Love and Marriage - WordPress.com...Love and Marriage Student Workbook Name Why do people get together? Why do they stay together? Why do they drift apart? 2 Date: For more resources

1 Date:

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Love and Marriage

Student Workbook

Name

Why do people get together?

Why do they stay together?

Why do they drift apart?

https://ibpsych.themantic-education.com/

http://www.themantic-education.com/

2 Date:



KEY TERMS TRAFFIC LIGHTS Use coloured pencils or highlighters. Colour the boxes below based on how well you know the key term.

Green = you know it and could explain it to someone else

Yellow = you think you know it, but you’re not 100% confident

Red = you don’t know it

Term Before we begin End of unit

End of course

Androstadienone

Attraction

Cultural dimension

Demand/withdraw pattern

Evolutionary explanation of behaviour

Formation of personal relationships

Individualism

Collectivism

Marital satisfaction

Mate preference

Pheromone

Physiological arousal

Procreation

Regulated and non-regulated couples

Secondary sex characteristic

Stonewalling

Vomeronasal organ

Use this space to create a key if you’re using different colours.



3 Date:



Topic 5.1: Evolution of Attraction

How does testosterone influence attraction?

How can evolution explain gender differences in mate preference?

Lesson (a): Evolution and Behaviour

Key Q’s By the end of this lesson you should be able to answer these questions…

What is an evolutionary explanation of behaviour?

What traits have humans evolved to find attractive?

How can evolution explain attraction?

How might evolution influence our biology in a way that

influences behaviour? (or vice-versa)

Consolidation

What is an evolutionary explanation for one of these behaviours?

Aggression / Violence / Conformity / Fear / Inter-group conflict

Write notes here…

What do men and women want in a mate*?

The class will be divided into boys and girls. Discuss with your group what characteristics and

personality traits males and females prefer in the opposite sex. Write some notes down

here. We’ll then discuss some evolutionary explanations for these preferences.

*A mate in a biological

sense is whom we

procreate (or ‘mate’) with.

Male Preferences Female Preferences

This code will take you to the blog post that explains what an evolutionary explanation of behaviour is. (Link)



https://ibpsych.themantic-education.com/2017/08/23/what-is-an-evolutionary-explanation-of-behaviour/

4 Date:



TED Talk: “It’s not you, it’s my hormones”

While you’re watching the first few minutes of the TED Talk by Lisa Welling, answer these

questions:

1. According to the research, what traits do people generally find attractive? (Three traits)

2. Why is sexual dimorphism attractive?

What is attractive?

Find an attractive face (from the internet or other source). This task will be easy if you have

a celebrity crush.

Why is this an attractive face? Explain from an evolutionary perspective.

Read this lesson in the textbook to help your explanation.

Critical Thinking Extension: The Full Explanation

Can you add biological factors to your explanation, including genetic mutations and

physiological processes? The extension information on page 277 of the textbook might help.

Here's the code for the TED Talk. (Link)

GQ: How can evolution explain attraction?



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LZZJTR0GxE&t=

5 Date:



Lesson (b): Testosterone and Attraction


Why would procreating with a man with high testosterone be

advantageous for a woman?

How might hormones influence attraction?

What might males might find attractive in females?

TED Talk “It’s not you, it’s my hormones” by Lisa Welling

Focus Questions

As you’re watching the rest of this talk from yesterday (“It’s not you, it’s my hormones”) try

to answer today’s guiding question. The focus questions should help you.

1. When is testosterone highest in females?

2. When do females find masculine faces most attractive?

3. What is a prototype face?

4. What is a “masculinized” face?

5. How do researchers find which types of faces females prefer? (Write in note form)

6. When a male’s testosterone is high, what type of face is he likely to prefer? (Masculine

or Feminine)

7. How does competition influence attraction?

Notes:

There are two ways that testosterone can influence attraction: o One way is related to testosterone in females (but our textbook doesn’t

include studies on this) as testosterone increases sex drive and higher

testosterone during ovulation affects whom females find attractive; o The second way we’re focusing on (and does have explanations in the

textbook) is related to testosterone in the male that influences what the

female finds attractive.

GQ: How might testosterone influence attraction?



6 Date:



Plan and write your answer here. Don’t include the study, yet – just

answer the question.

Critical Thinking Extension: How do you know?

How do you know?

It’s always important that you can use evidence to support your explanation. Add the

evidence from Johnston et al.’s study on page 278 to your explanation of how testosterone

influences attraction.

It's essential you can use evidence to support your ideas in psychology.



7 Date:



Lesson (c): Evolution and Attraction


What were the results of Buss’s cross-cultural study?

How does Buss’s study suggest that evolution can explain

attraction?

Can you think of any counter-arguments for the gender differences

found in Buss’s study?

Consolidation

Recap all the reasons why a woman would want to procreate

with a man with high testosterone and write them in the space

below…

Hypothesizing

In 1989 David Buss conducted a study of over 10,000 participants from 37 different cultures.

He used questionnaires to find out mate preferences of men and women and he found the

following results. How can you explain these from an evolutionary perspective?

Males preferred females who were younger, whereas females preferred males who

were older

Females valued “financial prospects” more than males

Males were more concerned with good looks than females

Males were more concerned with chastity than females

Financial prospects = how able you are

to make money. For example, a

university graduate has better financial

prospects than an unemployed poet.

Chastity = not having sex. In this

context it refers to not having sex

before marriage.



8 Date:



You should be able to answer this question in one (maybe two)

sentences

Don’t include specific results

The answer should be focused on why cross-cultural similarities provide

evidence for evolutionary influences (not cultural ones)

Critical Thinking Extension: Application

Choose one of Buss’s results from pg 280-81 and explain this result from an evolutionary

perspective. There is an example in the textbook.

Space for notes

GQ: How does Buss’s study suggest that evolution can

explain attraction?



9 Date:



Example Answer: Hormones and Behaviour (Biological Approach)

Exam Question: Outline Explain the effect of one hormone on human behaviour.

Testosterone and Attraction One hormone that can have an effect on human behaviour is testosterone – this hormone can influence attraction. This can be shown in studies on facial preferences, like Johnston et al. Testosterone can influence attraction because we have evolved to find traits attractive if they signal good quality genes. We want to give our offspring the best chance of survival so our genes will be passed on – if we procreate with someone who has healthy genes it will achieve this goal, so we’re attracted to people who are suitable to mate with. Signs of high levels of testosterone are attractive for females because they signify that the male has good quality genes because high testosterone has been correlated with strong immune function, fertility and social status. The signs of high testosterone can be seen in the secondary sex characteristics of males, including broad shoulders, deep voice, square jawline and a low brow. Therefore, testosterone in a male will develop masculine secondary sex characteristics, which could influence how attractive females find him. This can be seen in Johnston et al.’s study on female facial preferences. This study involved 42 female college participants changing computer-generated faces in a laboratory. The computer allowed the participants to make the faces more feminine (low testosterone) or masculine (high testosterone). They were asked to move the mouse cursor until the face was most attractive for them. The results showed that when females were ovulating (most fertile) they showed the highest preference for masculine faces. This is because at this time females are most fertile, and so they are subconsciously attracted to the high testosterone features that would be most likely to provide their offspring with strong genes (and a healthy immune system). Interestingly, testosterone is also highest in females during ovulation and testosterone is correlated with sex drive, so it might be that the high testosterone in the females (not just in the males) is also having an effect on sexual behaviour. Here we can see that testosterone can influence behaviour in two ways: in males it develops their secondary sex characteristics that ovulating females find attractive, and in females it might boost their sex drive.

(350 words)

Brief introduction states central argument and supporting study. Central argument = explanation of how and why testosterone influences attraction. Explanation is supported with description of things like secondary sex characteristics and details of testosterone (e.g. correlates with immunity). Key terms like secondary sex characteristics are used – this shows knowledge. The methodology of the study is described with specific details, yet is also concise. The results are clearly stated. The significance of the results are explained (applied to the question). One sentence conclusion that summarizes main argument.

This answer would score high marks because:

It clearly answers the question and stays focused on the question.

It shows excellent understanding of the concept in the question (how a hormone can

influence behaviour).

It uses evidence effectively to support the explanation.

It uses psychological terminology correctly.



10 Date:



Topic 5.2: Pheromones and Behaviour

How does androstadienone influence attraction? Lesson (a): Pheromones: An Introduction


What is a pheromone?

How does the study on domestic pigs suggest pheromones may

be capable of affecting human behaviour?

Can you hypothesize how pheromones might influence human

behaviour?

Consolidation: Clip from “The Science of Sex Appeal”

What are the characteristics of a masculine face?

Pheromones Quiz

1. A pheromone is a type of

2. What is the difference between a regular hormone and a pheromone?

3. What sense do animals use to detect most pheromones?

4. What organ detects pheromones?

5. What is one reason why there is debate over the existence of human pheromones?

6. How did studies in the 1960s on pigs show that pheromones can affect animal

behaviour?

7. What is one piece of evidence that suggests there could be human pheromones?

Critical Thinking Extension: Hypothesizing

1. Can you hypothesize how pheromones might affect behaviour? Think back to how

we learned in criminology about how testosterone and serotonin affect

aggression.

2. Does Wedekind’s sweaty t-shirt study provide evidence for

pheromones?

QR Code: This code will take you to the film clip. (Link).

Sweaty t-shirt study.(Link)



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVhKSzSpXMA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-drpViV5LSw&t=

11 Date:



Lesson (b): Androstadienone


What were the methods and results of Saxton et al.’s (2008) speed

dating study?

How does Saxton et al.’s (2008) study suggest that pheromones may

influence human behaviour?

From an evolutionary perspective, why might smell be an important

factor in attraction?

SciShow’s “Do humans have pheromones?”

1. There are no identified human pheromones. True or false?

2. How do pheromones send messages?

3. How do male pigs (boars) secrete androstenone?

4. What are the two types of pheromones?

5. How have humans used animal pheromones?

6. What are two limitations of studies on human pheromones?

7. What is the VNO?

8. What important thing do human VNOs not have?

9. Why are pheromones less likely to influence human attraction as much as they

influence other animal sexual behaviours?

Speed Dating!

All students have one small piece of information that is going to help you solve today’s

guiding question. You are going to be partnered up randomly and you have 20 seconds each

to share your key detail (you have to leave your card on your desk and can’t carry it with

you). You will have 20 seconds with multiple partners.

After you’ve heard from everyone, you need to figure out the answer to today’s guiding

question below:

How does Saxton et al.’s study suggest that pheromones may influence human behaviour?



12 Date:



Notes on Saxton et al.’s study

How does Saxton et al.’s study suggest that pheromones may

influence human behaviour?

Your answer

Critical Thinking Extension: Why smell?

It makes sense that sight would be a key

sense involved in attraction. Can you

think of an evolutionary reason why

smell might be a key sense in

attraction? Hint: electricity!

Why do you think smell would have been important in attraction for early humans?



13 Date:



Lesson (c): Androstadienone and Attraction


What were the methods and results of Cornwell et al.’s study on

androstadienone and face preferences?

How might androstadienone influence behaviour?

What are the possible practical and ethical implications of

findings from Cornwell et al.’s study?

Race to the Front Quiz

1. What organ detects pheromones and is inactive in humans?

2. What is one reason why high testosterone is healthy?

3. What do we call physical traits that distinguish males from females, but aren’t

directly involved in procreation?

4. What time of the cycle are females most likely to get pregnant?

5. What were two results from Buss’s study?

6. Name one pheromone.

7. What could be the biological factor within females affecting what they find

attractive?

8. Where can androstadienone be found?

Centre-Stage: Dramatic Re-enactment of Cornwell et al. (2004)

You are going to work in a group. You need to divide the following “characters” between

your group members. It might be easier to figure out who is playing which character after

you’re familiar with the study (pg. 285-6). The characters are:

Two different female participants

One feminized face

One masculinized face

Androstadienone

Androstenone

A female pheromone

Control oil

Your task is to act out the methods

and results of Cornwell et al.’s

(2004) study on the effects of

pheromones on face preferences.

This will require reading, discussing,

moving, thinking, and acting! We learn by doing and when we can't replicate the experiment ourselves, the next best thing we have is to act it out.



14 Date:



For/Against Table

Complete this table to show the evidence for and against the existence of pheromones and

their effect on human behaviour.

Evidence for the existence of human pheromones

Evidence against the existence of human pheromones

Critical Thinking Extension: Ethics of Applications

Can you think of any ethical implications of results from studies

like Cornwell et al.’s?

GQ: How does Cornwell et al.’s study suggest that

pheromones may influence human behaviour?

Would you buy a "love potion?"



15 Date:



Topic 5.3: Culture and Attraction

Lesson (a): Cultural Values


What are the cultural values associated with individualism and

collectivism?

What are the similarities and differences between individualism

and collectivism?

How might mate cultural values influence mate preference?

Consolidation

Write what you can remember from the Buss’s study on mate preference across cultures.

Work with a partner to help you. Note form is OK.

Can you get notes on the following details?

Methods

o Procedures

o Participants

Results

Conclusions

Strengths and limitations

Buss’s study on mate preferences…recap notes



16 Date:



Cultural Dimension: Individualism and Collectivism

In the table below, write down what you can remember about this cultural dimension.

Think hard!

Individualism Collectivism

When you’ve done all you can remember, check the textbook pg. 289-90 and pg. 129. Add

to your table in a different colour.

Critical Thinking Extension: Cultural Values and

Attraction

Can you hypothesize differences in mate preferences of people from different cultural

backgrounds? E.g. what might men from individualistic cultures prefer more than men from

collectivist cultures? How might cultural values influence mate preference?

This code will take you to a video of Hofstede explaining individualism and collectivism. (Link)



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQj1VPNPHlI&index=2&list=PLQvFZ16QYK_ovcyej9kTjCrsg0mnS3oaJ

17 Date:



Lesson (b): Mate Preference


What were the cultural differences in mate preference found in

Buss’s study?

How (and why) might cultural values influence mate

preference?

Why can we not draw definitive conclusions from Buss’s study?

Key Term Tennis

With a partner, take turns saying one characteristic of

individualism or collectivism. Keep going until one person is

stumped and then start again. If you can stump your partner,

you get a point (or you can just play for fun).

Explaining Cultural Differences in Attraction

With your tennis partner, read more of the results from Buss’s cross-cultural study below.

Before we looked at cross-cultural similarities found by Buss. Now we’re going to look at

cultural differences in mate preference.

Can you explain the following results based on cultural values?

(a) Females from collectivist cultures placed a higher value

on social status and ambition.

(b) Males from individualistic cultures

placed less emphasis on domestic skills.

Similarities across cultures

suggests evolution influences

attraction, differences suggest

cultural factors influence

attraction.



18 Date:



Be sure to state the specific results you are explaining. Explain one of the results first and get feedback before trying the second.

Critical Thinking Extension

Many young psychologists want to make definitive claims about studies. That means they

say things that are absolute and certain, like “the MAOA-L gene causes crime” or “females

from collectivist countries like China don’t care about love and just want a husband with a

good job.”

Why can we not draw definitive conclusions from Buss’s study?

Homework

Write down what you need to do for homework tonight.

GQ: How (and why) might cultural values influence

mate preference?



19 Date:



Lesson (c): For Love or…?


What were the methods and results of Levine et al.’s cross-

cultural study?

How (and why) might cultural values influence the formation of

a marriage?

Can the results of Levine’s study be criticized based on its

population validity?

Consolidation: Brain Dump

Remember to write in note form as this is to consolidate memory, not to write notes. Not

form means only include key details and phrases; you don’t need to write full, grammatically

correct sentences.

Create Your Dream Mate

What qualities and

characteristics would they

have?



20 Date:



Constructing an Argument

Write an essay plan that shows how you would answer the following essay question. Be

sure to include your central argument, your evidence and your counter-argument (with

evidence).

To what extent do sociocultural factors influence the formation of a personal

relationship?

o Be sure to use information from today’s lesson in your plan.

Plan

Critical Thinking Extension: Population Validity

What is population validity? Can Levine’s study be criticized based on population validity?

Reflect: Three Levels of Learning

Where are you getting in most lessons? Are you struggling to answer or are you getting to the critical

thinking? How can you get further?

This code will take you to an explanation of how to assess studies based on population validity. (Link)



https://ibpsych.themantic-education.com/2017/11/03/so-you-want-to-assess-population-validity/

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Love and Marriage - WordPress.com...Love and Marriage Student Workbook Name Why do people get together? Why do they stay together? Why do they drift apart? 2 Date: For more resources