I. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE a.

b. POLLUTION =

i. Chemical Natureii. Concentrationiii. Persistenceiv. Pollution Prevention vs. Pollution Cleanup… Which is cheaper??

c. Goals of Environmental Sciencei. Establish principles about how the natural world functionsii. Develop viable solutions to environmental problemsiii. Make recommendations to elected officialsiv. Identify, understand, and solve environmental problems that we have

createdv. ECOLOGY =

vi. Use ecology to address human population growth & consequences of that growth

d. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYi.

1. Ecological Resource2. Economic resource 3. Renewable resources (perpetual resources) 4. Potentially Renewable resources

ii. Based on…1. What are the effects of our actions on the environment?2. Resources are limited, and we must live within those limits.3. Understand all the costs to the environment & society 4. We all share the responsibility for environmental sustainability

iii. Solar Capital vs. Earth Capital

iv. Why aren’t we sustainable?

v. Why can’t we just stop?

vi. Challenge = meet immediate needs AND protect the environment in the long term

Earth Science Unit Ch 2, 17, 24

II. Gaia Hypothesis = Planet Earth behaves like a living organism (Earth’s organisms adjust the environment to keep it habitable for life).

a. Proposed by ________________________________ in the early 1970s.b. Feedback Loops

POSITIVE NEGIATIVE CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE

EX: EX: EX: EX:

III. 5 Biogeochemical Cycles: nutrients are recycled through the ecosystem

a. ________________________: Nutrient is present, but temporarily unavailableb. ________________________: Primary source of nutrientsc. ________________________: Consists of the organisms through which nutrients

pass.BIOGEOCHEMICAL CARD ACTIVITY (separate note pages)

__________________________________– can move over large distances (can be gaseous)______________________ – local cycling because it does NOT form gaseous compounds.

IV.Solar Radiation a. Basics :

i. Provides heat, determines climate, allows photosynthesis.ii. Powers the water, carbon, and other biogeochemical cyclesiii. Created by _______________________________iv. 31% of the solar radiation that hits Earth is immediately reflected by

clouds, land, snow, ice, and the ocean.1. Albedo =

v. Remaining 69% is absorbed & eventually lost as ________________ to space.

b. Temperature Changes w/ Latitude c. Temperature Changes w/ Season

V. The Atmosphere a. Composition :

b. Layers :i. Troposphere

ii. Stratosphere

iii. Mesosphere

iv. Thermosphere

v. Exosphere

c. Atmospheric Circulation i. Convection Currents :

ii. Winds affected by:1. ________________ & _______________ gradients (greater gradient = stronger

wind)2. Coriolis Effect = Earth’s rotation causes wind to be deflected

toward the west near the equator.

Global Winds: Convection Cells:Trade Winds, Prevailing Westerlies, Polar Easterlies Hadley Cell, Ferrell Cell, Polar Cell

VI.Weather & Climate a. Weather (day-to-day changes in atmosphere)b. Climate (average weather conditions over a period of years)

i. 2 factors influencing climate: __________________ & ______________________ii. Wladimir Koppen : separated climates into 6 climate zones.

c. Precipitation i. Caused by moisture-laden air rising & cooling.ii. Cool air holds _________ water than warm air

1. So… as air cools, it gets _____________ to the saturation point (when precipitation can form).

iii. Rain Shadow

d. Tornadoes i. Powerful, rotating funnel of air associated with severe thunderstorms.ii. Vary greatly in their strength, size, and speed.iii. How they form:

e. Tropical Cyclones (hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones)i. Giant, rotating tropical storms with winds btwn 119–250km/h (74–155

mph)ii. Most common during summer months… why???iii. Damage mostly due to __________________________= waves up to 25ft high.iv. How they form:

f. Pressure Centers

DIAGRAM CHARACTERISTICS(in the N. Hemisphere)

AIR PRESSURE CHANGES

LOW

(Cyc

lone

)H

IGH

(Ant

icyc

lone

)

g. Winds i. ISOBARS!

ii. Winds are influenced by two things:1. ________________________________________________

a. Isobars are drawn at regular millibar intervals (e.g., 996 mb, 1000 mb, 1004 mb, etc.).

b. Isobars can show wind speed the closer the lines, the ____________________ the

wind2. _____________________________________

a. Alters wind __________________

~Fronts~

Front: ___________________________________________________________________________________

COLD FRONT STATIONARY FRONT

WARM FRONT OCCLUDED FRONT

KNOW: how the air masses move, direction the front moves, and associated weatherVII.The Global Ocean

a. 4 interconnected oceans (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic), Pacific is largestb. Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean

i. __________________ = mass movements of surface ocean water1. caused by ____________.

ii. _____________ = circular currents1. Earth rotates toward the __________, influencing the gyres…

iii. Majority of ocean water is in ________________________, so circumpolar flow is virtually unimpeded by landmasses (West Wind Drift)

c. Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water i. Density

ii. Ocean Conveyor Belt

1. Human activities may change the path of this conveyor belt, drastically changing the climate.

d. Ocean Interactions with the Atmosphere i. _______________________________________________________________= periodic warming of surface waters of the tropical East Pacific that alters weather in local areas and elsewhere.

The upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich water normally.

VIII. Internal Planetary Processes a. Earth Structure

i. Three main sections:

NO

RMAL

EL N

INO

Ocean Changes:

Weather Changes:

LA N

INA

Ocean Changes:

Weather Changes:

b. Plate Tectonics i. Continental Drift = continents have moved. Proposed by Alfred

Wegner.1. Supporting Evidence:

ii. Plate Tectonics = movement of lithospheric plates carrying continents.

iii. Plate Boundary = _______________________________________________________

1. intense geologic activity hereiv. Plates (____________________) float on the magma

(______________________)v. Plate motion is created by convection currents in the asthenosphere

1. Boundary = plates move apart

2. Boundary = plates come together

- 3 types:1.2.3.

a. Zone : one plate is forced under another.

3. Boundary = plates slide past one another

c. Volcanoes i. Magma vs. Lava

ii. Occur at 3 locations:1. _________________________________ zones2. spreading centers

(like a ___________________________________)3. above hot spots = rising plume of magma that

flowed from an opening in the crust.a. AKA – “_________________________________”

iii. “Ring of Fire” around the Pacific Ocean

iv. Largest eruption of the 20th century: ____________________________________

VOLCANO EXPLORER WEBSITE: http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/pompeii/interactive/interactive.html

Volcano Type How are they built? Physical Characteristics Famous Examples

STRATOVOLCANO

CINDER CONE

SHIELD

Inside a Volcano:

Three factors affect the size of the volcano and strength of the eruption:(1)_________________________ = resistance to flow, or “___________________” of the

magma.(2)Amount of . (3)Amount of . (the more silica, the _______________ the viscosity!!)

**Generally, stronger eruptions = __________ viscosity, __________ gas, & __________ silica.d. Earthquakes

i. Elastic Rebound Hypothesis

ii. Release Seismic Waves (vibrations) in all directions.1. P-waves

2. S-waves

3. L-waves

iii. Most occur along faults (usually near plate boundaries)

iv. Focus =

v. Epicenter =

vi. Seismograph 1. Help determine where, when, and how long the quake occurred.

vii. __________________________Scale = measures the size of earthquake waves

viii. ____________________________Scale = calculates the total energy released.

ix. More than 1million quakes occur each year

x. Effects of Earthquakes:1. landslides2. tsunamis3. liquefaction

xi. San Andreas Faultxii. Quakes can occur at plate boundaries OR in the middle of a plate (the

stress can build up anywhere!!)IX. Topographic Mapping

One special kind of map is called a topographic map. It has contour lines to show the shape and elevation of the land. They are sometimes called "level lines" because they show points that are at the same level.