LÓPEZ, M.; YÁÑEZ, A.; GOMES DA COSTA, S.; AVELLÀ, L ... · Traditional and technological knowledge: concepts, techniques, practices, uses, materials, ... RISKS, SOLUTIONS AND

LÓPEZ, M.; YÁÑEZ, A.; GOMES DA COSTA, S.; AVELLÀ, L., (Coord.). Actas del Congreso Internacional de Eficiencia Energética y Edificación Histórica / Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Historic Buildings (Madrid, 29-30 Sep. 2014). Madrid: Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares y Fundación Ars Civilis, 2014. ISBN: 978-84-617-3440-5

Edited by

Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares

Fundación Ars Civilis

Coordinated by

Mónica López Sánchez. Fundación Ars Civilis

Ana Yáñez Vega. Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares

Sofia Gomes da Costa. Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares

Lourdes Avellà Delgado. Fundación Ars Civilis

© Copyright

2014. Texts: the respective authors (or their employers); Proceedings: the coordinators and editors.

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International Conference ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS

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PRESENTACIÓN ............................................................................................................... - 11 -

Eficiencia energética y edificación histórica: un reto del presente..................................... - 13 - Cristina Gutiérrez-Cortines y Mónica López Sánchez. Fundación Ars Civilis

Eficiencia energética y edificación histórica: un reto del futuro ........................................ - 14 - Ana Yáñez Vega. Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares

Committees .................................................................................................................... - 15 -

Programme ..................................................................................................................... - 16 -

Governance, management, participation and mediation..........................................- 21 -

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION FOR WORLD HERITAGE MANAGEMENT ............................ - 22 - RONCHINI, C.; POLETTO, D.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND URBAN RENEWAL OF A UNESCO-LISTED HISTORICAL CENTER: THE CASE OF PORTO .......................................................................................... - 38 -

SANTOS, Á.; VALENÇA, P.; SEQUEIRA, J.

HISTORICAL HERITAGE: FROM ENERGY CONSUMER TO ENERGY PRODUCER. THE CASE STUDY OF THE ‘ALBERGO DEI POVERI’ OF GENOA, ITALY .................................................. - 45 -

FRANCO, G.; GUERRINI, M.; CARTESEGNA, M.

IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC CORNISH BUILDINGS – GRANT FUNDING, MONITORING AND GUIDANCE ........................................................................ - 61 -

RICHARDS, A.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND BUILDINGS WITH HERITAGE VALUES: REFLECTION, CONFLICTS AND SOLUTIONS ............................................................................................ - 75 -

GIANCOLA, E.; HERAS, M. R.

PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA PARA LA REHABILITACIÓN SOSTENIBLE DEL PATRIMONIO CONTEXTUAL EDIFICADO. EL CASO DEL CENTRO HISTÓRICO DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉRIDA, YUCATÁN / Methodological proposal for the sustainable rehabilitation of context heritage building. The case of the historic downtown of Merida, Yucatan ............................................................................................................. - 82 -

MEDINA, K.; RODRÍGUEZ, A.; CERÓN, I.

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Traditional and technological knowledge: concepts, techniques, practices, uses,

materials, methodologies ........................................................................................- 99 -

SUSTAINABLE REFURBISHMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS: RISKS, SOLUTIONS AND BEST PRACTICE .............................................................................................................. - 100 -

HEATH, N.

EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA Y VALORES PATRIMONIALES. LECCIONES DE UNA INVESTIGACIÓN Y UN SEMINARIO / Energy efficiency and heritage values. Lessons of a Research and a Seminar ............................................................................................. - 110 -

GONZÁLEZ MORENO-NAVARRO, J. L.

ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS IN HISTORIC DISTRICTS. THE CASE STUDY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA .......................................................... - 118 -

LUCCHI, E.; GAREGNANI, G.; MATURI, L.; MOSER, D.

HISTORIC BUILDING ENERGY ASSESSMENT BY MEANS OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES ..... - 135 - SOUTULLO, S.; ENRIQUEZ, R.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. R.

DESIGN OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A WALL-HEATED CHURCH: SANTA MARIA ODIGITRIA IN ROME ................................................................. - 145 -

MANFREDI, C.; FRATERNALI, D.; ALBERICI, A.

EXEMPLARY ENERGETICAL REFURBISHMENT OF THE GERMAN ACADEMY IN ROME "VILLA MASSIMO" ........................................................................................................ - 160 -

ENDRES, E.; SANTUCCI, D.

SISTEMA MÓVIL INTEGRADO PARA LA REHABILITACIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE EDIFICIOS: LÁSER 3D, TERMOGRAFÍA, FOTOGRAFÍA, SENSORES AMBIENTALES Y BIM / Integrated mobile system for building energy rehabilitation: 3D laser, termography, fotography, environmental sensors and BIM .................................................................................... - 169 -

SÁNCHEZ VILLANUEVA, C.; FILGUEIRA LAGO, A.; ROCA BERNÁRDEZ, D.; ARMESTO GONZÁLEZ, J.; DÍAZ VILARIÑO, L.; LAGÜELA LÓPEZ, S.; RODRÍGUEZ VIJANDA, M.; NÚÑEZ SUÁREZ, J.; MARTÍNEZ GÓMEZ, R.

CONSECUENCIAS CONSTRUCTIVAS Y ENERGÉTICAS DE UNA MALA PRÁCTICA. ARQUITECTURAS DESOLLADAS / Energy and constructive consequences of a bad practice. Skinned architectures ..................................................................................... - 186 -

DE LUXÁN GARCÍA DE DIEGO, M.; GÓMEZ MUÑOZ, G.; BARBERO BARRERA, M.; ROMÁN LÓPEZ, E.

EL BIENESTAR TÉRMICO MÁS ALLÁ DE LAS EXIGENCIAS NORMATIVAS. DOS CASOS. DOS ENFOQUES / Thermal comfort beyond legislation. Two examples. Two approaches ................................................................................................................... - 201 -

DOTOR, A.; ONECHA, B.; GONZÁLEZ, J. L.

LA MONITORIZACIÓN Y SIMULACIÓN HIGROTÉRMICA COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA LA MEJORA DEL CONFORT, PRESERVACIÓN Y AHORRO ENERGÉTICO DE ESPACIOS PATRIMONIALES. EL CASO DE LA IGLESIA DE SAN FRANCISCO DE ASIS, MORÓN DE LA FRONTERA / Measurement and hygrothermal simulation model, a tool to enhance thermal comfort, preservation and saving energy of heritage site. Case study: the church of San Francisco of Asís in Morón de la Frontera ................................................. - 210 -

MUÑOZ, C.; LEÓN, A.; NAVARRO, J.

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TERESE3: HERRAMIENTA INFORMÁTICA PARA LA EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA MEDIANTE LA SIMULACIÓN CALIBRADA DE EDIFICIOS / TERESE3: informatic tool for the energetic efficiency through the calibrated simulation of buildings ............................................... - 226 -

GRANADA, E.; EGUÍA, P.; MARTÍNEZ, R.; NÚÑEZ, J.; RODRÍGUEZ, M.

EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA Y ANÁLISIS TÉRMICO PARA SISTEMAS DE AIRE CENTRALIZADO: UN CASO DE ESTUDIO / Energy Efficiency and thermal analysis for centralized air heating systems: a case study ................................................................. - 238 -

MARTÍNEZ-GARRIDO, M. I.; GOMEZ-HERAS, M.; FORT, R.; VARAS-MURIEL, M. J.

ANALISIS ENERGETICO DEL MUSEO DE HISTORIA DE VALENCIA MEDIANTE DISTINTAS HERRAMIENTAS DE SIMULACIÓN / Energy assessment of the History Museum of Valencia using various simulation tools ......................................................................... - 249 -

TORT-AUSINA, I.; VIVANCOS, J.L.; MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA, A.; MENDOZA, C. M.

APROVECHAMIENTO SOLAR PASIVO EN LA RETÍCULA URBANA DE LA CIUDAD HISTÓRICA. EL CASO DE CÁDIZ / Passive solar gains in the urban grid of the historic city. The case study of Cadiz .......................................................................................... - 257 -

SÁNCHEZ-MONTAÑÉS, B.; RUBIO-BELLIDO, C.; PULIDO-ARCAS, J. A.

TECHNICAL SYSTEM HISTORY AND HERITAGE: A CASE STUDY OF A THERMAL POWER STATION IN ITALY ......................................................................................................... - 275 -

PRETELLI, M.; FABBRI, K.

ANALISIS ENERGÉTICO Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE UNA CASA EN REQUENA MEDIANTE PROGRAMAS DE SIMULACIÓN / Energy analysis and improvement proposal of a house in Requena (Spain) using simulation software ................................. - 281 -

TORT-AUSINA, I.; VIVANCOS, J.L.; MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA, A.; MENDOZA, C. M.

UNA REVISIÓN DE PUBLICACIONES EN EDIFICIOS DESDE EL ASPECTO ENERGÉTICO / A review of papers in buildings from the energetic perspective ......................................... - 292 -

TORT-AUSINA, I.; MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA, A.; VIVANCOS, J.L.

MORTEROS MIXTOS DE CAL Y CEMENTO CON CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉRMICAS Y ACÚSTICAS MEJORADAS PARA REHABILITACIÓN / Lime-cement mixture with improved thermal and acoustic characteristics for rehabilitation ................................... - 303 -

PALOMAR, I.; BARLUENGA, G.; PUENTES, J.

NEAR ZERO ENERGY HISTORIC BUILDING. TOOLS AND CRITERIA FOR ECOCOMPATIBLE AND ECOEFFICIENT CONSERVATION .............................................................................. - 318 -

BAIANI, S.

INTEGRANDO RENOVABLES EN LA CIUDAD HEREDADA: GEOTERMIA URBANA / Integrating renewable in the inherited city: urban geothermal ....................................... - 329 -

SACRISTÁN DE MIGUEL, M. J.

ANÁLISIS Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE LA EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA DE UN EDIFICIO HISTÓRICO DE CARTAGENA: ANTIGUO PALACIO DEL MARQUÉS DE CASA-TILLY / Analysis and proposals for improving the energy efficiency of a historical building in Cartagena: the former Palace of the Marquis of Casa-Tilly ............................................. - 344 -

COLLADO ESPEJO, P. E.; MAESTRE DE SAN JUAN ESCOLAR, C.

REHABILITACIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE EDIFICIOS DE VIVIENDAS BAJO EL PLAN ESPECIAL DE PROTECCIÓN DEL PATRIMONIO URBANÍSTICO CONSTRUIDO EN DONOSTIA-SAN SEBASTIÁN / Building energy retrofit of dwellings under the special plan of urban built heritage protection in Donostia-San Sebastian ....................................................... - 357 -

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MARTÍN, A.; MILLÁN, J. A.; HIDALGO, J. M.; IRIBAR, E.

IS TEMPERIERUNG ENERGY EFFICIENT? THE APPLICATION OF AN OLD-NEW HEATING SYSTEM TO HERITAGE BUILDINGS ................................................................................. - 366 -

DEL CURTO, D.; LUCIANI, A.; MANFREDI, C.; VALISI, L.

TERMOGRAFÍA INFRARROJA Y EDIFICIOS HISTÓRICOS .................................................... - 380 - MELGOSA, S.

SIMULATION MODEL CALIBRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF REAL USE HISTORIC BUILDINGS .................................................................................................................... - 388 -

ENRÍQUEZ, R.; JIMÉNEZ, M.J.; HERAS, M.R.

THE THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TECHNICAL ELEMENTS IN THE HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE: EXPERIENCES IN PALERMO .................................................... - 397 -

GENOVA, E.; FATTA, G.

ENERGY EVALUATION OF THE HVAC SYSTEM BASED ON SOLAR ENERGY AND BIOMASS OF THE CEDER RENOVATED BUILDING ............................................................ - 407 -

DÍAZ ANGULO, J. A.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. H.

Legal and technical regulation and historic buildings ............................................. - 419 -

OLD BUILDING, NEW BOILERS: THE FUTURE OF HERITAGE IN AN ERA OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY ................................................................................................................... - 420 -

JANS, E.; ICOMOS, M.; KOPIEVSKY, S.; AIRHA, M.

HISTORIC WINDOWS: CONSERVATION OR REPLACEMENT. WHAT'S THE MOST SUSTAINABLE INTERVENTION? LEGISLATIVE SITUATION, CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT RESEARCHES ................................................................................................................. - 432 -

PRACCHI, V.; RAT, N.; VERZEROLI, A.

ENERGY RETROFIT OF A HISTORIC BUILDING IN A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE: AN INTEGRATED COST OPTIMALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT............................ - 450 -

TADEU, S.; RODRIGUES, C.; TADEU, A.; FREIRE, F.; SIMÕES, N.

PARQUE EDIFICADO O PATRIMONIO EDIFICADO: LA PROTECCIÓN FRENTE A LA INTERVENCIÓN ENERGÉTICA. EL CASO DEL BARRIO DE GROS DE SAN SEBASTIÁN / Built Park or Built Heritage: Protection against energy intervention. The case of Gros district of San Sebastian ................................................................................................ - 464 -

URANGA, E. J.; ETXEPARE, L.

SIMULTANEOUS HERITAGE COMFORT INDEX (SHCI): QUICK SCAN AIMED AT THE SIMULTANEOUS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT EVALUATION FOR PEOPLE AND ARTWORKS IN HERITAGE BUILDINGS ............................................................................. - 478 -

LITTI, G.; FABBRI, K.; AUDENAERT, A.; BRAET, J.

PROBLEMÁTICA DE LA POSIBLE CERTIFICACIÓN ENERGÉTICA CON CE3X DEL PATRIMONIO ARQUITECTÓNICO: EL CASO DEL ALMUDÍN DE VALENCIA / Difficulties found in the possible energy certification of heritage by using the CE3X software: the case of El Almudín of Valencia ....................................................................................... - 495 -

CUARTERO-CASAS, E.; TORT-AUSINA, I.; MONFORT-I-SIGNES, J.; OLIVER-FAUBEL, E. I.

PROTOCOL FOR CHARACTERIZING AND OPTIMIZING THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS: CASE STUDY OF POZUELO DE ALARCÓN MUNICIPALITY ................... - 506 -

RUBIO, A.; MACÍAS, M.; LUMBRERAS, J.

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Promotion, training, education .............................................................................. - 513 -

THE WORK OF THE SUSTAINABLE TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS ALLIANCE AND AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDANCE WHEEL FOR RETROFIT ............................................. - 514 -

MAY, N.; RYE, C.; GRIFFITHS, N.

TRAINING OF EXPERTS FOR ENERGY RETROFIT AT THE FRAUNHOFER CENTRE FOR THE ENERGY-SAVING RENOVATION OF OLD BUILDINGS AND THE PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS AT BENEDIKTBEUERN .............................................................................. - 528 -

KILIAN, R.; KRUS, M.

SPECIALIZED ENERGY CONSULTANTS FOR ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE ............................ - 535 - DE BOUW, M.; DUBOIS, S.; HERINCKX, S.; VANHELLEMONT, Y.

RENERPATH: METODOLOGÍA DE REHABILITACIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE EDIFICIOS PATRIMONIALES / RENERPATH: Methodology for Energy Rehabilitation of Heritage Buildings ....................................................................................................................... - 543 -

PERÁN, J. R. ; MARTÍN LERONES, P.; BUJEDO, L. A.; OLMEDO, D.; SAMANIEGO, J.; GAUBO, F.; FRECHOSO, F.; ZALAMA, E.; GÓMEZ-GARCÍA BERMEJO, J.; MARTÍN, D.; FRANCISCO, V.; CUNHA, F.; BAIO, A.; XAVIER, G.; DOMÍNGUEZ, P.; GETINO, R.; SÁNCHEZ, J. C.; PASTOR, E.

LEVANTAMIENTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS EN EL MEDIO RURAL / Architectural surveys in rural areas .................................................................................................................... - 553 -

HIDALGO, J.M.; MILLÁN, J. A.; MARTÍN, A.; IRIBAR, E.; FLORES, I.; ZUBILLAGA, I.

AUTHORS INDEX .................................................................................................... - 567 -

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RICHARDS, A.

RICHARDS, A.: Cornwall Council, Camborne, Cornwall, England - UK. [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The character of historic buildings can be easily damaged by inappropriate detailing and choice of

materials especially when their thermal performance is being upgraded. More guidance is needed on what

makes historic buildings important, how they work and appropriate ways of upgrading them. In challenging

times Cornwall Council has been allocating funding from heritage led regeneration schemes to maintain

local traditional building skills and use local materials on historic buildings. This has sustainable benefits and

helps maintain the local vernacular. Appropriate products and materials have been funded on local historic

buildings and the thermal and noise performance of these products and materials have been monitored by

students from local colleges as part of their courses. This has provided local reference points of good practice

and fed in to web based guidance produced by Cornwall Council staff which links to local policy and is being

used to inform Planning and Building Control applications.

Figure 1. Energy saving measures at Trevu Road, Camborne

BACKGROUND

Cornwall is a remote and relatively poor county in South West England. Cornwall Council is a unitary local authority which replaced six District Councils and a County Council in April 2009. The Council provides a wide range of services to more than half a million residents, has an annual budget of more than £1 billion and is the biggest employer in Cornwall with a staff of over 20,000. It has the largest number of statutorily protected heritage assets in the United Kingdom (see Figure 2) including:

• 1,345 scheduled monuments.

• 12,552 listed buildings.

• 145 Conservation Areas covering 4411 hectares.

• 37 registered parks and gardens.

• 8 designated wrecks.

• 3 registered battlefields.

• Mining Landscape World Heritage site of 18,222 hectares covering 5.5% of Cornwall

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Figure 2. Map of England showing numbers of listed buildings by local authority. (Dark blue indicates highest level of listed buildings)

Cornwall Council’s Planning and Building Control Departments determine applications to alter and extend listed buildings and historic buildings in Conservation Areas and the World Heritage Site. Around 35% of all planning applications affect a designated historic asset. Conservation Officers are employed to give specialist advice on these applications although recently these positions have been reduced through reductions to Local Authority budgets.

Planning and Listed Building Consent applications are almost always submitted before Building Control applications. This means more potentially harmful detailing on historic buildings required through Building Control requirements are not included on Planning and Listed Building Consent applications.

Cornwall’s exposed location on a peninsula surrounded by sea leads to changeable and severe weather conditions with horizontal driving rain common. To withstand these conditions traditional buildings were robustly built with locally sourced stone walls and natural slate roofs. The cost of local granite and slate is prohibitive with cheaper imported alternatives now used on historic buildings. Local roofing slate, for example, is two to three times more expensive than some imported slate. Traditional building skills are declining. There are fewer locally available builders skilled in traditional building techniques and traditional skills are rarely taught at local colleges.

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Cornwall suffers from significant deprivation and low wages meaning fuel poverty (where more than 10% of a households income is being spent on energy) is widespread in many areas. Many older homes are ‘hard to heat’ leading to health implications for occupants in particular young children and the elderly.

HERITAGE LED REGENERATION IN CORNWALL

In order to address these issues Historic Environment staff from Cornwall Council have been bidding for and implementing heritage led regeneration schemes from national funding bodies such as Heritage Lottery Fund and English Heritage. These schemes were mostly Heritage Lottery Funded Townscape Heritage Initiatives (THIs) or English Heritage funded Heritage Led Regeneration Schemes (HERS). They fund quality traditional repairs to targeted historic buildings in Conservation Areas using local materials and local traditional building techniques. The schemes also reinstate missing architectural details through reference to historical photographs and bring vacant and underused buildings back in to use.

12 Heritage led regeneration schemes have been successfully implemented in Cornwall between 1998 and 2013. They have created £25 million pounds of investment (including £8.2 million private investment) in historic towns through a combined Cornwall Council contribution of £1.7 million.

Figure 3. THI funded schemes influenced by historic photos

Townscape Heritage Initiatives

Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) use money raised through the National Lottery to give grants to sustain and transform heritage. Townscape Heritage Initiatives are part of HLF’s programme for schemes which help communities improve the built historic environment of conservation areas.

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The HLF supports partnerships of local, regional and national interests that aim to regenerate economically disadvantaged historic areas for the benefit of local residents, workers and visitors.

Partnerships can apply for a grant from HLF of between £100,000 and £2 million. Usually THI schemes have partnership funds made up of contributions from other funding bodies. Partners contribute to a funding pool in order to increase the size and impact of the scheme. Most Cornish THI’s have had a combined partnership fund of around £1 million.

Bidding for the funding is a two stage process which involves production of an agreed Action Plan with costs, timescales and targets. It usually takes two years from submitting the initial bid to an actual commencement of the scheme. A scheme will last five years with grants offered in the first three years. Cornwall Council has developed and submitted bids themselves and use existing staff and fixed term project staff funded by the THI to project manage and deliver Action Plans.

THI grants are between 50% and 75% for specified eligible work. This gives property owners an incentive to use local materials and traditional building techniques and reinstate missing high level architectural detailing.

Camborne, Roskear, Tuckingmill Townscape Heritage Initiatives (THIs)

Camborne, Roskear and Tuckingmill are three adjoining former mining settlements in West Cornwall each with their own Conservation Area. They have a combined population of around 30,000 and are situated within the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site. Quality architectural detailing is still evident on many historic buildings although their state of repair has suffered gradually since the decline in mining from the late nineteenth century.

A THI operated in the three settlements from January 2008 to December 2012 (Phase 1). The scheme had a combined common fund of £1,491,582 and funded works to 28 historic buildings. This scheme was very successful with funding fully allocated at an early stage with all proposed outputs met. Following a successful bid to extend it a new scheme started in January 2012 (Phase 2) and will run until June 2016. Details of funding partnerships and outputs for the two schemes are shown in Figure 4 below:

Figure 4. Funding partnerships and scheme results

Phase 1 (actual) Jan 2008 – Dec 2012

Phase 2 (estimated) Jan 2012 – June 2016

Phase 1 and 2 combined

Buildings improved 28 18 46 Listed buildings improved 8 2 10 Buildings with architectural features restored 28 15 43 THI common fund £1,048,750 £666,667 £1,715,417 Heritage Lottery Fund £629,250 £500,000 £1,129,250 Cornwall Council contributions £200,000 £151,667 £351,667 Homes and Communities Agency £200,000 £200,000 Camborne Town Council £19,500 £15,000 £34,500 Private sector contributions £9,533,017 £5,721,015 £15,254,032 Buildings removed from the Buildings at Risk register 13 5 18 Sq m of vacant or underused floor space returned to residential use

3,508 685 4,193

Sq m of vacant or underused floor space returned to commercial use

500 862 1,362

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Traditional Skills Training

A rolling programme of training days for local contractors, architects, Council staff and college students have been funded through the THI (see Figure 6). These programmes give College students the opportunity of working on a live project, giving a sense of ownership. Traditional skills training funded by the THI has included:

• Building local stone walls, scantle slate roofing, thatching, lime pointing, bag rubbing, wall capping, stone repair, stone cleaning

• Construction of new cob bus shelter with local students who were supervised in cob construction, scantle slate roofing, oak framing and building stone plinths.

• Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings practical repair and study day • Traditional Joinery Week including demonstrations of traditional window repair

techniques and draught proofing, making internal shutters and lectures on the history of traditional windows.

• Design and production of cast iron street signs and door handles - students designed the metalwork and watched production at a local foundry (completed work is now installed on buildings).

• Production of traditional sash windows for installation on a THI funded building as part of a College course

Figure 5. Sash window production and timber repairs

Training in traditional timberwork has proved particularly useful. Many local carpenters prefer to replace historic windows rather than repair them. The THI has funded traditional window repair on historic buildings and provided training for local contractors and college students in traditional timber construction and repair techniques (see Figure 5).

The aim is to promote the repair of original building fabric rather than replace it. This provides cost benefits to occupants and still allows additional thermal improvements to be installed. Guidance has also been produced on appropriate timber and detailing for timber repairs as well as appropriate finishes. To reduce maintenance periods finishes such as linseed paint are being encouraged.

A summary ‘Traditional Skills Training Initiatives’ on the Cornwall Council website provides more details: Cornwall Council – Townscape Heritage Initiatives

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Figure 6. Traditional skills training carried out through THIs

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Monitored Energy Saving Initiatives

The THI has funded good practice methods of improving energy efficiency in historic buildings in Camborne, Roskear and Tuckingmill. Improvements to original single glazed traditional timber windows have been the main focus but sustainable breathable internal insulation methods have been funded and agreed on future schemes. These include woodfibre board, insulating lime/cork plaster, hemp lime and clay plaster.

Original Georgian (1710-1830) and Victorian (1837-1901) timber vertical sliding sash windows remain on many historic buildings. These windows are protected on listed buildings but are being increasingly replaced on with upvc alternatives on unprotected historic buildings.

Schemes were agreed to repair and overhaul original windows or reinstate windows based on original details. Thermal and noise performance was then improved through installations of draught proofing, secondary glazing, internal shutters, thermal shutters and slim double glazing (see Figure 9).

Some of these improvements were installed on converted historic buildings which were subdivided in to separate housing units. This allowed subtly different measures to be installed, enabling the monitoring of thermal and noise performance of each measure. Results of the monitoring included feedback from occupants and allowed measures to be compared to one another. Installation in adjoining units also allowed a visual assessment of how they affected the character of the historic buildings (see Figure 8).

Figure 7. Energy saving measures carried out through the THI (slim double glazing images top left and right, breathable wood fibre internal insulation bottom images)

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Figure 8. Image showing different THI funded methods of upgrading single glazed windows

Figure 9. Secondary glazing (left) and internal timber shutters (right) installed behind traditional single glazed sash windows on THI schemes in Camborne

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Monitoring methods and results

Monitoring methods and programmes are agreed with property owners and carried out by students from Cornwall College’s BSc Renewable Energy and Carbon Management course. To date monitoring has been carried out with:

• Remote temperature sensors fixed internally and externally. • Thermal imaging. • Acoustic monitoring equipment.

Monitoring is conditioned on THI grant offers and involves:

• 1-2 week agreed monitoring period after completion of works and before occupancy of building. This allows monitoring to take place in even conditions.

• 12 month monitoring period to take account of seasonal change. • An interview/perceptions questionnaire for occupants at the end of the monitoring

period.

Results of the thermal monitoring carried out so far show that draught proofing, secondary glazing, internal shutters and slim double glazing are all effective at reducing heat loss without affecting the character of historic buildings. In most cases, heating bills were reduced by around 15%, giving cost saving of around £100 a year for occupants.

Noise monitoring was carried out on historic properties fronting a main road next to a railway line with idling traffic when the rail barriers were lowered (see Figure 10). The results showed that draught proofing single glazed windows made a significant difference to noise performance and that the performance of secondary glazing and internal shutters were comparable to double glazing.

Figure 10. Noise monitoring results (In simple terms, the higher the figures in the table above, the better the noise performance)

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Examples of THI monitoring carried out at Penlu, Tuckingmill

Figure 11. Thermal imaging taken at Penlu, Tuckingmill

Monitoring was carried out on refurbished original internal shutters and reinstated draught proofed shutters on the building above. The thermal image was taken in March 2012 with the two left hand shutters ajar, the top middle one fully open and the other three shut.

Internal and external temperature readings were taken with shutters open and closed over an extended period in 2011. Results showed that if the shutters are closed overnight then the internal temperature falls by 0.5 -1°C less than if shutters are not closed. This implies a reduction of 5-10% of the annual heat loss from the house and therefore a 5-10% reduction in energy bills – probably nearer to 5% since not all areas of the house will be so directly affected.

Figure 12. Analysis of thermal monitoring at Penlu, Tuckingmill

Further analysis of the data will point to differences in performance of the different shutter designs and a consideration of the role that shutters can play in cooling during hot weather.

Further more detailed analysis of the energy monitoring carried out on THI target buildings is included in Appendix 1 of the Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings guide.

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Improving Energy Efficiency in Cornish Historic Buildings guide

On early schemes guidance on how to improve energy efficiency in historic buildings was given to each property owner applying for a grant. This encouraged measures that would reduce running costs to be considered while seeking tenders for grant eligible work.

This guidance was developed and made more comprehensive to link in to wider policy and strategy. It was progressed initially with local college students appointed on an internment and then developed by the THI Project Team with help from English Heritage (a non departmental public body of the British Government who advise on the care of the historic environment in England).

The guidance provides local examples of good practice along with current costs and performance details of suitable products and collates useful web links to enable further detailed research. It is intended to be used as a working document by local authority staff, building owners, professional agents and contractors at an early stage in the Planning process and before Building Control applications.

The guide concludes that Historic buildings all differ and are subject to varying levels of protection under the Planning system. They vary in their construction, location, quality of services and the way they are used. Consequently there is no ‘one size fits all’ solution to upgrade their energy efficiency.

Retrofitting can often damage the authenticity, character and setting of a historic building. This guide highlights behavioural changes and principles that could be followed to upgrade a historic building whilst retaining it’s special character.

Sections within the guide provide information and advice on:

• Why historic buildings are worth keeping and policy background for retrofitting (Section 1).

• The influence of climate and climate change on historic Cornish buildings and factors affecting energy reduction. (Section 2).

• How historic buildings work and ways of controlling moisture and maintaining healthy living conditions (Section 3).

• Simple changes in occupants’ behaviour that can reduce energy consumption (Section 4).

• Suitable products for retrofitting historic buildings and good local examples of their use including performance details and costs. Useful web links are provided within sections of the guide to enable further research and will be regularly updated (Section 5).

• Details of sustainable materials that could be used for extensions to historic buildings or new buildings within historic areas. (Section 6).

• Reclaimed and recyclable materials (Section 7).

• Available funding and useful contacts (Sections 8 and 9).

• Feedback on energy monitoring carried out through Camborne, Roskear, Tuckingmill THIs (Appendix 1).

• Energy saving options for heating, lighting and appliances (Appendix 2).

• Microgeneration options and guidance (Appendix 3).

• Local case studies (Appendix 4)

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Figure 13. Sample sections from the Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Cornish Buildings guide showing performance data, costs and web links to enable further research.

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Figure 14. Green Deal funded external insulation to these terraced properties in Camborne resulted in loss of original material and architectural character mainly to doors and windows. Internal insulation would

have been less damaging to their character and the street scene.

Figure 15. The Grade II* Listed former Carpenters’ Shop at Heartlands, near Camborne was insulated and clad externally (using 2 60mm thick rigid insulation boards between cladding). This allowed the original

timber boarding to be exposed internally. The shadow gap on the window reveal subtly indicates where the new external cladding starts. The building has been converted to a café and bar for Heartlands and achieved

a BREEAM score of ‘excellent’.

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See the Heartlands website for more information: http://www.heartlandscornwall.com/

CONCLUSION

The traditional skills training and energy saving initiatives funded through Camborne, Roskear, Tuckingmill THI have provided the following results:

• 21 training events have been funded for 470 local builders, architects, Council staff and college students. Many of these events were limited to groups of under 12 as they involved practical work on a ‘live’ project under supervision.

• 95 Local college students have been given the opportunity to work on ‘live’ local building schemes giving a sense of ownership (7 Bench Carpentry, 24 BTEC National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering, 18 Masonry Construction, 16 BSc Renewable Energy and Carbon Management, 30 Apprentices and ‘A’ level students)

• Traditional skills including joinery, metalwork, masonry construction and timber repair have been included as part of Cornwall College building courses. Appropriate ways of upgrading and monitoring historic buildings has been included as a module on renewable energy and carbon management courses.

• A list of local builders and suppliers has been compiled from builders and suppliers involved with successful THI work and attendees at training events. This list is regularly updated and given to property owners seeking costs for work. Finding suitably experienced builders has been difficult.

• Further training sessions in lime plaster, rot eradication, lime/cork insulating plaster and hemp plaster are planned for 2015.

• Good practice energy saving measures have been installed on 21 local housing units, 2 community buildings and 1 commercial unit. This has provided local examples of good practice along with results of thermal and noise performance and feedback from occupants.

• The ‘Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Cornish Buildings’ guide has been formally endorsed by Cornwall Council as a material consideration for land use planning purposes and is available on the Council’s Camborne, Roskear Tuckingmill Townscape Heritage Initiatives web page: http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=32261

• The guide is being used to discuss insulation methods with builders carrying out comprehensive improvements to local housing as part of Government funding programmes. It is referred to in pre application applications to Cornwall Council’s Planning Service and links to wider local policy and guidance through: Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) Cornwall Design Guide Sustainable Buildings Guide The guide is referred to as good practice in: National Heritage Counts report 2013

• A bid was submitted to Heritage Lottery Fund in August for a Townscape Heritage (TH) scheme in St Austell, an historic market town in mid Cornwall. If this bid is successful a TH scheme commencing in June 2016 and finishing in June 2020 will further progress the traditional skills training and energy saving initiatives progressing through the Camborne, Roskear, Tuckingmill THI.

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LÓPEZ, M.; YÁÑEZ, A.; GOMES DA COSTA, S.; AVELLÀ, L ... · Traditional and technological knowledge: concepts, techniques, practices, uses, materials, ... RISKS, SOLUTIONS AND