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Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems 9 Levelized Cost of Energy 9 Methods to reduce the LCOE 9 PV Researches at UC Merced Yong Sin “Shon” Kim Dec. 09 2011 School of Natural Science, University of California at Merced [email protected] http://ucsolar.org 2011 UC Solar Research Symposium

Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

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Page 1: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

Lowering the LCOE 

of Photovoltaic Systems

Levelized Cost of Energy

Methods to reduce the LCOE

PV Researches at UC Merced

Yong Sin “Shon” KimDec. 09 2011

School of Natural Science, University of California at [email protected]

http://ucsolar.org

2011 UC Solar Research Symposium

Page 2: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

2

Cost of EnergyCost of Energy

• System: $/MWh (₡/KWh)• Components: $/W

Credit: California Public Utilities Commission

PG&E Average Bundled Rates by Class

Page 3: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

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Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)

• Definition– The unit cost of energy generated over its economic lifetime.

• Widely used to compare different technologies

• Calculation

where r1 is a system degradation rate and r2 is a discount rate.

Ref: International Energy Agency, ‘Projected Costs of Generating Electricity’ (2010)

Page 4: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

Levelized Cost of EnergyMethods to reduce the LCOEBy a Material scientist

By a Optic designer

By a Electrical engineer

By a System engineer

PV Researches at UC Merced

Yong Sin “Shon” KimDec. 09 2011

School of Natural Science, University of California at [email protected]

http://ucsolar.org

2011 UC Solar Research Symposium

Lowering the LCOE 

of Photovoltaic Systems

Page 5: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

5

What a Material Scientist doesWhat a Material Scientist does

• Cost ↓

• Efficiency ↑

• Acceptance angle ↑

• Degradation ↓

Credit: NREL

Page 6: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

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Thin film/silicon based PV –Concentration : 1x–Wide acceptance angle– Low efficiency–Temperature coefficient:

• Thin film ~ ‐0.2%/K• Silicone based ~ ‐0.4%/K

Concentrating PV–Concentration < 1000x–Narrow  acceptance angle–Higher efficiency–Temperature coefficient:

• Multijuction PV ~ 0.1%/K

What an Optic Designer doesWhat an Optic Designer does

Page 7: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

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High Efficiency ModuleHigh Efficiency Module

• CPV  highest efficiency

Credit: SolFocus

Higher efficiency lower LCOE?

Page 8: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

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Proper PV Systems around the WorldProper PV Systems around the World

Latitude(°)

Lo

ng

itud

e ( °

)Annually averaged DNI(kWh/m2/day)

-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180-90

-60

-30

0

30

60

90

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Silicon PV Thin film CPV

Page 9: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

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• Maximum power point tracking– Either embedded into inverters or controlled separately– Tracking efficiency >  99.8%

• Inverter Efficiency– Power Electronics is matured area– Maximum Efficiency > 98%

• Reducing the cost– Reducing the cost of each components 

What an Electrical Engineer doesWhat an Electrical Engineer does

Ref: International Energy Agency, ‘Projected Costs of Generating Electricity’ (2010)

Page 10: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

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Power Optimization RoadmapPower Optimization Roadmap

Source: SMA

Source: SMA

?Source: NSC, Enphase, SolarEdge

Page 11: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

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Distributed PV SystemsDistributed PV Systems

• Enphase• SolarMagic

• Ref: SolarMagic.com, enphase.com

Page 12: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

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SunPower Embraces Microinverters SunPower Embraces Microinverters 

• SunPower offers AC solar panels with 25‐Warranty (Oct. 17, 2011).

• Enphase has strengthened the warranty of its microinverters to 25 years 

• A panel with a micro inverter vs a panel and a micro inverter

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• Capacity factor• Ground coverage ratio

What an System Engineer doesWhat an System Engineer does

Page 14: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

Levelized Cost of Energy

Methods to reduce the LCOE

PV Researches at UC Merced

Yong Sin “Shon” KimDec. 09 2011

School of Natural Science, University of California at [email protected]

http://ucsolar.org

2011 UC Solar Research Symposium

Lowering the LCOE 

of Photovoltaic Systems

Page 15: Lowering the LCOE of Photovoltaic Systems - UC Solar

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Smart Monitoring SystemSmart Monitoring System

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• Short circuit current of individual cells

• Currently working on defining–The series resistance Rs

• Partial masking techniques–Previous works define

• Rsh and Isc

Characterizing individual cell in a moduleCharacterizing individual cell in a module

123456

Row

2.5

2.6

2.7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12123456

Column

Row

4.2

4.3

4.4

50% masked

20% masked

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Mismatch LossMismatch Loss

• Distributed MPPT– MPPT for each module– ±5% mismatch  : 3.34%– ±10% mismatch : 5.78%

• String level MPPT – 6 modules in series– ±5% mismatch  : 4.00%– ±10% mismatch : 8.24%

4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

0.0050.01

0.050.1

0.25

0.5

0.75

0.90.95

0.990.995

Data (A)

Pro

babi

lity

dens

ity

5%10%

These cells limit the string current

0.050.1

0.25

0.5

0.75

0.90.95

Pro

babi

lity

dens

ity

4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

0.050.1

0.25

0.5

0.75

0.90.95

Data (A)

Pro

babi

lity

dens

ity

10% Mismatch

5% Mismatch

Mismatch is assumed to normal distribution with 3σ at 5% or 10% of their mean value

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SelfSelf‐‐shading Lossshading Loss

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Po

we

r o

f (a

) (K

W)

Centralized

String

AC ModuleDC Module

w/o MPPT

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Fraction of self-shading

Po

we

r o

f (b

) (K

W)

Centralized

String

AC ModuleDC Module

w/o MPPT

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• UBS–Fast tracking–No oscillation–No ad hoc parameter

• Problems of previous methods–Slow tracking–Oscillation–ad hoc parameters

Unbounded Binary Search for MPPTUnbounded Binary Search for MPPT

Patent Pending

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• Fixed voltage scheme–Sets the voltage that inverter has its maximum efficiency

• Fixed current scheme–Uses the reference module w/o MPPT

• AC output sensing–Maximize ac power

Inverter in a Distributed SystemInverter in a Distributed System

Y.S. Kim, S.M. Kang, R. Winston: submitted to ISCAS12

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• Shading diagram–The darker the color, the more the place is shaded.

• CPV trackers installed at UC Merced

Shading by a Tracker ArrayShading by a Tracker Array

North-south Spacing(m)

Eas

t-w

est S

paci

ng(m

)

-10 0 10 20 30

0

5

10

15

20

25

Ref: Kim, Y. S., Kang, S.‐M. and Winston, R. (2011), Modeling of a concentrating photovoltaic system for optimum land use. Patent Pending

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Performance (Performance (±±5% mismatch)5% mismatch)

• Tracker array– Single tracker – w/o self‐shading

• Module array– 3‐by‐4 modules

• Optimum distance @GCR=0.2– ΔX(NS)=11m– ΔY(EW)=9m

0 5 10 15 20 250

10

20

30

40

50

Local time (H)

To

tal p

ow

er

(KW

)

CentralizedStringAC ModuleDC Modulew/o MPPT

w/o MPPT Centralized String DC module2‐by‐2 0.938 0.965 0.975 0.9963‐by‐3 0.908 0.960 0.973 0.9954‐by‐4 0.885 0.957 0.973 0.9955‐by‐5 0.871 0.955 0.972 0.994

Ref: Kim, Y. S., Kang, S.‐M. and Winston, R. (2011), Modeling of a concentrating photovoltaic system for optimum land use. 

Normalized performance to AC module (micro inverter)

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ConclusionConclusion

System Engineers

Thank You