrowbandNF Noise FigureNMO Network Mode of Operation

xxii List of Abbreviations

NRT Non-real TimeOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessOI Overload IndicatorOLLA Outer Loop Link AdaptationOOB Out of BandOOBN Out-of-Band NoiseO&M Operation and MaintenancePA Power AmplifierPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPAR Peak-to-Average RatioPBR Prioritized Bit RatePC Personal ComputerPC Power ControlPCC Policy and Charging ControlPCCC Parallel Concatenated Convolution CodingPCCPCH Primary Common Control Physical ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell IdentityPCM Pulse Code ModulationPCRF Policy and Charging Resource FunctionPCS Personal Communication ServicesPDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDF Probability Density FunctionPDN Packet Data NetworkPDU Payload Data UnitPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPF Proportional FairP-GW Packet Data Network GatewayPHICH Physical HARQ Indicator ChannelPHR Power Headroom ReportPHS Personal Handyphone SystemPHY Physical LayerPLL Phase Locked LoopPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPMI Precoding Matrix IndexPMIP Proxy Mobile IPPN Phase NoisePRACH Physical Random Access ChannelPRB Physical Resource BlockPS Packet SwitchedPSD Power Spectral DensityPSS Primary Synchronization SignalPUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

List of Abbreviations xxiii

QAM Quadrature Amplitude ModulationQCI QoS Class IdentifierQD Quasi DynamicQN Quantization NoiseQoS Quality of ServiceQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAD Required Activity DetectionRAN Radio Access NetworkRAR Random Access ResponseRAT Radio Access Technology RB Resource BlockRBG Radio Bearer GroupRF Radio FrequencyRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTP Relative Narrowband Transmit PowerROHC Robust Header CompressionRR Round RobinRRC Radio Resource ControlRRM Radio Resource ManagementRS Reference SignalRSCP Received Symbol Code PowerRSRP Reference Symbol Received PowerRSRQ Reference Symbol Received QualityRSSI Received Signal Strength IndicatorRT Real TimeRTT Round Trip TimeRV Redundancy VersionSA Services and System AspectsSAE System Architecture EvolutionSAIC Single Antenna Interference CancellationS-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical ChannelSC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSCH Synchronization ChannelSCM Spatial Channel ModelSCTP Stream Control Transmission ProtocolSDQNR Signal to Distortion Quantization Noise RatioSDU Service Data UnitSE Spectral EfficiencySEM Spectrum Emission MaskSF Spreading Factor SFBC Space Frequency Block CodingSFN System Frame NumberSGSN Serving GPRS Support NodeS-GW Serving Gateway

xxiv List of Abbreviations

SIB System Information BlockSID Silence Indicator FrameSIM Subscriber Identity ModuleSIMO Single Input Multiple OutputSINR Signal to Interference and Noise RatioSMS Short Message ServiceSNR Signal to Noise RatioSON Self Optimized NetworksSON Self Organizing NetworksSR Scheduling RequestS-RACH Short Random Access ChannelSRB Signaling Radio BearerS-RNC Serving RNCSRS Sounding Reference SignalsSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalSR-VCC Single Radio Voice Call ContinuityS-TMSI S-Temporary Mobile Subscriber IdentitySU-MIMO Single User Multiple Input Multiple OutputS1AP S1 Application ProtocolTA Tracking AreaTBS Transport Block SizeTD Time DomainTDD Time Division DuplexTD-LTE Time Division Long Term EvolutionTD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple AccessTM Transparent ModeTPC Transmit Power ControlTRX TransceiverTSG Technical Specification GroupTTI Transmission Time Interval TU Typical UrbanUDP Unit Data ProtocolUE User EquipmentUHF Ultra High FrequencyUICC Universal Integrated Circuit CardUL UplinkUL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUM Unacknowledged ModeUMD Unacknowledged Mode DataUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUpPTS Uplink Pilot Time SlotUSB Universal Serial BusUSIM Universal Subscriber Identity ModuleUSSD Unstructured Supplementary Service DataUTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessUTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkVCC Voice Call Continuity

List of Abbreviations xxv

VCO Voltage Controlled OscillatorVDSL Very High Data Rate Subscriber LineVLR Visitor Location RegisterV-MIMO Virtual MIMOVoIP Voice over IPWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple AccessWG Working GroupWLAN Wireless Local Area NetworkWRC World Radio ConferenceX1AP X1 Application ProtocolZF Zero Forcing

1IntroductionHarri Holma and Antti Toskala

1.1 Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth

The number of mobile subscribers has increased tremendously during the last decade: the first billion landmark was exceeded in 2002, the second billion in 2005, the third billion in 2007 and the fourth billion by the end of 2008. More than 1 million new subscribers per day have been added globally, that is more than ten subscribers on average every second. This growth is illustrated in Figure 1.1. Mobile phone penetration worldwide is approaching

LTE for UMTS – OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access. Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Figure 1.1 Growth of mobile subscribers

60%1. Voice communication has become mobile in a massive way. The mobile is the preferred method for voice communication, with mobile networks covering over 90% of the world’s population. This voice growth has been fuelled by low cost mobile phones and efficient network coverage and capacity, which is enabled by standardized solutions and by an open ecosystem leading to the economies of scale. Mobile voice is not the privilege of the rich but also brings value for users on low incomes – because of the benefits of being connected, low income users spend a larger part of their income on mobile communications.

1.2 Mobile Data Usage Growth

The second generation mobile networks – like Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) – were originally designed for carrying voice traffic while the data capability was added later. Data usage has increased but the traffic volume in second generation networks is clearly domi-nated by voice traffic. The introduction of third generation networks with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) has boosted data usage considerably. Example operator statistics for 12 months are shown in Figure 1.2 where the HSDPA downlink data volumes are several terabytes per day, which correspond to beyond 1 Gbps busy hour network level throughput. Such fast data growth shows that the end users find value in the wireless broadband access.

Data traffic volume has in many cases already exceeded voice traffic volume when voice traffic is converted into terabytes by assuming a voice data rate of 12 kbps. A typical case is illustrated in Figure 1.3. HSDPA data growth is advanced by high speed radio capability, flat rate pricing schemes and simple device installation. In short, the introduction of HSDPA has changed mobile networks from voice dominated to packet data dominated networks.

Data usage is advanced by a number of bandwidth hungry laptop applications including inter-net and intranet access, file sharing, streaming services to distribute video content and mobile

1 The actual user penetration can be different since some users have multiple subscriptions and some subscriptions are shared by multiple users.

2 TB/day

4 TB/day

6 TB/day

8 TB/day

Figure 1.2 Growth of HSDPA data traffic

2 LTE for UMTS – OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access