Los Angeles Police Department Document- Courtney Wolf

7/27/2019 Los Angeles Police Department Document- Courtney Wolf

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Problem-Oriented Guides for Police

Problem-Specific Guides SeriesNo. 9

Graffiti

U.S. Department of JusticOc Cuy Od Plcg Svc

Deborah Lamm Weisel

www.c

ops.u

sdoj.

gov


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Graffiti

Deborah Lamm Weisel

Ths pjc ws suppd by Cpv Ag Nub1999-CK-WX-K004 wdd by h Oc Cuy OdPlcg Svcs, U.S. Dp Jusc. Th ps cd

h hs h uh(s) d d cssly ps hcl ps plcs h U.S. Dp Jusc. Rcs spcc cps, pducs, svcs shuld b csdd ds by h uh(s) h U.S. Dp Jusc. Rh,h cs lluss suppl dscuss h ssus.

2009 C Pbl-Od Plcg, Ic. Th U.S. Dp Jusc svs yly-, xclusv, d vcbl lcs pduc, publsh, hws us, d uhz hs us, hspublc Fdl Gv pupss. Ths publc y b

ly dsbud d usd ccl d ducl pupss.Th I cs cd hs publc w vld s My 2009.Gv h URLs d wb ss cs lux, h h uh h COPS Oc c vuch h cu vldy.

www.cps.usdj.gv

ISBN: 1-932582-08-8

Augus 2004

Problem-Oriented Guides for Police

Problem-Specific Guides Series

Guide No. 9


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iAbout the Problem-Specific Guides Series

About the Problem-Specific

Guide Series

Th Problem-Specific Guides suz kwldg bu hwplc c duc h h cusd by spcc c d dsdpbls. Thy guds pv d pvg hvll sps cds, vsgg ss hdlg spcc cds. Nh d hy cv ll hchcl dls bu hw pl spcc spss. Thguds w plc whv k ssgwh us ddss h spcc pbl h guds cv. Th guds

wll b s usul cs wh:

Understand basic problem-oriented policing principles andmethods. The guides are not primers in problem-orientedpolicing. Thy dl ly bly wh h l dcs cus pcul pbl, hds lyz h pbl,d s ssss h suls pbl-d plcgpjc. Thy dsgd hlp plc dcd hw bs lyz d ddss pbl hy hv ldy dd.(A cp ss Problem-Solving Tools guds hs b

pducd d vus spcs pbl lyss dssss.)

Can look at a problem in depth. Dpdg hcplxy h pbl, yu shuld b ppd spdphps wks, v hs, lyzg d spdg . Cully sudyg pbl b spdg hlps yudsg h gh sgy, h s s lkly wk yucuy. Yu shuld bldly dp h spss hshv usd; yu us dcd whh hy ppp yu lcl su. Wh s u plc y b u

lswh; wh wks plc y wk vywh.


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ii Graffiti

Are willing to consider new ways of doing policebusiness. Th guds dscb spss h h plcdps hv usd h schs hv sd.Whl ll hs spss wll b ppp yupcul pbl, hy shuld hlp gv bd vw h kds hgs yu culd d. Yu y hk yu cpl s hs spss yu jusdc,bu phps yu c. I y plcs, wh plc hvdscvd cv sps, hy hv succdd hvg lws d plcs chgd, pvg h sps

h pbl. (A cp ss Response Guides hsb pducd hlp yu udsd hw cly-usdplc spss wk vy pbls.)

Understand the value and the limits of researchknowledge. F s yps pbls, l usulsch s vlbl h plc; h pbls,ll s vlbl. Accdgly, s guds hs sssuz xsg sch whs h guds llush d sch h pcul pbl.Rgdlss, sch hs pvdd dv sws

ll h quss yu gh hv bu h pbl. Thsch y hlp g yu sd dsgg yu wspss, bu c ll yu xcly wh d. Thswll dpd gly h pcul u yu lclpbl. I h s kpg h guds dbl, vy pc lv sch hs b cd, hs vyp b bud s sucs. T hv d s wuldhv vwhld d dscd h d. Th cslsd h d ch gud hs dw shvly; hy cpl bblgphy sch

h subjc.


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iiiAbout the Problem-Specific Guides Series

Are willing to work with others to find effective solutionsto the problem. Th plc l c pl y h spss dscussd h guds. Thy us qulypl h pshp wh h spsbl pvd publc bds cludg h gv gcs, -gvl gzs, pv bussss, publc uls,cuy gups, d dvdul czs. A cvpbl-slv us kw hw g gu pshpswh hs d b ppd vs csdbl kg hs pshps wk. Ech gud ds

pcul dvduls gups h cuy wh whplc gh wk pv h vll sps hpbl. Thugh lyss pbls vls hdvduls d gups h h h plc sgps ddss pbls d h plc ugh shs g spsbly h d s. Rsps GudN. 3, Shifting and Sharing Responsibility for Public Safety

Problems, pvds uh dscuss hs pc.

Th COPS Oc ds cuy plcg s phlsphyh ps gzl sgs, whch supp hsysc us pshps d pbl-slvg chqus, pcvly ddss h d cds h gv s publc sy ssus such s c, scl dsd, d c.Ths guds phsz pbl-slvg d plc-cuypshps h cx ddssg spcc publc sypbls. F h s p, h gzl sgs h cclproblem-solving and police-community partnerships vycsdbly d dscuss h s byd h scp hsguds.


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iv Graffiti

Ths guds hv dw sch dgs d plc pccs h Ud Ss, h Ud Kgd, Cd, Ausl, NwZld, h Nhlds, d Scdv. Ev hugh lws,cuss d plc pccs vy cuy cuy, spp h h plc vywh xpc c pbls.I wld h s bcg csgly ccd, sp h plc b w sch d succssul pccsbyd h bds h w cus.

Ech gud s d by hugh vw h schlu d pd plc pcc, d ch gud s

yusly p-vwd by l plc c, plcxcuv d sch p publc. Th vw pcsss dpdly gd by h COPS Oc, whch slcs hvws.

Th COPS Oc d h uhs cug yu pvddbck hs gud d p yu w gcysxpcs dlg wh sl pbl. Yu gcy y hvcvly ddssd pbl usg spss csdd hs guds d yu xpcs d kwldg culd b

hs. Ths wll b usd upd h guds. I yuwsh pvd dbck d sh yu xpcs shuld bs v -l [email protected].


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vAbout the Problem-Specific Guides Series

F bu pbl-d plcg, vs hC Pbl-Od Plcg l www.ppc.g.

Ths wbs s l ccss :

ThProblem-Specific Guides ss

Th cp Rsps Guds dProblem-Solving Toolsss

Spcl publcs c lyss d plcg s

Isucl bu pbl-d plcg dld pcs

A cv pbl-d plcg g xcs

A cvProblem Analysis Module

Ol ccss p plc sch d pccs

I bu pbl-d plcg ccs dwd pgs.


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viiAcknowledgments

Acknowledgments

ThProblem-Oriented Guides Plc pducd by hC Pbl-Od Plcg, whs cs MchlS. Sc (Dc), Rld V. Clk (Assc Dc) dG R. Nw (Assc Dc). Whl ch gud hs py uh, h pjc bs, COPS Oc s dyus p vws cbud ch gud by ppsgx, cdg sch d g suggss s d syl.

Th pjc h dvlpd h gud ss cpsd HGlds (Uvsy Wscs Lw Schl), Rld V. Clk(Rugs Uvsy), Jh E. Eck (Uvsy Cc),Mchl S. Sc (Uvsy Wscs Lw Schl), RSps (Plc Csul), d Dbh L Wsl (NhCl S Uvsy.)

Mbs h S Dg; Nl Cy, Cl; dSvh, Gg plc dps pvdd dbck hguds d syl h ly sgs h pjc.

K Schl, R V, d Ncy Lch vsw h pjc h COPS Oc d sch h guds ws cducd h Cl Jusc Lby Rugs Uvsy by PhyllsSchulz. Suz Fgly dd hs gud.


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ixContents

contentsAbout the Problem-Specific Guides Series i

Acknowledgments vii

The Problem of Graffiti 1

Related Problems 3

Factors Contributing to Graffiti 3

Types of Graffiti 3

Common Targets and Locations of Graffiti 4

Motives of Offenders 7

Characteristics and Patterns of Graffiti Offenders 10

Understanding Your Local Problem 13

Asking Key Questions About Graffiti 13

Victims 13

Amount of Graffiti 13

Types of Graffiti 14

Locations/Times 14

Offenders 15

Measuring Your Effectiveness 16

Responses to the Problem of Graffiti 19

Reducing Rewards to Offenders 20Increasing the Risk of Detection 24

Increasing the Difficulty of Offending 27

Responses With Limited Effectiveness 30

Appendix: Summary of Responses to Graffiti 35

Endnotes 39

References 41

About the Author 45

Other Problem-Oriented Guides for Police 47


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1The Problem of Graffiti

The Problem of Graffiti

Ths gud ddsss cv spss h pbl gh wd g kgs, chgs d pgs hdc publc pv ppy. I c dcds, g hsbc xsv pbl, spdg h lgs cs h lcls. Dsp h c ssc g whggs, g s wdly ud jusdcs ll szs, dg ds by s ld ggs.

Bcus s sg pvlc y sd h hgh cssypclly sscd wh clup d pvg s vwd s pss, cbl, pbl. Fw gds pphdd, d s chg h hds dlcs sps pssbl pphs d clups.

As wh s s vdls, g s ulypd plc. My ppl hk h g s plc l c pbl, h h plc c d llbu . Bcus g s uly pd plc h gcs, s u scp s ukw. Bu g hsbc j cc, d h ss d, cludg vs

d wbss glzg pg g s ccpbl ub s , hv cbud s spd.

Alhugh g s c pbl, s sy vssubslly plc plc. Whl sgl cd g ds s sus, g hs sus cuulvc; s l ppc lc pps c g. Lcl g ps pp g v , husg ks dscv s, s ud d lcs,d y b sscd wh vyg vs g ds.

Ths vyg bus p clus h cl dpv g.

Alhugh g s ls ud whpublc pv ppy (such s schls), hs gud ply ddsssg plcs p publc vw.


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2 Graffiti

F y ppl, gs psc suggss h gvslu pc czs d cl lwbks. Th hugpublc css sscd wh g; sd $12 bll y s sp clg up g h Ud Ss. Gcbus ls vu sscd wh ducd dshp s syss, ducd l sls, d dcls ppy vlu.I dd, g gs h pcp blgh d hghs gg cvy.

G ds sk juy by plcg g plcs such s hs ld bdg spg v.

Kip Kellogg


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Related Problems

G s sld pbl. I s ld h cd dsd pbls, cludg:

Publc dsd, such s lg, publc u, d lg

Shplg ls dd g, such s p dks1

Ggs d gg vlc, s gg g cvys hs dds u buds

Ppy dsuc, such s bk wdws slshd bus

ss.

Factors Contributing to Graffiti

Udsdg h cs h cbu yu pbl wllhlp yu yu w lcl lyss quss, d gdcvss sus, cgz ky v ps, d slcppp spss.

Types of Graffiti

Th d yps g. Th j yps clud: Gg g, usd by ggs k u cvy hs

vlc, d ss cpyc g, whch cs ggg

Tgg g, gg hgh-vlu spl hs cplxs

Cvl g, sld spus cs yuhul xubc, bu ss lcus vdcv

Idlgcl g, such s plcl h g, whch

cvys plcl ssgs cl, lgus, hc slus.


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4 Graffiti

I s wh g s pvl, gg d gg g h

s c yps ud. Whl h s g y bubls, hy ypclly s wdspd. Th pp g bubl dg vs vs wdly jusdc h. Th j yps g dscussdl.

Common Targets and Locations of Graffiti

G ypclly s plcd publc ppy, pv ppydjc publc spc. I s cly ud sp

syss d u sds s, subwys d buss,d s ss d shls. I s ls cly ud vhcls; wlls cg ss; s, wy d c sgs; susd us; d bdgs. I dd, pps vdgchs, pk bchs, uly pls, uly bxs, bllbds, s,ss, sdwlks, pkg ggs, schls, busss d sdcwlls, ggs, cs, d shds. I sh, g pps lsy plc p publc vw.

A cu S Dg wh l g shwd h bu 50

pc ws gg g, 40 pcws gg g, d 10 pc ws-gup g (S Dg PlcDp 2000). I by ChulVs (Cl), ly 19 pc g ws gg-ld (Chul VsPlc Dp 1999). Alhughh cug hds lkly d, hs

pps suggs hw h bkdw

yps g vs jusdc h.

Gg g ks y d cvys hs.

Bob Morris


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G ds cu s lcs. I c, s wh ghs b pd vspclly wh csg clsy b g b vdlzd. S ds hghly cus

cducg psychlgcl bl wh uhs ws h cl v spcc lc. Such cy pps b ld sclg dc uhy.

G lcs chczd by h bsc ywh dc spsbly h . Ths cluds publc s,schls, vc buldgs,2 d buldgs wh bs ldlds.Ods ls g lcs wh p lghg d llvsgh by plc scuy psl.

Ms sucs suggs h p-vcls shuld clsly ch, h hcs wh, h bs. Csg

p-vs psud c chllg g ds ph g; h pd-v

pvds cvss w g.

G s cly ud sp syss,such s h sd hs ld c.

Kip Kellogg


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6 Graffiti

S gs d lcs pp pcully vulbl g: Esy--ch gs, such s sgs Pcully hd--ch lcs, such s wy vpsss Hghly vsbl lcs, such s buldg wlls Lcs wh wll c s h py scuy, d

wh h w wdws, plys, psssby Lcs wh vsgh s cyclcl dug h dy wk,

wh ppl dd by g ds Mbl gs, such s s buss, whch g wd

xpsu h g

Plcs wh gg bs cggvs, bwlg llys,cvc s pkg ls, d sdl dvlpswh y chld yuh.

G pps hd--ch y hghly vsbl lcs, such s h upp-sy wdws hs whus.

Kip Kellogg


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I dd, w yps sucs c g: Lgh-cld sucs. Dk sucs d glly c s

uch g, bu c b d wh lgh-cld p. Lg d pl sucs. Sucs whu wdws ds

y b pplg lg-scl pjcs. Sh sucsspclly c ds wh us l-p ks.

Motives of Offenders

Whl kg g ds l wd ds,cy publc p, ds hv g. Rh h

bg sslss dsuc ppy, g ullls cpsychlgcl ds, cludg pvdg xc d c, ss cl, d l sk. Th d yps g sscd wh d vs, lhugh hsdvs y vlp. Dsgushg bw yps g dsscd vs s ccl sp dvlpg cvsps.

Hsclly, uch cvl g hs psd yuhul pssgp phs xpl bhv. Such

g s usully spus d lcus u; dd,spus g hs b chczd s ply, dvu, xubc. Spus g y lc lcl ds dpp " gs" such s bdd buldgs schls.Cus hv ld such g.

Th vs s yps cvl g y cludg d hsly wd scy, d h vdls hus ulllss psl psychlgcl d.3 Th g y s bd, dsp, s, lu, d/ us, whchcs y b vdcv lcus.

A ld yp g s dlgcl. Idlgcl g xpssshsly gvc qu xplcly. Such g s usullysly dd by s c, lcg plcl, lgus,hc, h bs. Ods y sgclly g clcs uh h ssg.

Th dscp yps gd vs g ds dws bd yplgs d vssscd wh vdls. S, xpl, Cld (1991) d Ch(1973).


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8 Graffiti

I cs cvl d dlgcl g, h pyv gg g s ccl; h g svs s publc cuc k u, cvy hs, bs chvs.4

S gg g y vlv cv xpss, pvdg suc g pd h c cplx wks .Ms ggs sk y d cg h ghych sus hvg h wk s. Thus, plgd vsblydu h sh vlu, scl d cplxy h g, dplc h g hd--ch plcs s

syss, hc h vdl's ssc.5 Bcus cg sp, h gg ds xpss h s h gssyl d c plcd v d v g, bcg hggs uqu sgu.

Pcp g s dvly cugd hughplc ccs, d d publc cg hugh dvsg dsplysll c sv hc hds pu y.6

Ths cluds cplx, sc gkw s spcs.

Tggs Cl usd clbgqup g wy vpsss,kwg h gs wuld b hghly

vsbl xdd pds, ul hd ws shu dw p-vs(By 1990). Hd--ch plcsls pvd l dg pphs physcl sk,

cbug h vdls pu.


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Cpyc g lks lk ggg d y b h wk gg w-bs yuhs skgxc.

Ods cly usubs s cd gg g.A ub y ps hcspdg ps hlphb (.g., 13 = M, hMxc M), ps

pl plc d cd.

Sylzd lphbs cludbubbl ls, blck ls,bckwds ls, d OldEglsh scp.

Tgbgs, dvv ggg cws d ggs, chczd by cp whh cws. Thus cssd-u gs

us h g.Th sgl-l wg s usully kw s g,

whl slghly cplx gs,cludg hs wh w cls bubbl ls, kw shw-ups.

Types of Graffiti and Associated Motives

Type of Graffiti Features Motives

Gg Gg sybl, cludghd sgs

Gg b (s) ck(s), ss ll-cll lsg bs

Nubs Dscv, sylzd lphbs Ky vsbl lcs Ey s d sybls,

lls s

Mk u Th vlc Bs chvs H h sl Isul/u h

ggs

C Tgg Hgh-vlu, ccssbl lcs Hgh-vsbly, hd--ch

lcs My b sylzd bu spl

ck g sybls Tcus (kp ggg)

Ny psg Dc uhy

Asc Tgg Clul d cplx pcuskw s spcs pcs

Asc psg cg

CvlG: Spus

Spdc psds sldcds

Ply R pssg Exc Ipulsv

CvlG: Mlcus Vdcv

Spdc, sld sysccds

Ag Bd Rs Flu Dsp

Idlgcl Osv c sybls Rcl, hc lgus slus Spcc gs, such s

syggus Hghly lgbl Slgs

Ag H Plcl Hsly Dc


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10 Graffiti

Characteristics and Patterns of Graffiti Offenders

G ds ypclly yug d l. I sudy, sds w gs 15 23; y h ds w suds.Ods y ypclly b l, -cy blcks d Ls, bul, s wll s wh d As, pcp s gwg.7 Thpl clly ds pply s plcs wh h ppul spdly wh. Tggg s scd by clss ls.

I Sydy, Ausl, g ds, whl sly bys, cludgls; ds ypclly gs 13 17.8 I S Dg, ll hggs dd wh w-l w l, d 72 pcw 16 yug.9

Yug l gg bs y gg subsl u g.

Bob Morris


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G ds ypclly p gups, wh phps 15 20 pc pg l.10 I dd h vyg vs dg yps g, p pssu, bd, lck supvs, lck cvs, lw cdc chv, d yuhuply cbu pcp g.

G ds us spy p, lhugh hy y lspduc g wh lg ks by chg, h lspclly glss sucs. Spy p s wdly vlbl, slyccld, sly d quckly usd vy sucs, dvlbl d cls wh d zzls chg l

wdhshs cs k spy p subl g ds.

Th kg g s chczd by yyhclv sy dc d pphs. Ms dswk quckly, wh w ppl ud. G pdlyccus l wkd ghs, hugh h s ll syscvdc bu hs. I Bsh s suds, g cdsypclly ccud -pk -ush hus.11 I Bdgp,Cccu, g cds w ccd 5 p..

4 .. Thusdys hugh Sudys.12

A S Dg sudy shwdh us ldg wy schls w h quly,suggsg cc -schl hus Mdy hughFdy. Ods ggd schl wlls dly.13

Th s wdspd cc h pcp g y b l gwy s whch ds y gdu sphscd hul cs. G s sssscd wh ucy, d c vlv dug d/ lchl us.G ds wh p s bs ggs cws y

ls gg ghg.

Oh ls g clud shplsh, cks, zs, glss cus, dglss chg lud. Glss chg ludsclud cds, such s Ech Bh dAu Ech, dvlpd s hbby

pducs dcg glss. Vdlssqu ub h cds glss.

Vdls y dp dy ls dpccs clg hds. I NwYk Cy, wh s sys psl

usd p slvs v g,ds dpd by spyg sucwh pxy, wg h g d hcg h suc wh shllc, whch

pvd vy dcul v.


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13Understanding Your Local Problem

Understanding Your Local Problem

Yu us cb h bsc cs pvdd bv wh spcc udsdg yu lcl pbl. Alyzg h lclpbl hlps dsgg cv sps sgy.

Asking Key Questions About Graffiti

Th llwg s ccl quss yu shuld sk lyzg yu pcul pbl g, v h sws lwys dly vlbl. I yu l sw hs quss,yu y slc h wg sps.

Victims

Wh ds h g dcly vcz (.g., hws,p gs, busss ws, s syss, uls,publc wks, hs)?

Wh ds h g dcly c (.g., ppl wh sh g)? Hw ul hs ppl? Wh cvs dsg c (.g., shppg, us cl s d publcs)? (Cuy h suvys y b cssy

sw hs quss.)

Amount of Graffiti

Hw uch g s h? (Vsul suvys cssy sw quss bu h u g.)

Hw y dvdul gs sp pcs g h?

Hw bg s h g (.g., squ )?

Hw y g lcs h?

Hw y g-ld clls svc, cd ps, hl ps h?


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14 Graffiti

Types of Graffiti

A h d yps g? Hw y ch yp?

Wh h c d uqu chcscs h g?(S gcs phgph vdp g c llgc dbs g ky chcscs, lk g chc ds.)

Wh pp b h vs h g?

Is h g spl cplx? Sll lg? Sgl-cld ulcld?

Is h g sld gupd? Wh d ds us k h g (.g., spy p,

kg ps, chg dvcs)?

Locations/Times

Wh ds h g ccu? (Mps g c bpcully llug, vlg s dsbu css lg. S Fgu 1.)

Wh h spcc lcs wh h g ccus (.g.,

ddsss , pcsly, Glbl Psg Sys lcs ss whu ddsss, such s pks lg ldcks)?

Hw cls s h g g-gs such s schls?

Wh h chcscs h lcs whch gs pvl? A h lcs sdcs, schls? A hycls sswh yp, wh wh hus bus spswhug s?

Wh h chcscs g gs? A h gs

sgs, wlls, cs, buss, s? Wh h physcl vs chcscs, cludg

lghg, ccss, ds, suc yps, d h lv cs?

Wh ds h g ccu? T dy? (usg ls kwg- )? Dy wk?

D h pk s cspd wh h vs?

S O, Mly, d Schss(2000) bu hschlgy, s usd Ak, Oh.

Mps g hv b usd pgg vlc d gg y. S, xpl, Kdy, Bg, d Phl(1997).


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Offenders Wh h ds chcscs (.g., g, gd,

sud)?

Wh d h ds lv, g schl, wk? Hw dhs lcs cspd g lcs d/ plcccs?

Wh s h p dg? F xpl, s h gspus pld, gul?

Wh h ds vs? (Ods c b vwd

cllc hs . Udcv vsgs, sgs,suvllc, d g c lyss c vl buds pccs.)

A ds l ps p gup? Ds dug d/ lchl us cbu g? Is g sscd wh h vls, such s ucy?

Phgphs ds d hddss c ls b lkd ps.

Plc s cs hv psd s lcws, vwg ggs bu h

pccs.

Fg. 1. Mp shwg lcs g.

San Diego Police Department

"TAGGER" Calls for Service in Central DivisionJan 1 through Jun 30, 2000


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16 Graffiti

Measuring Your Effectiveness

Msu llws yu d wh dg yu shv succdd, d suggss hw yu gh dy yu spss hy pducg h dd suls. Yu shuld ksus yu pbl before yu pl spss, d hw sus h pbl s, dafteryu plh, d whh hy hv b cv. All susshuld b k bh h g d h suudg .(F dld gudc sug cvss, s hcp gud hs ss,Assessing Responses to Problems: An

Introductory Guide for Police Problem-Solvers.)

Rsch shws h g c b subslly ducd, dss ld. Th llwg plly usulsus h cvss spss g. T ckpssbl dsplc, such sus shuld b u:

Au sz g

Nub d yp g lcs

C d yp g

Lgh g-p sucs sy cl Publc d pcps bu h u g (y

b ssssd hugh suvys czs, chgs us publcspc d s syss, chgs l sls, d hdc sus).

S jusdcs ck h ubs ss d, glls p ppld squ cvd, u g vd, y sp g dc;14 hs sus dc hwuch hs b pu h -g v, bu hy d

ll yu hamount

nature

g hs chgd ywy. Yu shuld chs sus bsd h spss chs; xpl, p sls ld, yu shuld plc phss ckg h yp g l usd. Tls d chg; xpl, s ds hv bgu usg glss chg lud.

Bcus y -g sgs qu xpsv, cs-b lyss

wll pvd bsl su bs sscd wh spcc css d sgs.


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I s wdly blvd h g s sly dsplcd,

bu vdc such dsplc s sc. Th h g s cblpbl h s sly dsplcd hs b uld by hphzd dpcl c pv sus.15 Usul sus gwll ssss h x whch g s ducd vd d lcs, lc chg ds ccs. Whlg ds c b pss d dpv, h s s ssu h dsplc wll b cpl; dd, succssulspss y hv wdspd c.

Th sps g h NwYk subwy sys suld spd dsplc buss, gbgucks, wlls, d h bjcs hcy (Buld 1988; Cld 1991).


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19Responses to the Problem of Graffiti

Responses to the Problem of Graffiti

Yu lyss yu lcl pbl shuld gv yu budsdg h cs cbug . Oc yu hvlyzd yu lcl pbl d sblshd bsl sug cvss, yu shuld csd pssbl spss ddss h pbl.

Th llwg sps sgs pvd ud ds ddssg yu pcul pbl. Ths sgs dw vy sch suds d plc ps. Svl

hs sgs y pply yu cuys pbl. I sccl h yu l spss lcl ccuscs, d hyu c jusy ch sps bsd lbl lyss. I scss, cv sgy wll vlv plg svld spss. Lw c spss l sldcv ducg slvg h pbl. D l yusl csdg wh plc c d: gv cul csd wh ls yu cuy shs spsbly h pbld c hlp plc b spd .

G s slly plc pbl. Th plc l shuld b supp d sssc. Ecv spss g ycb g pccs, dsg d c, dvlv h gl publc, dvdul vcs, cl jusccls such s pscus d judgs, d hs. Rspss g shuld b cphsv d cdd, whl css dvlbl sucs shuld b cully vlud.

Rspss g us b hugh d css, s sds y b hghly ppusc, dpv, d cus.Rspss shuld clud wys g d ddss

chgs , lc, d hds pplyg .


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20 Graffiti

Reducing Rewards to OffendersRpd dc d vl g hs b shw duc s ccuc. Ths ppch dcly ddsss hvs y ds by ducg h y sscdwh gs vsbly. Th w-sp pcss vlvs ug quckly sp g d pd vl h g.I Nw Yks succssul ppch s g, ws llyvd wh w hus dc. I S. Psbug,Fld, busss ws qud v g wh 48hus.16

1. Detecting graffiti rapidly and routinely. Th w pywys gh bu h cdc d lc g: sysc g g-p lcs,d csd pg. Bh usd pdly dc gcds; dcu h lc d ccucs, dc g; d gg spss.

Monitoring graffiti-prone locations routinely. Quckdc g pvds b dvlpgcv vs. A g dbs c b usd ck

cds d llu ps, dy chc dsd/ p gg cvs pls cdd g.Mg y clud dcug g hughphgphs vd. I s plcs, g pvds

b gg cvy d ls bw ggs.

Ths lw dshg vdlssh pssc clg up pys .S Sl-Hw d Kllg (1990);Sc (1989); Chh (1994); Clk(1978); d Governing(1994).

I g c b vd quckly,s k u svc. F ss, g s vd wh 72hus. Sl quck clups hvccud Phldlph (Sc 1989).

I Ld, g s cld lgss wh 24 hus.


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Addressing Transit Graffiti in New York City

Th xpcs h Nw Yk Cy Ts Sys llus vyg ppchs g. G bg pp subwy s h 1960s; by 1970, ws hugpbl. Th publc ws ul, d dshp s dcld.

Th v h g ws gg up d gg cd; h w dcsh g ws gg-ld. Isd, h gss ggs sugh buld h puhugh h sh quy h g. As cp g h csd, hydsgushd hslvs hugh wg syl, bllsh, g sz, d lch uusul sps pvusly ukd sps. O plc vdl pducd 10,000 g

kgs.Dsp h svy s gg scl css, Nw Yk Cy dpd vy -gsgs h 1970s: pushg ds by kg h cl up s kd wh g;usg cg wh z ws pc h vs yds; d dvlpg ls sg vl, ls h w l ud b vlly hzdus. Th hdsll ld subslly duc h u g.

I 1984, h cy dpd sys s d cl hs kd wh g whw hus; hws, hy k h cs u svc. Thy ls bg s cl s hghly scu yds h ud 24-hu--dy wk cws, hcd lghg, u cc, d udcv plc. Th v cusd h s pblc s,lcs, d ls; lly, ll s w d, bu d chcks w lsuccssully usd cl s. I dd, p ds w gd plcc d hcd pls.

I cs h l vs, hs -g bg wh hdul s (hsdcd wh g) d bul up cv h sys. Iply, h h cusg usg h cl jusc sys, hs ppch ddssd h ds udlyg vs.Idly vg g-kd s svc svly ld h vdls' xpsu.


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22 Graffiti

T g-p lcs, Phx hs usd gh vsd dgl cs, whl Phldlph d Sydy hv usdclsd-ccu lvs (CCTV). I Phldlph d LsAgls buss, plclhs cs hv d g. I hjusdcs, Nghbhd Wch d h gups sysclly g. I Lkwd, Cld, czs cdygdus k g ps, phgph g d g lcs. I Nw Suh Wls, g sps hv hsl. Eplys such s bus dvs c wks cdly p vdls hugh w-wy d.

Increasing reporting of graffiti and offenders. Ayusg hls, s pg 24 hus dy, cllc bu g cds. Cus hv lsusd cll ph pg, vc l, gcy cll svc,d cc ghbhd wch gups.

S jusdcs py g ps cll ph chgs.I Ld, ppl c us lphs s ss p ss. I h jusdcs, s ds cugd p g d ds. Nuus

jusdcs csh wd $200 $1,000 p lds cvc.

I s jusdcs, g ps y b suppssd du ccs bu l by gg bs ggs.Wdspd publc pcp bh p d yuspg usully ddsss hs ccs, bu plc shuld bw hs pl pbl.

2. Removing graffiti rapidly. O h s psg spss g s cssly gg d , d dg s quckly.

Th vl pcss y vy subslly dpdg hyp g l d h yp l vdlzd. My h hds -csug d c b qu xpsv,s jusdc us b bl p suc sucs ullypl hs ppch. S yps clupcludg p-

Plc usully cug czs cll911 gdg g pgss; hydscug czs cgds. Czs c p g pgss hls.


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vsy b cd by cld w wh. Rvl y b -gd, such s dug pdw hus, uh duc xpsu.Rpd vl s ky, d y jusdcs y v gwh 24 48 hus; s bscu lcs, such s dgdchs, g y b vd lss quckly.

Th u j yps vl cv-ups:

Painting over graffiti. Pg v g pps b hs c d lvly chps hd vg .Alhugh p-vs c b xpsv cug, h ppch

s wdly ccssbl, d usully qus spcl sklls chlgy. S cs pvd cycld ps ; scs hv clups udd by cbus; d s cs,bussss d p. Ppy ws vczd by gds supply h w p. Thy c ch chps p h supply ss. Oc hy k p ch,hy shuld kp supply h p dly vlbl. I swh hvy g, ppy ws c uy cls (.g., llywlls d cs) k u p-vs s. Pgv g y qu h us sl pv bldg

hugh. Removing graffiti chemically. Th vy chcl

vl pducs vlbl, bu c shuld b k slcg. Th us s vl pducs c pussucs y c shdw h g. P cpsss d p-vl suppls.

Cleaning graffiti off. Dpdg h suc d kgg, y sucs c b cld g. Mhds cludsdblsg wh hgh-pssu h-w jsd ss

bkg sd v g c d h updsucs, lhugh hs, , c b xpsv d lv shdw.Lss v g bcg vlbl.

Replacing signs, materials and other items vandalized.Rplc s ppp ls whch gc b pd v, chclly vd, cld.

Th yp suc g s plcd s j c bcus g-vl pducs y dg ssucs. Th yp kg g sls c: s ps vsbl.Th s wd g g vl

pducs vlbl, cludg chclspys, sls, gls, d pulcs.Cls h lkl cdc;h l c dg sy, dulzg chqus us b

cpd wh usg h. Physclvl hds clud lw- dhgh-pssu w clg, whdgs, d sdblsg. Physclvl s xpsv, d sypclly usd lg s wh hhds hv ld.


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24 Graffiti

Th suc lb vg g y vy. Clupsquds y css vlus, plys, djudcdds. G vl y b ccv. A lg ub jusdcs hld h ppy w spsbl gvl. Scg vcs qus h hy cl g upquckly g d.17 Czs y g p physcl sssc vlus, dd. Cs c us usc dcs,zg cds, g dcs c ws cl upquckly, whch y b cssy bs ws. Alvly,s cs cl up g d h bll h w. S cs

d h s clup ; h w h hs spsbly subsqu clups.

Nuus jusdcs us g vl s cu-ddsc ds d h sds. I sjusdcs, such scs qu vc su, lcg sv jusc ppch.

Increasing the Risk of Detection

Bcus g ds usully p dkss, wh hs ll chc bg s, w pphdd. Icsg hlklhd h bg dcd css h sk pphs.

3. Increasing natural observation of graffiti-prone locations.Th lklhd dcg ds c b csd by sllg,upgdg g lghg. (Whl s ds p h dk, ddl lghg y cully c g ssld lcs. A lv s sll -cvd lghg, whch y sgl uuhzd ppy us.)I dd, shubby s h ccl s c b vd.Sgh ls c b pvd wh vs s bscud h wys.

Oh hds cs bsv vlv dsg, such slg bld sps udpsss, pk phs, sllgwdws buldg pkg ls wh vw sdcs ddsgg spcus s wh gd vsbly.


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4. Increasing formal observation of graffiti-prone locations.Obsv g-p lcs c b pvdsysclly hugh us plc, scuy psl,Nghbhd Wch, d plys wh h py dus(such s bus dvs, ck gs, wssd s, lbby ccgs,d -s/sdl ppy gs). Such bsv yclud h us ud udcv psl cvsuvllc, d y g xd lcs bl lcs suchs buss d s.

5. Increasing electronic security. Fl bsv g-

p lcs c b cd u v lcc hds.CCTV hs shw psg vdc ducg vdls,cludg g.18 CCTV s wdly usd d plds, pphd ds h c h c, dpvd vdc pscus. Th subsl up-d pg css CCTV, d dcss us b d s whh cs wll b cvly pssvly d, cvd by dcs. I CCTV s b usd vdc,gd pcu quly, dqu lghg, d llw-up vsg cssy. I CCTV s b usd pphd ds pgss, us b cvly d. Sgs wg CCTV psd dscug ds; such dc ycbu gs spd h lcs. Th s lsvdc h CCTVs c pv bs y spd h lcs.

CCTV wll b cv vywh, bu c b dpd. Fxpl, vd suvllc wh d chlgy hs b usd buss, whl lcc suvllc bs CCTVscs s jusdcs, d wg ls. Pbl

CCTV c ls b usd, d duy CCTV hs b cvlyusd suppl h l hg. Oh yps lcc scuyclud d bs, whch usd ud s Ld.

Us CCTV y sul ducd vglc, s lccsuvllc y c ls ss scuy. Bu h psc CCTV y ls ssu czs, d publc supp s hgh.


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26 Graffiti

6. Conducting publicity campaigns. O h w, publcycpgs ld cvss. Hwv, y publcys cbd wh h sgs. A ub publcycpgs c b dscbd s buc s, cssg cuy clup dys l g, l, d hsgs dsd. I y jusdcs, hs clup dys quvlus, bu s y vlv cu-djudcd dswh wkg cuy svc . I cs hsysc g vl dscbd bv, publcy cpgs usully - psdc clups spcc s.

A xs h clup pgs wshp vssuch s Adp--Blck, Adp--Bus, Adp--S, hs h cd v publc s.S h dp schs vlv pg uls sshls, vkg psud cscc h ds gds g hs sc dvs. I s ssud hg s s dc wh h g xss, d clds vk ss wshp d spsbly g uss h s.

Oh publcy s clud pss publcz -gs, publc svc ucs, lys, bchus, d hlk. Publcy cpgs clud h hs g, h css g, hw dc g d,d hw p g. Ths ducl s gd ps, schls, bussss, cvc gups, s sys uss,d/ h gl publc. Publcy d ducl cpgshv b shw b cv ducg g wh usd publcz suvllc vdlzd buss; h cs v xddbyd h c pv gs.19

Publcy cpgs dscug h us g dvsg d xhbs, s wll s d cvg g,cgzg h such svs uh cbu hy g ds sk. C s k vd glygg, d gg s sul.


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Increasing the Difficulty of Offending

7. Vandal-proofing graffiti-prone locations. G dsc b hwd by vdl-pg vulbl sucs vulbl s, pcss h vlvs dyg sucxus. A-g cvgs d sucs k sucs sy cl, dcul w , bh. Th sx py yps:

P-lk pducs such s plyuh-bsd cgs ss g d sy cl. Ths subl sl, cc, d bckwk.Sls cc pvbsp.

Wsh- cgskw s sccl cgs wx slc pplcs wlls buldgs. Wh h ws ppld, hs cgs bk dw, llwg g bwshd .

Txud sucs cv gs g, s hybscu lgbly. Such sucs pcully dcul ds dw p. Such sucs clud dplygvd sucs d ugh sucs such s xpsd ck,ugh c, d dpld slss sl, lk h usd

Ld lph ksks. Dk clul sucs k g lss vsbl, hus dg

ds. Dk sucs dcul k up, lhughlgh p c b usd. Clul busy sucs, such sdvss h sds buss, dlc g.20 Flckd spd wll sucs ls sk g.

N-sld sucs, such s p-gll s scuy scsh h sld pls, y dlc g.

Esly cld ls y b slld hghly vulbls. Ths clud vus-l pls glzdcc ls whch g wshs ; wd glss hc b cld wh scps; plys l v glss;plsc ls, whch k s clg; d sgs whsucs ss k ps d spy p.

S hs pducs y pducxc us cs .

Ths cgs us b ppld; hsuc dsslvs wh g s cld.

Ths sucs hd k, bu dcul cl.

Ths wshbl wlls usd lg Ld ss.

Th lv, plycbsucs bc hzy.


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28 Graffiti

S hs sus ps sclcss by kg s lk lk wzs. Accss cls wh bddgppcs y b b l slds.

S ls c b cvly pcd g.G-p sucs c b plcd wh sdd-szd,xpsv ls. Ths clud sp, plcblglss plycb pls bus shls, d plcblplycb cvg sgs.

8. Controlling access to graffiti-prone locations. Cllgccss g-p lcs physclly bs ds vulbl s. Ms ccss cl clud:

G hds bu wy sgs

Ml bls sg pls, whch wk lk squl bls bd ds

Wlls, cs, lckd llys, bs, chss, d ls,ss suppld by bbd w

Rcssd wlls

Ds hy pls, clbg vs

Rz w jggd l wppd ud sg pls.

I s css, sgs hv b vd u ch vdls,whl bus sps d h quly vdlzd gs hv blcd.

Evl dsg l ccss g sucs cbs b cpd plg d csuc, bu yls b dpd xsg sucus. A xpl cvvl dsg s h cssd wlls h Wshg,D.C., sys; subwy wlls physclly spd hpublc.

Plc scuy pls, guds d dgs y suppl ccss

cl. Accss sdl ccl pps y bscd hs wh sd ply dc cds,whl vs ccss y b clld hugh y phs.


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Much lk vl dsg, sul dsg ducs hppuy g. Th bsc ls, sg, s d,d lcks s ss cvly dscugs plds lg. I Hg Kg, ld l scks cugs ppl quckly v hugh ss bh cks xp, hus dscugg lg. I Wshg,D.C., h subwy sys glly clss dgh wkdysd swh l wkds, hus lg ppus vdls. Sc g ks plc l gh, lghus ducs ppus vdls s wh h

ypclly w h ds plys d h d wss h s.

9. Focusing on chronic offenders. Appchs h cusexclusiely c cl ds hv hd ll c h u g.21 Apphdg d pscug gds s dcul. G s uly pd plc, s dcul cch ds h c, d y b pssbl d wsss gbl vdc g ss. I dd,plc hv cpg ps, d scs gs ds wk, cssg cuy svc d s.

S g ds plc; sll gup ypclly ccus lg p ll ss. Es h cus chcds shw ps. Chc ds c b ddhugh g vsgs. Sc ds d plch g, hs uqu chcscs, lk sgu, dd cds gs c b lkd sgl d. Sggs pcc h gs bks k phgphs dcu h s; hs y b usd s vdc lkds g cds.

S plc cduc suvllc kw ds d/ hgh-sk h sps, cllb wh schls dc ds, d chc ds, pcully hs pb. Plcy us xsv llgc dbss cd bu g c, lcs, d ds. Such dbss yclud phgphs vd g, ug shs ds,d ps g lcs.


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30 Graffiti

Responses With Limited Effectiveness

Nuus spss hv b cpd s clg. Ms hv b cully vlud, d hus ukw cvss. Ay sps c b cv cssh dculs dg d ducs h wds . Myspss, hwv, qu dcul c.

10. Controlling graffiti tools. A ub jusdcs hvd cl h ls usd g. Bs d h cshv bd h sl lg, wd-ppd ks. I dd,

bs spy p sls s hv b wdly usd cys. S jusdcs qu ss b lcsd d l spy p sls, d qu buys ush h dddss. I s jusdcs, juvl pssss spy p lg, dlbl ks whu supvs s sd.

Es hv b d duc shplg spy p byplcg sck wy xs d vg p dsplys.Isd, sck s sd bhd cus, ss lckd dsply css. S jusdcs qu ss plcks ull vw clks. Idusy s hv ls b

d gul g ls. Spy vlvs c b dd, dscd-us cps ld, s h ds c chg cps.S jusdcs cug pp dspsl cc pgls s h g ds c ccss h.

Whl h hv b vlus s h l gls, cg lcl dcs h d s c b dcul.Alhugh scs pssss suppls y pvd ddl c l, g ds lypphdd. I y ggg gups, ps cs h gsuppls, kg dcul b h vdc h yb cssy cvc.


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11. Channeling behavior into more acceptable activities. A l -g s hv vlvd dsgg pcul s lcs s lg plcs g. G wlls bds bd hugh cbus bussss. Whlss y hv hv pg p pcp, p such pjcs s cbud.

Slly, s jusdcs hv cssd uls cv upg pv h cuys ppc. Ths uls lcd wh g hs psd pbl. G dspp spc h wk such uls, bu h sucs c

b pcd wh -g cg. Muls d wlls shwcsss wk d y duc cvs vdlz. Slvs dv ds hv cludd clsss pgs d ds, s whch vlv cc pldg pduc uh g. Ths s y b cv ducg h u g spcc lcs.

12. Providing alternative activities and services. A vy pgs hv b dvlpd ddss h ds gds wh bd, usupvsd uplyd. Ths

pgs clud g, jb g, cuslg, ug,d ly svcs. My hs pgs cus buldgpd d sl-s. S hlp yuh lv ggs. Ohspvd lv cvs, such s sps.

13. Involving youth in developing programs. Yuh vlvd -g s cs h ss wshp.I Dk, yuh w vlvd slcg h dsg dcls buss d bus pls. Ocls h ls gg lv clc slvg, d hly wh yuh

ddss hsly d pv cuc wh hs wh dscd. A-g pss publcy cpgs dsgd hugh sud cps, d p pssu s usd dscug g.


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32 Graffiti

S -g pgs vlv ducg yuh bu hhs d css g. Th yuh-gd ssg hg s ucl s cvyd hugh subwy d bus pss, dlvs d d ccls. Sps gus y ds hssg dd pcy .

I s css, g ds c uls wh -g ssgs, gv publc lks, cusl h ds, dgz g clups.

14. Expanding applicable laws. A wd vy lws hv b

pssd cs d cus css h Ud Ss, pvdgplc d pscus wh ddl ls chg d pushds. I s css, xsg dcs sus hv bppld w wys, cludg cg cvl spssg lws;pplyg usc b, whch c c ggs cl upg; lblg ggs s ucpd sscs, pusucl cspcy chgs; pplyg cvl jucs qugds sy wy c s; cg -lgdcs; d pplyg scs h hc dspss scs gg bs. I dd, y jusdcs

uly us cl sch, lcus sch, ppydsuc, vdls, d cl spss sus dcs chgg g ds.

15. Holding parents accountable. I s cus, s d duc ps cgzg sgs gdg. Ps hld ccubl juvl dscs, d y b scd wh s, clup css d vjl lu cl supvs h chld. Sucudjuvl dvs pgs y vlv ps g

cds psd ds.16. Increasing sanctions for offenders. Acss h UdSs, jusdcs hv csd h scs gs gds. S scs gd spcclly juvls.F xpl, Cl suspds ds h wd dv'slcss y; ds c d cuy svc duc h susps .

Chcg hs hd such b sc 1980.

G ds pchgbl cps, llwg h cb hck d h ls. Wd cps h cps v cls spysch spclly dsbl.

Nug (1998) dscbs gwll Wshg, D.Cs LyPk; Cld (1991) s h pg

Suhp, Egld, gg.


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My jusdcs us g clup cuy svc vd djudc, s cd pb, s p dsps sc. S cus hv sv juscvs whch c--c vc-d cclccus, cc s sgd, d ds py su.

I s jusdcs, suds suspdd xplld schl g ss. A lg ub jusdcs hvvlvd cus g g cds susly, syscllypsg s, cuy svc d v jl chcds.

17. Applying new technologies. A wd g w -gchlgs hv b sd, usd xsvly vlud.S y b cv spcc sgs ud c cds.

Nw -g chlgs clud h llwg:

Lsg dvcs psd chc g lcs. Thdvcs dc suds such s spyg p cs, lgplc ss.

M dcs cbd wh spkl syss. Cls

usd hs chlgy Og Cuy, Cl, buds bk spkl hds.

Lss g vl.

Sc dvlpg puchsg w chlgs y b qucsly s jusdcs, such spss shuld b cullyvlud s. Nw chlgs spd g wll lklycu bc vlbl.

18. Establishing juvenile curfews. Juvl cuws hv b

wdly dpd h Ud Ss ddss vy juvlc. F h s p, cus ds c vd dc,d plc gcs us vs subsl u c cuws. Whl cuws y hv s bs vywly dd sus, h cbu g duc ulkly b subsl.


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34 Graffiti

19. Warning offenders. My jusdcs w g dsbu h css bg pphdd. Sydy ud h wgs d csqucs d wk, d d glsd cs g.22 Ms wgs dd csh pcp sk dc d pphs. Ods,hwv, d cculy pcv h sks pphs ly lw. S wgs l csd scs gss. I ds d blv h sk pphs shgh, hy ulkly b ccd bu h pls dg. Wgs dcd chc ds y b

cv h gl wgs.

I s ld suds bhg (Mull l. 2000; Ws1996), psg sgs wg scs, cg psv ssgspplg lus, cvygul ssgsPls d w hs wllssuld dcl g.


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35Appendix

Summary of Responses to Graffiti

Th bl blw suzs h spss g, hchs by whch hy dd wk, h cdsud whch hy ugh wk bs, d s cs yu shuldcsd b plg pcul sps. I s ccl hyu l spss lcl ccuscs, d h yu c jusych sps bsd lbl lyss. I s css, cvsgy wll vlv plg svl d spss. Lwc spss l sld cv ducg slvg h pbl.

ResponseNo.

PageNo.

Response How It Works Works Best If Considerations

Reducing Rewards to Offenders

1 20 Dcg g pdlyd uly

Ps pdvl

lcs gullyd

Rqus c dsucss shuld b pcl; c vlvplys, plc, czs,hls, d h s

2 22 Rvgg pdly

Rducs gs vsbl, hushwg ds'bjcv hvgg b wdly s

vl s vy quckd css

Rvl y b xpsv,dcul d/ ccv (.g.,

vcs, s wll s ds,y b scd)

Increasing the Risk ofDetection

3 24 Icsgulbsv g-plcs

Icss sk dc

g ccus lw-vsbly plcs

Es pv lghg,duc shubby d pvsgh ls s cv h s sld lg

pds


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36 Graffiti

ResponseNo.

PageNo.


4 25 Icsg lbsv g-plcs

Icss sk dc; c dvsgs

h hgh-sk hsps

C us udcv psl,h plys d lccs; sly vlbl; c busd s syss

5 26 Icsg lccscuy

Icss sk dc

ds gglg s such ss ls

C b cs-cv; c dvsgs

6 26 Cducg publcycpgs

Icss sk dc s wdlydssd, d sk dc css

My cbu csdg ps d xdd c

Increasing the Difficulty ofOffending

7 27 Vdl-pg g-plcs

Icss dculy pplyg g (yls dcs g

vsbly, ducgvs); shds clvl

h chcg lcs

C b xpsv dcvly; ds ychg h hds gs;y sul d chllgds; s sus,such s usg gvd, sld hvly xud wlls,

hws upplg gsucs, c b vy cv;y b usghly

8 28 Cllg ccss g-plcs

Mks dcul ccss

vdlz pps

ppy psc supp dsgchgs

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9 29 Fcusg

chcds

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dc plcg ds

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chc ds

Rqus d dc

d llw-up


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37Appendix

ResponseNo.

PageNo.


Responses with Limited Effectieness

10 30 Cllg g ls

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ds slydd d chscply

Dcul c; dsc sk ls lswh; ls sly ccssd, spd,d hdd

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ds sclly vd

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12 31 Pvdg lvcvs dsvcs

Idd ggd pvdsupvs yuh

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Dcul dy d vlvchc ds; pgsy b xpsv

13 31 Ivlvg yuh dvlpg

pgs

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ds hghly vsd hg lsyl

Ll d c chc ds

14 32 Expdg pplcbl lws

Icss h push dds

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C b -csug;ds blv hy wg cugh, s hy d' wybu push

15 32 Hldg psccubl

Ivlvs ps cllg dsbhv

.ds juvls Ods c hdbhv ps; psy hv ll cl

16 32 Icsg scs ds

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cllb wh pscusd judgs; c css s,cuy svc, lss dvs lcs


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38 Graffiti

ResponseNo.

PageNo.


17 33 Applyg w chlgs

Rducs vs,dlcs dvsds, cssdc

h chlgy s hpbl

My b xpsv d qusubsl dp xp

18 33 Esblshg juvl cuws

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Dcul c

19 34 Wg ds

Idd cs dc

dc s csdd csqucs upls

Apphs dss lw; wgs dcsqucs y bcv


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39Endnotes

Endnotes10 Csl (1982); Sl-Hw d Kllg (1990).20 Cld (1991).30 Wls (1988).40 Ly d Cybsky (1974); Kl (1995).50 Cld (1991).60 Gz (1993); Fll (1995).70 Gz (1993).80 Wls (1987).90 S Dg Plc Dp (2000).10 Clk (1978); Cld (1991).11 Wls (1987).12 Bdgp Plc Dp (1999).13 S Dg Plc Dp (2000).14 Sps d Sc (2000).15 Wls (1988).16 Governing(1994).17 Nug (1998).18 Py (1988); Tlly (1998).

19 Py (1988).20 Esl d Wls (1991).21 Gz (1993).22 Wls (1988).


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41References

References

By, J. (1990). Zp! Yuv B Tggd! Time, Sp. 10, p. 43.

Bdgp Plc Dp (1999).Problem-Solving PartnershipGrant Progress Report to the Office of Community Oriented

Policing Serices (Augus). Bdgp (Cccu):Bdgp Plc Dp.

Buld, F. (1988). O Nw Yk Wlls, h Fdg G.New York Times, My 6, p. B1.

Csl, C. (1982). Subway Graffiti in New York. Ld: MIT

Pss.Chh, D. (1994).Dealing With VandalismA Guide to

the Control of Vandalism. Ld: Csuc IdusyRsch d I Assc.

Chul Vs Plc Dp (1999). City of Chula Vista RecentGraffiti Trends. Chul Vs (Cl): Chul Vs PlcDp.

Clk, R. (d.) (1978). Tackling Vandalism. H Oc RschSudy, N. 47. Ld: H Mjsys Sy Oc.

Cld, F. (1991). Vandalism and Graffiti: The State of the Art.Ld: Clhus Gulbk Fud.

Ch, S. (1973). Ppy Dsuc: Mvs d Mgs.I C. Wd (d.), Vandalism. Ld: Th Achcul Pss.

Esl, P., d P. Wls (1991).Preenting Crime on Transport:Rail, Buses, Taxis, Planes. Cb: Ausl Isu Clgy.

Fll, J. (1995). Ub G: C, Cl d Rssc.

Youth and Society 27(1):7389.Gz, M. (1993). Th Wg Ou Wlls: Fdg

Slus Thugh Dsgushg G A F GVdls. Uniersity of Michigan Journal of Law Reform26(3):633708.


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42 Graffiti

Governing(1994). G. Augus, p. 42.

Kdy, D. (1997). Pullg Lvs: Chc Ods, Hgh-C Sgs d Thy Pv. ValparaisoUniersity Law Reiew 31:449483.

Kdy, D., A. Bg d A. Phl (1997). (U)Kw Uvs:Mppg Ggs d Gg Vlc Bs. I D. Wsbudd T. McEw (ds.), Crime Mapping and Crime Preention.Msy (Nw Yk): Cl Jusc Pss.

Kl, M. (1995). The American Street Gang. Nw Yk: Oxd

Uvsy Pss.Ly, D., d R. Cybsky (1974). Ub G As Tl

Mks.Annals of the Association of American Geographers64:491501.

Mull, M., J. M, A. Dgg, d D. Tgs (2000).Th Ecvss Cgcy-Spcc d Cgcy-Nspcc Pps Cllg Bh G.

Journal of Applied Behaior Analysis 33(1):8992.

Nug, H. (1998). Gg G.Addressing Community Gang

Problems: A Practical Guide. Wshg, D.C.: Buu Jusc Asssc.

O, A., K. Mly d D. Schss (2000). Cckg Dw Ggs Wh GIS. I N. L Vg d J. Wll (ds.),Successful Crime Mapping Case Studies, Vl. 2. Wshg,D.C.: Plc Excuv Rsch Fu.

Py, B. (1988). Vd Cs d Bus Vdls.Journal ofSecurity Administration 11:4451.

Sps, R., d M. Sc (2000). Tackling Crime and Other

Public-Safety Problems: Case Studies in Problem-Solving.Wshg, D.C.: U.S. Dp Jusc, Oc Cuy Od Plcg Svcs.

S Dg Plc Dp (2000). Md-Cy G Pjc.Subss h H Glds Awd Excllc Pbl-Od Plcg.


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43References

Sc, D. (1989). G Wpu.FBI Law EnforcementBulletin (Dcb):1014.

Sl-Hw, M., d G. Kllg (1990). Subwy G NwYk Cy: Gg Up vs. Mg I d Clg I.Security Journal1(3):131136.

Tlly, N. (1998). Evlug h Ecvss CCTVSchs. I C. Ns, J. M d G. Asg (ds.),Sureillance, Closed Circuit Teleision and Social Control.Bkld (V): Ashg Publshg C.

Ws, S. (1996). A Pp Plus Dlyd CgcyPcdu Rducg Bh G.Journal of AppliedBehaior Analysis 29(1):121124.

Wls, P. (1988). Pvg Vdls d G.Journal ofSecurity Administration 11(2):2835.

________(1987). Rsch B N. 6: G d Vdls Publc Tsp. Tds d Issus. Cb: AuslIsu Clgy.


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45About the Author

About the Author

Deborah Lamm Weisel

Dbh L Wsl s sss sch pss dh dc plc sch h Dp PlclScc d Publc Ads Nh Cl SUvsy. H pl cluds sch plc spss c pbls such s ggs, s dugs d g, s wll scuy plcg, sy d scuy publc husg, dp vcz bugly d bby. H wk hsb publshd Justice Quarterly, Public Management, hNIJ

Journal, d hAmerican Journal of Police. Sh hlds dc plcl scc/publc plcy lyss h Uvsy Ills Chcg.


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47Other Problem-Oriented Guides for Police

Other Problem-Oriented Guides for Police

Problem-Specific Guides series:1. Assaults in and Around Bars. Mchl S. Sc. 2001.

ISBN: 1-932582-00-22. Street Prostitution. Mchl S. Sc. 2001. ISBN: 1-932582-01-03. Speeding in Residential Areas. Mchl S. Sc. 2001.

ISBN: 1-932582-02-94. Drug Dealing in Privately Owned Apartment Complexes. R

Sps. 2001. ISBN: 1-932582-03-75. False Burglar Alarms. R Sps. 2001. ISBN: 1-932582-04-5

6. Disorderly Youth in Public Places. Mchl S. Sc. 2001.ISBN: 1-932582-05-37. Loud Car Stereos. Mchl S. Sc. 2001. ISBN: 1-932582-06-18. Robbery at Automated Teller Machines. Mchl S. Sc. 2001.

ISBN: 1-932582-07-X9. Graffiti. Dbh L Wsl. 2002. ISBN: 1-932582-08-810. Thefts of and From Cars in Parking Facilities. Rld V. Clk. 2002.

ISBN: 1-932582-09-611. Shoplifting. Rld V. Clk. 2002. ISBN: 1-932582-10-X12. Bullying in Schools. R Sps. 2002. ISBN: 1-932582-11-8

13. Panhandling. Mchl S. Sc. 2002. ISBN: 1-932582-12-614. Rave Parties. Mchl S. Sc. 2002. ISBN: 1-932582-13-415. Burglary of Retail Establishments. Rld V. Clk. 2002.

ISBN: 1-932582-14-216. Clandestine Drug Labs. Mchl S. Sc. 2002.

ISBN: 1-932582-15-017. Acquaintance Rape of College Students. R Sps. 2002.

ISBN: 1-932582-16-918. Burglary of Single-Family Houses. Dbh L Wsl. 2002.

ISBN: 1-932582-17-719. Misuse and Abuse of 911. R Sps. 2002.

ISBN: 1-932582-18-520. Financial Crimes Against the Elderly.

Klly Ddl Jhs. 2003. ISBN: 1-932582-22-321. Check and Card Fraud. G R. Nw. 2003.

ISBN: 1-932582-27-4


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48 Graffiti

22. Stalking. Th Nl C Vcs C. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-30-4

23. Gun Violence Among Serious Young Offenders. AhyA. Bg. 2004. ISBN: 1-932582-31-2

24. Prescription Fraud. Jul Wll d Ncy G. L Vg.2004. ISBN: 1-932582-33-9

25. Identity Theft. G R. Nw. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-35-3

26. Crimes Against Tourists. Rld W. Gls d Kh J.Pk. 2004. ISBN: 1-932582-36-3

27. Underage Drinking. Klly Ddl Jhs. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-39-8

28. Street Racing. Kh J. Pk d Rld W. Gls. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-42-8

29. Cruising. Kh J. Pk d Rld W. Gls. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-43-6

30. Disorder at Budget Motels. K Schl. 2005.ISBN: 1-932582-41-X

31. Drug Dealing in Open-Air Markets. Alx Hcps dMk Hugh. 2005. ISBN: 1-932582-45-2

32. Bomb Threats in Schools.G R. Nw. 2005.ISBN: 1-932582-46-0

33. Illicit Sexual Activity in Public Places. Klly Ddl Jhs.2005. ISBN: 1-932582-47-9

34. Robbery of Taxi Drivers. Mh J. Sh. 2005.ISBN: 1-932582-50-9

35. School Vandalism and Break-Ins. Klly Ddl Jhs. 2005.ISBN: 1-9325802-51-7

36. Drunk Driving. Mchl S. Sc, N J. Es, Lus B.Acc, d Jl B. Pl. 2006. ISBN: 1-932582-57-6

37. Juvenile Runaways. Klly Ddl. 2006. ISBN: 1932582-56-838. The Exploitation of Trafficked Women. G R.Nw. 2006. ISBN: 1-932582-59-2

39. Student Party Riots. T D. Mds d Jh E. Eck.2006. ISBN: 1-932582-60-6


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40. People with Mental Illness. Gy Cd. 2006.ISBN: 1-932582-63-0

41. Child Pornography on the Internet. Rchd Wly dSph Sllb. 2006. ISBN: 1-932582-65-7

42. Witness Intimidation. Klly Ddl. 2006.ISBN: 1-932582-67-3

43. Burglary at Single-Family House Construction Sites.Rchl Bb d Rb Ss. 2006.ISBN: 1-932582-00-2

44. Disorder at Day Laborer Sites. Rb Gu. 2007.ISBN: 1-932582-72-X

45. Domestic Violence. R Sps. 2007.ISBN: 1-932582-74-6

46. Thefts of and from Cars on Residential Streets andDriveways. Tdd Ks. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-76-2

47. Drive-By Shootings. Klly Ddl. 2007.ISBN: 1-932582-77-0

48. Bank Robbery. Dbh L Wsl. 2007.ISBN: 1-932582-78-9

49. Robbery of Convenience Stores. Alc Alz dD Yk. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-79-7

50. Traffic Congestion Around Schools.Ncy G. L Vg. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-82-7

51. Pedestrian Injuries and Fatalities.Jus A. H dJh E. Eck. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-83-5

52. Bicycle Theft. Sh D. Jhs, Ad Sdb,d Ad Thp. 2008. ISBN: 1-932582-87-8

53. Abandoned Vehicles. Mchl G. Mxld. 2008.ISBN: 1-932582-88-6

54. Spectator Violence in Stadiums. T D. Mds dJh E. Eck. 2008. ISBN: 1-932582-89-4


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50 Graffiti

Response Guides series:

1. The Benefits and Consequences of Police Crackdowns.Mchl S. Sc. 2003. ISBN: 1-932582-24-X

2. Closing Streets and Alleys to Reduce Crime: ShouldYou Go Down This Road? Rld V. Clk. 2004.ISBN: 1-932582-41-X

3. Shifting and Sharing Responsibility for Public SafetyProblems. Mchl S. Sc d H Glds. 2005.ISBN: 1-932582-55-X

4. Video Surveillance of Public Places. Jy Rcl. 2006ISBN: 1-932582-58-4

5. Crime Prevention Publicity Campaigns.Eul Bh. 2006 ISBN: 1-932582-66-5

6. Sting Operations. G R. Nw wh sssc Klly Sc. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-84-3

7. Asset Forfeiture.Jh L. Wll. 2008ISBN: 1-932582-90-8

Problem-Solving Tools series:

1. Assessing Responses to Problems: An IntroductoryGuide for Police Problem-Solvers.Jh E. Eck. 2002.ISBN: 1-932582-19-3

2. Researching a Problem. Rld V. Clk d Phylls A.Schulz. 2005. ISBN: 1-932582-48-7

3. Using Offender Interviews to Inform Police Problem-Solving. Sc H. Dck. 2005. ISBN: 1-932582-49-5

4. Analyzing Repeat Victimization. Dbh L Wsl.2005. ISBN: 1-932582-54-1

5. Partnering with Businesses to Address Public SafetyProblems. Sh Chd. 2006. ISBN: 1-932582-62-2

6. Understanding Risky Facilities. Rld V. Clk d Jh E.Eck. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-75-4

7. Implementing Responses to Problems. Rck Bw dMchl S. Sc. 2007. ISBN: 1-932582-80-0


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8. Using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design inProblem-Solving. D Zh. 2007.ISBN: 1-932582-81-9

9. Enhancing the Problem-Solving Capacity of Crime AnalysisUnits. Mhw B. Wh. 2008.ISBN: 1-932582-85-1

Special Publications:

Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps,Rld V. Clk d Jh Eck, 2005.ISBN:1-932582-52-5

Policing Terrorism: An Executive's Guide,G R. Nw d Rld V. Clk, 2008

Upcoming Problem-Oriented Guides for Police

Pbl-Spcc GudsChld Abus d Nglc h HTs EcpsS RbbySl Gds Mks

Ths Cs d BsAggssv DvgTh Scp Ml

Pbl-Slvg TlsDsplc

Rsps GudsAssgg Plc Ocs SchlsDlg wh C d Dsd Ub Pks

Spcl PublcsEcv Plcg d C Pv: A Pbl-OdGud Mys, Cy Mgs, d Cuy Excvs

Illgc Alyss d Pbl-Slvg


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52 Graffiti

F bu hProblem-Oriented Guides for Policess d h COPS Oc publcs, cll h COPS OcRsps C 800.421.6770, v -l [email protected], vs COPS Ol www.cps.usdj.gv.


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Got a Problem? Weve got answers!

Lg h C Pbl-Od Plcg wbs www.ppc.g wlh hlp yu dl cvly wh c d dsd yu cuy,cludg:

Wb-hcd vss ll culy vlbl Guds

Icv g xcss

Ol ccss sch d plc pccs

Ol pbl lyss dul.

Dsgd plc d hs wh wk wh h ddsscuy pbls, www.ppc.g s g suc pbl-d plcg.

Suppd by h Oc Cuy Od PlcgSvcs, U.S. Dp Jusc.

Center for Problem-Oriented Policing


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For More Information:

U.S. Dp JuscOc Cuy Od Plcg Svcs1100 V Avu, N.W.

Wshg, D.C. 20530

T b dls COPS pgs, cll hCOPS Oc Rsps C 800.421.6770

Vs COPS l www.cps.usdj.gv

Updd My 2009

07042448ISBN:1-932582-08-8

Ths pbl-d gud plc ddsss cv spss h pbl gh wd g kgs, chgs, dpgs h dc publc pv ppy. I c dcds,g hs bc xsv pbl, spdg h lgscs h lcls. Ths gud pvds lw c wh ss quss csd wh lyzg h lcl gpbl d vws spss h pbl bsd vluvsch d plc pcc.

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Los Angeles Police Department Document- Courtney Wolf