Module 9: Topic 1Visibility

1. Driving at Night:a. Dirt on the lens of headlights can reduce light by up to _____ percent.b. How can you check to see if the lights are working properly?

c. How far do high beams let us see?

d. What is the sight distance rule?

e. When driving at night, drivers need to leave more ________than they would in the daytime.

2. Visibility:a. The distance a driver can see ahead is limited and headlights do not illuminate off-road areas.b. Visibility is also compromised by the ___________ from other vehicles.

3. Headlights:a. High beam headlights

Used when safe and legal at speeds of ___________ mphb. Low beam headlights

Used in bad weather or when following or meeting another car at night - safe at speed of __________ mph

4. Night Driving Skills:a. Adjust speed to distance illuminated by headlightsb. Keep your eyes ____________ searching ahead and at edges of the roadwayc. Flash lights once quickly if oncoming vehicle is using high beams

5. Night Driving Risks:a. Reduces ability to see risksb. Requires eyes to adjust quickly to glarec. Places limitations on gathering and processing information in timed. The distance you can see ahead is shorter - especially at higher speedse. Headlights provide little illumination of off-road areasf. Ability to judge distances is compromisedg. The glare from oncoming and following vehicles impairs visionh. Must drive “blind” while recovering from the glare

6. Driving Tips for Poor Visibility:a. ________speed to accommodate shortened sight distanceb. Use _______________ flashers when traveling below speed limitc. Maintain appropriate lane position d. If stopping distance longer than sight distance, slow down and don’t drive “blindly” into the

darkness.

1

7. Safety Tips for Driving at Night:a. Before passing, the driver passing can flash his/her headlights to warn the other driver.b. When two vehicles are ______ by _______, the passing driver may switch to high beams and the

driver being passed should switch to low beams.c. Be alert for pedestrians walking on unlit roadways. d. If you must walk on a dark roadway due to vehicle breakdown or another reason, carry a

white handkerchief or wear _______-colored clothing or reflective clothing to increase your chances of being seen.

e. In snow, wear ________ clothing to create a contrast.

2

Module 9: Topic 2Severe Weather Conditions

1. Drifting Fog:a. Reduce speedb. Turn on ______ beam headlights c. Turn on windshield wipersd. Turn on defroster or air conditioner

2. Heavy Fog:a. Reduce speedb. Turn on emergency flashers and fog lightsc. _________ stop in a travel laned. Look for an exit from the highwaye. If impossible to leave the highway, stop beyond the _____ of guardrail as far to the right of the road

as possible, and turn ______ lights and wait for fog to lift.

3. Visibility Limited by Rain and Snow:a. Keep headlights cleanb. Turn on the defroster to remove ice and condensation c. Clear the windshield and rear windowsd. Reduce Speede. Turn headlights to low beamf. Turn on windshield wipersg. Be alert for vehicles stopped in roadwayh. Be prepared for effects of gusting windsi. Make adjustments gently and smoothly

4. Sources of Glarea. Other vehicle headlightsb. Paper on the dashboardc. Snow covered landscaped. The sun at dawn or dusk

5. Reducing Glarea. Look to the ______ edge of roadwayb. Do not place paper on dashboardc. Wear ____________ during the dayd. Adjust sun visors and mirrorse. Clean window

6. Describe how the conditions listed below affect a driver’s ability to see and what adjustment a driver should make to better cope with these conditions:

1. Sun glare:2. Driving at night:3. Fog:4. Rain:5. Snow:

3

7. Driving in Snow:a. In severe snow conditions look for an exit on highwayb. Check weather report c. If impossible to leave highway, stop beyond outboard end of guard rail d. Use cell phone to check conditionse. Snow may require use of windshield washer fluid

8. Strong Winds:a. Keep a _______ grip on the steering wheelb. __________ speedc. Adjust lane positiond. Do not over steere. Stay off the brakef. Prepare to counter steerg. Make all steering, accelerating, and braking actions gently and smoothlyh. Check for debris in roadway and oncoming traffic

9. Low water crossings:a. Flash flooding conditions are unpredictableb. Not specific to a time of yearc. Affects braking, steering and engine systems

10. Flash Flood Dangers:a. Nearly ______% of flash flood fatalities are vehicle related b. Search for flood prone areas:

Highway dips Bridges Low areas

c. Most vehicles will float d. Very little water on the road surface can cause loss of controle. ________ feet of water will “carry” most carsf. Because visibility is limited at night, driving during flooding conditions is very dangerousg. Heed all flash flood watches and warningsh. Monitor road conditions through the news media

11. Hot and Cold Temperatures:a. Vehicles are designed to operate in a wide range of temperatures, from very hot to extremely

cold.b. Extreme conditions cause stress on vehicle parts sensitive to temperature changec. Make sure to check tires, fluids, and belts

12. Cold Weather Driving Tips:a. Check your _______________b. Check your cooling systemc. Check your windshield wipers d. Check your tire treade. Check your gasf. Check your windshield washer reservoirg. Check radiator coolant, hoses, and connections

4

h. Clean snow off of your entire car

13. Hot weather checks a. ______________ tires are subject to excessive flexion causing pressure buildup, especially when

driving for extended distances at higher speeds.b. The air conditioner, radiator coolant hoses, connections, and drive belts need special attention

due to the extra load placed on these cooling systems.

5

Module 9: Topic 3Occupant Protection

1. Occupant Protection:a. Occupant protection refers to safety features designed to protect occupants of motor vehicles in

the event of a crash. These systems can be 'active' or ‘passive.’b. Wearing a safety belt is your best defense for preventing severe life-altering injuries:

Slows occupant’s rate of deceleration in a frontal crash and keeps occupants securely in place

2. Airbags:a. The driver side airbag is located in the center of the steering wheel and the passenger side airbag

is located inside the dashboard. b. Side airbags that inflate during side collisions are usually located within the seat. c. Curtain airbags are installed above the side windows, in the headliner, on both sides. d. Knee airbags are located in front of the legs of the driver and front seat passenger.

They are concealed within the steering column or the lower part of the dashboard and deploy during frontal impacts.

e. Driver and front passenger air bags are designed to inflate in a frontal impact. Drivers should sit at least ______inches from the air bag because it inflates to six or seven

inches in size at speeds up to _______ mph. If you can, tilt the steering wheel to point the air bags at your _______, not your face.

f. Always wear a safety belt and secure children in the rear seat. g. To reduce forearm and hand injuries, place hands on the _______ half of the steering wheel, with

knuckles on the outside and thumbs along the inside of the rim of the wheel.h. Side impact air bags are designed to protect the ______ and ______ in side impact collisions.

Care should be taken not to sit too close to the door or to lean towards the air bag.

3. How do you adjust your seat and steering wheel hand position to protect you from the airbag?

4. We learned in Module 2 that adjusting the head restraints protects us from whiplash.

6

Module 9: Topic 4Highway Safety Design

1. Roadway Safety Design:

a. ____________ sign support posts

b. ________________ with ends angled away from roadway and buried

c. _______ attenuators - such as vinyl liquid or sand filled drums

d. Protected left and right turn bays

e. Collector/distributor lanes on high speed, high density highways

f. Variable message signs alerting drivers to weather conditions, construction, and traffic problems

Module 9: Topic 57

Vehicle Design and Technology

1. How do you think vehicle design and technology make a vehicle safer?

2. New Advances:a. All-wheel driveb. Antilock braking systems c. Electronic stability control d. Telematics (i.e. OnStar) e. Tire pressure monitoringf. Active head restraints g. Adaptive cruise control h. Adaptive headlights i. Advanced airbags j. Advanced seat belt pre tensionerk. Fatigue warning l. Forward collision warning systems m. Lane departure warning systems n. Side view assisto. Park assist and back over prevention

3. In Module 3 we learned about anti lock braking systems (ABS).a. What is the primary task of ABS?

b. What are the ABS rules?

c. What may you notice when using ABS brakes?

4. Electronic Stability System (ESP):a. What is the electronic stability program designed to do?

b. During an over-steering or skidding condition (rear-wheel lock-up), the ESP system applies the brake to which wheel?

c. During an under-steering or sliding condition (front-wheel lock-up), the ESP system applies the brake to which wheel?Answer:

5. Functions of Tires:a. Tires are air-filled cushions designed to reduce the effect of road hazards and irregularities on

the vehicle and are designed to flex and give as they meet the road surface.b. Absorb shocks caused by road hazards c. Provide Traction — enables drivers to accelerate, brake and steerd. Tires ratings are indicated on the sidewall of the tire

8

6. Traction:a. Measured by the ability to stop a car in straight-ahead motion on a wet surface - tires graded A

have the best traction performance, B grading is an above average rating and C indicates the tire meets government standards.

b. Temperature —tire’s ability to withstand heat. Tires graded A are the most heat-resistant and less likely to suffer a blowout under the same conditions as tires with grades of B or C.

c. Tread wear rating — the higher the tread wear rating, the greater the mileage – a tire with a tread wear rating of 150 is expected to last 50 percent longer than one graded at 100.

7. After watching the tire safety video, list 3 things you learned about tires.

9

Module 9: Topic 6Dangerous Road Conditions

1. Dangerous Road Conditions:a. Ice, snow, or frost/sleetb. Wet--particularly the first 15 minutes of rain after a long dry period when oil and rubber

particles have collected on the road surface and mix with waterc. Heavy rain or standing water d. Mud near farm entrances, construction sites, and truck crossingse. Wet leavesf. Broken or uneven road surfaceg. Sand or gravel - frequently found on curves in rural areas

2. Slippery Conditions:a. Ice on the roadb. Dangerous curves and turnsc. Roads with slippery when wet warning signs d. Most dangerous when the temperature is near freezinge. Just after a rain has fallen on a hot dayf. Heavily traveled intersections when raining

3. Controlling Consequences:a. _______ off road rather than skid off the roadb. Hit something ______ rather than something hard c. Hit something going your way rather than something stationaryd. Hit stationary objects with a glancing blowe. Hit a stationary object rather than an approaching objectf. Steer to avoid oncoming traffic and head on collision

4. Preventing Loss of Traction:a. __________ speed b. ___________ spacec. Make gradual changes to speedd. Avoid abrupt changes in directione. Find the best path

5. Causes of Traction Lossa. Road surface conditionsb. The condition of the vehicle c. Actions of the driver

6. Signs of Hydroplaning:a. Standing waterb. Raindrops that bubble when they hit the roadc. Slushing soundd. Sensation that the steering wheel is loose or disconnected from the vehicle e. A vehicle ahead that is not leaving a track

10

7. Preventing Hydroplaning:a. _________down when there is water standing on the surface of the pavement.b. Tires should be properly __________ and have adequate tread.c. ___________ following distance, particularly when behind a large truck.d. Drive in the tracks left by any vehicle ahead.

8. If Hydroplaning Occurs:a. Ease off the ______________ graduallyb. ______________ speed until your tires regain traction.c. Do not ___________ until traction has been restored.d. Steer no more than necessary, continue to ______ and steer where you want to go.

9. What do you know about skids?a. When do most skids occur?

b. What are the steps to recover from a skid?

c. What is the best way to handle skids?

10. Causes of Skidsa. Slippery surfacesb. ____________ too hard c. ____________ too hardd. Steering too much or too quicklye. Entering a curve with too much speed

11. Preventing skids:a. Apply the brakes in a __________ and progressive mannerb. Make smooth, precise steering wheel movementsc. Slowing down well in advance of curvesd. Maintaining speeds appropriate for conditions

12. Types of skids:a. There are two main types of skidding:

________-steering (fishtailing) ________-steering (plowing)

13. Front wheel loss of traction:a. Called “Under steer” and is when the vehicle moves straight ahead in spite of steering input

Look and steer toward intended path Smoothly ease up on accelerator Smoothly apply brakes to regain traction Do not steer more than necessary

11

14. When Brakes are Applied Too Hard or Too Quickly:a. Vehicle weight shifts to the front causing:

A noticeable drop of the hood A noticeable rise of the rear Forward movement of driver, passengers and items in vehicle

15. Correcting Front Traction Loss:a. Direct vision to targeted path of travel (look where you want to go)b. Activate ________ (if vehicle equipped)

Ease off conventional brake system Reestablish rolling traction (wheels rolling/not sliding)

c. Ease off steering inputs Abrupt steering can create traction loss Steer toward intended path of travel

d. Jab/Stab brake to move weight forward if no ABS (ABS performs this function automatically)

16. Rear-Wheel Loss of Traction:a. This is called an “over steer” when vehicle moves sideways without any additional steering input

• Look and __________ toward intended path • Ease off the accelerator and avoid using the brakes• Continue to steer and counter-steer until the vehicle is traveling straight• Use a light and progressive acceleration if the vehicle does not recover

17. Acceleration and Traction Loss:a. When acceleration is applied too hard or too quickly weight moves to the rear of the car causing:

• A noticeable rise of the hood • A noticeable drop of the rear • Rearward movement of driver and passengers

18. Causes of Traction Loss:a. Brakes __________ adjusted - Brakes pulling in one direction or the other can cause a skid - as can

wheels that are out of alignment when brakes are appliedb. Unevenly worn tire __________

The size of the front and rear tires do not match. The tread depth or the front and rear tire type are not the same.

19. Driver Actions that Cause Loss of Traction:a. Sudden steering movements on a slippery surfaceb. Abrupt and sudden changes in vehicle speedc. Panic stop or applying the brakes too hard on a hill, curve or slippery surfaced. Suddenly engaging the clutch on a slippery surface

12

20. Traction Loss – Shifts in Vehicle Weight:a. Sudden shifts of vehicle weight (left, right, forward or backward) will cause loss of traction. b. Simultaneous steering, braking and/or acceleration creates sudden shifts in vehicle

balance.

21. When Steering is Applied Too Hard or Quickly Weight Moves to the Opposite Side of the Car:a. Vehicle weight shift causes:

• A noticeable ______ and tilt of the hood • A noticeable rise and tilt of the rear • Driver, passenger, items in car move towards the car’s corner

22. Managing Rear Traction Loss:a. Look at desired/targeted path of travelb. Activate traction control system orc. Ease off brake or acceleratord. Reestablish rolling traction to rear wheelse. Steer toward targeted path of travelf. Apply light progressive acceleration (2 mph is goal) to shift weight to the Rear g. Traction control system will adjust the speed/braking automatically when activated)

13

Module 9: Topic 7Emergency Recovery & Controlling Consequences

1. What do you think causes run off the road crashes?

2. Run-Off the Road Crashes: Recognize, React, And Recovera. What are some reasons run-off the road crashes occur?

b. What increases the risk of being in a run-off the road crash?

c. What is the #1 tip from America’s best drivers when it comes to run-off the road crashes?

d. What steps should you take if you run-off the road? 3. Causes of Run Off the Road Crashes:

a. _________ or distractionsb. Drowsinessc. Steers onto the shoulder to avoid a collision and tries to return to the roadwayd. Vehicle may collide with a vehicle in the next lane, or drive off the far side of the road

4. Off road recoverya. To return to the pavement safely:

Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel Slow down, ease off the accelerator and allow the vehicle to slow ________ - avoid braking ________ the edge of the pavement, after speed is reduced and there is a gap in traffic . Steer back to the road with _______inputs, do not over steer Return to the pavement ________ wheels at a time, as soon as the front tire is back on the

roadway, counter-steer quickly left or right as necessary to stay in the correct laneb. Blocked Roadside: If an object beside the road such as a tree, bridge abutment or pedestrian

forces the driver to return to the road quickly, he/she has little time to slow down, to do this the driver should: Steer left or right so the off-road wheels are about 12 inches away from the edge of the

pavement Remove his/her foot from the accelerator and stay off the brakes. Turn the steering wheel

quickly about one-eighth turn toward the roadway Immediately, as the outer wheel makes contact with the edge of the pavement, counter-steer

about a quarter turn and make steering corrections to straighten vehicle

5. Reminders:a. Do not panic and steer abruptlyb. Ease off accelerator c. DO ______ BRAKEd. Get both wheels off the pavemente. Steer the vehicle parallel to the roadwayf. If clear, ease back on to the roadway one wheel at a timeg. _______ steering inputs to less than 1/8 of a turn of the wheel

14

h. Use even less input when edge of road is highi. Target the center of the adjacent lane to avoid a “Slingshot” maneuver into oncoming traffic

6. Evasive Maneuvers:a. With ABS brakes, how can you stop quickly?

b. What is the safest maneuver if there is enough room?

c. What are the steps for making quick turns?

d. If there is a car beside you in the left lane and you need to avoid a car ahead, what should you do?

 7. When do you use Evasive Steering?

a. When there is __________ to the sideb. When stopping distance is questionablec. When there are cars close behind

8. Procedures for Evasive Steering:a. Turn the wheel __________ degreesb. Counter-steer immediatelyc. Turn the wheel back to the original straight-ahead position

9. Evasive Braking:a. If the vehicle has ABS:

__________ press brake pedal until the vehicle stops May feel pedal pulse back against foot

b. If the vehicle does not have ABS:• Apply firm, steady pressure just short of lockup• Ease up on brakes if wheels lock, then apply the brakes again

10. Evasive Acceleration:a. Used less frequentlyb. Can be used to avoid crashes at intersections and in merging situationsc. May move point of impact to rear of vehicle if you can’t get out of the way

11. Controlling Consequencesa. Avoid __________collisionsb. Drive off the road rather than skid off the roadc. Hit something __________d. Hit something going in the __________ directione. Hit stationary object with glancing blowf. Hit stationary object rather than approaching object

15

Module 9: Topic 8Reporting Crashes

1. What are the four things that need to be done in the event of a crash?

a. What should you do to protect the scene? b. What should you do to take care of anyone who is injured?

c. What information should you get from the other driver if involved in a crash?

2. What should you do?a. __________ immediatelyb. Aid the injuredc. Prevent further damaged. Send for __________e. Exchange __________f. Record witnesses’ names and addressesg. Notify __________ agent

16

HOT

Module 10: Topic 1 Vehicle Warning Systems

Warning Symbol What does it mean? What should you do if you get a warning light?

__________________________________________

It warns you when the coolant in the engine is too hot or too low.

If temperature warning light comes on or the gauge reads too hot, don’t drive the vehicle - seek professional

help.

Caution: Never attempt to remove the radiator cap when the engine is

hot - the pressure and hot steam may cause severe upper torso and facial

burns._________________________________ It warns you when the oil is not

circulating at proper pressure or there is not enough oil.

When the oil warning light comes on it is recommended that you stop at the nearest service center and have

the oil level checked.__________________________________________________________________

When the “ALT” light comes on or the gauge shows “discharge” while the engine is running, the vehicle’s

electrical system is not functioning properly.

The engine must now use electricity stored in the battery.

The alternator is not generating enough electricity to charge the

battery.Turn off as many electrical devices as

possible. (i.e., the radio, heater/AC, etc.)

ALT

17

SERVICE

ENGINE SOON

Have this checked without delay. If the battery is drained, the car can

shut off._________________________________ This warning light serves two

purposes:(1) indicates the parking brake is set;

and(2) alerts you that part or all of the

braking system is not working properly; or, (3) in some vehicles, the

brake fluid is low

If the parking brake is set, than take it off.If it is not the parking brake, stop as soon as possible. Have the vehicle towed and

the vehicle repaired.

_________________________________ The ABS light comes on when you start the vehicle indicating the ABS

system is functioning normally. If the light stays on, or comes on while you

are driving, there is a problem.

It should be checked by a qualified mechanic

_________________________________ When you start the engine, this light should illuminate momentarily

indicating the system is activated. If the air bag readiness light stays on or comes on while you are driving, it is a

warning that there is a problem.

If the air bag system in your vehicle is not working properly, it can be dangerous as

the air bags: May NOT inflate in a crash or

May spontaneously inflate while you are driving.

The SERVICE ENGINE or CHECK ENGINE light should flash for a few seconds when you start the

engine and then go out.

If the light stays on, there may be a problem - make an appointment to

get it checked.

_________________________________This warning light will illuminate when starting the engine and then goes out. If this light remains on,

one or more of the vehicle doors is not completely latched. If it comes

on while driving, someone has opened a door or the door latch

was not properly fastened.

Pull off the road as soon as possible to secure the door.

_________________________________

The fuel gauge measures how much fuel is in the vehicle's fuel tank. When the fuel level is low,

the fuel warning light will come on and stay on until you add more

fuel to the tank.

Get more fuel immediately.

DOOR

18

Module 10: Topic 2 Vehicle Malfunctions

DOOR

19

20

Type of Malfunction What happens to the vehicle?

What should the driver do?

_________________________________

_________________________________

This occurs when you hit a curb or sharp object.

You have a defective tireOr

You have an under-inflated tire that builds up heat and explodes or loses its seal to the rim while the tires are

rotating.

If a front tire blows out, the vehicle will pull sharply

in the direction of the blowout.

If a rear tire blows out, the vehicle will wobble and

pull slightly in the direction of the flat tire

1. Grip the wheel firmly2. Foot off accelerator3. DO NOT BRAKE4. Allow vehicle to slow5. Check traffic6. Turn on flashers7. Drive to a protected area8. Change tire

_________________________________

_________________________________

The accelerator will not return to idle when you

release it and the engine is racing.

Accelerator failure is caused by either a broken spring or the pedal getting stuck in the down position.

In either case, you no longer have control over the

vehicle’s speed.

1. Shift to Neutral (engine may race but no harm done)

2. Search for an escape path3. Steer smoothly and brake gently4. Pull off the roadway and park5. Turn off the vehicle. Caution

— DO NOT turn the ignition off while the vehicle is moving--this may lock the steering wheel

6. Have the pedal repaired before driving again

_________________________________

_________________________________

When the engine stalls, the steering mechanism will still work but will require

more effort.

1. Shift to neutral2. Look for escape path3. DO NOT BRAKE HARD4. Pull off roadway5. Restart engine6. If unsuccessful, raise hood and

turn on emergency flashers.

_________________________________

_________________________________

1. Turn off AC2. Turn on heater3. Pull off roadway if all

else fails4. Turn engine off5. DO NOT OPEN RADIATOR6. Seek help

_________________________________

_________________________________

The most likely cause of steering failure is a loss of power steering. This can

happen if a hydraulic pipe breaks or is cut by debris

from the road.

1. The vehicle can still be steered2. It will require much more effort

on the driver’s part.

_________________________________

Total Brake Failure — Pump the brake pedal to try to build up brake pressure –

1. Rapidly pump the brakes2. Shift to lower gear3. Activate the hazard lights to

Module 10: Topic 3 Handling Special Vehicles & Pulling a Trailer

Two of the most important things to have when you tow are basic common sense and the ability to adjust your driving.

1. Handling Large Vehicles:a. Weigh more than a passenger vehicleb. Affect the ability to __________________, turn and slow down:

Allow enough space to get up to speed Slow down in advance of turns Allow more space between vehicles

c. Do not exceed load limitsd. Practice driving where there is no traffice. Allow a _________________in traffic before pulling outf. Check both side mirrors to be sure the trailer does not intrude into adjoining laneg. Roads that curve right

Allow more _________________ from edge of pavement Keep toward the center line

h. Roads that curve left Stay to the right so you do not cross the center line

Vehicle Normal Following Distance

Additional Following Distance

Total Following Distance

Automobile with no trailer

_________________ None needed 3 to 4 seconds

Automobile with 20-foot trailer

_________________ 2 seconds 5 to 6 seconds

21

35-foot motor home _________________ 2 seconds 5 to 6 seconds

2. Backing a Trailer by Turning Steering Wheel in Direction Driver Wants to Turn:a. Back slowly and look directly over your shoulder through the rear window b. Keep your hand at the _________________ of the steering wheel c. To move the trailer left, move your hand to the _________________ d. To back to the right, move your hand to the _________________

3. Backing a Trailer by Turning Steering Wheel in the Opposite Direction:a. To back to the left, turn the steering wheel to the rightb. Straighten the wheelc. Turn the wheel in the opposite directiond. Straighten the wheele. Turn the steering wheel to the rightf. Straighten the wheel and back the towing vehicle and trailer

4. Errors to Avoid When Backing:a. Turning the steering wheel too farb. Holding the steering wheel in a turned position too long if trailer starts to _________________

5. Essential Equipment for Towing:a. Additional equipment

Heavy-duty suspension Increased-capacity cooling system High-ratio axle Oversize mirrors

b. Emergency equipmentc. Trailer hitchd. Hitch ball

22

6. Connecting a Trailer:a. Ball and coupler combinations – sized correctly for tight fitb. Safety chains – crossed beneath the coupler and connected to the hitchc. Breakaway chains – hooked to hitch or frame memberd. Electrical connections – set up so lights function properly

7. Pre Trip Check:a. Attach tongue of trailer to hitchb. Snap locking mechanism c. Put lock pin in placed. Connect electrical wirese. Check Brakes and Lights

8. Loading a Trailer Properly:a. The rear of the vehicle should support 10 – 15% of the trailer load.b. Arrange _________ of weight in the front half of trailer and _________ in rear.c. Make sure trailer is level.

9. Pulling Heavy Loads:a. The larger the load, the _________________ it will take to stopb. _________________ following distance and test your stopping powerc. Use caution d. Slow down

10. Jackknifing a Trailer:a. Common when backing – will damage the hitch and the trailerb. Occurs when angle between vehicle and trailer is less than ________ degreesc. Back slowly and keep steering wheel movements to a minimumd. If you get in trouble, pull _________________.

23

Module 11: Topic 1 Insuring a Vehicle

1. Vehicle Ownership Costs:a. Insurance Costs b. Purchase and Financing Costs c. Maintenance and Operating Costsd. Registration and Inspection Costs

2. Looking at Edmunds.com; TRUE COST TO OWN, select 2 cars, enter information below and do a 5- year comparison.

Vehicle 1:______________ Make______________ Model______________ Year______________ StylePurchase Price: _________________ Cost to Own: _______________

Vehicle 2:______________ Make______________ Model______________ Year______________ StylePurchase Price: _________________ Cost to Own: _______________

a. Based on your research which vehicle has a lower cost to own?

b. What areas on the pie chart show how the vehicle is more expensive?

c. What do these results mean to you as a future vehicle buyer?

3. Insuring Your Vehicle:a. Virginia law requires proof of ____________responsibility.b. Your parents’ policy covers you while you have a ____________.c. If you owe money on your car, the lender may require ____________ insurance.

24

4. In Virginia, the financial responsibility requirement can be met in one of three ways:a. The vehicle owner can insure the motor vehicle with minimum ____________through a policy

issued by an insurance company licensed to do business in Virginia. ORb. The vehicle owner can show proof that a Surety Bond has been duly executed, by depositing cash

or securities with DMV, or apply for and receive a self-insurance certificate from DMV. ORc. The vehicle owner must pay the Uninsured Motor Vehicle fee.d. Every person registering an uninsured motor vehicle shall pay a fee of ______at the time of

registration. Payment of this fee allows a motor vehicle owner to operate an uninsured motor vehicle. Payment of this fee does not provide the motorist with any insurance coverage. If involved in an accident, the uninsured motorist remains personally liable. The fee is valid for twelve months but may be prorated for the unexpired portion of the registration period.

e. Note: If liability insurance coverage on a vehicle terminates or cancels during the registration period, the vehicle owner must reinsure the vehicle, pay the uninsured motor vehicle fee or surrender the license plates to DMV.

5. The required minimum liability coverage is:a. Bodily injury/death of one person $____________b. Bodily injury/death of two or more persons $____________c. Property Damage $____________d.

6. You must show Proof of Financial Responsibility when:a. A ____________asks to see itb. You have a ____________c. You register your vehicle or renew license plates

7. Penalties for Driving without Proof of Financial Responsibility:a. $500 fineb. ____________ of your driver’s licensec. Suspension of your vehicle registrationd. Higher insurance premiums for the next 3 years (SR-22)e. You are ____________ for other people’s losses if you caused the crash

8. Declaration Page of Policy:a. The exact name of your insurance companyb. The policy numberc. Your coverage and how much it costsd. Your deductibles, if anye. The vehicles insured on the policy, their vehicle identification numbers and their classifications for

rating purposes

25

9. Types of Insurance:

Type of insurance

Pays Covers Required?

____________ Other people’s medical expenses Other people’s auto repairsProperty damage

YouYour family Others driving with your permission

Yes, required by Virginia law

____________ Medical expensesFuneral expense

You Your family Your passengers

Not required by Virginia law

Medical expensesFuneral expensesCar repairsCar rental Replacement of damaged contents

You Your family Your passengers

Not required by Virginia law but company must offer it

Your car repair Your car replacement

Your car Regardless of driver or who was at fault

Not by Virginia law, but often required by the finance company that loaned you the money to buy the car

Car repair or replacement after: Fire Hailstorm Theft or other non collision

event Theft of rental car

Actual cash value of your car Not by Virginia law, but often required by car finance companies

Towing On site labor charges such as changing a tire

Your car Not required by Virginia law

A rental car while your car is being repaired: After a crash After comprehensive losses

YouYour family

Not required by Virginia law

10. Factors Used to Determine Cost of Premium:

26

a. Age, marital status, driving record, and gradesb. Highest rates- _______drivers under 25 and unmarried ____________ under 21c. Type of car - highest for luxury, high-performance, and sports carsd. How you use your care. Higher for cars driven a lot of miles and used for school, work or businessf. Where you live and drive g. Urban counties have more crashes and auto thefts, so rates tend to be higher than those

in rural areas.

11. Factors Used to Determine Cost of Premium:a. Your ____________

Your share of the cost of a collision or comprehensive claim You can reduce your premium by raising your deductibles

e. Surcharges Penalties added for crashes and certain traffic violations

f. Discounts Some are required by the state, while others are incentives offered by insurance companies

12. Discounts for Education and Car Equipment: (Some insurance companies offer the following discounts)

Auto Insurance Discount SavingsDefensive driving courses Percent off liability, collision, and medical payments

Safety technologies, airbags and other passive restraints Percent off medical payments and bodily Injury

Drug/alcohol education Percent off liability, collision, medical payments, and bodily Injury

Anti-theft devices May reduce comprehensive premium; amount varies by device and county

Two or more cars on a policy May reduce liability, medical payments and collision Insurance costs

13. High Risk Drivers (bad driving record):a. Each company has rules for deciding whether to insure high-risk drivers (called “underwriting

guidelines”).b. Usually much harder to get car insurancec. Pay much higher premiums

14. Assigned-risk Drivers:a. Virginia Auto Insurance Plan requires all insurance companies to take some high risk driversb. High-risk drivers are ____________ to an insurance company by the state.c. Surcharges are added to the premium for at least ____years.

15. You Will Pay More for a Bad Driving Record:

27

16. Paying for Insurance:a. Many people can’t afford to pay their car insurance premium in one installment.b. Insurance companies must offer installment plans.c. Look for insurance companies that offer installment plans with low interest rates and fees. d. Agents and insurers may use finance companies that will lend you money at higher interest rates to

pay insurance premiums.

17. What do you ask the agent?a. Who will provide my installment plan?

The insurance company, or A premium finance company

b. If it is a premium finance company, what is the interest rate? c. How much is the down payment? d. How much is the monthly payment?e. How many payments do I make? f. How much is the total payment? (annual or six-month premium plus interest)

18. Compare the installment packages offered by agents and companies

28

19. Losing Your Insurance:a. Cancellation

First ___ days, company can cancel for any reason, including a ticket or a collision.

b. After policy is in effect more than 60 days, insurance company can cancel the policy but: Must give ___ days notice before canceling Must refund unearned premium

c. Note: Cancellation for non-payment is effective immediatelyd. Non-renewal

20. If a Company Will Not Offer a New Contract:a. Request reasons in writing

Why company canceled the policy Why company will not renew the policy

21. After the Collision:a. Know what your policy requires you to do after a collision.b. Your uninsured motorist coverage pays for hit-and-run collisions only if the crash is reported to the

police.c. Stop as close to the scene as possible.d. Check for injuries - make sure your passengers and those in the other vehicle(s) are OK

If anyone is injured or killed, contact police immediately. If no one is injured and your vehicle can be moved, move it from blocking the traffic flow

e. Notify policef. Warn oncoming trafficg. Exchange informationh. Provide insurance informationi. Obtain information from others involved and witnesses

22. What should you do when you are involved in a crash and have a claim?a. Notify your insurance company promptly.b. Your agent can help you file the claim correctly.c. Keep a copy of the forms for your records.d. If the company rejects your claim or pays only part of it, request an explanation for that decision.

29

Module 11: Topic 2 Purchasing Vehicle

1. What do you need to think about before you purchase a vehicle?a. New or used?b. Do I really need It?c. What safety features do I need?d. How much will it cost?e. How economical is it?f. What options do I need?

2. Calculating Your Monthly Payment:

a. Purchase price x Interest rate x length of financing Purchase price $10,000

Interest rate 8 percent Length of finance 24 months

b. Purchase price + Sales taxes + Interest = Total price Approximately $11,592.00

3. What will you pay each month?a. Cost of vehicle $10,000.00b. 3.5% Titling taxc. 8% Interest on loan (based on unpaid balance)d. Loan is over 24 months

30

Module 11: Topic 3 Trip Planning

1. Preparing the Vehicle:a. Loading considerationsb. Basic and emergency equipment needsc. Personal preparation

2. Plan the Route:a. Identify routeb. Use ____________ which give directionsc. Know route numbers, entrance and exit numbersd. Consider rest, fuel and food stops, construction and time of daye. GPS can be useful, but set before driving

3. Prepare and Maintain the Vehicle:a. Before traveling check:

____________, windows and wiper blades Lights Tires Fluid levels, belts, hoses, and brakes Engine compartment (tune-up, oil change)

b. Follow vehicle manufacturer’s maintenance schedule and have vehicle repaired if any problems are detected.

4. Pack Emergency Equipment:a. Be prepared for anythingb. Maps with routes markedc. Flashlight, first-aid kit d. Toolse. Jack, spare tire, lug wrench, jumper cablesf. Tow line, gloves, blanket, radiator coolant, anti-freeze and windshield wiper fluidg. Window scraper, chains and warm clothing

5. Load the Vehicle Properly:a. Do not overload vehicleb. Load trunk area first and secure loose itemsc. ____________. per belted seat plus 125-175 for luggaged. Car-top carriers affect braking and steering

31

6. Driver Readiness for a Trip:a. Get plenty of sleepb. Drive during waking hoursc. Take breaks and do not drive for long periodsd. Be aware of “highway hypnosis” and “down time”e. Be prepared for anythingf. Make reservations in advanceg. Let others know where you are stayingh. Determine costs

7. Trip Costs:a. Lodging (hotel/motel)b. Mealsc. Tollsd. Possible repairse. Fuelf. Calculating fuel costs

1,500 mile trip Car gets 22 mpg Fuel costs $2 per gallon

8. Reading a Road Map:a. North orientationb. ____________ (explains the markings and symbols on the map)c. Town/City indexd. Coordinates

Letters/numbers reference locatione. Maps of major citiesf. Determining distances

Map scale Mileage chart

9. Destination Driving:a. Using a Virginia map, plan a trip from your home to a point in Virginia more than five hours away

Your car gets 20 mph - cost of fuel is $3/gallonb. List the route numbers (Example: I-95 North)c. How long it will take?d. How many miles?e. Location of rest stops? f. Cost of fuel?

Formula: 1,500 x $2 = $136.36 22

32

Module 11: Topic 4 Conserving Natural Resources/Driving Green

1. How can the driver conserve natural resources?a. Accelerate ____________b. Drive at moderate speedsc. Avoid unnecessary braking and try to anticipate the traffic aheadd. Avoid excessive ____________e. Join a car pool for commuting to and from school or workf. Keep your vehicle in good working orderg. Recycle old oil and fluidsh. Recycle old vehicle parts

2. Disposal of Vehicle Parts and Fluids:a. Hazardous substances need to be disposed of in the ____________- not just dumped onto the ground

or poured down the drain.b. Take items to the nearest hazard waste collection center or other appropriate collection location such

as an automotive repair shop c. Contact your local health department to find an appropriate drop-off location.

3. Tips for Protecting the Environment:a. Call your local recycling center, service station, sanitation center, or local health department to review

proper recycling procedures.b. Read all labels carefully to ensure you are using the correct container.c. Monitor and fix automotive fluid leaks.d. Use a funnel for pouring automotive fluids to prevent spills. e. Catch any drained fluid and store in a container, or a well-sealed and labeled plastic jugf. Never discard used automotive fluid in sinks, storm drains, the garbage, or on the groundg. Store automotive fluids separately — ____________ mix them together.

4. Ways to Save Gas:a. Drive fuel efficient carsb. Reduce cargo weightc. Avoid excessive idlingd. Use cruise controle. Use overdrive gearsf. Keep your engine tunedg. Keep tires properly Inflatedh. Commuting and public transportationi. Plan and combine tripsj. Drive less - walk and bike more

33

5. Checking on Gas Mileage:a. When shopping for a new or used vehicle (or even renting a vehicle), choose the cleanest, most fuel-

efficient vehicle that meets your needs. b. You can also learn more about the fuel economy and environment label that you’ll see on all new

vehicles. The label has been redesigned and updated for even easier comparison-shopping. These new window stickers provide fuel economy and environmental ratings for all new vehicles,

including advanced technology vehicles like electric cars and plug-in hybrids. And while at the showroom, you can scan the QR Code® on each vehicle’s label to be connected to additional information online, including personalized cost and energy-use estimates.

Unless your vehicle is designed for premium fuel or knocks severely with regular fuel, there is no benefit from using premium fuel over regular gas.

6. Driving in Hot Weather:a. Hot weather can actually increase your fuel economy.b. Running your car's air conditioning is the main contributor to reduced fuel economy in hot weather.c. Driving with your windows down can also reduce fuel economy.

34