LTDH HOA HOC 12 HUU CO

8/3/2019 LTDH HOA HOC 12 HUU CO

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AOTRANGTB.COM - Ti liu LTH mn ha hc nm 2011 - 2012 Lu hnh ni b

Download ti liu hc tp, xem bi ging ti : http://aotrangtb.com 1

S GIO DC & O TO NNGTRUNG TM LTH H S PHM

L THUYT V BI TP

LTH HA HC TP 1

I CNG HU C- HIROCACBON

ANCOL PHENOL - ANDEHIT - AXIT HU CGV Hunh Phc Hi- HSPN

Ti liu ny ca HS :..

Lp :..


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Nng nm 2011

BI 1: I CNG V HA HU C

I. Mt s khi nim

- Hp cht hu c

- c im chung ca HCHC :

+ Thnh phn v cu to : Hp cht hu c nht thit phi cha cacbon. Cc nguyn t

cacbon thng lin kt vi nhau ng thi lin kt vi nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc nh

H, O, N, S, P, halogen,... Lin kt ho hc cc hp cht hu c thng l lin kt cng ho

tr.

+ V tnh cht vt l : Cc hp cht hu c thng c nhit nng chy, nhit si

thp (d bay hi) v thng khng tan hoc t tan trong nc, nhng tan trong dung mi huc.

+ V tnh cht ho hc : a s cc hp cht hu c khi b t th chy, chng km bn

vi nhitnn d b phn hu bi nhit. Phn ng ca cc hp cht hu c thng xy ra chm,

khng hon ton, khng theo mt hng nht nh, thng cn un nnghoc cn cxc tc.

- Phng php tch, tinh ch hp cht hu c

+ Chng ct

+ Chit+ Kt tinh

II. Phn loi v danh php

1. Phn loi

- Hirocacbon

- Dn xut ca hirocacbon

2. Danh php

a) Tn thng thng

b) Tn h thng

- Tn gc chc : tn phn gc + tn phn nh chc

- Tn thay th :

Tn thay th Tn phn th

(c th khng c)

Tn mch cacbon chnh

(bt buc phi c)

Tn phn nh chc

(bt buc phi c)


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S m Mch cacbon chnh

1 mono

2 i

3 tri

4 tetra5 penta

6 hexa

7 hepta

8 octa

9 nona

10 eca

C met

C-C et

C-C-C prop

C-C-C-C butC-C-C-C-C pent

C-C-C-C-C-C hex

C-C-C-C-C-C-C hep

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C oct

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C non

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C ec

Khng xut pht t

s m

Xut pht t s m

BI TP I CNG V HA HU C

Cu 1. Ankan X c cng thc cu to :

Tn gi ca X l

A. 2isopropylbutan B. 3isopropylbutan

C. 2,3imetylpentan D. 3,4imetylpentan

Cu 2 : Hp cht CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH=CH2 c tn gi lA. 3,4imetylpent1en B. 2,3imetylpent4en

C. 3,4imetylpent2en D. 2,3imetylpent1en

Cu 3 : Trng hp no sau y c cng thc cu to khng ng vi tn gi cho ?

Isopentan 3-etyl-2-metylpentan

neopentan 3,3-ietylpentan

CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCHCH2CH3

CH3CHCH3 CH3CH2CHCH2CH3

CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

A. B.

D.C.

Cu 4 : Hp cht hu c X c cng thc C4H9Br. un hn hp gm X, KOH v ancol etylic

thy ch to ra but1en. Tn gi ca X l

A. 1brombutan B. 2brombutan

C. 1brom2metylpropan D. 2brom2metylpropan


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Cu 5 : Hp cht hu c X c cng thc cu to : CH2=CHOCOCH3. Tn gi ca X l

A. metyl acrylat B. vinyl axetat

C. vinyl fomat D. anlyl fomat

Cu 6 : Amin (CH3)2CH-NH-CH3 c tn gi l

A. N-metylpropan-2-amin B. N-metylisopropylamin

C. metylpropylamin D. N-metyl-2-metyletanaminCu 7 : Amin CH3-NH-C2H5 c tn gi gc - chc l

A. propan-2-amin B. etyl metyl amin

C. metyletylamin D. etylmetylamin

Cu 8 : Tn gi no sau y khng ng vi cht c cng thc CH3CH(NH2)COOH?

A. axit 2-aminopropanoic B. axit -aminopropionic

C. axit -aminopropanoic D. alanin

Cu 9 : Tn thay th ca cht c cu to CH3CHClCH3 lA. 2-clopropan B. propyl clorua

C. propylclorua D. 2-clo propan

Cu 10: Tn gi ca C6H5-NH-CH3 l

A. metylphenylamin. B. N-metylanilin.

C. N-metylbenzenamin. D. c A, B, C u ng.

Cu 11 : Tn gi ca cht CH3 CH CH CH3 l

C2H5 CH3

A. 2-etyl-3-metylbutan. B. 3-etyl-2-metylbutan.

C. 2,3-imetylpentan. D. 2,3-imetylbutan.

Cu 12 : Tn gi ca cht hu c X c CTCT :

2 5

3 2 2 3

3 3

C H|

|CH

CH C CH CH CH CH|CH

L :

A. 2-metyl-2,4-ietylhexan C. 5-etyl-3,3-imetylheptan

B. 2,4-ietyl-2-metylhexan D. 3-etyl-5,5-imetylheptan

Cu 13 : Trong cc cht di y, cht no c gi tn l ivinyl ?

A. CH2 = C = CH-CH3 B. CH2 = CH-CH = CH2

C. CH2-CH-CH2 -CH = CH2 D. CH2 = CH - CH = CH - CH3


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Cu 14 : Cht

3

3

3

CH|

CH C C CH|CH

c tn gi l ?

A. 2,2-imetylbut-1-in B. 2,2-imeylbut-3-in

C. 3,3-imeylbut-1-in D. 3,3-imeylbut-2-in

Cu 15 :

Cht c tn l g ?

A. 1-butyl-3-metyl-4-etylbenzen. B. 1-butyl-4-etyl-3-metylbenzen.

C. 1-etyl-2-metyl-4-butylbenzen. D. 4-butyl-1-etyl-2-metylbenzen.

Cu 16 : Cht 3 2

3

CH CH CH COOH|CH

tn gi l :

A. Axit 2-metylpropanoic B. Axit 2-metylbutanoic

C. Axit 3-metylbuta-1-oic D. Axit 3-metylbutanoic.

Cu 17 : Gi tn hp cht c CTCT nh sau theo danh php thay th ?

2 2

3

OHC -CH - CH -CH -CH = CH - CHO|

CH

A. 5-metylhep-2-en-1,7-dial B. iso-octen-5-dial

C. 3-metylhep-5-en-1,7-dial D. iso-octen-2-dial

Cu 18 : Gi tn hp cht c CTCT nh sau theo danh php thay th :

3 2

2 5 2 5

CH - CH CH - CH - COOH| |

C H C H

A. 2,4-ietylpentanoic B. 2-metyl-4-etylhexanoic

C. 2-etyl-4-metylhexanoic D. 4-metyl-2-etylhexanoic

Cu 19 : Gi tn hp cht c CTCT nh sau theo danh php gc chc.

3 2 2 2 2 3

3

CH CH CH CH N CH CH|CH

A. Etylmetylaminobutan C. butyletylmetylamin

B. etylmetylbutylamin D. metyletylbutylamin

Cu 20 : Gi tn hp cht c CTCT nh sau theo danh php thng thng :

CH2 CH3

CH2

CH2CH2

CH3

CH3


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A. 1-amino-3-metyl benzen. C. m-toludin.

B. m-metylanilin. D. C B, C.

Cu 21 Nhng phn t no sau y c th c phn ng trng hp: 1. CH2=CH2 2. CH CH;

3. CH2=CHCl; 4. CH3-CH3

A. 1, 3. B. 3, 2. C. 1, 2, 3, 4. D. 1, 2, 3

Cu 22: Hp cht n chc:

A. L hp cht hu c c mt loi nhm chc.

B. L hp cht hu c c t hai nhm chc cng loi tr ln.

C. L hp cht hu c ch c mt nhm chc.

D. L hp cht hu c ch c mt loi nhm chc v c t hai nhm chc tr ln.Cu 23 ng phn :

A. L nhng chthu c khc nhau v s phn b cc nguyn t trong khng gian.

B. L nhng cht hu c c cng cng thc tng qut nhng khc nhau v cng thc cu

to.

C. L nhng cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t nhng khc nhau cng thc cu to

nn tnh cht khc nhau.

D. L nhng cht c cu to tng t nhau nhng thnh phn phn t hn km nhau mthay nhiu nhm (-CH2-).

Cu 24 Hp cht a chc:

A. L nhng cht hu c c t hai nhm chc cng loi tr ln.

B. L hp cht hu c ch c mt loi nhm chc vi s lng nhm t hai tr ln.

C. L hp cht hu c c t hai nhm chc khc loi tr ln.

D. L hp cht hu c ch c mt nhm chc.

Cu 25 Hp cht tp chc:

A. L hp cht hu c c t hai loi nhm chc tr ln.

B. L hp cht hu c c t hai nhm chc tr ln.

C. L hp cht hu c c nhiu nhm chc.

D. L hp cht hu c c hai nhm chc.

Cu 26 Hp cht a chc v hp cht tp chc ging nhau ch:

A. u l hp cht c nhiu nhm chc.


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B. u l hp cht cha cc nhm chc ging nhau.

C. Phn t lun c lin kt.

D. Mch cacbon trong phn t c lin kt.

Cu 27 Nhit si ca ancol etylic (1), ancol metylic (2), axeton (3) dimetyl ete (4) xp theo

trt t gim dn l:

A. (1) > (2) > (3) > (4) B. (1) > (2) > (4) > (3)

C. (1) > (3) > (4) > (2) D. (4) > (3) > (2) > (1)

Cu 28 Ancol etylic (1), etyl bromua (2) v etan (3), trt t v tan trong nc gim dn l:

A. (1), (3), (2) B. (1), (2), (3) C. (3), (2), (1) D. (2), (1), (3)

Cu29 So snh nhit si ca cc cht sau ancol etylic (1) , etyl clorua (2), ietyl ete (3)

v axit axetic (4) ta c:

A. (1 ) > (2) > (3) > (4) B. (4) > (3) > (2) > (1 )

C. (4) > (1) > (3) > (2) D. (1) > (2) > (3) > (4)Cu 30 Sp xp cc cht sau y theo tr nh t tng dn nhit si: CH3COOH (1),

HCOOCH3 (2), CH3CH2COOH (3), CH3COOCH3 (4), CH3CH2CH2OH (5)

A. (3) > (5) > (1 ) > (2) > (4) B. (1 ) > (3) > (4) > (5) > (2)

C. (3) > (1) > (4) > (5) > (2) D. (3) > (1) > (5) > (4) > (2)

Cu31 Anehit axetic c nhit si thp (toS = 21oC) l v :

A. C lin kt hiro gia cc phn t andehyt.

B. Anehit axetic c khi lng phn t nh.

C. Lin kt =C=O trong CHO b phn cc.

D. Anehit axetic c phn t khi thp v khng c lin kt hiro.

Cu 32 Sp xp cc hp cht: CH3COOH, C2H5OH v C6H5OH theo th t tnh axit tng

dn. Trng hp no sau y ng?

A. C2H5OH < CH3COOH < C6H5OH B. C6H5OH < CH3COOH < C2H5OH

C. CH3COOH < C6H5OH < C2H5OH D. C2H5OH < C6H5OH < CH3COOH

HIROCACBON MCH H

I - ANKAN1. Tnh cht vt l

Ankan Cng thc Cn ,onct C ,o

st C Khi lng ring (g/cm3)

Metan CH4 C1 -183 -162 0,415 (-164C)Etan CH3CH3 C2 -183 -89 0,561 (-100C)


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Propan CH3CH2CH3 C3 -188 -42 0,585 (-45C)Butan CH3[CH2]2CH3 C4 -158 -0,5 0,600 ( 0C)Pentan CH3[CH2]3CH3 C5 -130 36 0,626 (20C )Hexan CH3[CH2]4CH3 C6 -95 69 0,660 (20C )Heptan CH3[CH2]5CH3 C7 -91 98 0,684 (20C )Octan CH3[CH2]6CH3 C8 -57 126 0,703 (20C )Nonan CH3[CH2]7CH3 C9 -54 151 0,718 (20C )

ekan CH3[CH2]8CH3 C10 -30 174 0,730 (20C )Icosan CH3[CH2]18CH3 C20 37 343 0,778 (20C )

2.Tnh cht ha hca. Phn ng thKhi chiu sng hoc t nng hn hp metan v clo s xy ra phn ng th ln lt cc nguyn thiro bng clo :

CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HClmetyl clorua (clometan)

CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HClmetylen clorua (iclometan)

CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HClclorofom (triclometan)

CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HClcacbon tetraclorua (tetraclometan)

Cc ng ng ca metan cng tham gia phn ng th tng t metan. Th d :

CH3 -CH2 -CH3 2oCl ,as.

25 C CH3 -CHCl -CH3 + CH3 -CH2-CH2-Cl + HCl

2-clopropan, 57% 1-clopropan, 43%

CH3 -CH2 -CH3 2oBr ,as.

25 C

CH3 -CHBr -CH3 + CH3-CH2-CH2-Br + HBr

97% (chnh) 3% (ph)

Phn ng th H bng halogen thuc loi phn ng halogen ho, sn phm hu c c cha

halogen gi l dn xut halogen.

Clo th H cacbon cc bc khc nhau. Brom hu nh ch th cho H cacbon bc cao. Flo phnng mnh lit nn phn hu ankan thnh C v HF. Iot qu yu nn khng phn ng vi ankan.

b. Phn ng tch (gy lin kt C - C v C - H)

CH3 - CH3o500 C,xt CH2 = CH2 + H2

CH3CH=CHCH3 + H2CH3CH2CH2CH3

o500 C,xt CH3CH=CH2 + CH4

CH2=CH2 + CH3CH3

c. Phn ng oxi ho

Khi t, cc ankan b chy to ra CO2, H2O v to nhiu nhit :

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O ; H 890 kJ


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CnH2n+2 +3n 1

2

O2 n CO2 + (n + 1) H2O

Khi c xc tc, nhit thch hp, ankan b oxi ho khng hon ton to thnh dn xut chaoxi, th d :

CH4 + O2ot ,xt HCH = O + H2O

II - ANKEN

1. Tnh cht vt l

Anken Cu to tnc,C ts,

C D, g/cm3Eten (etilen) CH2 = CH2 - 169 - 104 0,57 (-110

oC)

Propen CH2 = CHCH3 - 186 - 47 0,61 (- 50oC)

But-1-en CH2 = CHCH2CH3 - 130 - 6 0,63 (- 6oC)

2-Metylpropen CH2 = C(CH3)2 - 141 - 7 0,63 (- 7oC)

Pent-1-en CH2 = CHCH2CH2CH3 - 165 30 0,64 (200C)

cis -Pent-2-en cis-CH3CH = CHC2H5 - 151 37 0,66 (20oC)

trans -Pent-2-en trans-CH3CH = CHC2H5 - 140 36 0,65 (20oC)

Hex-1-en CH2 = CH[CH2]3CH3 - 140 64 0,68 (20oC)

Hept-1-en CH2 = CH[CH2]4CH3 - 119 93 0,70 (20oC)

Oct-1-en CH2 = CH[CH2]5CH3 - 102 122 0,72 (20oC)

Non-1-en CH2 = CH[CH2]6CH3 - 146 0,73 (20oC)

ek-1-en CH2 = CH[CH2]7CH3 - 87 171 0,74 (20oC)

2. Tnh cht vt l

a. Phn ng cng hiro (phn ng hiro ho)

CH2 = CH2 + H2oxt, t CH3-CH3

R1

R2

C = CR3

R4

+ H2oxt, t

R1

R2

CH-CHR3

R4

b. Phn ng cng halogen (phn ng halogen ho)

a) Tc dng vi clo

CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 2 2ClCH CH Cl (1,2-icloetan, ts 83,5oC)

b) Tc dng vi brom

CH3CH = CHCH2CH2CH3 + Br2 3 2 2 3| |CH CH CHCH CH CH

Br Br

(2,3-ibromhexan)

Anken lm mt mu ca dung dch brom, v th ngi ta thng dng nc brom hoc dung

dch brom trong CCl4 lm thuc th nhn bit anken.c. Phn ng cng axit v cng nc

a) Cng axit

Hiro halogenua (HCl, HBr, HI), axit sunfuricm c c th cng vo anken.

Th d : CH2 = CH2 + H-Cl (kh ) CH3CH2Cl (etyl clorua)

CH2 = CH2 + H-OSO3H CH3CH2OSO3H (etyl hirosunfat)

b) Cng nc (phn ng hirat ho)


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nhit thch hp v c xc tc axit, anken c th cng nc, th d :

CH2 = CH2 + H-OHoH , t 2 2CH CHH OH (etanol)

c) Hng ca phn ng cng axit v nc vo anken

Phn ng cng axit hoc nc vo anken khng i xng thng to ra hn hp hai ng phn,trong c mt ng phn l sn phm chnh. Th d :

CH2 = CH-CH3 HCl 2 3| |

CH CH CH

H Cl

+ 2 3||

CH CH CH

HCl

(Sn phm chnh) (Sn phm ph)

2 3|3

CH C CH

CH

| |HOH

2 3|

3

CH C CH

CH

H OH

+| |

2 3|3

CH C CHCH

OH H

(Sn phm chnh) (Sn phm ph)Quy tc Mac-cp-nhi-cp

Trong phn ng cng axit hoc nc (k hiu chung l HA) vo lin kt C= C ca anken, H(phn t mang in tch dng) u tin cng vo C mang nhiu H hn (cacbon bc thp hn),cn A (phn t mang in tch m) u tin cng vo C mang t H hn (cacbon bc cao hn).

d. Phn ng trng hp

nCH2 = CH2oPeoxit,100 300 C

100atm ( CH2-CH2 )n (polietilen, n= 3000 - 40 000)

2|

3

nCH CH

CH

0t , xt 2

|3 n

CH CH

CH

(polipropilen)

Phn ng trng hp l qu trnh kt hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh ging nhau hoc tng tnhau to thnh nhng phn t rt ln gi l polime.

Trong phn ng trng hp, cht u (cc phn t nh) c gi l monome. Sn phm ca phn

ng gm nhiu mt xch monome hp thnh nn c gi l polime. S lng mt xchmonome trong mt phn t polime gi l h s trng hp v k hiu l n.

e. Phn ng oxi ho

Ging vi ankan, anken chy hon ton to ra CO2, H2O v to nhiu nhit :

CnH2n +3n2

O2 nCO2 + nH2O ; H < 0

Khc vi ankan, anken lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4 v b oxi ho. Th d :3CH2 = CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O 3HOCH2-CH2OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH

(etylen glicol)

III - ANKIN

1. Cu trc phn t

Trong phn t ankin, hai nguyn t C lin kt ba trng thi lai ho sp (lai ho ng thng).

Lin kt ba C C gm 1 lin kt v 2 lin kt . Hai nguyn t C mang lin kt ba v 2nguyn t lin kt trc tip vi chng nm trn mt ng thng.


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2. Tnh cht ha hca. Phn ng cng

- Cng hiro : Khi c xc tc Ni, Pt, Pd nhit thch hp, ankin cng vi H2 to thnh ankan:Mun dng li giai on to ra anken th phidng xc tc l hn hp Pd vi PbCO3 :

CHCH + 2H2 0Ni , t CH3 CH3

CHCH + H2 Pd/ PbCO3 CH2 = CH2

- Cng brom : Ging nh anken, ankin lm mt mu nc brom, phn ng xy ra qua hai giaion. Mun dng li giai on th nht th cn thc hin phn ng nhit thp, th d :

C2H5-C C-C2H5 2oBr

20 C

2 5 2 5| |

C H C C C H

Br Br

2Br | |

2 5 2 5||

Br Br

C H C C C H

Br Br

hex-3-in 3,4-ibromhex-3-en 3,3,4,4-tetrabromhexan

- Cng hiro clorua

CH CH + HCl

2o

HgCl150 200 C

CH2 = CH - Cl (vinyl clorua)

CH2 = CH - Cl + HCl CH3 - CHCl2 (1,1-icloetan)

- Cng nc (hirat ho)

Khi c mt xc tc HgSO4 trong mi trng axit, H2O cng vo lin kt ba to ra hp chttrung gian khng bn v chuyn thnh anehit hoc xeton, th d :

HC CH + H-OH 2,4 4o

HgSO H SO80 C

[CH2 = CH OH] CH3 CH = O

etin (khng bn) anehit axetic

Phn ng cng HX, H2O vo cc ankin trong dy ng ng ca axetilen cng tun theo quy tcMac-cp-nhi-cp nh anken.

- Phn ng ime ho v trime ho

2CH CH

0xt,tCH2 = CH - C CHvinylaxetilen

3CHCH0xt, t C6H6

b. Phn ng th bng ion kim loi

AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O [Ag(NH3)2]+ OH- + NH4NO3

(phc cht, tan trong nc)

HCCH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH Ag CC Ag + 2H2O + 4NH3(kt ta mu vng nht)


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Phn ng ny khng nhng dng nhn ra axetilen m c cc ankin c nhm H C C- (ccankin m lin kt ba u mch) :

R C C H + [Ag(NH3)2]OH RC CAg + H2O + 2NH3

(kt ta mu vng nht)

c. Phn ng oxi ho

Cc ankin chy trong khng kh to ra CO2, H2O v to nhiu nhit :

CnH2n-2 + 23n 1

O2

nCO2 + (n 1)H2O ; H < 0

Ging nh anken, ankin lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4. Khi n b oxi ho lin kt ba tora cc sn phm phc tp, cn KMnO4 th b kh thnh MnO2 (kt ta mu nu en).

III - iu ch v ng dng

BI TP HIROCACBON MCH H

Cu 1: Hai hirocacbon A v B c cng CTPT C5H12 tc dng vi Cl2 theo t l mol 1 : 1 th A

to ra mt dn xut duy nht cn B th cho 4 dn xut. Tn gi ca A v B ln lt l

A. 2,2-imetylpropan v 2-metylbutan. B. 2,2-imetylpropan v pentan.

C. 2-metylbutan v 2,2-imetylpropan. D. 2-metylbutan v pentan.

Cu 2: Cho cc ankan C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12. Nhm ankan khng c ng phn khi tc

dng vi Cl2 t l 1 : 1 v s mol to ra dn xut duy nht l

A. C2H6, C3H8. B. C2H6,C5H12. C. C3H8, C4H10. D. C3H8, C4H10, C5H12.

Cu 3:t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng

kh (trong khng kh, oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2(ktc) v 9,9 gam nc.

Th tch khng kh (ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin trn l

A. 70,0 lt. B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt.

Cu 4: Tin hnh crackinh 2,9 gam butan nhit cao. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp

kh A gm CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H6 v C4H10. t chy A trong kh O2 d, ri dn ton b sn

phm sinh ra qua bnh ng H2SO4 c. tng khi lng ca bnh ng H2SO4 c l

A. 9,0 gam. B. 6,75 gam. C. 2,25 gam. D. 4,5 gam.Cu 5: Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y (cc th

tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut) ; t khi ca Y so vi H2bng 12. Cng thc

phn t ca X l

A. C6H14. B. C3H8. C. C4H10. D. C5H12.

Cu 6: Khi brom ho mt ankan ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht c t khi hi

i vi hiro l 75,5. Tn ca ankan l


13/45



A. 3,3-imetylhecxan. B. 2,2-imetylpropan. C. isopentan. D. 2,2,3-trimetylpentan.

Cu 7:t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 0,11 mol CO2v 0,132 mol H2O. Khi

X tc dng vi kh clo (theo t l s mol 1 : 1) thu c mt sn phm hu cduy nht. Tn

gi ca X l

A. 2-metylbutan. B. etan. C. 2,2-imetylpropan. D. 2-metylpropan.

Cu 8: Khi cho ankan X (trong phn t c phn trm khi lng cacbon bng 83,72%) tcdng vi clo theo t l s mol 1 : 1 (trong iu kin chiu sng) ch thu c 2 dn xut

monoclo ng phn ca nhau. Tn ca X l

A. 2-metylpropan. B. 2,3-imetylbutan. C. butan.D. 3-metylpentan.

Cu 9: Hirocacbon mch h X trong phn t ch cha lin kt v c hai nguyn t cacbon

bc ba trong mt phn t.t chy hon ton 1 th tch X sinh ra 6 th tch CO2(cng iu

kin nhit , p sut). Khi cho X tc dng vi Cl2 (theo t l s mol 1 : 1), s dn xut

monoclo tia sinh ra lA. 3. B. 4. C. 2. D. 5.

Cu 10: Cng thc n gin nht ca mt hirocacbon l CnH2n+1. Hirocacbon thuc dy

ng ng ca

A. ankan. B. ankin. C. ankaien. D. anken.

Cu 11: S ng phn cu to ca anken ng vi cng thc phn t C5H10 (khng k ng

phn cis - trans) l

A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 10.

Cu 12: Trong phng th nghim etilen c iu ch bng cch

A. tch hiro t etan. B. crackinh propan.

C. un nng ancol etylic vi H2SO4 c 170oC. D. cng hiro vo axetilen.

Cu 13: S sn phm ti a to thnh khi cho isopren tc dng vi HBr theo t l mol 1 : 1 l

A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6.

Cu 14: Hp cht CH3CH2-CH(CH3)-C C-CH(CH3)2 c tn l

A. 3,6-imetylhept-4-in. B. isopropylisobutylaxetilen.

C. 5-etyl-2-metylhex-3-in. D. 2,5-imetylhept-3-in.

Cu 15: Pht biu no sau y l khng ng ?

A. Trong phn t hirocacbon, s nguyn t hiro lun l s chn.

B. Trong phn t anken, lin kt i gm mt lin kt v mt lin kt .

C. Hirocacbon no l hirocacbon m trong phn t ch c lin kt n.

D. Cng thc chung ca hirocacbon no c dng CnH2n + 2.


14/45



Cu 16: C 5 cht: metan, etilen, propin, buta-1,3-ien, xiclopentan. S lng cc cht c kh

nng lm mt mu dung dch brom l

A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.

Cu 17: Cho s chuyn ho: Metan (1) X1(2) X2 (3) X3 (4) Cao su buna

X2 l cht no sau y ?

A. Axetilen. B. Etilen. C. Vinylaxetilen. D. Etilen hoc axetilen.Cu 18: T vi, than v cc cht v c cn thit. S phn ng ti thiu iu ch etylen

glicol l

A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 7.

Cu 19: Cho hirocacbon Y tc dng vi brom trong iu kin thch hp, ch thu c mt

dn xut cha brom c t khi hi i vi hiro l 75,5. Cng thc phn t ca Y l

A. C5H10. B. C4H10. C. C5H12. D. C6H6.

Cu 20: t chy hon ton 4,3 gam mt hirocacbon X cn dng va V lt O2 ( ktc),thu c hn hp sn phm trong khi lng CO2 nhiu hn khi lng H2O l 6,9 gam.

Cng thc phn t ca X v gi tr V l

A. C6H14 ; 10,64. B. C6H14 ; 6,72. C. C5H8 ; 11,2. D. C4H8 ; 10,08.

Cu 21: Hp cht Z c cng thc phn t C5H8. Hiro ho hon ton Z thu c mt hp cht

no, mch nhnh. Z c kh nng trng hp to ra polime. Cng thc cu to ca Z l

A. (CH3)2CH-C CH. B. CH2=CH-CH2-CH=CH2.

C. CH3-CH=CH-CH=CH2. D. CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2.

Cu 22: Cho cc cht: xiclobutan, 2-metylpropen, but-1-en, cis-but-2-en, 2-metylbut-2-en. Dy gm

cc cht sau khi phn ng vi H2(d, xc tc Ni, to), cho cng mt sn phm l

A. xiclobutan, cis-but-2-en v but-1-en. B. but-1-en, 2-metylpropen v cis-but-2-en.

C. xiclobutan, 2-metylbut-2-en v but-1-en. D. 2-metylpropen, cis-but-2-en v xiclobutan.

Cu 23: Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z l ng ng k tip, khi lng phn t ca Z bng 2 ln

khi lng phn t ca X. Cc cht X, Y, Z thuc dy ng ng

A. ankan. B. ankaien. C. anken. D. ankin.

Cu 24: tch ring tng cht kh t hn hp propan, propen, propin ta ch cn dng cc

cht l

A. Zn,dung dch Br2, dung dch NaOH, dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3.

B. dung dch Br2, dung dch HCl, dung dch KMnO4, Na.

C. dung dch KMnO4, dung dch NaCl, dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3.

D. dung dch HCl, dung dch Br2, dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, Zn.


15/45



Cu 25: Mt hirocacbon X cng hp vi axit HCl theo t l mol 1 : 1 to sn phm c

thnh phn khi lng clo l 45,223%. Cng thc phn t ca X l

A. C3H6. B. C3H4. C. C2H4. D. C4H8.

Cu 26: t chy hon ton m gam hirocacbon A l cht kh iu kin thng thu c m

gam H2O. CTPT ca A l

A. C4H8. B. C3H8. C. C2H4. D. C4H6.Cu 27: Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z k tip nhau trong dy ng ng, trong khi lng

phn t Z gp i khi lng phn t X. t chy 0,1 mol cht Y, sn phm kh hp th

hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH)2(d),thu c s gam kt ta l

A. 20. B. 40. C. 30. D. 10.

Cu 28: Cht A c cng thc phn t l C7H8. Cho A tc dng vi AgNO3 (d) trong dung

dch NH3 thu c cht B kt ta. Phn t khi ca B ln hn ca A l 214. S cng thc cu

to c th c ca A lA. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.

Cu 29: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon Y, ton b sn phm chy c dn vo bnh

ng nc vi trong (d) thy to thnh 6 gam kt ta, ng thi khi lng dung dch gim

1,92 gam. Cng thc cu to ca Y l

A. CH3-CH2-CH3. B. CH2=CH-CH3. C. CH C-CH3. D. CH2=C=CH2.Cu 30: Cho 0,1 mol mt hirocacbon X mch h lm mt mu va 300 ml dung dch Br2

1M, to dn xut c cha 90,22% brom v khi lng. X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 trong

NH3 to kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca X l

A. CH C-CH2-C CH. B. CH2=CH-C CH.C. CH3-CH=CH-C CH. D. CH C-CH2-CH=CH2.

HIROCACBON THM

I - BENZEN

1. Cu trc ca phn t

Su nguyn t C trong phn t benzen trng thi lai ho sp2 (lai ho tam gic). Mi

nguyn t C s dng 3 obitan lai ho to lin kt vi 2 nguyn t C bn cnh n v 1

nguyn t H. Su obitan p cn li ca 6 nguyn t C xen ph bn vi nhau to thnh h lin

hp chung cho c vng benzen. Nh vy m lin kt benzen tng i bn vng hn so

vi lin kt anken cng nh nhng hirocacbon khng no khc.


16/45



Su nguyn t C trong phn t benzen to thnh mt lc gic u. C 6 nguyn t C v 6

nguyn t H cng nm trn 1 mt phng (gi l mt phng phn t). Cc gc ho tr u bng

120o.

2. Tnh cht

a) Phn ng th

Halogen ha (x tc Fe bt)

C6H6 + Cl2 Fe C6H5Cl + HCl

Phn ng nitro ho

Benzen tc dng vi hn hp HNO3c v H2SO4m c to thnh nitrobenzen :

Nitrobenzen tc dng vi hn hp axit HNO3bc khi v H2SO4m c ngthi un nng

th to thnh m-initrobenzen.

b) Phn ng cng

oNi,t6 6 2 6 12C H 3H C H

c. Phn ng oxi ho

Benzen khng tc dng vi KMnO4 (khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4).

Cc benzen khi chy trong khng kh thng to ra nhiu mui than v to nhiu nhit.

C6H6 +152

O2 6 CO2 + 3 H2O

II. Ankylbenzen

1. Cnh gi tn

Khi thay cc nguyn t hiro trong phn t benzen (C6H6) bng cc nhm ankyl, ta c cc

ankylbenzen. Th d :


17/45



C6H5CH3 C6H5CH2CH3 C6H5CH2CH2-CH3

Metylbenzen (toluen) etylbenzen propylbenzen

Cc ankylbenzen hp thnh dy ng ng ca benzen c cng thc chung l CnH2n-6 vi n 6.

Khi coi vng benzen l mch chnh th cc nhm ankyl nh vi n l

mch nhnh (cn gi l nhm th). Ankylbenzen c ng phn mchcacbon. gi tn chng, phi ch r v tr cc nguyn t C ca vng

bng cc ch s hoc cc ch ci o, m, p (c l ortho, meta, para) nh

hnh bn.

2. Tnh cht ha hc

a) Phn ng th

Tc dng Cl2, HNO3

Quy tc th vng benzen

Khi vng benzen c sn nhm ankyl (hay cc nhm OH, -NH2, -OCH3 ), phn ng th vo

vng s d dng hn v u tin xy ra v tr ortho v para. Ngc li, nu vng benzen

c sn nhm NO2 (hoc cc nhm -COOH, -SO3H ) phn ng th vo vng s kh hn v

u tin xy ra v tr meta.

b. Phn ng cng

oNi,t

6 6 2 6 12C H 3H C H

oNi,t

6 11 3 2 6 11 3C H CH 3H C H CH

c. Phn ng oxi ho

Cc ankylbenzen khi un nng vi dung dch KMnO4 th ch c nhm ankyl b oxi ho.

etylbenzen 1,2-imetylbenzen 1,3-imetylbenzen 1,4-imetylbenzeno-imetylbenzen m-imetylbenzen p-imetylbenzen

(o-xilen) (m-xilen) (p-xilen)


18/45



Th d : Toluen b KMnO4 oxi ho thnh kali benzoat, sau tip tc cho tc dng vi axit

clohiric th thu c axit benzoic.

C6H5CH3 4 20KMnO , H O

80-100 C 6 5

||C H C OK

O

HCl 6 5||

C H C OH

O

BI TP HIROCACBON MCH VNG

Cu 1 : Cht c tn l g ?

A. 1-butyl-3-metyl-4-etylbenzen. B. 1-butyl-4-etyl-3-metylbenzen.

C. 1-etyl-2-metyl-4-butylbenzen. D. 4-butyl-1-etyl-2-metylbenzen.Cu 2: Mt ng ng ca benzen c CTPT C8H10. S ng phn ca cht ny l :

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Cu 3 : Cc cu sau cu no sai ?

A. Benzen c CTPT l C6H6

B. Cht c CTPT C6H6 phi l benzen

C. Cht c cng thc n gin nht l CH khng ch l benzen

D. Benzen c cng thc n gin nht l CH.Cu 4 : Dng 39 gam C6H6 iu ch toluen. Khi lng toluen to thnh l :

A. 78 g B. 46 g C. 92g D. 107 g

Cu 5 : Cho s :

Cc nhm X,Y ph hp s trn l :

A. X(CH3), Y(NO2) B. X(NO2), Y(CH3)C. X(NH2), Y(CH3) D. X(-CH3) v Y(-NH2)

Cu 6 :Cho s :

Cc nhm X,Y khng ph hp vi s trn l :

CH2 CH3

CH2

CH2CH2

CH3

CH3


19/45



A. X(CH3), Y(Cl) B. X(CH3), Y(NO2).

C. X(Cl), Y(CH3) D. X(NO2); Y(CH3).

Cu 7 : Cho s : n 2n 6C H (X) (A) (B) (C) polistiren

CTPT ph hp ca X l :

A. C6H5CH3. B. C6H6. C. C6H5C2H5 D. C6H5CH(CH3)2

Cu 8 : phn bit 4 cht lng : benzen, toluen, stiren, etylbenzen ngi ta d ng thuc th

no sau y:

A. Dung dch Br2. B. Dung dch KMnO4/dung dch HCl

D. Kh clo. C. Dung dch HNO3 , xc tc H2SO4 .

Cu 9: S ng phn hirocacbon thmng vi cng thc phn t C8H10l

A. 2. B. 4. C. 3. D. 5.

Cu 10: Toluen phn ng vi Br2 khi chiu sng cho sn phm th d dng v tr no ?

A. nhm metyl. B. meta. C. ortho v para. D. ortho.Cu 11: C ba cht lng khng mu l: benzen, toluen, stiren. C th dng dung dch no sau

y nhn bit mi cht trn ?

A. Dung dch H2SO4. B. Dung dch NaOH.

C. Dung dch KMnO4. D. Dung dch Br2.

Cu 12: Dy gm cc cht u c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng hp l

A. stiren ; clobenzen ; isopren ; but-1-en.

B. 1,2-iclopropan ; vinylaxetilen ; vinylbenzen ; toluen.C. buta-1,3-ien ; cumen ; etilen ; trans-but-2-en.

D. 1,1,2,2-tetrafloeten ; propilen ; stiren ; vinyl clorua.

Cu 13: Cho cc hirocacbon: eten, axetilen, benzen, xiclopropan, toluen, isopentan, stiren,

naphtalen. S cht lm mt mu dung dch Br2 l

A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6.

Cu 14: Cht no sau y u l thnh phn chnh ca kh thin nhin v ca kh m du ?

A. H2. B. CO. C. CH4. D. C4H10.

Cu 15: Nha than em chng ct phn on si 170 - 230oC, gi l

A. du nh. C. du trung. B. du nng. D. hc n.

Cu 16: Nh my lc du l nh my

A. ch lc b cc tp cht c trong du m.

B. cho sn phm u l cc cht lng.

C. ch bin du m thnh cc sn phm khc nhau.


20/45



D. ch sn xut xng du.

ANCOL - PHENOL

I - ANCOL

1. Cng thc phn t

Ancol l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm hiroxyl (OH) lin kt trc tip vi

nguyn t cacbon no. CnH2n+2O; ROH; R(OH)n

Phn loi

- Theo bc : ancol bc I, II v III.

- Theo s nhm chc : n v a

- Theo gc : no, khng no, thm

AncolPhn loi theo cu to

gc hirocacbon

Phn loi theo theo s

lng nhm hiroxyl

C2H5OH Ancol no, bc I(*) Ancol n chc (monoancol)

Xiclo C6H11OH Ancol no, bc II Ancol n chc (monoancol)

(CH3)3COH Ancol no, bc III Ancol n chc (monoancol)

HO-CH2CH2-OH Ancol no, bc I Ancol a chc (poliancol)

HO-CH2CHOHCH2-OH Ancol no, bc I, II Ancol a chc (poliancol)

CH2=CH-CH2-OH Ancol khng no, bc I Ancol n chc (monoancol)

C6H5CH2OH Ancol thm bc I Ancol n chc (monoancol)

2. Danh php

Ngoi ng phn nhm chc (chng hn CH3CH2OH v CH3OCH3), ancol c ng phn mch

cacbon v ng phn v tr nhm chc. Th d :

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2OH (CH3)3COH

ancol butylic ancol sec-butylic ancol isobutylic

ancol tert-butylic

Tn thng thng (tn gc - chc) :

Th d :Ancol + tn gc hirocacbon + ic


21/45



CH3OH (CH3)2CHOH CH2 =CHCH2OH C6H5CH2OH

ancol metylic ancol isopropylic ancol anlylic ancol benzylic

Tn thay th :

Mch chnh c quy nh l mch cacbon di nht c cha nhm OH.

S ch v tr c bt u t pha gn nhm OH hn.

Th d :

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 3 2 3|CH CH CHCH

OH

3 2|3

CH CHCH OH

CH

|

3 3|3

OH

CH C CH

CH

butan-1-ol butan-2-ol 2-metylpropan-1-ol 2-metylpropan-2-ol

2 2| |CH CHOH OH

2 2| ||CH CH CHOH OHOH

3 2 2 2 2||3 3

CH C CHCH CH CHCH CH OHCH CH

etan-1,2-iol propan-1,2,3-triol 3,7-imetyloct-6-en-1-ol

(etylen glicol) (glixerol) (xitronelol, trong tinh du s)

3. Tnh cht vt lCng thc tnc,

0C ts.0C D, g/cm3 tan, g/100g H2O

CH3OH -97,7 64,7 0,792

CH3CH2OH -114,5 78,3 0,789

CH3CH2CH2OH -126,1 97,2 0,804

CH3CH(OH)CH3 -89,0 82,4 0,785

CH2=CHCH2OH -129,0 97,0 0,854

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH -89,5 117,3 0,809 9 (15oC)

CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 -114,7 99,5 0,806 12,5 (25oC)

(CH3)2CHCH2OH -108,0 108,4 0,803 9,5 (18oC)

(CH3)3COH -25,5 82,2 0,789

(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH -117,2 132,0 0,812 2,7 (22oC)

HO CH2CH2OH -12,6 197,8 1,115

HOCH2CHOHCH2OH 20,0 290,0 1,260

C6H5CH2OH -15,3 205,3 1,045 4,0 (17oC)

iu kin thng, cc ancol t CH3OH n khong C12H25OH l cht lng, t khong

C13H27OH tr ln l cht rn. Cc ancol c t 1 n 3 nguyn t C trong phn t tan v hn

trong nc. Khi s nguyn t C tng ln th tan gim dn.

Tn hirocacbon tng ng theo mch chnh + s ch v tr + ol


22/45



Cc poliol nh etylen glicol, glixerol thng snh, nng hn nc v c v ngt.

Cc ancol trong dy ng ng ca ancol etylic u l nhng cht khng mu.

Lin kt hiro

Ngi ta nhn thy rng nhit nng chy, nhit si, tan trong nc ca ancol u cao

hn so vi hirocacbon, dn xut halogen hoc ete c phn t khi chnh lch nhau khng

nhiu.

CH3CH3 CH3OH CH3F CH3OCH3

M, vC 30 32 34 46

tnc,oC -172 -98 -142 -138

ts,oC -89 65 -78 -24

tan, g/100gH2O 0,007 0,25 7,6

Nguyn t H mang mt phn in tch dng (+) ca nhm OH ny khi gn nguyn t O

mang mt phn in tch m (-) ca nhm OH kia th to thnh mt lin kt yu gi l lin

kt hiro, biu din bng du nh hnh 8.3. Trong nhiu trng hp, nguyn t H lin kt

cng ho tr vi nguyn t F, O hoc N thng to thm lin kt hiro vi cc nguyn t F, O

hoc N khc.

nh hng ca lin kt hiro n tnh cht vt l

Do c lin kt hiro gia cc phn t vi nhau (lin kt hiro lin phn t), cc phn t ancol

ht nhau mnh hn so vi nhng phn t c cng phn t khi nhng khng c lin kt hiro

(hirocacbon, dn xut halogen, ete,). V th cn phi cung cp nhit nhiu hn chuyn

ancol t trng thi rn sang trng thi lng (nng chy) cng nh t trng thi lng sang trng

thi kh (si).

Cc phn t ancol nh, mt mt c s tng ng vi cc phn t nc, mt khc li c kh

nng to lin kt hiro vi nc, nn c th xen gia cc phn t nc, gn kt vi cc phn

t nc. V th chng ho tan tt trong nc.

4. Tnh cht ha hc

a) Phn ng th H ca nhm OH ancol

- Tc dng vi kim loi kim


23/45



RO-H + Na 12

H2 + RO-Na

natri ancolat

- Phn ng ring ca glixerol

Glixerol ho tanc Cu(OH)2 to thnhphc cht tan, mu xanh da tri :

Phn ng ny c dng nhn bit glixerol v cc poliancol m cc nhm OH nh vinhng nguyn t C cnh nhau, chng hn nh etylenglicol.

b) Phn ng th nhm OH ancol

Ancol tc dng vi cc axit mnh nh axit sunfuric m c lnh, axit nitric m c, axit

halogenhiric bc khi. Nhm OH ancol b th bi gc axit.

ROH + HA RA + H2O

C2H5OH + HBr C2H5Br + H2O

Tc phn ng vi HX : ancol bc III > II > I

2

2

CH OH|

CH OH|

CH OH

+ 3HNO32 2

2

2 2

CH ONO|CH ONO|CH ONO

+3H2O

glixerol "glixeryl trinitrat"

c) Phn ng tch nc

Tch nc lin phn t

C2H5O-H + HOC2H5 4o2H SO

140 C C2H5-O-C2H5 + HOH

Tch nc ni phn t

2 2CH CH| |

H OH

4o

2H SO170 C

CH2=CH2 + H-OH

Hng ca phn ng tch nc ni phn t tun theo quy tc Zai-xp:Nhm OH u tin

tch ra cng vi H cacbon bc cao hn bn cnh to thnh lin kt i C = C mang nhiu

nhm ankyl hn. Th d :

2 3I II

H C CH CH CH| | |H

OH H

2 4o,

H O2H SO t

CH3CH=CHCH3 + CH2=CHCH2CH3but-2-en (sn phm chnh) but-1-en (sn phm ph)


24/45



4. Phn ng oxi ho

5. iu ch

iu ch etanol trong cng nghip

CH2 = CH2 + HOHo

3 4H PO ,300 C CH3CH2OH

(C6H10O5)n + nH2OEnzim nC6H12O6

tinh bt glucoz

C6H12O6Enzim 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

iu ch metanol trong cng nghip

2CH4 + O2 oCu

200 C,100atm 2CH3 OH

CO + 2H2 3oZnO, CrO

400 C,200atm CH3OH

II - PHENOL

1. nh ngha

Phenol l loi hp cht m phn t c chanhm hiroxyl(-OH) lin kt trc tip vi vng

benzen. Phenol cng l tn ring ca hp cht cu to bi nhm phenyl lin kt vi nhm

hiroxyl (C6H5-OH), cht tiu biu cho cc phenol. Nu nhm OH nh vo mch nhnh ca

vng thm th hp cht khng thuc loi phenol m thuc loi ancol thm. Th d :

2. Tnh cht vt l

Phenol, C6H5OH, l cht rn khng mu, tan t trong nc lnh, tan v hn 66oC, tan tt

trong etanol, ete v axeton... Trong qu trnh bo qun, phenol thng b chy ra v thm

mu dn do ht m v b oxi ho bi oxi khng kh.

Ancol bc I b oxi ho nh thnhanehit.

Ancol bc II b oxi ho nh thnhxeton. Ancol bc III b oxi ho mnh th

gy mch cacbon.

Ancol chy to thnh CO2, H2Ov to nhit.

R-CH2-OH + CuOot R-CH=O + Cu +H2O

anehit

R CH R'|OH

+ CuO

otR C R'

||O

+ Cu + H2O

xeton

CnH 2n+1OH +3n2

O2 n CO2 + (n+1) H2O


25/45



Phenol c, khi tip xc vi da s gy bng. Cc phenol thng l cht rn, c nhit si cao.

phenol cng c lin kt hiro lin phn ttng t nh ancol.

3. Tnh cht ha hc

a) Tnh axit

6 5 6 5 2C H OH NaOH C H ONa H O

C6H5 -ONa + CO2 + H2O C6H5OH + NaHCO3

Phenol l axit mnh hn ancolnhng yu hn axit cacbonic.

Dung dch phenol khng lm i mu qu tm.

b) Phn ng th vng thm

Nh nc brom vo dung dch phenol, mu nc brom b mt v xut hin ngay kt ta trng.

Phnng ny c dng nhn bit phenol.

Phn ng th vo nhn thm phenol d hn benzen ( iu kin m du hn, th c ng

thi c 3 nguyn t H cc v tr ortho vpara).

4. iu ch

Phng php ch yu iu ch phenol trong cng nghip hin nay l sn xut ng thi phenol

v axeton theo s phn ng sau :

6 6C H 2 3CH CHCH

H 6 5 3 2C H CH(CH )

2 2 41)O (kk ) ; 2) H SO6 5 3 3C H OH CH COCH

BI TP ANCOL - PHENOL

Cu 1: S loi lin kt hiro c th c khi ho tan ancol etylic vo nc l

A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.

Cu 2: Khi un nng hn hp ancol gm CH3OH v C2H5OH (xc tc H2SO4c,140oC)

th s ete thuc ti a l

A. 4. B. 2. C. 1. D. 3.


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Cu 3: un nng hn hp metanol v etanol vi H2SO4 c trong khong nhit t 130oC

n 180oC. S lng sn phm hu c thu c l

A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.

Cu 4: Ancol b oxi ho bi CuO cho sn phm c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng l

A. propan-2-ol. B. etanol. C. pentan-3-ol. D. 2-metylpropan-2-ol.

Cu 5: Ancol no sau y kh b oxi ho nht ?A. Ancol sec-butylic. B. Ancol tert-butylic. C. Ancol isobutylic. D. Ancol butylic.

Cu 6: ng phn no ca ancol C4H10O khi tch nc s cho hai olefin ?

A. Ancol butylic. B. Ancol isobutylic. C. Ancol sec-butylic. D. Ancol tert-butylic.

Cu 7:Dy gm cc cht u tc dng vi ancol etylic l

A. HBr (to), Na, CuO (to), CH3COOH (xc tc).

B. Ca, CuO (to), C6H5OH (phenol), HOCH2CH2OH.

C. NaOH, K, MgO, HCOOH (xc tc).D. Na2CO3, CuO (t

o), CH3COOH (xc tc), (CH3CO)2O.

Cu 8: Oxi ho ancol n chc X bng CuO (un nng), sinh ra mt sn phm hu cduy

nht l xeton Y (t khi hi ca Y so vi kh hiro bng 29). Cng thc cu to ca X l:

A. CH3-CHOH-CH3. B. CH3-CH2-CHOH-CH3.

C. CH3-CO-CH3. D. CH3-CH2-CH2-OH.

Cu 9: Phng php no iu ch ancol etylic di y ch dng trong phng th nghim ?

A. Ln men tinh bt.

B. Thu phn etyl bromua trong dung dch kim khi un nng.

C. Hirat hoetilen xc tc axit.

D. Phn ng kh anehit axetic bng H2 xc tc Ni un nng.

Cu 10: Hirat ho 2 anken ch to thnh 2 ancol. Hai anken l

A. 2-metylpropen v but-1-en. B. propen v but-2-en.

C. eten v but-2-en. D. eten v but-1-en.

Cu 11: Chncungtrongcccusau:

A. unnngancolmetylicviH2SO4 c140 - 170oCthucete.

B. AncolachchotanCu(OH)2tothnhdungdchmuxanh da tri.

C. iuchancolno,nchcbc mtlchoankencngnc.

D. Khioxihoancolno,nchcthucanehit.

Cu 12: Propan-2-ol khng th iu ch trc tip t

A. propilen. B. axeton. C. 2-clopropan. D. propanal.


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Cu 13: Cho s chuyn ho sau (mi mi tn l mt phng trnh phn ng):

Tinh bt X Y Z metyl axetat

Cc cht Y, Z trong s trn ln lt l

A. C2H5OH, CH3COOH. B. CH3COOH, CH3OH.

C. CH3COOH, C2H5OH. D. C2H4, CH3COOH.

Cu 14: Khi tch nc t ancol 3-metylbutan-2-ol, sn phmchnh thu c lA. 3-metylbut-1-en. B. 2-metylbut-2-en. C. 3-metylbut-2-en D. 2-metylbut-3-en.

Cu 15:Khi tch nc t mt cht X c cng thc phn t C4H10O to thnh ba anken l

ng phn ca nhau (tnh c ng phn hnh hc). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l

A. (CH3)3COH. B. CH3OCH2CH2CH3.

C. CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3. D. CH3CH(CH3)CH2OH.

Cu 16: Khi tch nc t 2 ancol ng phn c cng thc C 4H10O vi H2SO4 c 170oC thu

c 3 anken (khng k ng phn hnh hc). Cng thc cu to ca hai ancol lA. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH v (CH3)2CHCH2OH.

B. (CH3)2CHCH2OH v (CH3)3COH.

C. CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 v CH3CH2CH2CH2OH.

D. CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 v (CH3)3COH.

Cu 17: Hirohocht Amch h c cng thc C4H6Ocancol butylic.Scng thc

cutocthccaAl

A. 4. B. 6. C. 5. D. 3.Cu 18: C my ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C4H8Br2 khi thu phn trong dung dch

kim cho sn phm l anehit ?

A. 4. B. 3. C. 2. D. 1.

Cu 19: Cho s chuyn ho sau: C2H2 HCl A NaOH CH3CHO

Cng thc cu to ca cht Ac th l

A. CH2=CHCl. B. CH3-CHCl2. C. ClCH2-CH2Cl. D. CH2=CHCl hoc CH3-CHCl2.

Cu 20: Cho cc cht c cng thc cu to nh sau: HOCH2-CH2OH (X) ; HOCH2-CH2-

CH2OH (Y) ; HOCH2-CHOH-CH2OH (Z) ; CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3(R) ; CH3-CHOH-CH2OH (T).

Nhng cht tc dng c vi Cu(OH)2 to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam l

A. X, Y, R, T. B. X, Z, T. C. Z, R, T. D. X, Y, Z, T.

Cu 21: Cho cc hp cht sau:

(a) HOCH2-CH2OH (b) HOCH2-CH2-CH2OH (c) HOCH2-CH(OH)-CH2OH

(d) CH3-CH(OH)-CH2OH (e) CH3-CH2OH ; (f) CH3-O-CH2CH3


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Cc cht u tc dng c vi Na, Cu(OH)2 l

A. (a), (b), (c). B. (c), (d), (f). C. (a), (c), (d). D. (c), (d), (e).

Cu 22: Cht hu c X mch h, bn, tn ti dng trans c cng thc phn t C4H8O, X lm

mt mu dung dch Br2, tc dng vi Na gii phng kh H2. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l

A. CH2=CHCH2CH2OH. B. CH3CH2CH=CHOH.

C. CH2=C(CH3)CH2OH. D. CH3CH=CHCH2OH.Cu 23: Cho cc phn ng:

HBr + C2H5OH ot C2H4 + Br2

C2H4 + HBr C2H6 + Br2 askt (1 : 1 mol)

S phn ng to ra C2H5Br l

A. 4. B. 3. C. 2. D. 1.

Cu 24: Cho s chuyn ho: Butan-2-ol X (anken) HBr Y Mg, etekhan Z

Trong X, Y, Z l sn phm chnh. Cng thc ca Z l

A. (CH3)3C-MgBr. B. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-MgBr.

C. CH3-CH(MgBr)-CH2-CH3. D. (CH3)2CH-CH2-MgBr.

Cu 25: nh hng ca nhm -OH n gc C6H5- trong phenol th hin qua phnng gia

phenol vi

A. dung dch NaOH. B. Na kim loi. C. nc Br2. D. H2(Ni, nung nng).

Cu 26: nh hng qua li gia nhm -OH v gc phenyl c chng minh bi phn ng ca

phenol viA.Na v nc brom. B. dung dch NaOH v nc brom.

C. nc brom v dung dch NaOH. D. dung dch NaOH v fomanehit.

Cu 27: un nng fomanehit vi phenol (d) c axit lm xc tc thu c polime c cu trc

A. mch khng phn nhnh. B. mch phn nhnh.

C. mng li khng gian. D. C A, C u ng.

Cu 28: S cht ng vi CTPT C7H8O (l dn xut ca benzen) khng tc dng vi dung dch

NaOH lA. 3. B. 4. C. 2. D. 1.

Cu 29: S hp cht thm c cng thc C7H8O tc dng vi Na, v dd NaOH ln lt l

A. 3 ; 2. B. 4 ; 3. C. 3 ; 4. D. 4 ; 4.

Cu 30: Cho dy cc axit: phenic, picric,p-nitrophenol. T tri sang phi tnh axit

A. tng. B. gim. C. va tng va gim. D. khng thay i.

Cu 31: Dng mt ho cht no sau y nhn bit stiren, toluen, phenol ?

H2SO4 c, to


29/45



A. Dung dch Br2. B. Dung dch HCl.C. Dung dch NaOH.D. Dung dch HNO3.

Cu 32: C 4 cht lng ng trong 4 l b mt nhn: ancol etylic, toluen, phenol, axit fomic.

nhn bit 4 cht c th dng nhm thuc th no sau y ?

A. Qu tm, nc Br2, dung dch NaOH.

B. Dung dch Na2CO3, nc Br2, Na.

C. Qu tm, nc Br2, dung dch K2CO3.D. Na,dung dch HCl, dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3.

Cu 33:Cho s : C6H6 (benzen)2 o

Cl (1 : 1 mol)

Fe, tX ot , P cao Y

axit HCl Z

Hai cht hu c Y, Z ln lt l

A. C6H6(OH)6, C6H6Cl6. B. C6H4(OH)2, C6H4Cl2.

C. C6H5OH, C6H5Cl. D. C6H5ONa, C6H5OH.

Cu 34: Cho s chuyn ho sau: Metan (1) A1 (2) A2 (3) A3 (4) A4 (5)

phenol

Cng thc cu to ca cc cht hu c A1, A2, A3, A4 ln lt l

A. HCHO, C6H12O6, C6H6, C6H5Cl. B. CH CH, C6H6, C6H5NO2, C6H5NH3Cl.

C. CH CH, CH2=CH2, C6H6, C6H5Cl. D. CH CH, C6H6, C6H5Br, C6H5ONa.

Cu 35:Cho s chuyn ho sau: Toluen 2 oBr (1 : 1 mol)

Fe, tX ot , P cao Y

Z

Trong X, Y, Z u l hn hp ca cc cht hu c. Z c thnh phn chnh gm

A. m-metylphenol v o-metylphenol. B. benzyl bromua v o-bromtoluen.

C. o-bromtoluen vp-bromtoluen. D. o-metylphenol vp-metylphenol.

Cu 36: Cho 4 cht: phenol (A), ancol etylic (B), benzen (C), axit axetic (D). linh ng ca

nguyn t hiro trong phn t cc cht trn tng dn theo th t l

A. A < B < C < D. B. C < D < B < A. C. C < B < A < D. D. B < C < D < A.

Cu 37: Phenol tc dng vi tt c cc cht trong nhm no sau y ?

A. Na, KOH, dung dch Br2, HCl. B. K, NaOH, HNO3 c, dung dch Br2.

C. Na, NaOH, CaCO3, CH3COOH. D. K, HCl, axit cacbonic, dung dch Br2.

Cu 38: Dy gm cc cht u phnng vi phenol lA. dung dch NaCl, dung dch NaOH, kim loi Na.

B. nc brom, anhirit axetic, dung dch NaOH.

C. nc brom, axit axetic, dung dch NaOH.

D. nc brom, anehit axetic, dung dch NaOH.

Cu 39: Trong thc t, phenol c dng sn xut

A. nha poli(vinyl clorua), nha novolac v cht dit c 2,4-D.

+ NaOH c (d) + HCl (d)

+ NaOH c, d


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B. nha rezol, nha rezit v thuc tr su 666.

C. poli(phenol-fomanehit), cht dit c 2,4-D v axit picric.

D. nha rezit, cht dit c 2,4-D v thuc n TNT.

Cu 40: Hp cht huc X (phn t c vng benzen) c cng thc phn t l C7H8O2, tc

dng c vi Na v vi NaOH. Bit rng khi cho X tc dng vi Na d, s mol H2thu c

bng s mol X tham gia phnng v X ch tc dngc vi NaOH theo t l s mol 1 : 1.Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l

A. C6H5CH(OH)2. B. HOC6H4CH2OH. C. CH3C6H3(OH)2. D. CH3OC6H4OH

ANEHIT V XETON

I - KHI NIM

1. Cng thc phn t Nhm >C = O c gi l nhm cacbonyl.

Anehit l nhng hp cht m phn t c nhmCH=O lin kt vi gc hirocacbonhoc

nguyn t H.

Nhm CH=O l nhm chc ca anehit, n c gi l nhm cacbanehit.

Cng thc phn t :

CnH

2nO; RCHO; R(CHO)

n

Xeton l nhng hp cht m phn t c nhm >C=O lin kt vi 2 gc hirocacbon.

Th d : 3 3||CH C CH

O

; 3 6 5||CH C C H

O

Nguyn t C mang lin kt i trng thi lai ho sp2.

Lin kt i C=O gm 1 lin kt bn v mt lin kt km bn. Gc gia cc lin kt nhm

>C=O ging vi gc gia cc lin kt >C=C< tc l 120oC. Trong khi lin kt C=C hu nh

khng phn cc, th lin kt >C=O b phn cc mnh : nguyn t O mang mt phn in tch

m, , nguyn t C mang mt phn in tch dng, +. .Chnh v vy cc phn ng ca nhm

>C=O c nhng im ging v nhng im khc bit so vi nhm >C=C


31/45



Mt s anehit n gin hay c gi theo tn thng thng c ngun gc lch s. Th d :

Anehit Tn thay th Tn thng thng

HCH=O metanal fomanehit (anehit fomic)

CH3CH=O etanal axetanehit (anehit axetic)

CH3CH2CH=O Propanal propionanehit (anehit propionic)

(CH3)2CHCH2CH=O 3-metylbutanal isovaleranehit (anehit isovaleric)CH3CH=CHCH=O but-2-en-1-al crotonanehit (anehit crotonic)

Xeton :Theo IUPAC, tn thay th ca xeton gm tn ca hirocacbon tng ng ghp vi

ui on, mch chnh cha nhm>C=O, nh s 1 t u gn nhm . Tn gc - chc ca

xeton gm tn hai gc hirocacbon nh vi nhm >C=O v txeton. Th d :

3 3CH C CH||O

3 2 3CH C CH CH||O

3 2CH C CH CH||O

Tn thay th : propan-2-on butan-2-on but-3-en-2-on

Tn gc - chc : imetyl xeton etyl metyl xeton metyl vinyl xeton

Anehit thm u dy, C6H5CH = O c gi l benzanehit (anehit benzoic). Xeton thm u

dy C6H5COCH3 c gi l axetophenol (metyl phenyl xeton)

II - TNH CHT HO HC

1. Phn ng cng

a)Phn ng cng hiro (phn ng kh)

CH3CH = O + H2oNi,t CH3CH2OH

oNi,t3 3 2 3 3|| |

CH C CH H CH CH CH

O OH

b)Phn ng cng nc, cng hiro xianua

2 2 OHH C O HOH H C OH

(khng bn)

|

3 3 3 3|||

CN

CH C CH H CN CH C CH

O OH

(xianohirin)


32/45



tiu phntrung gian

2. Phn ng oxi ho

a) Tc dng vi brom v kali pemanganat

RCH = O + Br2 + H2O RCOOH + 2HBr

b) Tc dng vi ion bc trong dung dch amoniac

AgNO3

+ 3NH3

+ H2O Ag(NH

3)

2OH + NH

4NO

3

(phc cht tan)

RCH=O + 2Ag(NH3)2OH R-COONH4 + 2Ag + 3NH3 + H2O

Phn ng trng bc c ng dng nhn bit anehitv trng gng, trng rut phch.

3. Phn ng gc hirocacbon

Nguyn t hiro bn cnh nhm cacbonyl d tham gia phn ng. Th d :

3CH COOH3 3 2 3 2|| ||

CH C CH Br CH C CH Br HBr

O O

III - IU CH V NG DNG

1. iu ch

a) T ancol

Phng php chung iu ch anehit v xeton l oxi ho nh ancol bc I, bc II tng

ng bng CuO (xem bi 54 SGK).

Fomanehit c iu ch trong cng nghip bng cch oxi ho metanol nh oxi khng kh

600 - 700oC vi xc tc l Cu hoc Ag :

2CH3 - OH + O2oAg, 600 C 2HCH = O + 2H2O

b) T hirocacbon

Cc anehit v xeton thng dng thng c sn xut t hirocacbon l sn phm ca qu

trnh ch bin du m.

Oxi ho khng hon ton metan l phng php mi sn xut fomanehit :

CH4 + O2oxt, t HCH = O + H2O

Oxi ho etilen l phng php hin i sn xut axetanehit :

2CH2= CH2 + O2 2 2PdCl , CuCl

2CH3CH = O

Oxi ho cumen ri ch ho vi axit sunfuric thu c axeton cng vi phenol

(CH3)2CH-C6H5 21) O

2 42)H SO 20% 3 3 6 5CH CO CH C H OH


33/45



BI TP ANEHIT - XETON

Cu 1: Fomalin (hay fomon) c dng ngm xc ng vt, thuc da, ty u, dit trng,

Fomalin l

A. dung dch rt long ca anehit fomic. B. dung dch cha khong 40% axetanehit.

C. dung dch 37 - 40% fomanehit trong nc. D. tn gi ca H-CH=O.

Cu 2: Pht biu no sau y l khng ng ?

A. Trong phn t anehit, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt .

B. Hp cht R-CHO c th iu ch c t R-CH2-OH.

C. Hp cht hu c c nhm -CHO lin kt vi H l anehit.

D. Anehit va th hin tnh kh, va th hin tnh oxi ho.

Cu 3: S ng phn xeton ng vi cng thc phn t C5H10O l

A. 5. B. 6. C. 3. D. 4.

Cu 4: Trong cng nghip, axetonc iu ch t

A. xiclopropan. B. propan-1-ol. C. propan-2-ol. D. cumen.

Cu 5: Th tgimdnnhitsicaccchtCH3CHO,C2H5OH,H2Ol

A. H2O,CH3CHO,C2H5OH. B. H2O,C2H5OH,CH3CHO.

C. CH3CHO,H2O, C2H5OH. D. CH3CHO,C2H5OH,H2O.

Cu 6: Cho cc cht: HCN, H2, dung dch KMnO4, dung dch Br2. S cht phn ng c vi(CH3)2CO l

A. 2. B. 4. C. 1. D. 3.

Cu 7: Dy gm cc cht u iu ch trc tip (bng mt phn ng) to ra anehit axetic l

A. CH3COOH, C2H2, C2H4. B. C2H5OH, C2H4, C2H2.

C. C2H5OH, C2H2, CH3COOC2H5. D. HCOOC2H3, C2H2, CH3COOH.

Cu 8: Cho s chuyn ho: C6H5CH34o2

KMnO

H O, tX

3H O Y

Cng thc cu to ca X, Y ln lt l

A. C6H5CHO, C6H5COOH. B. C6H5CH2OK, C6H5CHO.

C. C6H5CH2OH, C6H5CHO. D. C6H5COOK, C6H5COOH.

Cu 9: C th dng mt cht no trong cc cht di y nhn bit c cc cht: ancol

etylic, glixerol, anehit axetic ng trong ba l mt nhn ?

A. ng (II) hiroxit. B. Qu tm.


34/45



C. Kim loi natri. D. Dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3.

Cu 10: Bng 3 phng trnh phn ng c th iu ch c cao su buna t cht n o trong cc

cht sau y ?

A. HO-CH2-CH2-OH. B. CH3-CH22-CHO.

C. CH3COOH. D. OHC-CH22-CHO.

Cu 11: Mt anehit no X mch h, khng phn nhnh, c cng thc thc nghim l(C2H3O)n. Cng thc cu to ca X l

A. OHC-CH2-CH2-CHO. B. OHC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHO.

C. OHC-CH(CH3)-CH2-CHO. D. OHC-CH(CH3)-CHO.

Cu 12: Cho cc cht sau: CH3-CH2-CHO (1), CH2=CH-CHO (2), (CH3)2CH-CHO (3), CH2=CH-

CH2-OH (4). Nhng cht phn ng hon ton vi lng d H2 (Ni, to) cng to ra mt sn

phm l

A. (2), (3), (4). B. (1), (2), (4). C. (1), (2), (3). D. (1), (3), (4).Cu 13: Cho cc s phn ng sau:

A B + C ; B + 2H2 oNi, t

ancol isobutylic

A + CuO ot D + E + C ; D + 4AgNO3

o3dd NH , t F + G + 4Ag

A c cng thc cu to l

A. (CH3)2C(OH)-CHO. B. HO-CH2-CH(CH3)-CHO.

C. OHC-CH(CH3)-CHO. D. CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CHO.

Cu 14: t chy hon ton a mol mt anehit X (mch h) to ra b mol CO2v c mol H2O(bit b = a + c). Trong phn ng trng gng, mt phn t X ch cho 2 electron. X thuc dy

ng ng anehit

A. no, n chc. B. khng no c hai ni i, n chc.

C. khng no c mt ni i, n chc. D. no, hai chc.

Cu 15: un nng V lt hianehit X vi 3V lt kh H2(xc tc Ni) n khi phnng xy

ra hon ton ch thu c mt hn hp kh Y c th tch 2V lt (cc th tch khocng

iu kin nhit, p sut).Ngng t Y thu c cht Z ; cho Z tc dng vi Na sinh ra H2c s mol bng s mol Z phn ng. Cht X l anehit

A. khng no (cha mt ni i C=C), hai chc. B. no, hai chc.

C. no, n chc. D. khng no (cha mt ni i C=C), n chc.

Cu 16: Ba cht hucmch hX, Y, Z c cng cng thc phn t C3H6O v c cc tnh

cht: X, Z u phnng vinc brom ; X, Y, Z u phnng vi H2nhng ch c Z khng

b thay i nhmchc ; cht Y ch tc dng vi brom khi c mt CH3COOH. Cc cht X, Y, Z

H2SO4 c, 170oC


35/45



ln lt l

A. C2H5CHO, CH2=CH-O-CH3, (CH3)2CO.

B. (CH3)2CO, C2H5CHO, CH2=CH-CH2OH.

C. C2H5CHO, (CH3)2CO, CH2=CH-CH2OH.

D. CH2=CH-CH2OH, C2H5CHO, (CH3)2CO.

Cu 17:t chy hon ton mt anehit X, thu c s mol CO2bng s mol H2O. Nu choX tc dng vi lng d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3, sinh ra s mol Ag gp 4 ln s mol X

phn ng. Cng thc ca X l

A. HCHO. B. CH3CHO. C. (CHO)2. D. C2H5CHO.

Cu 18: Cho 0,25 mol mtanehit mch hX phn ng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong

NH3, thu c 54 gam Ag. Mt khc, khi cho X phn ng vi H2d (xc tc Ni, to) th 0,125

mol X phn ng ht vi 0,25 mol H2. Cht X c cng thc ng vi cng thc chung l

A. CnH2n(CHO)2(n 0). B. CnH2n+1CHO (n 0).C. CnH2n-1CHO (n 2). D. CnH2n-3CHO (n 2).

Cu 19: Cho hn hp kh X gm HCHO v H2i qua ng sng bt Ni nung nng. Sau khi

phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y gm hai cht hu c. t chy ht Y th

thu c 11,7 gam H2O v 7,84 lt kh CO2(ktc). Phn trm theo th tch ca H2trong X l

A. 46,15%. B. 35,00%. C. 53,85%. D. 65,00%.

Cu 20: Khi oxi ho hon ton 2,2 gam mt anehitn chc thu c 3 gam axit tng

ng. Cng thc ca anehit l

A. HCHO. B. C2H3CHO. C. C2H5CHO. D. CH3CHO.

Cu 21: Cho 2,9 gam mt anehit phn ng hon ton vi lng d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3

thu c 21,6 gam Ag. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca anehit l

A. HCHO. B. CH2=CH-CHO. C. OHC-CHO. D. CH3CHO.

Cu 22: Cho 0,1 mol anehit X tc dng vi lng d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3, un nng

thu c 43,2 gam Ag. Hiro ho X thu c Y, bit 0,1 mol Y phn ng va vi 4,6 gam

Na. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l

A. HCHO. B. CH3CHO.

C. OHC-CHO. D. CH3CH(OH)CHO.

Cu 23:Cho 6,6 gam mt anehit X n chc, mch h phn ng vi lng d AgNO3trong

dung dch NH3, un nng. Lng Ag sinh ra cho phn ng ht vi axit HNO3long, thot ra

2,24 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l

A. CH3CHO. B. HCHO. C. CH3CH2CHO. D. CH2=CHCHO.


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Cu 24: Cho 0,1 mol hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong

dy ng ng tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3trong NH3, un nng thu c 32,4

gam Ag. Hai anehit trong X l

A. HCHO v C2H5CHO. B. HCHO v CH3CHO.

C. C2H3CHO v C3H5CHO. D. CH3CHO v C2H5CHO.

Cu 25: Oxi ho 1,2 gam CH3OH bng CuO nung nng, sau mt thi gian thu c hn hpsn phm X (gm HCHO, H2O v CH3OH d). Cho ton b X tc dng vi lng d dung

dch AgNO3 trong NH3, c 12,96 gam Ag. Hiu sut ca phn ng oxi ho CH 3OH l

A. 76,6%. B. 80,0%. C. 65,5%. D. 70,4%.

Cu 26:t chy mt hp cht hucX, thu c 0,351 gam H2O v 0,4368 lt kh CO2(

ktc). Bit X c phn ng vi Cu(OH)2trong mi trng kimkhi un nng. Cht X l

A. O=CH-CH=O. B. CH2=CH-CH2-OH.

C. CH3COCH3. D. C2H5CHO.Cu 27: Hiro ho hon ton hn hp M gm hai anehit X v Y no, n chc, mch h,

k tip nhau trong dy ngng (MX < MY), thu c hn hp hai ancol c khi lng ln

hn khi lng M l 1 gam. t chy hon ton M thu c 30,8 gam CO2. Cng thc v

phntrm khi lng ca X ln lt l

A. HCHO v 50,56%. B. CH3CHO v 67,16%.

C. CH3CHO v 49,44%. D. HCHO v 32,44%.

Cu 28: Hiro ho hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, k

tip nhau trong dy ng ng thu c (m + 1) gam hn hp hai ancol. Mt khc, khi t

chy hon ton cng m gam X th cn va 17,92 lt kh O2( ktc). Gi tr ca m l

A. 17,8. B. 24,8. C. 10,5. D. 8,8.

Cu 29: Cho m gam hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng

ng tc dng vi CuO (d) nung nng, thu c mt hn hp rn Z v mt hn hphi Y

(c t khi hi so vi H2 l 13,75). Cho ton b Y phn ng vi mt lng d dung dch

AgNO3 trong NH3un nng, sinh ra 64,8 gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l

A. 7,8. B. 8,8. C. 7,4. D. 9,2.

Cu 30: Hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng.

Oxi ho hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp X c khi lng m gam bng CuO nhit thch hp, thu

c hn hp sn phm hu cY. Cho Y tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong

NH3, thu c 54 gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l

A. 15,3. B. 13,5. C. 8,1. D. 8,5.


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AXIT CACBOXYLIC

I - CU TO, DANH PHP

1. Cu to Axit cacboxylic l hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm cacboxyl (-COOH) lin kt trc tip

vi nguyn t cacbon hoc nguyn t hiro.

Nhm||C OH

O

c gi l nhm cacboxyl, vit gn l -COOH.

Cng thc phn t : CnH2nO2; RCOOH; R(COOH)n

2. Danh php

Theo IUPAC,axit +tn ca hirocacbon tng ng + oic.

Tn thng thng ca cc axit c lin quan n ngun gc tm ra chng nn khng c tnh h

thng .

Tn mt s axit thng gp

Cng thc Tn thng thng Tn thay th

H-COOH Axit fomic Axit metanoic

CH3-COOH Axit axetic Axit etanoic

CH3CH2 -COOH Axit propionic Axit propanoic

(CH3)2CH-COOH Axit isobutiric Axit 2-metylpropanoic

CH3 (CH2 )3 -COOH Axit valeric Axit pentanoic

CH2=CHCOOH Axit acrylic Axit propenoic

CH2=C(CH3)-COOH Axit metacrylic Axit 2-metylpropenoic

HOOCCOOH Axit oxalic Axit etanioic

C6H5COOH Axit benzoic Axit benzoic

II - CU TRC V TNH CHT VT L

1. Cu trc

Nhm COOH c xem nh hp bi nhm cacbonyl ( >C=O) v nhm hiroxyl(OH) v th

n c gi l nhm cacboxyl. Tng tc gia nhm cacbonyl v nhm hiroxyl lm cho mt

electron nhm cacboxyl dch chuyn nh biu din bi cc mi tn:.


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H qu l nguyn t hiro nhmOH axittr nn linh ng hn nhmOH ancol, phenol

v phn ng ca nhm >C=O axitcng khng cn ging nh ca nhm >C=O anehit, xeton.

2. Tnh cht vt l

iu kin thng, tt c cc axit cacboxylic u l nhng cht lng hoc rn. im si ca

cc axit cacboxylic cao hn ca anehit, xeton v c ancol c cng s nguyn t cacbon.

Nguyn nhn l do s phn cc nhm cacboxyl v s to thnh lin kt hiro lin phn t

axit cacboxylic

III - TNH CHT HO HC

1. Tnh axit v nh hng ca nhm th

Do mt electron nhm OH dch chuyn v pha nhm C=O, nguyn t H ca nhm OH tr

nn linh ng nn axit cacboxylic in li khng hon ton trong nc theo cn bng :

2 3R COOH H O H O R COO ;

a3

-[H O ][RCOO ]K

[RCOOH]

Ka l mc o lc axit : Ka cng ln th axit cng mnh v ngc li. Lc axit ca axit

cacboxylic ph thuc vo cu to ca nhm nguyn t lin kt vi nhm cacboxyl (k hiu

chung l R).

H-COOH CH3 COOH 3 2CH CH COOH 3 2 4CH [CH ] COOH

Ka (25oC) : 17,72. 10-5 1,75. 10-5 1,33. 10-5 1,29. 10-5

Cc nguyn t c m in ln gc R ht electron khi nhm cacboxyl nn lm tng lc

axit. Th d :

CH3 COOH 2Cl CH COOH 2F CH COOH

Ka (25oC) : 1,75. 10-5 13,5. 10-5 26,9. 10-5

2. Phn ng to thnh dn xut axit

a ) Phn ng vi ancol (phn ng este ho)


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axit benzoic axit m-nitrobenzoic

3CH C OH||O

+ C2H5 -O-HoH ,t 3 2 5CH C OC H||

O

+ H2O

axit axetic etanol etyl axetat

b) Phn ng tch nc lin phn t

3|| ||

CH C O H H O C CH

O O

2 52

P OH O 3 3|| ||

CH C O C CH

O O

, vit gn l (CH3CO)2O

axit axetic anhirit axetic

3. Phn ng gc hirocacbon

a) Phn ng th gc no : Khi dng P lm xc tc, Cl ch th cho H cacbon bn cnh nhm

cacboxyl. Th d :

CH3CH2 CH2COOH + Cl2P 3 2 |

CH CH CHCOOH

Cl+ HCl

b) Phn ng th gc thm : Nhm cacboxyl vng benzen nh hng cho phn ng th

tip theo vo v tr meta v lm cho phn ng kh khn hn so vi th vo benzen :

c) Phn ng cng vo gc khng no : Axit khng no tham gia phn ng cng H2, Br2, Cl 2nh hirocacbon khng no. Th d :

CH3[CH2]7 CH=CH[CH2]7 COOH + H2 0Ni

tCH3 [CH2]7 CH2CH2[CH2]7 COOH

axit oleic axit stearic

CH3CH=CHCOOH + Br2 CH3CHBr-CHBrCOOH

IV - IU CH V NG DNG

1. iu cha) Trong phng th nghim

C6H5CH3 4o2

1)KMnO

H O,t 32)H O

C6H5COOH

R-X KCN R-CNo

3H O , t

R-COOH

b) Trong cng nghip :


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CH3CH2OH + O2 oMen gi m

25 30 C CH3COOH + H2O

3 21

CH CH O O2

oxt,t

3CH COOH

CH3OH + COoxt,t CH3COOH

BI TP AXIT CABOXYLIC

Cu 1: Axit stearic c cng thc phn t no sau y ?

A. C17H35COOH. B. C17H33COOH. C. C15H31COOH. D. C17H31COOH.

Cu 2: Cht no sau y c ng phn cis - trans ?

A. 2-Metylbut-1-en. B. Axit oleic.

C. But-2-in. D. Axit panmitic.Cu 3: C3H6O2 c tt c bao nhiu ng phn mch h ?

A. 8. B. 5. C. 7. D. 3.

Cu 4: Axit fomic c phn ng trng gng v trong phn t c

A. nhm cacbonyl. B. nhm cacboxyl.

C. nhm chc anehit. D. nhm hiroxyl.

Cu 5: Ba cht hu c A, B, C c cng nhm nh chc, c cng thc phn t tng ng l

CH2O2, C2H4O2, C3H4O2. Tn gi cc cht A, B, C ln lt l

A. axit fomic, axit axetic, axit metacrylic.

B. metyl fomat, metyl axetat, metyl acrylat.

C. axit fomic, axit acrylic, axit propionic.

D. axit fomic, axit axetic, axit acrylic.

Cu 6: So snh nhit si ca cc cht: ancol etylic (1), nc (2), imetyl ete (3), axit axetic

(4). Kt qu no ng ?

A. (1) < (2) < (3) < (4). B. (3) < (1) < (2) < (4).

C. (2) < (4) < (1) < (3). D. (4) < (2) < (1) < (3).

Cu 7: Cho cc cht: axit propionic (X), axit axetic (Y), ancol etylic (Z) v imetyl ete (T).

Dy cc cht c sp xp theo chiu tng dn nhit si l

A. T, Z, Y, X. B. Z, T, Y, X. C. T, X, Y, Z. D. Y, T, X, Z.


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Cu 8: Dy gm cc cht c xp theo chiu nhit si tng dn t tri sang phi l:

A. CH3CHO, C2H5OH, C2H6, CH3COOH.

B. CH3COOH, C2H6, CH3CHO, C2H5OH.

C. C2H6, C2H5OH, CH3CHO, CH3COOH.

D. C2H6, CH3CHO, C2H5OH, CH3COOH.Cu 9: Dy gm cc cht c sp xp theo chiu tng dn nhit si t tri sang phi l

A. CH3COOH, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3CHO.

B. CH3CHO, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3COOH.

C. CH3COOH, HCOOH, C2H5OH, CH3CHO.

D. HCOOH, CH3COOH, C2H5OH, CH3CHO.

Cu 10: So snh tnh axit ca cc cht: CH3COOH (A) ; C2H5OH (B) ; C6H5OH (C) ;

HCOOH (D). Th t tnh axit gim dn l

A. C > B > A > D. B. D > B > A > C.

C. D > A > C > B. D. B > C > D > A.

Cu 11: Cht khng c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng hp l

A. isopren. B. stiren.

C. etylbenzen. D. axit metacrylic.

Cu 12: C tt c bao nhiu hp cht n chc, mch h cha nguyn t hiro linh ng ccng thc l C4H6O2?

A. 5. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.

Cu 13: Ch t xenluloz v cc cht v c cn thit, c th qua ti thiu my phn ng

iu ch etyl axetat ?

A. 3. B. 5. C. 6. D. 4.

Cu 14: Cho cc cht sau: phenol, etanol, axit axetic, natri phenolat, natri hiroxit. S cp cht

tc dng c vi nhau l

A. 4. B. 3. C. 2. D. 1.

Cu 15: Cho s chuyn ho: Glucoz X Y CH3COOH

Hai cht X, Y ln lt l

A. CH3CH2OH v CH2=CH2. B. CH3CHO v CH3CH2OH.


42/45



C. CH3CH2OH v CH3CHO. D. CH3CH(OH)COOH v CH3CHO.

Cu 16: Dy gm cc cht c th iu ch trc tip (bng mt phn ng) to ra axit axetic l

A. CH3CHO, C2H5OH, C2H5COOCH3.

B. CH3CHO, C6H12O6(glucoz), CH3OH.

C. CH3OH, C2H5OH, CH3CHO.

D. C2H4(OH)2, CH3OH, CH3CHO.

Cu 17: Cc cht hu c n chc X1, X2, X3, X4 c cng thc tng ng l CH2O, CH2O2,

C2H6O, C2H4O2. Chng thuc cc dy ng ng khc nhau, trong c mt cht tc dng

c vi natri sinh ra kh hiro. Cng thc cu to X1, X2, X3, X4 ln lt l

A. HCHO, HCOOH, C2H5OH, HCOOCH3.

B. CH3OH, HCHO, CH3OCH3, CH3COOH.

C. HCHO, HCOOH, CH3OCH3, HCOOCH3.

D. HCHO, CH3OCH3, CH3OH, CH3COOH.

Cu 18: Cho s chuyn ho:

X (1) C3H6Br2 (2) C3H8O2 (3) C3H4O2 (4) HOOC-CH2-COOH

X l cht no sau y ?

A. Xiclopropan. B. Propen.

C. Propan. D. Xiclopropan hoc propen.

Cu 19: Cho s phnng:

NH3 3CH I X HONO Y oCuO

tZ

Bit Z c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng. Hai cht Y v Z ln lt l

A. C2H5OH, HCHO. B. C2H5OH, CH3CHO.

C. CH3OH, HCHO. D. CH3OH, HCOOH.

Cu 20: Axit cacboxylic no, mch hX c cng thc thc nghim (C3H4O3)n, vy cng thcphn t ca X l

A. C6H8O6. B. C3H4O3. C. C12H16O12. D. C9H12O9.

Cu 21: X l mt ng ng ca benzen c cng thc nguyn l (C3H4)n ; Y l mt axit no a

chc c cng thc nguyn l (C3H4O3)n. Hai cht X, Y ln lt c cng thc phn t l

A. C6H8, C9H12O9. B. C9H12, C6H8O6.

(t l mol 1 : 1)


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C. C9H12, C9H12O9. D. C6H8, C6H8O6.

Cu 22: X l hp cht mch h cha C, H, O. X ch cha nhm chc c nguyn t hiro linh

ng. Nu cho X tc dng vi Na th s mol H2 thot ra bng s mol ca X. Cng thc ca X

l

A. R(COOH)2. B. R(OH)2.

C. HO-R-COOH D. C A, B, C u ng.

Cu 23: Khi cho a mol mt hp cht hucX (cha C, H, O) phn ng hon ton vi Na

hoc vi NaHCO3 th u sinh ra a mol kh. Cht X l

A. etylen glicol. B. axit aipic.

C. ancol o-hiroxibenzylic. D. axit 3-hiroxipropanoic.

Cu 24: Dy gm cc cht u tc dng vi AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 l

A. anehit axetic, but-1-in, etilen. B. anehit axetic, axetilen, but-2-in.C. axit fomic, vinylaxetilen, propin. D. anehit fomic, axetilen, etilen.

Cu 25:t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va V lt O2 (

ktc), thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Gi tr ca V l

A. 8,96. B. 11,2. C. 6,72. D. 4,48.

Cu 26: t chy 7,3 gam mt axit no, mch h thu c 0,3 mol CO 2 v 0,25 mol H2O.

Axit cho c cng thc l

A. COOH-COOH. B. C2H5COOH. C. C4H8(COOH)2. D. CH3COOH.

Cu 27: t chy hon ton a mol axit hu cY c 2a mol CO2. Mt khc, trung ho a

mol Y cn va 2a mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to ca Y l

A. HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH. B. C2H5-COOH.

C. CH3-COOH. D. HOOC-COOH.

Cu 28: trung ho 6,72 gam mt axit cacboxylic Y (no, n chc), cn dng 200 gam

dung dch NaOH 2,24%. Cng thc ca Y lA. CH3COOH. B. HCOOH. C. C2H5COOH. D. C3H7COOH.

Cu 29: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol cht Z l mui natri ca mt axit hu c n chc thu

c kh CO2, hi nc v Na2CO3 ; trong c 0,15 mol CO2. Cng thc cu to ca Z l

A. HCOONa. B. C2H5COONa. C. CH3COONa. D. C2H3COONa.

Cu 30: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng 600

ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, thu c hn hp cht rn khan c


44/45



khi lng l

A. 8,64 gam. B. 6,84 gam. C. 4,90 gam. D. 6,80 gam.

Cu 31: Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung

dch gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht

rn khan. Cng thc phn t ca X l

A. C2H5COOH. B. CH3COOH. C. HCOOH. D. C3H7COOH.

Cu 32: Cho 5,76 gam axit hucX n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO3thu c

7,28 gam mui ca axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l

A. CH2=CH-COOH. B. CH3COOH.

C. HC C-COOH. D. CH3-CH2-COOH.

Cu 33: Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCHO v 0,1 mol HCOOH tc dng vi lng d dung

dch AgNO3 trong NH3, un nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng Ag tothnh l

A. 43,2 gam. B. 10,8 gam. C. 64,8 gam. D. 21,6 gam.

Cu 34: Cho 0,04 mol mt hn hp X gm CH2=CH-COOH, CH3COOH v CH2=CH-

CHO phn ng va vi dung dch cha 6,4 gam brom. Mt khc, trung ho 0,04 mol

X cn dng va 40 ml dung dch NaOH 0,75M. Khi lng ca CH2=CH-COOH trong

X l

A. 0,56 gam. B. 1,44 gam. C. 0,72 gam. D. 2,88 gam.Cu 35: Trung ho 8,2 gam hn hp gm axit fomic v mt axit n chc X cn 100 ml dung

dch NaOH 1,5M. Nu cho 8,2 gam hn hp trn tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3

trong NH3, un nng th thu c 21,6 gam Ag. Tn gi ca X l

A. axit acrylic. B. axit propanoic.

C. axit etanoic. D. axit metacrylic.

Cu 36: un 12 gam axit axetic vi 13,8 gam etanol (c H2SO4 c lm xc tc) n khi phn

ng t ti trng thi cn bng, thu c 11 gam este. Hiu sut ca phn ng este ho l

A. 55%. B. 50%. C. 62,5%. D. 75%.

Cu 37: Hn hp X gm axit HCOOH v axit CH3COOH (t l mol 1 : 1). Ly 5,3 gam hn

hp X tc dng vi 5,75 gam C2H5OH (c xc tc H2SO4c) thu c m gam hn hp este

(hiu sut ca cc phn ng este ho u bng 80%). Gi tr ca m l

A. 10,12. B. 6,48. C. 8,10. D. 16,20.


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Cu 38: Khi thc hin phnng este ho 1 mol CH3COOH v 1 mol C2H5OH, lng este

ln nht thuc l 2/3 mol. t hiu sut cci l 90% (tnh theo axit) khi tin hnh

este ho 1 mol CH3COOH cn s mol C2H5OH l (bit cc phn ng este ho thc hin

cng nhit )

A. 0,342. B. 2,925. C. 2,412. D. 0,456.

Cu 39: Cho hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic no, mch khng phn nhnh. t chy hon ton

0,3 mol hn hp X, thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Nu trung ho 0,3 mol X th cn dng 500

ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Hai axit l

A. HCOOH, HOOC-COOH. B. HCOOH, HOOC-CH2-COOH.

C. HCOOH, C2H5COOH. D. HCOOH, CH3COOH.

Cu 40: Hn hp X gm axit Y n chc v axit Z hai chc (Y, Z c cng s nguyn t

cacbon). Chia X thnh hai phn bng nhau. Cho phn mt tc dng ht vi Na, sinh ra 4,48 lt

kh H2 ( ktc). t chy hon ton phn hai, sinh ra 26,4 gam CO2. Cng thc cu to thu

gn v phn trm v khi lng ca Z trong hn hp X ln lt l

A. HOOC-CH2-COOH v 70,87%. B. HOOC-CH2-COOH v 54,88%.

C. HOOC-COOH v 60,00%. D. HOOC-COOH v 42,86%.

GV Hunh Phc Hi- HSPN

S hc nh con thuyn trn dng nc ngc,khng tin t s li !

CHC CC EM HC TT !

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