LTE-A Cellular Networks

Abid Yahya

LTE-A Cellular Networks

Multi-hop Relay for Coverage, Capacityand Performance Enhancement

With contributions from

Jaafar A. Aldhaibani

R. Badlishah Ahmad

Joseph M. Chuma

Abid YahyaBIUSTBotswana International University of Science & TechnologyPalapye, Botswana

ISBN 978-3-319-43303-5 ISBN 978-3-319-43304-2 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43304-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016949555

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar ordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer International Publishing AG SwitzerlandThe registered company address is Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Dedicated to my family for their love,support, and sacrifice along the path of myacademic pursuits

Abid Yahya

Dedicated to those exemplary personalitieswho strive for the betterment of mankindwithout personal gain

Jaafar A. Aldhaibani

Preface

Multi-hop relay is considered as one of the main keys for Long Term Evaluation—

Advanced (LTE-A) to meet the growing demand for coverage extension and

capacity enhancement. However, these benefits of multi-hop depend on the location

of Relay Node (RN) which mitigates interference among the cells.

This book consists of five chapters and is organized as follows:

Chapter 1 gives an overview, clarifying the issues and motivating aspect of the

research, together with the objectives, and overall book layout.

Chapter 2 provides a literature survey for various methods of relay deployment,

and updates the state of current developments and solutions in the field of relay

techniques, while evaluating the developments and solutions and critique of each

method.

Chapter 3 gives a detailed explanation of three mathematical modeling tech-

niques called Optimum RN Deployment (ORND), Enhance Relay Link Capacity

(ERLC), and Balance Power Algorithm (BPA) within LTE-A cellular networks.

ORND involves the mathematical derivation of the optimum RN location, an

allocation of transmitted power for each RN, the optimum number of RNs within

cell, the handover process, and the frequency reuse scheme. ERLC focuses on

performance analysis by employing two antenna types in the RN to enhance relay

link capacity. At the end of this chapter, the BPA is illustrated to minimize the

transmission power consumption for MR.

Chapter 4 details the results from mathematical formulations and compares it

with the simulation results in terms of spectral efficiency, coverage area, through-

put, and transmission power consumptions for the MR using BPA.

Chapter 5 presents optimum location for relay node in LTE-A. This chapter

concludes the originality and innovations with a summary of the results.

Palapye, Botswana Abid Yahya

Jaafar A. Aldhaibani

R. Badlishah Ahmad

Joseph M. Chuma

vii

Acknowledgments

Thank you to the following individuals without whose contributions and support

this book would not have been written:

Authors would like to express their special gratitude and thanks to Botswana

International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Universiti Malaysia

Perlis (UniMAP), Regent University College of Science and Technology (RUCT)

Ghana, and University College of Science and Technology (RUCST) for giving us

such attention, time, and opportunity to publish this book.

Authors would also like to take this opportunity to express their gratitude to all

those people who have provided us with invaluable help in the writing and

publication of this book.

ix

Contents

1 Introduction to LTE Cellular Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Opportunities, Challenges, and Terms Related to LTE-A

Cellular Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.3 Cooperative Relaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3.1 Ad hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.3.2 Multihop Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.3.3 Advantages of Multihop Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.3.4 Drawbacks of Multihop Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.4 Concept of Relay Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.4.1 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.4.2 Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.5 Relays Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.5.1 Amplify-and-Forward (AF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.5.2 Decode-and-Forward (DF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.6 Relay Node (RN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.7 RN Enhance Cellular Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.8 RN Mode Operation in LTE-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.8.1 Transparent Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.8.2 Nontransparent Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.9 RN Planning in Cellular Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.9.1 RN Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.9.2 Relay Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.10 Moving Relay (MR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

xi

3 Capacity and Coverage Analysis for Multi-Hop Relay

in LTE-A Cellular Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.2 Channel Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

3.3 Network Capacity Without RN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3.4 Handover Process Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.5 Network Capacity with RN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.6 Optimum RN Location (DRN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

3.7 Optimum Number of Relays (Nrelays) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3.8 Pseudo-Codes of RN Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.9 Frequency Reuse for Multi-Hop Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3.10 Enhance Relay Link Capacity (ERLC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3.10.1 Handover Measurement for DA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.10.2 Proposed Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

3.11 System Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3.12 Balance Transmission Power for MR in LTE-A

Cellular Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.12.1 Performance Analysis of Multiusers Network . . . . . . 65

3.12.2 Balance Power Algorithm (BPA) for MR . . . . . . . . . 71

3.13 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4 Performance Enhancement of Coverage Area and Capacity

for 3GPP-LTE-A Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4.1 Mitigating Interference Between RNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4.2 Relay Link Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

4.2.1 Performance Analysis of Handover Process . . . . . . . . 84

4.2.2 Performance Enhancement for Relay Link . . . . . . . . . 85

4.2.3 Performance Analysis of Balance Transmission

Power for MR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4.3 UL and DL Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

4.3.1 Performance Analysis of BPA at MR . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

5 Optimum Location for Relay Node in LTE-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

5.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

xii Contents

Appendix-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Appendix-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Appendix-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Appendix-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Contents xiii

Abbreviations

1G First Generation

2G Second Generation

3G Third Generation

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

3GPP-LTE Third Generation Partnership Project-Long Term Evaluation

4G Fourth Generation

16-QAM 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

AF Amplify and Foreword

AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Systems

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BPA Balance Power Algorithm

BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying

BS Base Station

CA Carrier Aggregation

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point transmission and reception

CQI Channel Quality Indicator

DA Directional Antenna

DAS Distributed Antenna System

DF Decode and Foreword

DL Downlink

eNB Evolved Node B

ERLC Enhance Relay Link Capacity

EPs Extension Points

EVM Error Vector Magnitude

FD Full-Duplex

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

HD Half-Duplex

ICI Inter-cell Interference

xv

IMT-A International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced

IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications-2000

IP Internet Protocol

ITU International Telecommunication Union

LOS Line-of-Sight

LTE Long Term Evaluation

LTE-A Long Term Evaluation—Advanced

MANETs Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

MR Moving Relay

NLOS Non-Line-of-Sight

OA Omni-directional Antenna

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA-TDD Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access-Time Division

Duplexing

ORND Optimum Relay Node Deployment

QoS Quality of Service

QPSK Quadrature-Phase-Shift Keying

RN Relay Node

RSS Received Signal Strength

SER Sample Error Rate

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

SINR Signal to Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

UE User Equipment

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UL Uplink

VPL Vehicle Penetration Loss

WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

xvi Abbreviations

List of Symbols

BWeff Adjustment for bandwidth efficiency

BWϕaz Beam width pattern at azimuth angle

BWθel Beam width pattern at elevation angle

Cmax Upper limit spectral efficiency for BS

CRmax Upper limit spectral efficiency for RN

CRN,2 Upper limit spectral efficiency for RN at Location 2

CRN,3 Upper limit spectral efficiency for RN at Location 3

Csim Spectral efficiency for BS through simulator

Ci Estimated spectral efficiency for BS

d Distance between BS and UE

dnr Distance between neighboring RNs

dnr,j Distance between RNs in neighboring cell

dA Distance between BS and MR above vehicle

dc,q Distance between BS and UE inside vehicle

di,k Distances between UE and BSjDRN Location of RN from BS

Di,k Distances between UE to BSiE [.] Expectation function

Gt Antenna gains for transmitter

Gre Antenna gain of receiver

Gtr Antenna gain of transmitter

Gd Gain of DA for RN

Gue Antenna gain for UE

GBS Antenna gain for BS

Gr Antenna gains for receiver

Hi,k Fading channel gain form donor to user

Hj,k Fading channel gain from neighboring cell to user

Hi,xs Fading channel gain form donor BS to user at Xs location

Hi,2 Fading channel gain form donor BS to user at location 2

Hi,3 Fading channel gain form donor BS to user at location 3

xvii

Hi,xo Fading channel gain form donor BS to user at Xo location

HRN,xo Fading channel gain form RN to user at Xo location

Hj,xs Fading channel gain from neighboring cell to user at Xs location

HA Fading channel at relay link

HB Fading channel at access link

HC Fading channel at direct link

Hk,q Matrix fading channel between kth-RN and qth-userLr RN characteristics

Lre Feeder losses at receiver

Lt Feeder losses at transmitter

Lprop Propagation loss

Lfsd Free space distance loss

Ld Diffraction loss

Lsp Sub-path loss

Lgas Attenuation caused by atmospheric gas

Lrain Attenuation caused by hydrometeor scatter

Lclut Clutter attenuation

Nk Background noise at user

NXo Background noise for user at Xo

Nxs Background noise for user at Xs

N2 Background noise at user in location 2

N3 Background noise at user in location 3

Nrelays Optimum number of relay

Ncell Number of neighboring cell

Pi Transmitted power from BS

PUE Transmitted power from UE

PRN Transmitted power from RN

Prj Received power to UE from neighboring BS

Pj Transmitted power from neighboring BS

Po,RL Outage probability of relay link

Po,MH Outage probability of multi-hop link

Po,access Outage probability of access link

ρRN,Xo SINR for user at Xo via RN

ρi,k SINR at k-user via BSiρi SINR for each user in the cell

ρideal Ideal SINR for user at Xs location

ρmax Maximum limitation on received SINR by using EVM

ρi,xs SINR from BS to user at Xs location

ρRN,2 SINR from RN to user at Location 2

ρRN,3 SINR from RN to user at location 3

ρUE,q Downlink SNR at user via direct and relay links

ρBS Uplink SNR at BS via direct and relay links

ρgmUE;q SNR at UE inside vehicle (Group Mobility) via MR

ρDirectUE;qSNR at UE inside vehicle (group mobility) via direct link

xviii List of Symbols

ρmax Maximum required of SNR at UE inside vehicle

ρth Threshold of SNR at UE inside vehicle

ρeff Adjustment for SINR spectral efficiency

pt Transmitted power from source

pr Received power from destination

prmulti-hop Received power via multi-hop link

prtraditional Received power via traditional link

RgmUE;q Bit Rate at UE inside vehicle (Group Mobility) via MR

RUE,q Downlink bit rate at user via direct and relay links

R Cell radius

SINRsim SINR through simulator

TMR Time of approaching of vehicle

VMR Velocity of vehicle

Xi,k Received signal from BS for user

Xj,k Received signal from neighboring BS for user

Xi,xs Received signal from BS for user at Xs location

Xi,2 Received signal from BS for user at location 2

Xi,3 Received signal from BS for user at location 3

XRN,2 Received signal from RN for user at location 2

XRN,3 Received signal from RN for user at location 3

Xj,xs Received signal from neighboring BS at user at location X3

XRN[t2] Transmitted signal form RN at Second time slot [t2]Xs Distance of estimated saturation capacity

Xs2 Distance of estimated saturation capacity for RN at location 2

Xs3 Distance of estimated saturation capacity for RN at location 3

Yi,k Received signal for k-user from BSiYRN,Xo Received signal for user from RN at Xo location

YRN,2 Received signal for user from RN at location 2

YRN,3 Received signal for user from RN at location 3

YRL Received signal for user via relay link

YAL Received signal for user via access link

yUE,q[t1] Received signal for user at first time slot [t1]yUE,q[t2] Uplink received signal by UEq at second time slot [t2]yRN[t1] Received signal for RN at first time slot [t1]yBS[t2] Downlink received signal by BS at second time slot [t2]yBS[t2] Downlink received signal by BS at second time slot [t2] after

cancelation of the self-interface

yUEq[t2] Uplink received signal by UEq second time slot [t2] after cancelation ofthe self-interface

γth Certain threshold of SINR

γRL SINR at the relay link

γaccess SINR at the access link

α Path loss exponent

λ Wavelength of the carrier frequency

List of Symbols xix

θel Elevation angle for antenna

θaz Azimuth angle for antenna

Xo Handover distance from BS

σo Variance

Ψ Amplification factor for AF relay

xx List of Symbols

About the Authors

Prof.Abid Yahya is an esteemed scientist who gradu-

ated with a B.Sc. degree from the University of Engi-

neering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan, in

Electrical and Electronic Engineering, majoring in tele-

communication. Prof. Yahya began his career on a path

that is rare among other research executives and earned

his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree in Wireless and Mobile

systems in 2007 and 2010, respectively, from the

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. He has over

100 research publications to his credit in various books, research journals

of repute, and conference proceedings. Prof. Abid Yahya has supervised a number

of Ph.D. candidates.

Dr. Jaafar A. Aldhaibani earned his B.Sc. degree in

Electrical and Electronic Engineering, major in Tele-

communications, from the University of Technology,

Baghdad, Iraq and earned his PhD and M.Sc. degree in

Wireless Communications from UniMap and the Univer-

sity of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq respectively. Dr.

Jaafar worked with the Motorola Company (AIEE) and

ATDI Company for RF planning communication sites.

Currently he is a head of the Networks Communication

Research Department in Ministry of Higher Education

and Scientific Research, Iraq.

xxi

Prof. R. Badlishah Ahmad obtained his B.E. in

Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Glasgow

University in 1994. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in

1995 and 2000, respectively, from the University of

Strathclyde, UK. His research interests are computer

and telecommunication network modeling using discrete

event simulators, optical networking, and coding and

embedded system based on GNU/Linux for vision. He

has five years’ teaching experience in Universiti Sains

Malaysia. Since 2004 he has been working with

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) as the Dean at the

School of Computer and Communication Engineering.

Prof. Joseph M. Chuma received a B.E. in Electrical

and Electronic Engineering from the University of

Nottingham, UK, in 1992; an M.Sc. in Telecommunica-

tions and Information Systems; and a Ph.D. in Electronic

Systems Engineering from the University of Essex, UK,

in 1995 and 2001, respectively. His main areas of

research are the design of compact single and dual-

mode dielectric resonator filters for mobile communica-

tions. Prof Chuma has served as the Dean of the Faculty

of Engineering and Technology at the University of

Botswana. He is also serving as a Board Member of a

parastatal organization in Botswana.

xxii About the Authors