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The Not So short

Introduction to LATEX 2

LATEX 2142 LATEX2

by Tobias Oetiker

Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl

Version 4.17, September 27, 2005

, , MIKA, , 4.17-kr, 2005 11 5

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ii

Copyright 1995-2002 Tobias Oetiker and all the Contributers to LShort. All

rights reserved.This document is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms

of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation;

either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT

ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY

or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public Li-

cense for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with

this document; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave,

Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

(free). (FSF) GNU

GPL( ) 2

.

.

. .

GNU GPL .

GNU GPL . Free Soft-

ware Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA .

GNU (FDL) . http:

//www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html

http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlhttp://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html

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LATEX

2.09 . .Hubert Partl

Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Irene Hyna

Bundesministerium fr Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien

Elisabeth Schlegl

in Graz

Jrg Knappen LATEX 2

. CTAN:/tex-archive/info/lshort/

german

http://ftp.ktug.or.kr/tex-archive/info/lshort/germanhttp://ftp.ktug.or.kr/tex-archive/info/lshort/germanmailto:Irene.Hyna@bmwf.ac.atmailto:partl@mail.boku.ac.at

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iv , comp.text.tex

. , , .

.

. ,

.

.

Rosemary Bailey, Marc Bevand, Friedemann Brauer, Jan Busa, Markus Brhwiler,

Pietro Braione, David Carlisle, Jos Carlos Santos, Neil Carter, Mike Chapman,

Pierre Chardaire, Christopher Chin, Carl Cerecke, Chris McCormack,

Wim van Dam, Jan Dittberner, Michael John Downes, Matthias Dreier,David Dureisseix, Elliot, Hans Ehrbar, Daniel Flipo, David Frey, Hans Fugal,

Robin Fairbairns, Jrg Fischer, Erik Frisk, Mic Milic Frederickx, Frank,

Kasper B. Graversen, Arlo Griffiths, Alexandre Guimond, Andy Goth,

Cyril Goutte, Greg Gamble, Frank Fischli, Morten Hgholm, Neil Hammond,

Rasmus Borup Hansen, Joseph Hilferty, Bjrn Hvittfeldt, Martien Hulsen,

Werner Icking, Jakob, Eric Jacoboni, Alan Jeffrey, Byron Jones, David Jones,

Johannes-Maria Kaltenbach, Michael Koundouros, Andrzej Kawalec,

Sander de Kievit, Alain Kessi, Christian Kern, Jrg Knappen, Kjetil Kjernsmo,

Maik Lehradt, Rmi Letot, Flori Lambrechts, Axel Liljencrantz, Johan Lundberg,

Alexander Mai, Hendrik Maryns, Martin Maechler, Aleksandar S Milosevic,

Henrik Mitsch, Claus Malten, Kevin Van Maren, Richard Nagy, Philipp Nagele,

Lenimar Nunes de Andrade, Manuel Oetiker, Urs Oswald, Martin Pfister,

Demerson Andre Polli, Maksym Polyakov Hubert Partl, John Refling,

Mike Ressler, Brian Ripley, Young U. Ryu, Bernd Rosenlecher, Chris Rowley,

Risto Saarelma, Hanspeter Schmid, Craig Schlenter, Gilles Schintgen,

Baron Schwartz, Christopher Sawtell, Miles Spielberg, Geoffrey Swindale,

Laszlo Szathmary, Boris Tobotras, Josef Tkadlec, Scott Veirs, Didier Verna,

Fabian Wernli, Carl-Gustav Werner, David Woodhouse, Chris York, Fritz Zaucker,

Rick Zaccone, and Mikhail Zotov.

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LATEX [1]

. . LATEX TEX [2]

.

LATEX 2 . LATEX

. LATEX

[1, 3] .

.

1 LATEX 2 . LATEX . LATEX

.

2 . LATEX .

.

3 LATEX . LATEX .

LATEX .

4 , EPS . pdfLATEX PDF .

5 LATEX . LATEX

.

6 LATEX , . LATEX

( ) .

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vi . .

. .

LATEX PC UNIX VMS

. LATEX

. LATEX ,

Local Guide [5] .

.

LATEX

, LATEX .

LATEX Comprehensive TEX Archive Network(CTAN)

. http://www.ctan.org. ftp ftp:

//www.ctan.org .

. ftp://ftp.ktug.or.kr(), ftp://ctan.

tug.org (), ftp://ftp.dante.de (), ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk ()

.

.

CTAN .

. URL

CTAN: CTAN .

LATEX CTAN:/tex-archive/systems

.

.

LATEX .

Tobias Oetiker

Department of Information Technology and

Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

CTAN:/tex-archive/info/lshort .

http://ftp.ktug.or.kr/tex-archive/info/lshortmailto:oetiker@ee.ethz.chhttp://ftp.ktug.or.kr/tex-archive/systemsftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/ftp://ftp.dante.de/ftp://ctan.tug.org/ftp://ctan.tug.org/ftp://ftp.ktug.or.kr/ftp://www.ctan.org/ftp://www.ctan.org/http://www.ctan.org/

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iii v 1 1

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.3 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2 17 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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viii 2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4.3 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.4 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.5 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.6 (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

7 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

11.1 Itemize, Enumerate, Description . . . . . . . . . . . 39

11.2 Flushleft, Flushright, Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

11.3 Quote, Quotation, Verse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

11.4 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

11.5 Verbatim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

11.6 Tabular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3 49 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

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ix 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 8 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

4 71 1 EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5 Verbatim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

7 pdfLATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

7.1 PDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

8 DVIPDFMx PDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878.1 pdf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

9 beamer class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

5 93 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

2 picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

2.6 \multiput \linethickness . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

2.7 . \thinlines \thicklines . . . . . 99

2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . 100

2.9 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

2.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

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x 2.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

3 XY-pic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

6 LATEX 107 1 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

1.4 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.2 ! ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

5 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

125Index 127

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1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.3 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.4 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2.6 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3.12 AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3.13 AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3.14 AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.15 AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.16 AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

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xii 3.17 AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.18 AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

4.1 graphicx key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

4.2 Index Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

6.5 TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

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1.1 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.1 fancyhdr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.2 beamer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

6.1 Example Package. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

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1 LATEX 2 .

LATEX . LATEX

.

1 1.1 TEX

TEX (Donald E. Knuth) [2].

. TEX 1977

.

. TEX 1982 , 1989 8

. TEX

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3.141592.

TEX tech . ch Ach ch,1

Loch ch . ch chi

1 ch Pech ch

. (Wikipedia)

. TEX . . .

a ch e ch .

tex tyekh .

ach, loch ch .

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2 X . TEX texnologia (technology)

. TEX TeX .

1.2 LATEX

LATEX TEX . LATEX

. LATEX (Leslie Lamport) [1].

LATEX TEX . LATEX (Frank

Mittelbach) .

1994 LATEX3 LATEX

. LATEX 2.09

. LATEX 2

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.

LATEX Lay-tech Lah-tech . LaTeX

. LATEX 2 Lay-tech two e LaTeX2e

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2 2.1, , .

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WYSIWYG2 , MS Word 3

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1.2 3,

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4 .

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1.3 LATEX 5

3 LATEXLATEX (plain ASCIItext).

() .

, LATEX

.

3.1(whitespace characters), (blank), (tab) LATEX

.

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(:linebreak) .

(paragraph) .

. .

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It does not matter whether you

enter one or several spaces

after a word.

An empty line starts a new

paragraph.

It does not matter whether you enter one orseveral spaces after a word.

An empty line starts a new paragraph.

3.2 LATEX

.

LATEX

.

# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \

, (\) .

\# \$ \% \^{} \& \_ \{ \} \~{} # $ % & _ { }

{ }

. 25

.

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6 , ,

. \ (\\) . \\ ()

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3.3 LATEX LATEX

.

\ (letter) .

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LATEX .

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. {} LATEX (

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people working with \TeX{} into

\TeX{}nicians and \TeX perts.\\

Today is \today.

I read that Knuth divides the people workingwith TEX into TEXnicians and TEXperts.Today is 2005 11 5.

(parameter) .

{ } . (optional parameters)

, [ ]

. LATEX .

. .

You can \textsl{lean} on me! You can lean on me!

Please, start a new line

right here!\newline

Thank you!

Please, start a new line right here!Thank you!

6\ $\backslash$ \textbackslash .

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1.4 73.4LATEX % ()

.

.

.

This is an % stupid

% Better: instructive

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8 \usepackage{...}

,8 .

.

\begin{document}

LATEX .

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. LATEX .

.

1.1 LATEX .

1.2 .

\documentclass{article}

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Small is beautiful.

\end{document}

1.1: LATEX

5 LATEX

. . LATEX

GUI( ) .

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LATEX (graphic) LATEX

.

LATEX .

LATEX .9

1. LATEX .

.

8\documentclass \begin{document} (preamble) .9 Unix . Unix

, ;-)

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1.5 9

\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}

% define the title\author{H.~Partl}

\title{Minimalism}

\begin{document}

% generates the title

\maketitle

% insert the table of contents

\tableofcontents

\section{Some Interesting Words}

Well, and here begins my lovely article.

\section{Good Bye World}

\ldots{} and here it ends.\end{document}

1.2:

. ASCII plain text

. .tex .

2. LATEX . .dvi

. LATEX

. LATEX

. Ctrl-D .

latex foo.tex

3. DVI .

.

xdvi foo.dvi &

X Window Unix . (MiKTEX

) yap (Yet Another Previewer) .

dvi PostScript Ghostscript

.

dvips -Pcmz foo.dvi -o foo.ps

LATEX dvipdf .dvi

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10 pdf .

dvipdf foo.dvi

6 6.1 LATEX

(type). \documentclass

.

\documentclass[options]{class}

class . 1.1

. LATEX 2

. option

.

. 1.2

.

. ,

1.1:

article , , , ,

proc article

minimal . .

.report (chapter) , ,

.

book .

slides . . FoilTEX .a

amacros/latex/contrib/foiltex

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1.6 11

1.2:

10pt, 11pt, 12pt . 10pt .

a4paper, letterpaper, . . . . letterpaper . a5paper, b5paper, executivepaper,legalpaper .

fleqn .

leqno .

titlepage, notitlepage . article report book .

onecolumn, twocolumn 1 2 .

twoside, oneside

. article report , book . . , twoside .

landscape (landscape) .

openright, openany / . (chapter) article . report book

.

\documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}

LATE

X article 11

, A4

.

6.2 LATEX

. ,

, LATEX

. .

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12 .

\usepackage[options]{package}

package , options

. LATEX 2

. ( 1.3 .)

.

Local Guide [5] . LATEX The

LATEX Companion [3] .

LATEX 2

. TEX . Unix

texdoc .

6.3 (header) (footer) (page style) . LATEX

.

\pagestyle{style}

1.4 .

.

\thispagestyle{style}

The LATEX Compan-

ion [3] 75 3 4 .

7 LATEX

. TEX

. .

.

.tex TEX LATEX . latex .

.sty LATEX . \usepackage LATEX

.

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1.7 13

1.3: LATEX

doc LATEX .doc.dtxa The LATEX Companion [3] .

exscale .ltexscale.dtx .

fontenc LATEX .ltoutenc.dtx .

ifthen if...then do...otherwise do... .ifthen.dtx The LATEX Companion [3] .

latexsym LATEX (symbol) latexsym . latexsym.dtx The LATEX Companion [3] .

makeidx . 74 3 TheLATEX Companion [3] .

syntonly () .

inputenc . ASCII, ISO Latin-1, ISO Latin-2, IBM 437/850, , , ANSI-, .inputenc.dtx .

a .

latex doc.dtx dvi .

.

1.4: LATE

X

plain . .

headings . . ( .)

empty .

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14 .dtx TEX . LATEX . .dtx

.dtx LATEX .

.ins .dtx .

LATEX .dtx .ins .

.ins LATEX .dtx .

.cls . \documentclass

.

.fd LA

TEX .

LATEX .

.dvi (device independent) . LATEX . DVI

dvips

.

.log

.

.toc . LATEX

.

.lof .toc .

.lot .

.aux

. .aux .

.idx LATEX

. .idx .

makeindex .

74 3 .

.ind .idx

.

.ilg makeindex .

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1.8 15

8

. LATEX .

\include{filename}

filename.tex

. LATEX filename.tex

.

\includeonly (preamble)

. \include LATEX .

\includeonly{filename,filename,. . . }

\include

.

.

\include

. \includeonly .

\include

.

.

\input{filename}

.

.

syntonly . LATEX

(DVI) . LATE

X

. .

\usepackage{syntonly}

\syntaxonly

DVI (

).

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2 LATEX 2

.

.

1 ( )

.

.

.

LATEX

. LATEX

.

LATEX .

. \\

, .

, .

.

.

.

.

. LATEX

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18 .

. ( ) ,

.(

.)

% Example 1

\ldots when Einstein introduced his formula

\begin{equation}

e = m \cdot c^2 \; ,

\end{equation}

which is at the same time the most widely known

and the least well understood physical formula.

% Example 2

\ldots from which follows Kirchhoffs current law:

\begin{equation}

\sum_{k=1}^{n} I_k = 0 \; .

\end{equation}

Kirchhoffs voltage law can be derived \ldots

% Example 3

\ldots which has several advantages.

\begin{equation}

I_D = I_F - I_R

\end{equation}

is the core of a very different transistor model. \ldots

.

. LATEX . LATEX

. .

.

. (

)

.

.

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2.2 19 .

. (chapter), (section),

(subsection)

. .

, \section{The Structure of Text and Language}

.

2 2.1 . LATEX

. ,

.

.

. 116

6 3.2 .

LATEX

. .

\\ \newline

.

\\*

.

\newpage

.

\linebreak[n], \nolinebreak[n], \pagebreak[n], \nopagebreak[n]

. 0 4

n . n 4

LATEX .

break new . break

LATEX .

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20 .

. .LATEX .

.

LATEX overfull hbox

. LATEX

.1 \sloppy LATEX

.

. underfull

hbox .

. LATEX \fussy

.

2.2LATEX (hyphenate).

TEX

.

\hyphenation{word list}

- . LATEX

.

. ,

. \begin{document}

babel , babel

.

hyphenation Hyphenation FOR-

TRAN, Fortran fortran .

.2

:

\hyphenation{FORTRAN Hy-phen-a-tion}

\- .

. (

1LATEX (overfull hbox)

, . \documentclass draft

.2 (,) . []

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2.3 21 ) . LATEX

.3

I think this is: su\-per\-cal\-%

i\-frag\-i\-lis\-tic\-ex\-pi\-%

al\-i\-do\-cious

I think this is: supercalifragilisticexpialido-cious

.

\mbox{text}

.

My phone number will change soon.

It will be \mbox{0116 291 2319}.

The parameter

\mbox{\emph{filename}} should

contain the name of the file.

My phone number will change soon. It willbe 0116 291 2319.

The parameter filename should contain thename of the file.

\fbox \mbox , .

3 LATEX

.

\today 2005 11 5

\TeX TEX

\LaTeX LATEX

\LaTeXe LATEX 2 LATEX

4 4.1 " .

. LATEX (grave accent)

3OT1 CM . babel

T1 .

.

. []

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22 (vertical quote) .

.

Please press the x key. Please press the x key.

LATEX

.

(back-tick grave accent),

(vertical

quote) .

4.2 LATEX .

.

.

daughter-in-law, X-rated\\

pages 13--67\\

yes---or no? \\

$0$, $1$ and $-1$

daughter-in-law, X-ratedpages 1367yesor no?0, 1 and1

- , , .4

4.3 () .5 LATEX

\~ . .

.

http://www.rich.edu/\~{}bush \\

http://www.clever.edu/$\sim$demo

http://www.rich.edu/bushhttp://www.clever.edu/demo

url hyperref

\url . hyperref

4 .

. []5 ()

.[]

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2.4 23 .

.

\url{http://people.ktug.or.kr/~karnes/%

demo/lshort-kr/index.html}http://people.ktug.or.kr/~karnes/demo/

lshort-kr/index.html

4.4 ()LATEX .

Its $-30\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$.

I will soon start to

super-conduct.

Its 30 C. I will soon start to super-conduct.

textcomp \textcelsius

.

4.5 () .

. textcomp .

\usepackage{textcomp}

.

\texteuro

.

eurosym .

\usepackage[official]{eurosym}

official .

official gen .

( ftp://

ftp.adobe.com/pub/adobe/type/win/all .) europs

ftp://ftp.adobe.com/pub/adobe/type/win/allftp://ftp.adobe.com/pub/adobe/type/win/allhttp://people.ktug.or.kr/~karnes/demo/lshort-kr/index.html

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24 \EUR

. marvosym

\EUR .

.

2.1:

package command roman sans-serif typewriter

eurosym \euro e e e

[gen]eurosym \euro AC AC ACeurops \EUR e c dmarvosym \EUR

4.6 ( . . . ) .

. .

.6

\ldots

Not like this ... but like this:\\

New York, Tokyo, Budapest, \ldots

Not like this ... but like this:New York, Tokyo, Budapest, . . .

4.7

. (ligature) .

fffi fl ffi. . . instead of ff fi fl ffi . . .

6 . [

]

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2.4 25 \mbox{}

. .7

\Large Not shelfful\\

but shelf\mbox{}ful

Not shelfful

but shelfful

4.8 LATEX .

2.2 o .

.

i j , \i,

\j .

H\^otel, na\"\i ve, \el\eve,\\

sm\o rrebr\o d, !Se\~norita!,\\

Sch\"onbrunner Schlo\ss{}

Stra\ss e

Htel, nave, lve,smrrebrd, Seorita!,

Schnbrunner Schlo Strae

2.2:

\o \o \^o \~oo \=o o \.o \"o \c c

o \u o o \v o \H o o \c oo. \d o o

\b o oo \t oo

\oe \OE \ae \AE \aa \AA

\o \O \l \L \i \j ! ?

7 .

. Computer Modern Roman

. []

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26

5 LATEX

.

1. 8 . Johannes

Braams babel

.

2. LATEX .

LATEX . ,

.

Local Guide [5] .

3. . , (:)

.

\documentclass

babel .

\usepackage[language]{babel}

LATEX . babel

. LATEX

, babel

. .

babel

. ()

. babel \"o "o

.

babel

\usepackage[languageA,languageB]{babel}

.

\selectlanguage{languageA}

8, .

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2.5 27.

LATEX inputenc .

\usepackage[encoding]{inputenc}

.

, OS/2 132 , ISO-LATIN 1

228 , cp1251 Cyrillic

.

.

.9

western Latin Cyrillic

Mac applemac macukr

Unix latin1 koi8-ru

Windows ansinew cp1251

DOS, OS/2 cp850 cp866nav

ucs

.

\usepackage{ucs}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

utf8 LATEX

.

TEX

.

.

fontenc .

\usepackage[encoding]{fontenc}

encoding .

.

9 inputenc.dtx cyinpenc.dtx

. 77 6 .

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28 LATEX OT1

(Computer Modern) TEX . 7 128 .

TEX

.

.

,

.

8 CM

. T1 Extended Cork(EC)

. LH

.

T2A, T2B, T2C, X2

.10 CB

LGR .

. CM ,

CM .

5.1 11LATEX 12

.

HLATEX

LATEX EUC-KR13

.14 LATEX

10 [11] .11 3.20 .

lshort . 4.17

. .12 , ,

, , .13 KS X 1001 KS

EUC-KR . MS Windows EUC-KR

CP949( ) EUC-KR

CP949 . CP949

2350 .

. /UTF-8

. HLATEX LATEX

EUC-KR . dhucs .14HLATEX http://project.ktug.or.kr/hlatex/ .

http://project.ktug.or.kr/hlatex/

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2.5 29

. UHC 15 .

dhucs

UTF-8

LATEX .16

27 Dominique Unruh unicode

(ucs ) UTF-8 .

HLATEX

, PDF

. dhucs

, .

hLATEXp, Werner Lemberg CJK

.17 hLATEXp EUC-KR

HLATEX

. CJK EUC-KR

UTF-8 , //

(4.5.1 ) .18

HLATEX, dhucs, hLATEXp () ,

. .

.

1. . plain

text ASCII .

EUC-KR UTF-8

. .

15 PostScript type 1 .

(Unified Hangul Code)

(Uns Hangul Composite Fonts)

. .16dhucs http://faq.ktug.or.kr/faq/DHUcs/ .17 http://knot.kaist.ac.kr/htex/ CTAN:/tex-archive/language/

korean/CJK/ .18CJK http://faq.ktug.or.kr/faq/CJKLaTeX/

.

http://faq.ktug.or.kr/faq/CJKLaTeX/http://ctan/tex-archive/language/korean/CJK/http://ctan/tex-archive/language/korean/CJK/http://knot.kaist.ac.kr/htex/http://faq.ktug.or.kr/faq/DHUcs/

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30 2. .

. HLATEX type 1 UHC .

dhucs UHC (truetype)

.

LATEX ,

LATEX

.

dhucs

.19

\usepackage[hangul,nonfrench]{dhucs}

dhucs .

hangul

. .

nojosa . beamer .

hanja hangul ,

.

nonfrench nonfrench-spacing . ,

. french-

spacing .

dhucs .

dhucs-interword .

default HWP .

dhucs-setspace .

hangul .

dhucs-gremph \itshape .

bfemph .

, , PDF dhucs

dhucs . dhucs

LATEX

KTUG(Korean TEX User Group) http:

//www.ktug.or.kr http://faq.ktug.or.kr/mywiki .

19 UTF-8 .

http://faq.ktug.or.kr/mywikihttp://www.ktug.or.kr/http://www.ktug.or.kr/

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2.5 31

2.3:

\usepackage[portuguese]{babel}

\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

5.2By Demerson Andre Polli

.

\usepackage[portuguese]{babel}

brazilian .

.

.

\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}

.

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

2.3 .

Mac DOS latin1

. .

5.3 By Daniel Flipo

LATEX

. .

\usepackage[frenchb]{babel}

babel french

frenchb francais .

mailto:daniel.flipo@univ-lille1.frmailto:polli@linux.ime.usp.br

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32 LATEX

. . \chapter Chapitre , \today

.

. 2.4 .

2.4:

\og guillemets \fg{} guillemets

M\up{me}, D\up{r} Mme, Dr

1\ier{}, 1\iere{}, 1\ieres{} 1er, 1re, 1res

2\ieme{} 4\iemes{} 2e 4es

\No 1, \no 2 No 1, no 2

20~\degres C, 45\degres 20 C, 45

\bsc{M. Durand} M. Durand

\nombre{1234,56789} 1 234,567 89

. babel

frenchb

,

frenchb.dtx

LATEX frenchb.dvi .

5.4 LATEX

. .

\usepackage[german]{babel}

, LATEX

. . ,Chapter Kapitel . inputenc

.

2.5 . Inputenc .

.

(guillemets)

. .

.

.

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2.5 33

2.5:

"a "s

" "

"< or \flqq "> or \frqq

\flq \frq

\dq "

\flq . OT1 . T1

.(\usepackage[T1]{fontenc})

5.5 By Maksym Polyakov

babel3.7h , ,

T2* .

LATEX fontenc inputenc . mathtext

fontenc .20

\usepackage{mathtext}

\usepackage[T1,T2A]{fontenc}

\usepackage[koi8-ru]{inputenc}

\usepackage[english,bulgarian,russian,ukranian]{babel}

babel

.

.

.

babel

.

babel , , ,

(\frenchspacing ) ,

, .

20AMS-LATEX fontenc babel .

mailto:polyama@myrealbox.com

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34 . (

), , 2.6 .

2.6: babel , , "| disable ligature at this position."- an explicit hyphen sign, allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word."--- Cyrillic emdash in plain text."--~ Cyrillic emdash in compound names (surnames)."--* Cyrillic emdash for denoting direct speech."" like "-, but producing no hyphen sign (for compound words with hy-

phen, e.g.x-""yor some other signs as disable/enable)."~ for a compound word mark without a breakpoint."= for a compound word mark with a breakpoint, allowing hyphenation

in the composing words.", thinspace for initials with a breakpoint in following surname." for German left double quotes (looks like ,,)." for German right double quotes (looks like )."< for French left double quotes (looks like

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2.7 , 35. ~ .

\@ .

Mr.~Smith was happy to see her\\

cf.~Fig.~5\\

I like BASIC\@. What about you?

Mr. Smith was happy to see hercf. Fig. 5I like BASIC. What about you?

.

\frenchspacing

LATEX

.

. \frenchspacing \@

.

7 , , (chapter), (section),

(subsection) . LATEX

.

.

article .

\section{...}

\subsection{...}

\subsubsection{...}

\paragraph{...}

\subparagraph{...}

(part)

.

\part{...}

report book

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36 .

\chapter{...}

article , article

. ,

LATEX .

.

\part .

\appendix ,

.

21

LATEX .

.

.

\tableofcontents

. . LATEX

.

. *

. , \section{Help}

\section*{Help} .

.

.

.

\chapter[Title for the table of contents]{A long

and especially boring title, shown in the text}

.

\maketitle

.

\title{...}, \author{...} \date{...}

\maketitle . \author

21article .

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2.8 37 \and .

9 1.2 . LATEX 2 book

,

.

.

\frontmatter \begin{document} .

.(: \chapter*{Preface})

.

\mainmatter .

.

\appendix .

.

\backmatter ,

. .

8 , , , ,

. LATEX .

\label{marker}, \ref{marker} and \pageref{marker}

marker . LATEX \ref

\label , , , ,

. \pageref \label .22 .

A reference to this subsection

\label{sec:this} looks like:

see section~\ref{sec:this} on

page~\pageref{sec:this}.

A reference to this subsection looks like: seesection 8 on page 37.

22 . \label

.

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38

9 .

\footnote{footnote text}

.

23 . ,

.24

Footnotes\footnote{This is

a footnote.} are often usedby people using \LaTeX.

Footnotesa are often used by people usingLAT

EX.

aThis is a footnote.

10 .

\underline{text}

.26

LA

TEX .

\emph{text}

.

\emph{If you use

emphasizing inside a piece

of emphasized text, then

\LaTeX{} uses the

\emph{normal} font for

emphasizing.}

If you use emphasizing inside a piece of em-

phasized text, then LATEX uses thenormal fontfor emphasizing.

23 .24 .

. .

.

?25

25

. \footnotemark \footnotetext{...}

, . []26 .

( , ) . []

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2.11 39LATEX

.

\textit{You can also

\emph{emphasize} text if

it is set in italics,}

\textsf{in a

\emph{sans-serif} font,}

\texttt{or in

\emph{typewriter} style.}

You can also emphasize text if it is set initalics, in a sans-serif font, or in typewriter

style.

11 \begin{environment} text \end{environment}

environment .

.

\begin{aaa}...\begin{bbb}...\end{bbb}...\end{aaa}

.

11.1 Itemize, Enumerate, Description Itemize , enumerate , description

.

\flushleft

\begin{enumerate}

\item You can mix the list

environments to your taste:

\begin{itemize}

\item But it might start to

look silly.

\item[-] With a dash.

\end{itemize}

\item Therefore remember:

\begin{description}

\item[Stupid] things will not

become smart because they are

in a list.

\item[Smart] things, though, can be

presented beautifully in a list.

\end{description}

\end{enumerate}

1. You can mix the list environments toyour taste:

But it might start to look silly.

- With a dash.

2. Therefore remember:

Stupid things will not become smartbecause they are in a list.

Smart things, though, can bepresented beautifully in a list.

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40 11.2 Flushleft, Flushright, Center Flushleft flushright

. Center . \\

LATEX .

\begin{flushleft}

This text is\\ left-aligned.

\LaTeX{} is not trying to make

each line the same length.

\end{flushleft}

This text isleft-aligned. LATEX is not trying to makeeach line the same length.

\begin{flushright}

This text is right-\\aligned.

\LaTeX{} is not trying to make

each line the same length.

\end{flushright}

This text is right-aligned. LATEX is not trying to make each

line the same length.

\begin{center}

At the centre\\of the earth

\end{center}

At the centreof the earth

11.3 Quote, Quotation, Verse Quote , .

A typographical rule of thumb

for the line length is:

\begin{quote}

On average, no line should

be longer than 66 characters.

\end{quote}This is why \LaTeX{} pages have

such large borders by default and

also why multicolumn print is

used in newspapers.

A typographical rule of thumb for the linelength is:

On average, no line should be

longer than 66 characters.

This is why LATEX pages have such large bor-ders by default and also why multicolumnprint is used in newspapers.

quotation verse . quotation

. verse . \\

, .

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2.11 41I know only one English poem by

heart. It is about Humpty Dumpty.

\begin{flushleft}

\begin{verse}

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall:\\

Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.\\

All the Kings horses and all

the Kings men\\

Couldnt put Humpty together

again.

\end{verse}

\end{flushleft}

I know only one English poem by heart. It isabout Humpty Dumpty.

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall:Humpty Dumpty had a great

fall.All the Kings horses and all the

Kings menCouldnt put Humpty together

again.

11.4 Abstract

. LATEX abstract .

abstract article .

\begin{abstract}

The abstract abstract.

\end{abstract}

The abstract abstract.

11.5 Verbatim \begin{verbatim} \end{verbatim}

LATEX

.

.

\verb+text+

+ , *

. LATEX .

The \verb|\ldots| command \ldots

\begin{verbatim}

10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";

20 GOTO 10

\end{verbatim}

The \ldots command ...

10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";

20 GOTO 10

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42 \begin{verbatim*}

the starred version of

the verbatim

environment emphasizes

the spaces in the text

\end{verbatim*}

thestarredversionof

theverbatim

environmentemphasizes

thespacesinthetext

\verb \verbatim* * .

\verb*|like this :-) | likethis:-)

verbatim \verb .

11.6 Tabular tabular .

. LATEX .

tabular .

\begin{tabular}[pos]{table spec}

table spec . l

, r , c . p{width} . l .

, LATEX

. p{width}

.

pos

. t, b, c (top), (bottom),

(center) .

tabular & , \\ , \hline

. \cline{j-i}

. i j .

\begin{tabular}{|r|l|}

\hline

7C0 & hexadecimal \\

3700 & octal \\ \cline{2-2}

11111000000 & binary \\

\hline \hline

1984 & decimal \\

\hline

\end{tabular}

7C0 hexadecimal3700 octal

11111000000 binary

1984 decimal

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2.11 43\begin{tabular}{|p{4.7cm}|}

\hline

Welcome to Boxys paragraph.

We sincerely hope youll

all enjoy the show.\\

\hline

\end{tabular}

Welcome to Boxys paragraph.We sincerely hope youll all en-

joy the show.

@{...} .

.

.

. @{}

.

\begin{tabular}{@{} l @{}}

\hline

no leading space\\

\hline

\end{tabular}

no leading space

\begin{tabular}{l}

\hline

leading space left and right\\

\hline

\end{tabular}

leading space left and right

LATEX 27

. ,

.

\begin{tabular} @{.} .

. (&)

.

\multicolumn .

\begin{tabular}{c r @{.} l}

Pi expression &

\multicolumn{2}{c}{Value} \\

\hline

$\pi$ & 3&1416 \\

$\pi^{\pi}$ & 36&46 \\

$(\pi^{\pi})^{\pi}$ & 80662&7 \\

\end{tabular}

Pi expression Value 3.1416 36.46

() 80662.7

27 tools dcolumn .

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44 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|}

\hline

\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Ene} \\

\hline

Mene & Muh! \\

\hline

\end{tabular}

EneMene Muh!

tabular .

longtable .

12 .

.

. .

. LATEX

.

LATEX

. , LATEX

.

LATEX .

Figure table

. (placement specifier)

.

\begin{figure}[placement specifier] or \begin{table}[placement specifier]

LATEX .

.

2.7 .

, .

\begin{table}[!hbp]

[!hbp] LATEX (h), (b),

(p) .

.(!)

[tbp] .

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2.12 45LATEX

. , .28 LATEX

.

( h )

. . LATEX

.

. ,

LATEX , .

LATEX , .

. [h]

. LATEX [h] [ht] .

, table figure

.

28 (FIFO first in first out) (que).

2.7:

. . .

h here . . .

t top . .

b bottom . .

p page . .

! a

. .

pt, em TEX . 118 6.5.

a

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46 .

\caption{caption text}

LATEX .

\listoffigures and \listoftables

\tableofcontents ,

.

,

. \caption .

\caption[Short]{LLLLLoooooonnnnnggggg}

\label \ref .

,

.

.

Figure~\ref{white} is an example of Pop-Art.

\begin{figure}[!hbp]

\makebox[\textwidth]{\framebox[5cm]{\rule{0pt}{5cm}}}

\caption{Five by Five in Centimetres.\label{white}}

\end{figure}

, LATEX (h)

.29 , (b)

. , LATEX

.

LATEX

.

.

\clearpage or even the \cleardoublepage

LATEX

. \cleardoublepage

.

LATEX 2 PostScript

.

29

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2.13 47

13 \caption \section

. ,

. \section

.

, \footnote, \phantom .

.

\protect .

\protect ,

. \protect

.

\section{I am considerate

\protect\footnote{and protect my footnotes}}

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3 ! TEX

. .

,

. AMS-LATEX1

.

1 LATEX .

(inline) , .

\( \) , $ $ , \begin{math}

\end{math} .

Add $a$ squared and $b$ squared

to get $c$ squared. Or, using

a more mathematical approach:

$c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}$

Add a squared and b squared to get csquared. Or, using a more mathematical ap-proach: c2 =a2 +b2

\TeX{} is pronounced as

\(\tau\epsilon\chi\).\\[6pt]

100~m$^{3}$ of water\\[6pt]

This comes from my

\begin{math}\heartsuit\end{math}

TEX is pronounced as .

100 m3 of water

This comes from my

1 LATEX .

. TEX . CTAN:

/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex .

http://ftp.ktug.or.kr/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatexhttp://ftp.ktug.or.kr/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex

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50

(display) . , \[ \] ,

\begin{displaymath} \end{displaymath} .2

Add $a$ squared and $b$ squared

to get $c$ squared. Or, using

a more mathematical approach:

\begin{displaymath}

c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}

\end{displaymath}

or you can type less with:

\[a+b=c\]

Add a squared and b squared to get csquared. Or, using a more mathematical ap-proach:

c2 =a2 +b2

or you can type less with:

a+b = c

LATEX , equation

. \label \ref amsmath

\eqref .

\begin{equation} \label{eq:eps}

\epsilon > 0

\end{equation}

From (\ref{eq:eps}), we gather

\ldots{}From \eqref{eq:eps} we

do the same.

> 0 (3.1)

From (3.1), we gather . . . From (3.1) we dothe same.

(inline) (display)

.

$\lim_{n \to \infty}

\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2}

= \frac{\pi^2}{6}$

limnn

k=11

k2 =

2

6

\begin{displaymath}

\lim_{n \to \infty}\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2}

= \frac{\pi^2}{6}

\end{displaymath}

limn

nk=1

1

k2 =

2

6

. ,

.

2plainTEX $$ $$ .

LATEX

. []

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3.2 511. .

\,, \quad \qquad .

2. . .

3. . (

)

\textrm{...} (59 7

).3

\begin{equation}

\forall x \in \mathbf{R}:\qquad x^{2} \geq 0

\end{equation}

x R : x2 0 (3.2)

\begin{equation}

x^{2} \geq 0\qquad

\textrm{for all }x\in\mathbf{R}

\end{equation}

x2 0 for all x R (3.3)

.

R (blackboard

bold) . amsfonts amssymb \mathbb .

.

\begin{displaymath}

x^{2} \geq 0\qquad

\textrm{for all }x\in\mathbb{R}

\end{displaymath}

x2 0 for all x R

2 ,

: {...}.

\begin{equation}

a^x+y \neq a^{x+y}

\end{equation}ax +y=ax+y (3.4)

3amsmath \text .

\mbox . []

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52

3 .

63 10 .

\alpha, \beta, \gamma, . . . \Gamma, \Delta, . . . .4

$\lambda,\xi,\pi,\mu,\Phi,\Omega$ , ,, ,,

^ _ .$a_{1}$ \qquad $x^{2}$ \qquad$e^{-\alpha t}$ \qquad

$a^{3}_{ij}$\\

$e^{x^2} \neq {e^x} 2$

a1 x2 et a3ij

ex2 =ex2

\sqrt . n \sqrt[n] . LATEX .

, \surd .

$\sqrt{x}$ \qquad

$\sqrt{ x^{2}+\sqrt{y} }$

\qquad $\sqrt[3]{2}$\\[3pt]

$\surd[x^2 + y^2]$

x

x2 +

y 3

2

[x2 +y2]

\overline \underline .

$\overline{m+n}$ m+n

\overbrace \underbrace .

$\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}$a+b+ +z

26

63

3.1 . \widehat \widetilde

.

.

4LATEX 2 A .

(new math coding) .

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3.3 53\begin{displaymath}

y=x^{2}\qquad y=2x\qquad y=2

\end{displaymath} y= x

2

y

= 2x y

= 2

. \vec . \overrightarrow \overleftarrow A

B .

\begin{displaymath}

\vec a\quad\overrightarrow{AB}

\end{displaymath}a

AB

. . \cdot .

\begin{displaymath}

v = {\sigma}_1 \cdot {\sigma}_2

{\tau}_1 \cdot {\tau}_2

\end{displaymath}

v = 1212

(log)

. LATEX

.\arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min

\arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr

\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec

\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin

\sinh \sup \tan \tanh

\[\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}

\frac{\sin x}{x}=1\] lim

x0

sin x

x = 1

(modulo function) .

\bmod x a (mod b) \pmod.

$a\bmod b$\\

$x\equiv a \pmod{b}$

amod bx a (mod b)

\frac{...}{...} . 1/2 ,

.

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54 $1\frac{1}{2}$~hours

\begin{displaymath}

\frac{ x^{2} }{ k+1 }\qquad

x^{ \frac{2}{k+1} }\qquad

x^{ 1/2 }

\end{displaymath}

11

2 hours

x2

k+ 1 x

2k+1 x1/2

amsmath

\binom .

\begin{displaymath}

\binom{n}{k}\qquad\mathrm{C}_n^k

\end{displaymath}

n

k

Ckn

. \stackrel

.

\begin{displaymath}

\int f_N(x) \stackrel{!}{=} 1

\end{displaymath}

fN(x)

!= 1

\int, \sum, \prod

.

^

_

.

5

\begin{displaymath}

\sum_{i=1}^{n} \qquad

\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \qquad

\prod_\epsilon

\end{displaymath}

ni=1

2

0

amsmath

. \substack subarray .

\begin{displaymath}

\sum_{\substack{0

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3.3 55 \{

( \updownarrow). 65 3.8 .

\begin{displaymath}

{a,b,c}\neq\{a,b,c\}

\end{displaymath}a,b,c ={a,b,c}

\left, \right

TEX . \left

\right ,

.

()

\right. .

\begin{displaymath}

1 + \left( \frac{1}{ 1-x^{2} }

\right) ^3

\end{displaymath}

1 +

1

1 x23

.

\big, \Big, \bigg \Bigg

.6

$\Big( (x+1) (x-1) \Big) ^{2}$\\

$\big(\Big(\bigg(\Bigg($\quad

$\big\}\Big\}\bigg\}\Bigg\}$\quad

$\big\|\Big\|\bigg\|\Bigg\|$

(x+ 1)(x 1)

2

. \ldots

\cdots . ,

\vdots \ddots . 56

5 .

\begin{displaymath}

x_{1},\ldots,x_{n} \qquad

x_{1}+\cdots+x_{n}

\end{displaymath}

x1, . . . , xn x1+ +xn

6 11pt 12pt

. exscale amsmath

.

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56

4 TEX ,

. .

\,( ) 318

quad, \:( ) 418

quad, \;( ) 518

quad .

\ \quad( ) \qquad( ) 2

.

\newcommand{\ud}{\mathrm{d}}

\begin{displaymath}

\int\!\!\!\int_{D} g(x,y)

\, \ud x\, \ud y

\end{displaymath}

instead of

\begin{displaymath}

\int\int_{D} g(x,y)\ud x \ud y

\end{displaymath}

D g(x, y) dx dyinstead of

D

g(x, y)dxdy

d .7

AMS-LATEX \iint,

\iiint, \iiiint, \idotsint . amsmath

.

\newcommand{\ud}{\mathrm{d}}

\begin{displaymath}

\iint_{D} \, \ud x \, \ud y

\end{displaymath}

D

dx dy

testmath.tex(AMS-LATEX )

The LATEX Companion [3] 8 .

5 , array .8 tabular .\\ .

7 d .

[]8amsmath matrix . []

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58 .

. .

{\setlength\arraycolsep{2pt}

\begin{eqnarray}

\sin x & = & x -\frac{x^{3}}{3!}

+\frac{x^{5}}{5!}-{}

\nonumber\\

& & {}-\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+{}\cdots

\end{eqnarray}}

sin x = x x3

3! +

x5

5!

x7

7! + (3.8)

\begin{eqnarray}

\lefteqn{ \cos x = 1

-\frac{x^{2}}{2!} +{} }

\nonumber\\

& & {}+\frac{x^{4}}{4!}

-\frac{x^{6}}{6!}+{}\cdots

\end{eqnarray}

cos x= 1 x2

2! +

+x4

4! x

6

6! + (3.9)

\nonumber LATEX .

. amsmath , align, falign, gather,

multline, split . .

6

. LATEX .

(phantom) .

^ _ LATEX . \phantom

.

.

\begin{displaymath}

{}^{12}_{\phantom{1}6}\textrm{C}

\qquad \textrm{versus} \qquad

{}^{12}_{6}\textrm{C}

\end{displaymath}

126C versus

126 C

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3.7 59\begin{displaymath}

\Gamma_{ij}^{\phantom{ij}k}

\qquad \textrm{versus} \qquad

\Gamma_{ij}^{k}

\end{displaymath}

kij versus

kij

.

7 TEX . ,

.

\textrm , \textrm .

\mathrm .

\mathrm .

.9

\begin{equation}

2^{\textrm{nd}} \quad

2^{\mathrm{nd}}

\end{equation}

2nd 2nd (3.10)

LATEX . .

\displaystyle (123), \textstyle (123), \scriptstyle (123) and

\scriptscriptstyle (123).

/ .

\begin{displaymath}

\mathop{\mathrm{corr}}(X,Y)=

\frac{\displaystyle

\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\overline x)

(y_i-\overline y)}

{\displaystyle\biggl[

\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\overline x)^2

\sum_{i=1}^n(y_i-\overline y)^2

\biggr]^{1/2}}

\end{displaymath}

corr(X, Y) =

ni=1

(xi x)(yi y) ni=1

(xi x)2ni=1

(yi y)21/2

\left[ \right] .

\biggl \biggr .

9AMS-LATEX(amsmath) \textrm .

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60

8 ,, . . . , (Lemma), (Definition), (Axiom)

. LATEX

.

\newtheorem{name}[counter]{text}[section]

name . text

.

.

. counter (name) .

. section

. section

. .

\newtheorem

.

\begin{name}[text]

This is my interesting theorem\end{name}

.

\newtheorem .

% definitions for the document

% preamble

\newtheorem{law}{Law}

\newtheorem{jury}[law]{Jury}

%in the document

\begin{law} \label{law:box}

Dont hide in the witness box

\end{law}

\begin{jury}[The Twelve]

It could be you! So beware and

see law~\ref{law:box}\end{jury}

\begin{law}No, No, No\end{law}

Law 1 Dont hide in the witness box

Jury 2 (The Twelve) It could be you! Sobeware and see law 1

Law 3 No, No, No

Jury Law .

Jury Law .

.

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62 \begin{displaymath}

\mu, M \qquad

\pmb{\mu}, \pmb{M}

\end{displaymath}

, M , MMM

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3.10 63

10 .

3.123.16 10 amssymb

AMS .

AMS macros/latex/amslatex

. info/symbols/comprehensive

.

3.1:

a \hat{a} a \check{a} a \tilde{a} a \acute{a}a \grave{a} a \dot{a} a \ddot{a} a \breve{a}

a \bar{a} a \vec{a} A \widehat{A} A \widetilde{A}

3.2:

\alpha \theta o o \upsilon

\beta \vartheta \pi \phi

\gamma \iota \varpi \varphi

\delta \kappa \rho \chi

\epsilon \lambda \varrho \psi

\varepsilon \mu \sigma \omega

\zeta \nu \varsigma

\eta \xi \tau

3.3:

\Gamma \Lambda \Sigma \Psi

\Delta \Xi \Upsilon \Omega

\Theta \Pi \Phi

10 David Carlisle Josef Tkadlec

symbols.tex .

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3.10 65

3.6: \sum

\bigcup

\bigvee

\bigoplus

\prod

\bigcap

\bigwedge

\bigotimes \coprod

\bigsqcup

\bigodot

\int

\oint

\biguplus

3.7:

\leftarrow or \gets \longleftarrow \uparrow \rightarrow or \to \longrightarrow \downarrow \leftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \updownarrow \Leftarrow = \Longleftarrow \Uparrow \Rightarrow = \Longrightarrow \Downarrow \Leftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \Updownarrow \mapsto \longmapsto \nearrow \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \searrow \leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup \swarrow \leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown \nwarrow

\rightleftharpoons \iff (bigger spaces) \leadsto a

a latexsym .

3.8:

( ( ) ) \uparrow \Uparrow[ [ or \lbrack ] ] or \rbrack \downarrow \Downarrow{ \{ or \lbrace } \} or \rbrace \updownarrow \Updownarrow \langle \rangle | | or \vert \| or \Vert

\lfloor

\rfloor

\lceil

\rceil

/ / \ \backslash . (dual. empty)

3.9: \lgroup \rgroup \lmoustache \rmoustache \arrowvert \Arrowvert \bracevert

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66

3.10:

. . . \dots \cdots... \vdots

. . . \ddots

\hbar \imath \jmath \ell \Re \Im \aleph \wp \forall \exists \mho a \partial \prime \emptyset \infty \nabla \triangle \Box a \Diamond a \bot \top \angle \surd

\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \neg or \lnot \flat \natural \sharp

a latexsym .

3.11:

.

\dag \S \copyright \textregistered \ddag \P \pounds % \%

3.12: AMS

\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner| \lvert | \rvert

\lVert

\rVert

3.13: AMS

\digamma \varkappa \beth \gimel \daleth

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3.10 67

3.14: AMS

\lessdot \gtrdot \doteqdot or \Doteq \leqslant \geqslant \risingdotseq \eqslantless \eqslantgtr \fallingdotseq \leqq \geqq \eqcirc \lll or \llless \ggg or \gggtr \circeq \lesssim \gtrsim \triangleq \lessapprox \gtrapprox \bumpeq \lessgtr \gtrless \Bumpeq \lesseqgtr \gtreqless \thicksim \lesseqqgtr \gtreqqless \thickapprox \preccurlyeq \succcurlyeq \approxeq \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \backsim \precsim \succsim \backsimeq \precapprox \succapprox \vDash \subseteqq \supseteqq \Vdash \Subset \Supset \Vvdash \sqsubset \sqsupset \backepsilon \therefore \because \varpropto \shortmid \shortparallel \between \smallsmile \smallfrown \pitchfork \vartriangleleft \vartriangleright \blacktriangleleft \trianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \blacktriangleright

3.15: AMS

\dashleftarrow \dashrightarrow \multimap \leftleftarrows \rightrightarrows \upuparrows \leftrightarrows \rightleftarrows \downdownarrows \Lleftarrow \Rrightarrow \upharpoonleft \twoheadleftarrow \twoheadrightarrow \upharpoonright \leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail \downharpoonleft \leftrightharpoons \rightleftharpoons \downharpoonright \Lsh \Rsh \rightsquigarrow \looparrowleft \looparrowright \leftrightsquigarrow \curvearrowleft \curvearrowright \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright

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68

3.16: AMS

\nless \ngtr \varsubsetneqq \lneq \gneq \varsupsetneqq \nleq \ngeq \nsubseteqq \nleqslant \ngeqslant \nsupseteqq \lneqq \gneqq \nmid \lvertneqq \gvertneqq \nparallel \nleqq \ngeqq \nshortmid

\lnsim

\gnsim

\nshortparallel

\lnapprox \gnapprox \nsim \nprec \nsucc \ncong \npreceq \nsucceq \nvdash \precneqq \succneqq \nvDash \precnsim \succnsim \nVdash \precnapprox \succnapprox \nVDash \subsetneq \supsetneq \ntriangleleft \varsubsetneq \varsupsetneq \ntriangleright \nsubseteq \nsupseteq \ntrianglelefteq

\subsetneqq

\supsetneqq

\ntrianglerighteq

\nleftarrow \nrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \nLeftrightarrow

3.17: AMS

\dotplus \centerdot \intercal

\ltimes \rtimes \divideontimes \Cup or \doublecup \Cap or \doublecap \smallsetminus \veebar \barwedge \doublebarwedge \boxplus \boxminus \circleddash \boxtimes \boxdot \circledcirc \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes \circledast \curlyvee \curlywedge

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3.10 69

3.18: AMS

\hbar \hslash k \Bbbk \square \blacksquare \circledS \vartriangle \blacktriangle \complement \triangledown \blacktriangledown \Game \lozenge \blacklozenge \bigstar \angle \measuredangle \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \backprime \nexists \Finv \varnothing \eth \mho

3.19:

ABCDEabcde1234 \mathrm{ABCDE abcde 1234}

ABCDEabcde1234 \mathit{ABCDE abcde 1234}

ABCDEabcde \mathnormal{ABCDE abcde 1234}

ABCDE \mathcal{ABCDE abcde 1234}

ABCDE \mathscr{ABCDE abcde 1234} mathrsfs

ABCDEabcde1234 \mathfrak{ABCDE abcde 1234} amsfonts or amssymb

ABCDE \mathbb{ABCDE abcde 1234} amsfonts or amssymb

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4 LATEX ,

. LATEX

LATEX Manual [1] The LATEX Companion [3]

.

1 EPSLATEX

. figure table .

LATEX LATEX

5 .

The LATEX Companion [3] LATEX Manual [1]

.

, 1

LATEX .

LATEX .

PostScript (EPS) . EPS PostScript

2 .

D. P. Carlisle graphicx

. graphics3 .

1XFig, CorelDraw!, Freehand, Gnuplot, . . . .2PostScript GhostScript .

support/ghostscript . (Windows) OS/2 GSview

.3macros/latex/graphics

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72 PostScript graphicx

, .

1. EPS .4

2. graphicx .

\usepackage[driver]{graphicx}

driver dvi postscript .

dvips. TEX

driver

. driver graphicx

.dvi ,

.eps .

3. file .

\includegraphics[key=value, . . . ]{file}

key value

. key

. 4.1 key .

4.1: graphicx key

width

height

angle

scale

.

\begin{figure}

\centering

4 EPS PostScript

EPS . Apple LaserWriter

, . EPS .

EPS . EPS

.

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4.2 73\includegraphics[angle=90, width=0.5\textwidth]{test}

\caption{A caption, explaining that this is a test.}\end{figure}

test.eps .

90 , 0.5

. .

. 118 6.5 .

[9] [13] .

2 thebibliography (bibliography)

.

\bibitem[label]{marker}

.

marker .

\cite{marker}

Partl~\cite{pa} has

proposed that \ldots

\begin{thebibliography}{99}

\bibitem{pa} H.~Partl:

\emph{German \TeX},

TUGboat Volume~9, Issue~1 (1988)

\end{thebibliography}

Partl [1] has proposed that ...

Bibliography

[1] H. Partl: German TEX, TUGboat Vol-ume 9, Issue 1 (1988)

label .

\begin{thebibliography}

. {99}

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74 99 ( ) LATEX

.5 BibTEX .

TEX BibTEX . BibTEX

,

. BibTEX

() (style sheets)

,

.

3 (index) . LATEX

makeindex6 .

.

The LATEX Companion [3] .

LATEX , (pre-

amble) makeidx

\usepackage{makeidx}

,

\makeindex

.

\index{key}

. key .

\index . \index

. 4.2 key .

LATEX \index

, LATEX .idx

5 widest-label . widest-label

, \bibitem label

. \cite

label . []6 8 makeidx.

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4.4 75

4.2: Index Key

\index{hello} hello, 1 \index{hello!Peter} Peter, 3 hello \index{Sam@\textsl{Sam}} Sam, 2 \index{Lin@\textbf{Lin}} Lin, 7 \index{Jenny|textbf} Jenny, 3 \index{Joe|textit} Joe, 5 \index{eolienne@\eolienne} olienne, 4 (accents)

. .idx makeindex

,

makeindex filename

makeindex , .ind

. LATEX ,

\printindex

.

LATEX 2 showidx

. .

\index

.

My Word \index{Word}. As opposed

to Word\index{Word}. Note the

position of the full stop.

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