Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A …pure.au.dk/ws/files/1380387/intrma16.pdfLong Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L

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Faculty of Argricultural Sciences

DJF pl ant science no. 16 • m ay 2008

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments:

A Nordic Research Platform – A Catalogue

J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen

Internal report

Jens Petersen 1) *), Lennart Mattsson 2), Hugh Riley 3), Tapio Salo 4), Gudni Thorvaldsson 5) &Bent T. Christensen 1)

1) University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (DJF), Department of Agroecology and Environment, Denmark2) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment3) Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Arable Crops Division4) MTT Agrifood Research Finland5) Agricultural University of Iceland*) Corresponding author: [email protected], phone +45 89 99 17 12



DJF pl ant sc ience no. 16 • m ay 2008

internal reports contain primarily research results and reports on experi-ments and are intended mainly forDias employees and collaborators. the reports can also be used as sup-porting documents for projectmeetings.the reports can also describe internal relationships and guidelines for Dias.

price per report (non-subscribers):

Up to 50 pages: pr. stk. DKK 55,- 50 + pages: pr. stk. DKK 85,- 75 + pages: pr. stk. DKK 110,-

please apply to:aarhus UniversitetFaculty of agricultural sciencespo Box 508830 tjele Denmarktel: 45 8999 1028www.agrsci.au.dk

printing: www.digisource.dk

Jens Petersen 1) *), Lennart Mattsson 2), Hugh Riley 3), Tapio Salo 4), Gudni Thorvaldsson 5) &Bent T. Christensen 1)

1) University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (DJF), Department of Agroecology and Environment, Denmark2) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment3) Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Arable Crops Division4) MTT Agrifood Research Finland5) Agricultural University of Iceland*) Corresponding author: [email protected], phone +45 89 99 17 12



DJF pl ant sc ience no. 16 • m ay 2008

internal reports contain primarily research results and reports on experi-ments and are intended mainly forDias employees and collaborators. the reports can also be used as sup-porting documents for projectmeetings.the reports can also describe internal relationships and guidelines for Dias.

price per report (non-subscribers):

Up to 50 pages: pr. stk. DKK 55,- 50 + pages: pr. stk. DKK 85,- 75 + pages: pr. stk. DKK 110,-

please apply to:aarhus UniversitetFaculty of agricultural sciencespo Box 508830 tjele Denmarktel: 45 8999 1028www.agrsci.au.dk

printing: www.digisource.dk

Introduction

Well managed long-term agricultural field experiments (LTEs) and their related datasets of

measurements provide a unique research platform for studies on the sustainability of the soil

resource. This catalogue is an inventory of ongoing LTEs within the Nordic countries, describing

their location, their history, the experimental design and treatments, and the availability of archived

samples, of climatic recordings and of data from previous studies on soil and crop properties. The

catalogue is also available at www.planteinfo.dk/Nordic-LTE.

An overview (Petersen et al., 2008) of the LTEs in this catalogue will be presented at NJF-seminar

no. 407 entitled Long-term field experiments - a unique research platform, held in June 2008 and

organized by a working group appointed by Section I (Soil, Water and Environment) of the Nordic

Association of Agricultural Scientists (NJF) and supported by Norden – The Nordic Council of

Ministers. This catalogue and the accompanying overview report are intended to serve as

background for discussing, qualifying and setting common standards for the entries, and for

identifying research areas and joint projects that could benefit from the research platform, e.g. their

feasibility in relation to the proposed EU Framework Directive for protection of the soil resource.

Methods

A questionnaire was established to identify experiments that might qualify for the inventory of

Nordic long-term soil experiments. In the present context LTEs were considered to be experiments

initiated before 1990. Along with an information letter the questionnaire was distributed within each

Nordic country (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark) through national contact persons

plus in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). The structure of the questionnaire was

deliberately kept simple and included entries that could be completed without consulting a large

number of colleagues and without digging deep into experimental details. We requested the

completed questionnaires to be returned before May 2007. In October 2007 a draft inventory was

distributed to researchers who had submitted entries to provide them with the possibility of

checking their entries. Supplementary information concerning climate and experimental designs

was sampled during November 2007-February 2008.

1

http://www.planteinfo.dk/Nordic-LTE

Results

The catalogue includes 38 experimental plans for ongoing LTEs in Norway (NO), Sweden (SE),

Finland (FI), Estonia (EE) and Denmark (DK) (Figure 1). A unique catalogue number consisting of

the country code and a number has been assigned to each experimental plan (Table 1). A familiar

calling name is used for more widely known experiments.

Figure 1 Sites of ongoing long-term experiments initiated before 1990 in the Nordic and Baltic countries. There may be

more experiments located at the same site.

The web-catalogue available at www.planteinfo.dk/Nordic-LTE is a database from which LTEs

may be selected based on included treatments (Mineral fertilizers, Animal manures, Sewage sludge,

Compost, Lime, Crops, Crop residues, Crop rotation and Soil cultivation), existence of plant and

soil archives and country.

Finland Sweden

Norway

Iceland

Denmark

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

65 N

10 E

55 N 20 E

2

http://www.planteinfo.dk/Nordic-LTE

Table 1. Ongoing long-term experiments initiated before 1990 and situated in the Nordic and Baltic

countries. Catalogue

name

Familiar calling

name Full name

DK-1 The Askov Carbon-13 Maize Experiment

DK-2 Askov-LTE The Askov Long-Term Experiments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers

DK-3 Soil tillage and catch crop on sandy soil

DK-4 Vekselvirkningen Effects of liming and P fertilisation

DK-5

Interactions between straw incorporation, catch crop growing and time of tillage

in spring barley

DK-6 System research – organic matter level

DK-7 Miscanthus Hornum

DK-8 Long-term Nutrient Depletion Trial

EE-1 International Organic - Nitrogen – Long - Term – Experiment

FI-1 Kotkanoja leaching field

FI-2 Toholampi leaching field

FI-3 Lintupaju buffer zone field

FI-4 Management of straw

FI-5 Effects of ploughless tillage on physical and chemical properties of soil

NO-1 Reduced tillage on loam soils

NO-2 Møystad Long-term fertilizer experiments at Møystad

NO-3 The Apelsvoll Cropping System Experiment

NO-4 Reduced tillage on clay loam soils

NO-5 Omløpsforsøket Long-term crop rotation field trial

NO-6 Long-term PK fertilization trials

NO-7 Soil tillage autumn and spring

NO-8 ABC-soil compaction

NO-9 Soil tillage systems

NO-10 Catch crop in cereals cropping

SE-Frame Ramförsöket Ultuna soil organic matter experiment

SE-0014 Long-term experiment with sewage sludge

SE-0020/21 Humus balance in cereal and ley rotations

SE-0056 Cropping systems, environmental effects

SE-1001 Kalk-fosfor försök Lime and phosphorus

SE-1002 Lime and organic matter

SE-1037 Lime and soil chemical properties

SE-2037 Bördighetsförsök Soil fertility experiments in north Sweden

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SE-3038 Exploiting P in heavily P dressed soils

SE-9001 Bördighetsförsök Soil fertility experiments

SE-40002 Crop sequences with different cropping strategies

SE-40007 Crop sequences with different cropping strategies (and barley monoculture)

SE-41103 Crop rotations with or without ley

SE-49062 Spring cereals in monoculture

Furthermore the web-catalogue offers maps indicating the experimental sites including climatic

conditions. The climate was recorded manually until establishment of automatic weather stations,

often but not always located nearby the experimental site. The monthly mean temperature and

precipitation (1961-1990 normal) for each experimental site available at the web-catalogue are

obtained from the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Estonian Meteorological and

Hydrological Institute (EMHI), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Norwegian Institute for

Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Norwegian Meteorological Institute (DNMI)

and Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI).

The information in the catalogue has been compiled in the overview report (Petersen et al., 2008).

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge competent and invaluable assistance from Karina Rysholt Christensen, Birgit

Sørensen, Margit Styrbæk Jørgensen, Anne Sehested, and Margit Schacht in the various phases of

adapting the inventory information into web-pages and reports. The work was founded by The

Nordic Council of Ministers, which is acknowledged.

References

Petersen, J., Mattsson, L., Riley, H., Salo, T., Thorvaldsson, G. & Christensen, B.T. (2008) Long

Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform – An overview. Aarhus

University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, DJF-report Plant Science no. 136, 20 pp.

4

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: DK-1

Local name of the experiment 13-C Majsforsøget ved Askov Forsøgsstation English name of the experiment The Askov Carbon-13 Maize Experiment Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Syd/Sydjylland (South Jutland) Name of location (s) Askov Experimental Station, Frames Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

55º 28' N, 09º 07' E, 63 meters above sea level

Soil type(s) (soil class and/or verbal description, e.g. texture and/or geological origin for each location)

Sandy loam soils from Roskilde, Rønhave and Askov, and sand soil from Lundgaard: Clay contents: ROS 14%; RØN 18%; ASK 14%; LUN 6%.

Start of experiment (year) 1988 Expected duration (year) or ND for not yet decided

ND

Size of treated plot (length × width and area)

Circular concrete cylinders (depth 0.5 m, diam. 0.7 m, area 0.38 m²), inserted 45 cm into the ground outdoor

Number of treatment replicates 1 (2 for two of the treatments) - 2-factorial design. Total number of plots 10 (section A) Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) To study the longer-term turnover of carbon in arable soils by

measuring the changes in the natural abundance of 13-C in four typical Danish arable soils under continuous silage maize cropping.

Askov

Main experimental treatments (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words

Mineral fertilisers Animal manures Sewage sludge Compost Lime

Crops Crop residues Crop rotation Soil Cultivation

Other: Soiltype General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words

Cereal Crops Grass Grass/Clover N-fixing crops

Monoculture Crop rotation

Other: Silage maize

Yield: Plant analysis: Soil analysis: Climate:

Annually Annually Annually Manual

By crop rotation By crop rotation By crop rotation Automatic

Systematic recordings (please tick appropriate boxes)

Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Soil sampled from each cylinder every 2-3 years

Sample archive (please tick appropriate boxes)

Plant: Soil:

Yes No Yes No

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Supplementary details, optional (max. 1 page)

The experimental plan include treatments, where extra 0.8 kg DM/m² of above-ground maize biomass is added every year

Key references describing the layout, history and other basic results of the experiment

Kristiansen, S.M., Hansen, E.M., Jensen, L.S. & Christensen, B.T. (2005) Natural 13-C abundance and carbon storage in Danish soils under continuous silage maize. European Journal of Agronomy 22, 107-117.

Examples of references to studies that have drawn on material or data from the experiment or have been embedded in the experiment

Kristiansen, S.M., Brandt, M., Hansen, E.M., Magid, J. & Christensen, B.T. (2004) 13-C signature of CO2 evolved from incubated maize residues and maize-derived sheep faeces. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36, 99-105.

Title, name, full address, www and e-mail of the holder of the experiment and/or contact person

Research professor Bent T. Christensen, University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Departement of Agroecology and Environment, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. [email protected] www.agrsci.org

Supplementary information (optional)

The treatments in section A are four soiltypes and +/- incorporation of straw. In 1996 the experiment was expanded with a section B in which the ASK and LUN soils are amended with additional carbon inputs in the form of maize biomass or maize derived sheep faeces. The treatments in section B are in 3 replicates, providing a total of 2(soils) × 3(treatments) × 3(replicates)= 18 plots, plus 2 reference plots grown with C3-crops

Comments: Frame experiment

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Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: DK-2 Askov LTE

Local name of the experiment De langvarige gødningsforsøg ved Askov Forsøgsstation English name of the experiment The Askov Long-Term Experiments on Animal Manure and

Mineral Fertilizers Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Syd / Sydjylland (South Jutland) Name of location (s) Askov Experimantal Station Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

55º 28' N, 09º 07' E, 63 meters above sea level

Askov


Lermarken: Morainal deposits from the earlier Saalean glacial period. Classified as a Argiudoll. Topsoil: 11% clay, 12% silt, 42% fine sand and 36% coarse sand, pH(CaCl2)=5.6. Underground: 22% clay, 14% silt, 35% fine sand and 30% coarse sand, pH(CaCl2)~4. Sandmarken: A coarse sand soil (4% clay, silt 5%, fine sand 35% and coarse sand 57%)


ND


Lermarken: 7.33×9.40 = 69 m² (B2), 11.68×9.40 =110 m² (B3, B4 and B5) Sandmarken: 7.53×7.30 = 55 m² (G1 and G2), 8.78×6.25 = 55 m² (G3) and 10.03×5.48 = 55 m² (G4)

Number of treatment replicates 1-6 depening on treatment, but typical 2-4. Basicly 1-factorial design, but some treatments may be regarded in the view of a 2-factorial design.

Total number of plots 174 at Lermarken and 96 at Sandmarken Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The experiments were established to test the nutritive value to

crops of farmyard manure and to compare the effect of the manure with that obtained after addition of similar amounts of N, P, and K in mineral fertilizers. Unmanured plots were included to serve as reference treatments. The effect of individual nutrients was studied in separate plots dressed with N, P, and K containing salts added individually or in combinations of two or three.

Main experimental treatments (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key

Mineral fertilisers Crops Animal manures Crop residues Sewage sludge Crop rotation

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words Compost Lime

Soil Cultivation Other: Combinations of mineral fertilizers (NPK, NP, NK, PK as well as single elements)

General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words



Other: The Lermarken is maintained in a four crop course rotation, while the Sandmarken is permanent pasture.





Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Sample archive (please tick appropriate boxes)

Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No


In the early years, emphasis was on crop responses in terms of harvest yields and economic returns, and on demonstrating to farmers and advisors the beneficial effects of nutrient management in crop production. At that time, a general change in agricultural production towards animal husbandry increased the volume of animal manure available on many farms and an increasing number of pigs and cattle required a larger and more reliable production of forage and grain. From this development emerged a need to establish more precisely the value of animal manure given to various crop rotations. At the same time, there was a growing interest in the use of mineral salts (“artificial manures”) as a source of plant nutrients. Scientists had already recognized the potential of mineral fertilizers but the use of mineral fertilizers in crop production was insignificant and many practical issues remained unsolved. One major concern was the consequences for soil fertility when animal manures were completely substituted by inorganic salts. The traditional farmyard manure rich in bedding material contributed to the maintenance of soil organic matter levels. Although it soon became clear that crops grew well following adequate and balanced additions of mineral fertilizers, their longer-term effects on soil fertility remained of great concern. This concern widened the scope of the experiments, and since 1923 soil has been sampled systematically at 4 to 5 years intervals and analysed for chemical properties, including total-C and total-N. Systematic analyses of crops for nutrient content were not introduced until 1949. Adjustments of the experimental layout have been made in accordance with recommendations presented at the Anniversary Workshop. The two major changes concern the B4-field at the Lermarken site and the Sandmarken site. At the Lermarken site,

8


the experimental plan of the B4-field was changed in 1996. One main objective was to allow for a comparison of equivalent amounts of nutrients given either in cattle slurry or in cattle farmyard manure plus liquid manure. In 1997, the Sandmarken site was converted into permanent grassland. The nutrient additions were stopped and the site was sown to grass in March 1997. The grass is cut once or twice each year, the cut grass being left on the plots. Soil samples are taken from each of the previous treatments every 4th year.


Christensen, B. T., Petersen, J., Kjellerup, V. K. & Trentemøller, U. (1994) The Askov Long-Term Experiments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers: 1894-1994. Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science (Statens Planteavlsforsøg), SP-report no. 43, 85pp. Christensen, B.T. & Trentemøller, U.T. (1995) The Askov Lon-Term Experiments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers. 100th Anniversary Workshop at Askov Experimental Station, 8th-10th Septerber 1994. Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science (Statens Plateavlsforsøg), SP-report no. 29, 188pp. Christensen, B.T., Petersen, J. & Trentemøller, U.T. (2006) The Askov Long-Term Experiments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers: The Lermarken site 1894-2004. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Danmarks JordbrugsForskning), DIAS report Plant Production no. 121, 104 pp.


120 references are listed in: Christensen, B.T., Petersen, J. & Trentemøller, U.T. (2006) The Askov Long-Term Experi-ments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers: The Lermarken site 1894-2004. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, DIAS report Plant Production no. 121, 104 pp.


Research professor Bent T. Christensen, University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Departement of Agroecology and Environment, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. [email protected] www.agrsci.org


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Local name of the experiment Jordbearbejdning og efterafgrøde på sandjord English name of the experiment Soil tillage and catch crop on sandy soil Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Syd / Sønderjylland (South Jutland) Name of location (s) Jyndevad Experimental Station Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

54° 54' N, 09° 07' E, 16 meters above sea level


JB1, coarse sand (0-20 cm): clay (< 2μm) 39, silt (2-20μm) 41, fine sand (20-200μm) 122 and coarse sand (200-2000μm) 768 g/kg. Organic matter: 29 g/kg. Ortic Haplohumod. Melt water sand from the Weichselian glacial age.


ND


6.75m x 18.0m = 121.5 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 Total number of plots 72 - 2-factorial partly randomised complete block design

arranged as a strip-plot experiment with four replications. Soil tillage/catch crop are main plots and N rates are sub-plots.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) To evaluate long term effects of different cultivation practices (soil tillage, catch crop and N rate) on yield, N-uptake and nitrate leaching.




Other: Catch crop, N rates General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words



Other:





Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): 4-8 year between sampling. Samples analysed for C, but the soil is lost.


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No

Jyndevad

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Rasmussen, K.J. (1991) Reduceret jordbearbejdning og italiensk rajgræs som efterafgrøde. I. Vækstbetingelser, udbytte, afgrødeanalyser og ukrudt. Tidsskrift. Planteavl 95, 119-138.

Hansen E.M. & Djurhuus, J. (1997) Yield and N uptake as affected by soil tillage and catch crop. Soil & Tillage Research 42, 241-252.


Hansen, E.M. (2000) Nitrate leaching as affected by introduction or discontinuation of cover crop use. Journal of Environmental Quality 29, 1110-1116. (In total approximately 30 references).


Senior scientist Elly Møller Hansen Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Department of Agroecology and Environment Blichers Alle 20 P.O. Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele Denmark [email protected] www.agrsci.org


11

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: DK-4 Vekselvirkningen

Local name of the experiment Vekselvirkning mellem kalk og superfosfat English name of the experiment Effects of liming and P fertilisation Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Syd/Sønderjylland (South Jutland) Name of location (s) Jyndevad Experimentatl Station Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

54º 54' N, 9º 07' E


Weichselian, melt water sand. Coarse sand, JB1 according to Danish classification system

Start of experiment (year) 1942 (lime)/1944 (P) Expected duration (year) or ND for not yet decided

ND


11.25 m × 8 m = 90 m²

Number of treatment replicates 3 replicates in each field, 3 neighboring fields. A 2-factorial split-plot design within each field. Systematic layout of treatments.

Total number of plots 144 (3 fields × 3 replicates × 4 Lime rates × 4 P-rates). Liming rates are main plot and P-rates are sub-plots.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) To investigate the effects and interactions of liming and P fertilisation on crop yields and soil properties




Other: General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words



Other:





Jyndevad

12


Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Yield was recorded yearly the first decade. At this time the experiment had a crop rotation and 4 fields. In 1964 one field was planted with different threes species and taken out of rotation. From 1985 and onwards the three remaining fields have been cropped with spring barley in monoculture (with a few exceptions where one or more of the fields were used for special investigations requiring special crops e.g. fallow, winter barley or lupinus). For several decades there are no recordings of yield. Yield recording for one field was initiated again in the mid 1990'es. Soil have beens sampled every 3-5 years since the 1990 and sporadically before that.


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No


The experiment is interesting due to - Well-established gradients in soil pH, which is detectable to almost 1 meters depth, - Pronounced treatment effects on various soil properties. It is very extreme, acidity of unlimed plots precents growth of the merging barley plants within the first few weeks.


The experiment is not thorougly described in any publications, but try to look at: Dorph-Petersen, K. (1953) The effect of liming on the phosphate status of acid soils. Tidsskrift for Planteavl 56:177-221 (in Danish) Rubæk, G.H., Sinaj, S., Frossard, E., Sibbesen, E. & Borggaard, O.K. (1998) Long-term effects of liming and P fertilisation on P state and P exchange kinetics in an acid, sandy soil. World Congress of Soil Science, Montpellier, France 20-26 August 1998. 7 pages.


Rubæk, G.H. (1999) Soil phosphorus dynamics. Effects of land use, fertilisation and liming. Ph.D. thesis. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Foulum and The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen Rubæk, G., Heckrath, G., & Knudsen, L. (2005) Fosfor i dansk landbrugsjord. Grøn Viden nr. 312, September 2005, Danmarks JordbrugsForskning, Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri. ISSN 1397-985x. (12 sider). Rubæk, G.H., Stoholm, P & Sørensen, P. (2006) Availability of P and K in ash from thermal gasification of animal manure. In: Petersen, SO. (ed.) 12th Ramiran International conference, Technology for recycling of manure and organic residues in a whole-farm perspective. Vol. II. DIAS report no. 123 p. 177-180.

13


Sørnsen, P. & Rubæk, G.H. (2006) Asken skal syrebehandles for at bevare gødningsværdi af P og K . I: Mark. 2006 ; nr. 11, s. 28 Rubæk, G. H., Sørensen, P.& Møller, H.B. 2007. Er fosfor i aske plantetilgængeligt? I: Sammendrag af indlæg fra Plantekongres 2007. s. 320-322 There are several other studies, which has used soils from this experiment, but no records have been made on this.


Senior Scientist Gitte Holton Rubæk, University of Aarhus Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Dept. of Agroecology and Environment P.O. Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark [email protected] www.agrsci.org


The four P-rates are: nill, 16 kg P/ha/yr, 156 kg P/ha at start of the experiment, and 156 kg P/ha at start of the experiment plus 16 kg P/ha/yr. The four liming rates are: 0, 4 (pH 5.9), 8 (pH 6.7)and 12 t lime/ha (pH 7.2). Last liming was in 1998 and the the next in 2007. The low pH in the unlimed plots cause plant die.

14


Local name of the experiment Betydning af pløjetidspunkt i byg dyrket med halmnedmuldning og efterafgrøde

English name of the experiment Interactions between straw incorporation, catch crop growing and time of tillage in spring barley

Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Syd/Sydjylland (South Jutland) Name of location (s) Askov Experimental Station Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

55° 28' N, 09° 06' E, 63 m above sea level


Alfisol (Typic Hapludalf), 11% clay, 16% silt, 69% sand


ND


8.2 × 5 = 42.5 m²

Number of treatment replicates 3 Total number of plots 72 – 3-factorial modified split-strib-plot design. Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Straw incorporation and catch crop growing increase soil organic

matter content and the N mineralization capacity of soil. This experiment investigates the interaction between time of tillage (autumn/spring) and incorporation of straw (four rates) and catch crops (with and without clover). The objective is to optimize the synchronization between N mineralization and crop N demand.




Other: Catch crops General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words



Other:





Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines):

Askov

15



Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No




Thomsen, I.K. (1989). Nedmuldning af stigende mængder halm og efterårsudbringning af gylle til vårbyg. Tidsskrift for Planteavl 93, 331-336. Thomsen, I.K. (1993). Turnover of 15N-straw and NH4NO3 in a sandy loam soil: effects of straw disposal and N fertilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25, 1561-1566. Thomsen, I.K. (1995). Catch crop and animal slurry in spring barley grown with straw incorporation. Acta Agriculturæ Scandinavica 45, 166-170. Thomsen, I.K. & Christensen, B.T. (2004). Yields of wheat and soil carbon and nitrogen contents following long-term incorporation of barley straw and ryegrass catch crops. Soil Use and Management 20, 432-438. Thomsen, I.K. & Pedersen, N.P. (2007). Kløver i rajgræsefterafgrøden har en positiv effekt på vårbyg. Månedsmagasinet MARK maj, p. 25-27.


Senior Scientist Ingrid K. Thomsen University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agroecology and Environment PO Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele Denmark [email protected] www.agrsci.org


Main plots are straw incorporation in rates: 0, 4, 8 or 12 t/ha. Stribes are ploughing time (autumn or spring). Sub-plots are residual crop (none, rye grass or grass/clover).

16


Local name of the experiment Systemforskning - organisk stofniveau English name of the experiment System research - organic matter level Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Sydjylland (South Jutland), Midtjylland (Central Jutland) Name of location (s) Jyndevad, Foulum Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

Jyndevad: 54º 54' N, 9º 08' E Foulum: 56º 30' N, 9º 34' E


Jyndevad: coarse sand, orthic haplohumod, 4.5% clay Foulum: coarse sandy loam, typic hapludult, 8.2% clay


ND


Foulum: 12 × 20 = 240 m² Jyndevad: 24 × 30 = 720 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 Total number of plots 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The objective was to study the long term effects of varying

organic matter inputs on crop yields, nutrient cycling and soil functioning for a versatile crop rotation







Other:






Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No

Jyndevad

Foulum

17



A four coarse crop rotation was used at both sites. All four crops were present every year and the organic matter treatments (in four blocks) were nested within each crop rotation. The crop rotation at Jyndevad was 1. potatoes 2. winter rye with catch crop 3. spring barley with catch crop from 1988 to 1992, changed to spring oats with catch crop from 1993 4. Spring barley with catch crop The crop rotation at Foulum was 1. Spring barley with catch crop 2. Spring barley with catch crop 3. Spring oilseed rape or peas (alternating) 4. Winter wheat with catch crop Four different organic matter treatments were nested in a randomised block design within each of the four crops. The organic matter treatments at Foulum were: 1. No organic matter input, straw removed, mineral fertiliser 2. Manure (pig slurry), straw removed 3. Manure (pig slurry), straw incorporated 4. Manure (pig slurry), straw incorporated, catch crops The organic matter treatments at Jyndevad in the period until 2000 were: 1. No organic matter input, straw removed, mineral fertiliser 2/3. Straw incorporated, catch crop, mineral fertiliser 4. Straw incorporated, catch crop, manure (pig slurry) The organic matter treatments at Jyndevad in the period from 2001 were: 1. No organic matter input, straw removed, mineral fertiliser 2. Straw incorporated, mineral fertiliser 3. Straw incorporated, catch crop, mineral fertiliser 4. Straw incorporated, catch crop, manure (pig slurry) The catch crops were either ryegrass, or a mixture of grasses, legumes and crucifers.


Mikkelsen, G. (1998) Mixed farming, consequence for soil fertility. In van Keulen, H., Lantinga, E.A. & van Laar, H.H. (eds). Mixed farming systems in Europe. Workshop Proceedings Dronten, Netherlands, 25-28 May 1998. APMinderhoudhoeve nr. 2., p. 147-150.

18



Thomsen, I.K. & Sørensen, P. (2006) Tillage-induced N mineralization and N uptake in winter wheat on a coarse sandy loam. Soil & Tillage Research 89, 58-69.


Research professor, Jørgen E. Olesen University of Aarhus Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Deptartment of Agroecology and Environment P.O. Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele Denmark. [email protected] www.agrsci.dk


19


Local name of the experiment Elefantgræs Hornum English name of the experiment Miscanthus Hornum Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Nord/Himmerland (North Jutland) Name of location (s) The formerly Hornum Experimental Station Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

56º 50' N, 09º 26' E

Soil type(s) * (soil class and/or verbal description, e.g. texture and/or geological origin for each location)

Typic Haplumbrept, coarse loamy, mixed, mesic (USDA).

Hornum

5, 8, 48 and 36% Clay, silt, fine sand and coarse sand, respectively.


ND


App. 22 × 6 m = 132 m²

Number of treatment replicates 3 - 1-factorial design. Total number of plots 18 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The experiment was initiated with the objective of investigating

effects of planting distance, nitrogen fertilisation and establishment practice. The fertilisation treatment is no longer applied and the fields are not harvested. Current objective is to analyse long term effects on soil carbon, crop longevity and nitrate leaching after crop removal, if funding will be available.




Other: Row distance General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words



Other:





Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Yield and climate was recorded annually until app. 2000

20



Plant:

Soil: Yes No Yes No



Hansen E.M., Christensen B.T., Jensen L.S. & Keistensen K. (2004) Carbon sequestration in soil beneath long-term Miscanthus plantations as determined by 13C abundance. Biomass and Bioenergy. 26, 97-105. Jørgensen, U. (1997) Miscanthus yields in Denmark. Proceedings of the 9th European Bioenergy Conference (Chartier, P., Ferrero, G.L., Henius, U.M., Hultber, S., Sachau, J. & Wiinblad, M. eds.) 48-53



Senior Scientist Uffe Jørgensen University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agroecology and Environment PO Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele Denmark [email protected] www.agrsci.org


21


Local name of the experiment Udpiningsmarken English name of the experiment Long-term Nutrient Depletion Trial Country Denmark County (-ies) København Name of location (s) Taastrup Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location*

55º 40' N, 12° 17' E


Sandy clay loam. Clay 15%, Silt 18%, Sand 65%; Total C=1.15%; Total N=0.13%, C/N=9, soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2)=5.6; Cation Exchange Capacity, CEC=8.4 cmolc./kg soil at pH 7.


ND


18 × 100 m = 1800 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 Total number of plots 28 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The overall objectives of the experiment is to study how soil

biology, physics and chemistry as well as crop performance behaves when an arable soil depleted in P and K applications for 30 years, receives N, P and/or K applications in fertilizer or animal manure. Specific objectives are: 1) soil ability to supply crops with N, P and K, 2) crop uptake of N, P and K and physiological response and yield for different crop species and cultivars, 3) losses of N, P and K to the environment.







Other:

Tåstrup

22







Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No


From 1964 to 1995, the field received N in fertilizer, both no P or K and was cultivated mainly with cereals. In 1996 a new experimental design was applied in part of the field, with two more varied crop rotations and seven (A-G) nutrient application treatments: Nutrient applications, in kg/ha/year and type Treat N P K S Type A 0 0 0 0 B 60 0 60 25 Fertilizer C 60 10 0 25 Fertilizer D 60 10 60 25 Fertilizer E 120 20 120 50 Fertilizer F 75 10 75 Animal slurry (60 NH4-N) G 150 20 150 Animal slurry (120 NH4-N)


Gahoonia, T. S. & Nielsen, N. E. (2004) Barley genotypes with long root hairs sustain high grain yields in low-P field. Plant and Soil 262, 55-62.


Gahoonia, T. S. & Nielsen, N. E. (2004) Barley genotypes with long root hairs sustain high grain yields in low-P field. Plant and Soil 262, 55-62.


Professor Lars Stoumann Jensen, Plant and Soil Science group, Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark [email protected] www.ijv.life.ku.dk


23

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: EE-1

Local name of the experiment Die Internationale Organische Stickstoff Dauerdüngungs Versuchsreihe (IOSDV)

English name of the experiment International Organic - Nitrogen - Long - Term - Experiment Country Estonia County (-ies) Tartu Name of location (s) Eerika Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

58˚ 22' N, 26˚ 40' E, 55 m above sea level

Eerika


Fragi-Stagnic Albeluvisol (WRB), sandy loam


ND


5 × 10 = 50 m²

Number of treatment replicates 3 Total number of plots 3 × 45 = 135 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The effect and co-effect of different organic fertilisers and

different rates of mineral nitrogen fertiliser on field crops and environment in long term field experiment.


Mineral fertilisers Crops Animal manures Crop residues Sewage sludge Crop rotation Compost Soil Cultivation Lime Other: Cereal straw


Cereal Crops Monoculture Grass Crop rotation

Other: Grass/Clover N-fixing crops






Plant: Soil:

Yes No Yes No


The same experiment (IOSDV) design is applied in 22 experimental stations in EU states, which we have cooperation (net-work). The homepage is http://www.igzev.de/IOSDV/

24

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: EE-1

A key reference describing the layout, history and other basic results of the experiment

Kuldkepp, P., Liiva, I. & Teesalu, T. (1995) Zum Einfluss organischer Düngung, verschiedener Stickstoff-düngungsstuffen und Witterungfaktoren auf den Ertrag von Kartoffel, Sommerweizen und Sommergerste. Mitteilungen der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bodenfruchtbarkeit der IBG.- Tartu, p. 28-39.

Limberg, P., Kuldkepp, P. & Teesalu, T. (1995) Die Klima- und Witterungsfaktoren im Vergleich von Berlin und Tartu/Estland und deren Wirkung ouf Entwicklung und Ertragsbildung von Weizen. Mitteilungen der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bodenfruchtbarkeit der IBG.- Tartu, p. 40-51. Kuldkepp, P., Murdam, L. & Suitso, A. (1995) Zum Einflub der organischen und Sticstoffdünger in der IOSDV-Fruchtfolge (Tartu) auf die biologische Aktivität der Fahlerde. Mitteilungen der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bodenfruchtbarkeit der IBG.- Tartu, p. 59-67. Kuldkepp, P. (1997) Wirkung und Wechselwirkung unterschielicher mineralischer und organischer N-Düngung auf Ertrag und Bodeneigenschaften im IOSDV Tartu (Estland) nach 6 Jahren. Arch. Acker-Pfl.Boden. 42, 21-32.


Erekul, O., Ellmer, F., Köhn, W., Kuldkepp, P. & Teesalu, T. (1999) Einfluss der organischen und mineralischen Stickstoffdüngung auf Ertrag und Brauqualität von Sommergerste.- Standortverglaich Berlin (Deutschland) - Tartu (Estland). Arch. Acker- Pfl. Boden. 44, 579-596.

Raave, H., Kuldkepp, P., Leedu, E. & Merivee, A. (2004) Recultivation substance and composts produced from semi-coke: The effect on soil characteristics, the yield of field crops and the environment. Oil Shale, 21, 59-73. Szajdak, L., Kuldkepp, P., Leedu, E., Teesalu, T., Toomsoo, A. & Kõlli, R. (2006) Effect of different management on biochemical properties of organic matter in Fragi-Stagnic Albeluvisols. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 52, 127-137. Teesalu, T., Kuldkepp, P., Toomsoo, A. & Laidvee, T. (2006) Content of organic carbon and total nitrogen in Stagnic Albeluvisols depending on fertilization. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Sciennce 52, 193-200.

25

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: EE-1 Title, name, full address, www and e-mail of the holder of the experiment and/or contact person

Prof. emeritus Paul Kuldkepp, University of Life Science, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Agrochemistry Kreutzwaldi 64 Tartu 51014 [email protected]


26

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: FI-1

Local name of the experiment Kotkanojan huuhtoutumiskenttä English name of the experiment Kotkanoja leaching field Country Finland County (-ies) Name of location (s) Jokioinen Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

60º 49' N, 23º 30' E, 85 m above sea level


Silty or heavy clay in the plough layer, heavy clay in the subsoil, Vertic Cambisol (FAO) and a very fine Typic Cryaquept (USDA)


ND


According to the surface runoff collection: 33 × 140 = 4620 m²

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 4 plots for surface runoff collection

Each runoff plot was divided into 4 subplots (33 × 33 m) for collection drainage in the start of the experimental period.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Measurement of drainage and surface runoff from different management practises

Jokioinen







Other:



Annually By crop rotation Annually By crop rotation Annually By crop rotation Manual Automatic

27


Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): automatic sampling of drainage and surface runoff volume, nutrient concentrations of runoff water is sampled according to the runoff volume


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Turtola, E. (1999) Phosphorus in surface runoff and drainage water affected by cultivation practices [Diss., University of Helsinki]. 108 p . Diss.: University of Helsinki, 1999.


Knisel, W.G. & Turtola, E. (2000) Gleams model application on a heavy clay soil in Finland. Agricultural water management 43, 285-309. Salo, T. & Turtola, E. (2006) Nitrogen balance as an indicator of nitrogen leaching in Finland. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 113, 98-107.


Dr. Eila Turtola, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant production research, E-house, SF-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. [email protected] www.mtt.fi


Code in field plan Treatment and year of establishment A1-A4 grassland 1980 cereals 1984 bare fallow 1987 cereals+ploughing 1990 A5-A8 cereals 1980 bare fallow 1987 cereals+ploughing 1990 reduced tillage 1993 A9-A12 grassland 1980 cereals 1983 green fallow 1987 cereals+ploughing 1990 A13-A16 cereals 1980 green fallow 1987 cereals+ploughing 1990 reduced tillage 1993

Comments: This experiment was established in 1980 and a similar experiment was established in 1992 at Toholampi (see catalogue number FI-2).

28


Local name of the experiment Toholammin huuhtoututumiskenttä English name of the experiment Toholampi leaching field Country Finland County (-ies) Name of location (s) Toholampi Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location



Fine sand in the plough layer and in the subsoil, Gleyic Podzol (FAO) and Aquic Haplocryod (USDA)


ND


16 × 100 = 1600 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 Total number of plots 16 plots for surface and drainage runoff collection. Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Measurement of drainage and surface runoff from different

management practises Main experimental treatments (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words






Other:





Toholampi

29


Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): automatic sampling of drainage and surface runoff volume, nutrient concentrations of runoff water are sampled according to the runoff volume


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Turtola, E. 1999. Phosphorus in surface runoff and drainage water affected by cultivation practices [Diss., University of Helsinki]. 108 p . Diss.: University of Helsinki, 1999.


Turtola, E. & Kemppainen, E. (1998) Nitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff and drainage water after application of slurry and mineral fertilizer to perennial grass ley. Agricultural and food science in Finland 7, 569-581. Salo, T. & Turtola, E. (2006) Nitrogen balance as an indicator of nitrogen leaching in Finland. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 113, 98-107. Syväsalo, E., Regina, K., Turtola, E., Lemola, R. & Esala, M. (2006) Fluxes of nitrous oxide and methane, and nitrogen leaching from organically and conventionally cultivated sandy soil in western Finland. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 113, 342-348.


Dr. Eila Turtola, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant production research, E-house, SF-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. [email protected] www.mtt.fi


During 1992-96 the four treatments was: unfertilized (A1) and slurry + NPK (A2-A4), during 1997-2000 N-fixation (A1), N-fixation + cow manure (A2), manure + NPK (A3) and N-fixation + fur manure (A4), and from 2001 slurry + N-fixation (A1-A2), slurry + NPK (A3) and NPK (A4).

Comments: This experiment was established in 1992 and thus not qualified as a long-term experiment, but included as the design more or less match to catalogue number FI-1.

30


Local name of the experiment Lintupajun suojakaistakenttä English name of the experiment Lintupaju buffer zone field Country Finland County (-ies) Name of location (s) Jokioinen Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

60º 48' N, 23º 28' E


Clay soil in plough layer, (very) fine, mixed Typic Cryaquepts/Vertic Cambisol with a clay content of over 50% (Soil Survey Staff, 1996)

Start of experiment (year) 1989 (buffer strips in 1991) Expected duration (year) or ND for not yet decided

ND


Total plot: 18 × 70 = 1260 m², cultivated plot 18m × 60m and buffer strip 18m × 10m

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 6 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The effect of buffer strips on nutrients in surface runoff. Plot

management has included cereals (1991-2002), grazing of the field and two NBZ areas (2003-2005) and direct sowing since 2006.




Other: buffer zones General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words



Other: conventional/direct sowing





Jokioinen

31


Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): automatic sampling of surface runoff volume, nutrient concentrations of runoff water are sampled according to the runoff volume


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Uusi-Kämppä, J. & Yläranta, T. (1996) Effect of buffer strip on controlling erosion and nutrient losses in Southern Finland. In: Mulamoottil, G., Warner, B.G. & McBean, E.A. (Eds.). Wetlands: environmental gradients, boundaries and buffers. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Lewis Publishers. p. 221-235. Uusi-Kämppä, J. (2005) Phosphorus purification in buffer zones in cold climates. In: U.Mander, V. Kuusemets and Y.Hayakawa (eds.). Riparian buffer zones in agricultural watersheds. Ecological Engineering 24, 491-502.


Pietola, L., Rasa, K., Räty, M., Uusi-Kämppä, J., Yli-Halla, M., Horn, R. & Tippkötter, R. (2006) Management-induced changes of soil physical properties in vegetated buffer zones. In: Eds. Rainer Horn, Heiner Fleige, Stephan Peth and Xinhau Peng. Soil Management for Sustainability. Advances in geoecology 38, 301-307. Uusi-Kämppä, J. (2006) Nutrient retention of vegetated buffer strips on a cropped field and a pasture. In: Toomas Tamm and Liisa Pietola (eds.). NJF seminar 373 : transport and retention of pollutants from different production systems, Tartu, Estonia, 11-14 June 2006. NJF Report 2, 135-139. http://composit.dimea.se/filebank/files/20060621$193602$fil$3E0m9 8LDFtlY2BcQ1ePp.pdf Uusi-Kämppä, J. (2006) Vegetated buffer zones for agricultural non-point source pollution control. In: Eds. Rainer Horn, Heiner Fleige, Stephan Peth and Xinhau Peng. Soil Management for Sustainability. Advances in geoecology 38, 337-343. Uusi-Kämppä, J., Braskerud, B., Jansson, H., Syversen, N. & Uusitalo, R. (2000) Buffer zones and constructed wetlands as filters for agricultural phosphorus. Journal of environmental quality 29, 151-158. Over 20 references in English and over 30 in Finnish


Jaana Uusi-Kämppä, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant production research, E-house, SF-31600 Jokioinen,

32


Finland. [email protected] www.mtt.fi


The field area (60 m × 18 m) and the treatments are 1) 10-m wide annually cut grass buffer zones (GBZ) sown with timothy and meadow fescue; 2) 10 m-wide uncut vegetated buffer zones (VBZ) growing Finnish scrubs and wild flowers; 3) no vegetated buffer strips (NBZ) the whole plot area, 70 m × 18 m, is cultivated without a buffer zone. The buffer zones (10 m × 18 m) were established in 1991.

33


Local name of the experiment Oljen polttamiskoe English name of the experiment Management of straw Country Finland County (-ies) Name of location (s) Jokioinen Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location


Soil type(s) * (soil class and/or verbal description, e.g. texture and/or geological origin for each location)

Sandy clay in the plough layer, organic C content 2.75%


ND


4.0 × 15.0 = 60.0 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 Total number of plots 24, in a split-plot design. Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Measurement of soil properties after continuos burning or

collection of straw compared to ploughing or stubble cultivation of straw.







Other:






Jokioinen

34



Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Saarikko, R. (1991) Olkien ja syysmuokkauksen vaikutus maan typpitalouteen ja lannoitetypen käyttökelpoisuuteen kasville. Pro-gradu 31.8.1991.


Esala, M., Palojärvi, A. & Kokkonen, A. (2002) Olkien käsittelyn ja syysmuokkauksen vaikutus 15N-merkityn typen ja hiilen kiertoon maassa. In: Liisa Pietola ja Martti Esala (toim.). Maa, josta elämme II Maaperätieteiden päivien laajennetut abstraktit. Pro Terra 15, 60-62.


Merja Myllys, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant production research, E-house, SF-31600 Jokioinen, Finland, [email protected] www.mtt.fi


Code in field plan and treatment A1 Straw incorporated into the soil A2 Straw collected from the field A3 Straw burned B1 Autumn ploughing (20-23 cm depth) B2 Stubble cultivation (approx. 15 cm depth) All treatments were established in 1983.

35


Local name of the experiment Auraton viljely English name of the experiment Effects of ploughless tillage on physical and chemical properties

of soil Country Finland County (-ies) Name of location (s) Jokioinen Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location



Silty clay in the plough layer, organic C content 2.5%


ND


4.0 × 15.0 =60.0 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 Total number of plots 48, in a split-plot design. Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Measurement of soil properties and yield after autumn

ploughing, autumn cultivation or spring cultivation as main plots. As subplot treatment straw is removed or not.







Other:





Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Sample archive (please tick Plant: Yes No

Jokioinen

36


appropriate boxes) Soil: Yes No Supplementary details, optional (max. 1 page)


Pitkänen, J. (1988) Aurattoman viljelyn vaikutukset maan fysikaalisiin ominaisuuksiin ja maan viljavuuteen. Maatalouden tutkimuskeskus. Tiedote 21/88, 62-162.

Pitkänen, J. (1994) A long-term comparison of ploughing and shallow tillage on the yield of spring cereals in Finland. In: Proceedings of the 13th Conference of International Soil Tillage Research Organization. p. 709-715.


Pitkänen, J. (1998) Earthworms and soil macroporosity under conventional and reduced tillage. In: Trond Borresen (ed.). Proceedings of NJF seminar no. 286 : Soil tillage and biology; Agricultural University of Norway, Ås, Norway 08.-10.06.1998. NJF-Utredning. Rapport 124, 73-79.

Vanhala, P. & Pitkänen, J. (1998) Long-term effects of primary tillage on above-ground weed flora and on the weed seedbank. Aspects of Applied Biology 51, 99-104.

Pitkänen, J. (1994) A long-term comparison of ploughing and shallow tillage on the yield of spring cereals in Finland. In: Proceedings of the 13th Conference of International Soil Tillage Research Organization. p. 709-715.

Pitkänen, J. & Nuutinen, V. (1997) Distribution and abundance of burrows formed by Lumbricus terrestris L. and Aporrectodea caliginosa Sav. in the soil profile. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29, 463-467.

Nuutinen, V. (1992) Earthworm community response to tillage and residue management on different soil types in southern Finland. Soil & Tillage Research 23, 221-239.


Visa Nuutinen, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant production research, E-house, SF-31600 Jokioinen, Finland [email protected] www.mtt.fi


The sib-plot treatments (B1 and B2) have varied during the experimental period: incorporation or harvesting of straw, spring tillage by s-tine or rotarory tiller and recently cultivation of spring wheat or barley. Main plot treatments A1 Autumn ploughing (20-23 cm depth) A2 Stubble cultivation in autumn A3 Stubble cultivation in spring

37

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: NO-1

Local name of the experiment Redusert jordarbeiding på morenejord English name of the experiment Reduced tillage on loam soils Country Norway County (-ies) Hedmark Name of location (s) Bioforsk Øst, Kise på Nes Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

60° 46' N, 10° 49' E, 130-140 metres above sea level


Imperfectly drained loam soil (Gleyed melanic brunisol, Canada Soil Survey) derived from morainic till, containing 10-20% clay, 40-45% silt and 40-45% sand. The soils have medium-high organic matter content (4.5–6%) in the topsoil. Stone and gravel contents are high, and the subsoil is usually compact, with bulk densities reaching 1.8-1.9 Mg m-3 at 0.8 m depth

Start of experiment (year) 1977 (K1 trial) 1980 (K2-K5 trials) Expected duration (year) or ND for not yet decided

ND The trial K2 was discountinued in 2003


Varies between trials: 50×10=500m², 38×12=456m², 54×12,6=680m², 200×35=7000m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 per trial in three small plot trials (K1, K3 and K4), 2 in the large-scale trial (K5)

Total number of plots 8 main treatment plots per trial (up to 96 subplots per trial) Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The overall objective has been to study the long-term effects of

reduced tillage (normally shallow tillage by harrowing in spring only) with conventional tillage (autumn ploughing followed by levelling and harrowing in spring) on yield levels and stability (mainly cereals, also potatoes) and soil structure development.







Other:

Kise på Nes

38






Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Some crop analyses (eg grain protein) are performed on selected crops. Soil analyses (bulk density, pore size distribution etc are done infrequent intervals)


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No


Unless otherwise stated there is no stubble cultivation and all treatments are harrowed to 10 cm in spring. Ohter information is obtainable from the paper of Riley (2006).


Riley, H. (2006) Recent yield results and trends over time with conservation tillage on morainic loam soil in southeast Norway. Acta Agric. Scand. section B, Soil & Plant Science 56, 117-128


Riley, H. (1998) Effects of Depth and Time of Ploughing on Yields of Spring Cereals and Potatoes and on Soil Properties of a Morainic Loam Soil. Acta Agriculturæ Scandinavica, Section B. Soil and Plant Science 48, 193-200. Riley, H. (1998) Soil mineral-N and N-fertilizer requirements of spring cereals in two long-term tillage trials on loam soil in south-east Norway. Soil & Tillage Research 48(4), 265-274.


Seniorforsker Hugh Riley Bioforsk Øst, Kisevegen 337, N-2350 Nes på Hedmark, Norway [email protected] www.bioforsk.no


Abstract from most recent publication: Results for 1998-2004 are reported from four long-term (25-28 years) tillage trials, comparing conventional autumn ploughing with reduced tillage, normally spring harrowing only. Plant residues were retained during the period studied. Results with reduced tillage were mostly similar to those seen in earlier trial periods. In Trial 1, mean grain yield was 95% with spring harrowing only versus autumn ploughing, 96% when harrowing in autumn was performed as well and 97% when the soil was ploughed every third year. In Trial 2 positive crop rotation effects were found both with and without ploughing, and reduced tillage gave 5% lower grain yield in this trial also. In Trial 3, tillage system did not affect yields of cereals grown in rotation with potatoes, but reduced tillage gave 12% lower potato yield than ploughing. Little difference in response to N fertilizer was found. In Trial 4, reduced tillage on large-scale (0.7 ha) plots

39


gave 11% lower grain yields than annual ploughing, partly due to shallow sowing depth. No long-term trend in the yield responses to tillage was discernible in any trial, and between-year variability was similar with both ploughing and reduced tillage. Percentage yields with reduced tillage relative to annual ploughing correlated positively with rainfall in May and with mean air temperature in August. It is concluded that the reduced tillage systems studied are sustainable in terms of productivity, relative to labour, machinery and energy inputs. Likely benefits of such systems include higher levels of organic matter and aggregate stability in surface soil horizons, but a disadvantage is the need for frequent herbicide use to control perennial weeds.

The experimental design was: K1, K3 and K4: Randomized split-plot block design in 4 replicates. K5: Randomized block design in 2 replicates. Trial K1: Main-plot treatments: No stubble cultivation vs. Shallow stubble cultivation (8 cm) (24 x 16 m) Split-plot treatments: No autumn ploughing versus autumn ploughing at 25 cm depth (12 x 16 m) Trial K3: Main-plot treatments: No autumn ploughing versus autumn ploughing at 25 cm depth (24 x 13 m) Split-plot treatments: Various (fertilizer, fungicide etc). At present fungicide use against snow mould in winter wheat is being investigated (12 x 13 m). Trial K4: Main-plot treatments: No autumn ploughing versus autumn ploughing at 25 cm depth (50 x 10 m) Split-plot treatments: Various (fertilizer, rotation etc). At present shallow stubble cultivation (8 cm) is being investigated in monocultures of spring oats and spring wheat (12,5 x 10 m) Trial K5: Main-plot treatments: No autumn ploughing versus autumn ploughing at 25 cm depth (200 x 35 m) This is a large-scale trial with only two true replicates. Harvesting is performed on five randomly distributed subplots (15 m² ) per main plot. There are no split-plot treatments in this trial.

40

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: NO-2 Møystad

Local name of the experiment De langvarige gjødslingsforsøkene på Møystad English name of the experiment Long-term fertilizer experiments at Møystad Country Norway County (-ies) Hedmark Name of location (s) Møystad, near Hamar Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

60° 47' N, 11° 11' E, 200 metres above sea level

Møystad


Moderately well-drained brown earth (Eutri Endostagnic Cambisol, USDA Soil Survey, Melanic Brunisol (Canada Soil Survey) developed on local morainic material. Topsoil texture: 52% sand, 34% silt, 14% clay (+ 16% gravel). Ca 4% SOM


ND


7.7 × 3.9 = 30 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 (8 of unfertilized control and some other treatments) Total number of plots 72 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Are animal manure and mineral fertilizer equal in the long term

with respect to yield, soil structure, economic yield, nutrition value for domestic animals and humans?


Mineral fertilisers Crops Animal manures Crop residues Sewage sludge Crop rotation Compost Soil Cultivation Lime Other:


Cereal Crops Monoculture Grass Crop rotation Grass/Clover Other: Potato every 7th year N-fixing crops





Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Soil samplings at irregular intervals, on average at about 10 year intervals


Plant: Soil:

Yes No Yes No

41



Soil samples exist from 1963 and some later samplings


Riley, H. (2007) Long-term fertilizer trials on loam soil at Møystad, SE Norway: Crop yields, nutrient balances and soil chemical analyses from 1983 to 2003. Acta Agric. Scand. Section B - Soil and Plant Science. Accepted for publication May 2006 (only available online at present).


Some studies performed with soil from Møystad in recent years: Jeng, A.S. & Singh, B.R. (1995) Cadmium status of soils and plants from a long-term fertility experiment in southeast Norway. Plant and Soil 175, 67-74.

Singh, B.R., Børresen, T., Uhlen, G. & Ekeberg, E. (1997) Long-term effects of crop rotation, cultivation practices and fertilizers on carbon sequestration in soils in Norway. Management of carbon sequestration in soil. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 195-208. Joner, E.J. (2000) The effect of long-term fertilization with organic or inorganic fertilizers on mycorrhiza-mediated P uptake in subterranean clover. Biology & Fertility of Soils 32, 435-40. Kristoffersen, A.Ø. & Riley, H. (2005) Effects of soil compaction and moisture regime on the root and shoot growth and P uptake of barley plants growing on soils with varying P status. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 72, 135-146. Kristoffersen, A.Ø., Riley, H. & Sogn, T. (2005) Effects of P fertilizer placement and temperature on root hair formation, shoot growth and P content of barley plants growing on soils with varying P status. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 73, 147-159. Yang, Z., Singh, B.R., Hansen, S., Hu, Z. & Riley, H. (2006) Aggregate Associated Sulfur Fractions in Long-term (>80 years) Fertilized Soils. J Soil Sci Soc Am 71, 163-170.


Seniorforsker Hugh Riley, Bioforsk Øst, Kisevegen 337, N-2350 Nes på Hedmark, Norway [email protected] www.bioforsk.no

42



Abstract of key reference article: Factorial combinations of N, P and K fertilizer have been compared with the use of farmyard manure at Møystad since 1922 in a seven-year crop rotation (3 ley, oat, potato, wheat, barley). Until 1982, low inputs of N fertilizer (22 kg ha-1) were used. In 1983, they were brought into line with current farming practice. This paper presents results of three subsequent rotations. Yields without any fertilizer were on average 48% of those with 100 kg N ha-1 in compound fertilizer, whilst those with 20, 40 and 60 Mg ha-1 farmyard manure were 81, 87 and 90%, respectively. Yields with other combinations of N, P and K declined in the order NP, NK, N, PK and K. When NPK fertilizer was used, apparent recoveries of applied fertilizer were close to 50% for N and K, and around 40% for P. Much lower values were found for nutrients applied singly. Balance between N supply and removal was indicated at rates of about 60 kg N fertilizer ha-1 in potatoes, 75 kg ha-1 in cereals and 90 kg ha-1 in leys. A surplus of P was found in all crops at all N levels, and of K in cereals and potatoes. In leys, K balance was achieved with an N supply of 90 kg N ha-1. Nutrient balance was indicated at a little below 20 Mg ha-1 yr-1 farmyard manure. Larger manure applications gave large nutrient surpluses, particularly of N. Soil reaction remained close to neutral with the use of calcium nitrate and manure, but declined with the use of ammonium nitrate. Manure use gave the highest amounts of available P, K and Mg in soil. Similar increases in total inorganic P were found with manure use as with fertilizer use, but amounts of organic P and total K were little affected.

Two trials (E and F) adjacent to each other are laid out as randomised block trials with 4 replicates in each. Treatments are applied to plots of 30 m², of which the central area (ca. 10 m²) is harvested. Tillage is kept to a minimum. No ploughing has been performed since before 1990 at this site.

43


Details of fertilizer and manure treatments in the periods 1922-1982 and 1983-2003. Amounts of nutrients applied are shown as kg ha-1 (Riley, 2007). Treatments until 1982: Treatments 1983-2003:

Code Description N P K Description N P K

E1 Replacement NPK 114 22 108 Standard NPK (med. N) 100 25 120

E2 Low rate NPK 22 15 30 Compound NPK* 100 44 115

E3 PK fertilizer only - 15 30 PK fertilizer only - 25 120

E4 NP fertilizer only 22 15 - NP fertilizer only 100 25 -

E5 NK fertilizer only 22 - 30 NK fertilizer only 100 - 120

E6 Manure (2 in 7 years) 55 19 62 Manure (low rate) 80 20 70

E7 Manure + P (2 in 7 years) 55 26 62 Manure (medium rate) 160 40 140

E8 No fertilizer at all - - - No fertilizer at all - - -

F1 No fertilizer at all - - - No fertilizer at all - - -

F2 Manure (2 in 7 years) 64 22 72 Manure (low rate) 80 20 70

F3 Manure (4 in 7 years) 64 22 72 Manure (medium rate) 160 40 140

F4 Manure + PK (4 in 7 years) 64 29 87 Manure (high rate) 240 60 210

F5 NPK (4 in 7 years only) 22 15 30 Standard NPK (low N) 50 25 120

F6 Low rate NPK 22 15 30 Standard NPK (med. N) 100 25 120

F7 P fertilizer only - 15 - P fertilizer only - 25 -

F8 K fertilizer only - - 30 K fertilizer only - - 120

F9 N fertilizer only 22 - - N fertilizer only 100 - -

F10 Double rate NPK 43 30 61 Standard NPK (high N) 150 25 120

* Fertilizer changed after 1992 to compound with higher P & K content (see text)

NPK in manure treatments after 1982 are based on analyses over the last 10 years No manure has been applied from 2004-2007, as residual responses have been studied in this period

44


Local name of the experiment Dyrkingssystemforsøket på Apelsvoll English name of the experiment The Apelsvoll Cropping System Experiment Country Norway County (-ies) Oppland Name of location (s) Kapp Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location



The major soil group of the experimental area is imperfectly drained brown earth (Oxiaquic Cryoboroll, USDA; Gleyed melanic brunisoils, Canada Soil Survey) with dominantly loam and silty sand textures.

Start of experiment (year) Established in 1988/1989 with the first harvest year in 1990. Expected duration (year) or ND for not yet decided

ND


Block: 30 × 60 = 1800 m², rotation plot: 15 × 30 =450 m²

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 12 blocks, each consisting of 4 rotation plots = 48 rotation plots Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Comparing and developing cropping systems with regard to

environmental impact, productivity, yield quality and economy

Kapp




Other: Cropping system General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words



Other:




45


Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Soil analyses: irregularly every 4-8 years


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Eltun, R. (1994) The Apelsvoll cropping system experiment. I. Background, objectives and methods. Norw. J. Agr. Sci. 8, 301-315. Riley, H. & Eltun, R. (1994) The Apelsvoll cropping system experiment. II. Soil characteristics. Norw. J. Agr. Sci. 8, 317-333. Korsæth, A., Eltun, R. & Nordheim, O. (2001) Forandring av forsøksplanen for dyrkingssystemene på Apelsvoll. S 316-323 i Abrahamsen, U. (red.) Jord- og plantekultur 2001. Grønn Forskning 1/2001.


Riley, H., Eltun, R. & Korsaeth, A. (2006) Changes in soil structure between 1988 and 2003 in a comparison of cropping systems in southeast Norway. Proc. Int. Soil Tillage Res. Org., 17th Triennal Conference, 28.08-01.09.06, Kiel, Germany. Andersen, A. & Eltun, R. (2000) Long-term developments in the carabid and staphylinid (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) fauna during conversion from conventional to biological farming. J Appl. Entomol. 124, 51-56. Breland, T.A. & Eltun, R. (1999) Soil microbial biomass and mineralization of carbon and nitrogen in ecological, integrated and conventional forage and arable cropping systems. Biol. Fert. Soils 30, 193-201. Eltun, R. (1995) Comparisons of nitrogen leaching in ecological and conventional cropping systems. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 11, 103-114. Eltun, R. (1996a) The Apelsvoll cropping system experiment. III. Yield and grain quality of cereals. Norw. J. Agric. Sci. 10, 7-22. Eltun, R. (1996b) The Apelsvoll cropping system experiment. IV. Yield and quality of potatoes, forage crops and entire cropping systems. Norw. J. Agric. Sci. 10, 23-42. Eltun, R. & Fugleberg, O. (1996) The Apelsvoll cropping system experiment VI. Runoff and nitrogen losses. Norw. J. Agric. Sci. 10, 229-248.

46


Eltun, R., Korsaeth, A. & Nordheim, O. (2002) A comparison of environmental, soil fertility, yield, and economical effects in six cropping systems based on an 8-year experiment in Norway. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 90, 155-168. Korsæth, A. & Eltun, R. (1996) Tap av plantevernmidler i perioden 1990-1995 fra dyrkingssystemprosjektet på Apelsvoll, Jord- og Plantekultur 1996 (1), 250-252. (In Norwegian) Korsaeth, A. & Eltun, R. (2000) Nitrogen mass balances in conventional, integrated and ecological cropping systems and the relationship between balance calculations and nitrogen runoff in an 8-year field experiment. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 79, 199-214.

Korsaeth, A. & Eltun, R. (2007) Synthesis of the Apelsvoll cropping system experiment in Norway - Nutrient balances, use efficiencies and leaching. In: Organic Farming – Impact on Soil and the Environment (Eds. Holger Kirchmann and Lars Bergström), in print. Korsæth, A., Eltun, R. & Nordheim, O. (2001) Forandring av forsøksplanen for dyrkingssystemene på Apelsvoll. Grønn Forskning 1, 316-323. (In Norwegian) Lien, G., Flaten, O., Korsaeth, A., Schumann, K.D., Richardson, J.W., Eltun, R. & Hardaker, J.B. (2006) Comparison of risk in organic, integrated and conventional cropping systems in Eastern Norway. J. Farm. Manage. 12, 385-401. Løes, A.-K., Hansen, S., Eltun, R., Korsæth, A. & Nordheim, O. (1998) Fosfor og kalium i jord, og næringsbalanser ved økologisk, integrert og konvensjonell dyrking. Planteforsk Rapport 02/98, 33 p. (In Norwegian) Pommeresche, R., Hansen, S., Eltun, R. & Korsaeth, A. (2006) Long-term effects of cropping systems on the earthworm populations in a loam soil. Bioforsk Tema 1, 1-4. Riley, H. & Eltun, R. (1994) The Apelsvoll cropping system experiment. II. Soil characteristics. Norw. J. Agric. Sci. 8, 317-333.


Ph.D. Audun Korsæth Senior Researcher Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research Bioforsk Arable Crops Division, Bioforsk Øst Apellsvoll N-2849 Kapp Norway

47


[email protected] www.bioforsk.no


The design is randomized block with six cropping systems and two replicates. Main block size is 30×60 m, within which there are four 15×30 m rotation plots. The rotations etc were modified in 1999. Current crop rotations and main tillage features (Riley, 2007) Cropping system Cropping sequence Slurry Tillage 1 Reference arable Wheat Oat Barley Potatoes - Autumn ploughing 2 Optimal arable Wheat Oats Barley Potatoes - Harrowing only 3 Organic arable Wheat Oats/pea Barley 1st yr ley Some Spring ploughing 4 Optimal mixed dairy Wheat Barley 1st yr ley 2nd yr ley + Spring ploughing 5 Organic mixed dairy Wheat Barley 1st yr ley 2nd yr ley + Spring ploughing 6 Organic mixed diary Barley 1st yr ley 2nd yr ley 3rd yr ley + Spring ploughing Slurry = wet-composted cattle slurry, 6.4% DM, with 26, 20 and 28 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in cropping systems 4, 5 and 6 for the period 2000-2003 and 9, 36, 23 and 28 Mg ha-1 yr-1 for 1990-1999.

48


Local name of the experiment Redusert jordarbeiding på leirjord English name of the experiment Reduced tillage on clay loam soils Country Norway County (-ies) Østfold Name of location (s) Øsaker, Grålum Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location



The soil is imperfectly drained clay loam derived from postglacial marine deposits, and classified as typic endoqualf according to the USDA Soil Survey classification. The topsoil is clay loam with 34-40% clay and 40-50% silt, overlying clay (52%). Topsoil humus contents is about 4% %. The soil is tile drained at 1 m depth.

Start of experiment (year) 1977 (Trial 1) 1991 (Trial 2) Expected duration (year) or ND for not yet decided

ND


Trial 1: Four tillage treatments (Autumn ploughing, Spring ploughing, Autumn & spring harrowing, Spring harrowing only) Tillage plots 16,5×24=400m², each divided into two subplots with two levels of fertilizer (80 and 120 kg N/ha) Trial 2: Four tillage x sowing methods on unploughed soil (Autumn & spring harrowing, Spring harrowing only, Direct drilling, Broadcast surface seeding followed by harrowing) and six methods of straw management (Removed, Burnt or finely shredded, Incorporated 2 cm, Incorporated 8 cm, Normal amount combine-chopped straw, Double amount chopped straw) Tillage×sowing plots 8×60=480 m², straw plots 8×64=320 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 per trial in both trials Total number of plots 32 in Trial 1 and 96 in Trial 2 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The objective in Trial 1 has been to study the long-term effects

of ploughing time and reduced tillage on cereal yield levels and stability. In Trial 2 the effects of alternative sowing methods and straw management on unploughed land are studied.

ØsakerØsaker

49








Other:





Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Some crop analyses (eg grain protein) are performed on selected crops. Soil analyses (bulk density, pore size distribution etc are done infrequent intervals)


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Riley, H., Børresen, T. & Lindemark, P.O. (2008) Recent yield results and trends over time with conservation tillage on clay loam and silt loam soils in southeast Norway. Submitted to: Acta Agric. Scand. section B, Soil & Plant Science



Seniorforsker Hugh Riley (contact person) Bioforsk Øst, Kisevegen 337, N-2350 Nes på Hedmark, Norway [email protected] www.bioforsk.no Ringleder Per Ove Lindemark (experiment holder) South East Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Sandtangen 200, N-1712 Grålum, Norway [email protected] www.lfr.no

50



Yields are reported from four long-term (16-30 years) tillage trials, comparing results since 1998, under relatively wet conditions, with earlier experience. In trial 1, on clay loam, mean grain yield with spring harrowing only, compared to that obtained with autumn ploughing, was 87% over the last ten years, whereas it was 94% for the whole period since 1991. The inclusion of autumn harrowing increased these figures to 94% and 98%, respectively. Over the last six years, spring ploughing gave 5% lower yield than autumn ploughing. Relative yields of unploughed versus ploughed treatments were negatively correlated with summer rainfall. Grain protein was lowest with spring harrowing only. In trial 2, on clay loam, direct drilling has since 1998, as in previous years, given around 10% lower yield than autumn ploughing. Autumn harrowing gave 4% lower yield in winter wheat and 6% higher yield in spring oats, than autumn ploughing, whilst yields of spring turnip rape were not significantly affected by tillage.

51

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: NO-5 Omløpsforsøket

Local name of the experiment Omløpsforsøket E22 English name of the experiment Long-term crop rotation field trial Country Norway County (-ies) Akershus Name of location (s) Ås Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

59° 39' 48'' N, 10° 45' 35'' E, 67 metres above sea level


Albeluvisol (WRB), clay loam with about 25% clay, 40% silt and 35% sand. Content of organic C about 3.5 %.


ND


5.40 × 5.40 = 29.2 m²

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 192 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The overall objective has been to investigate possible long-term

changes in sustainability of the agricultural system under all arable cropping compared with rotations including grassland. Such long-term effects are associated with the content of organic matter, N mineralisation rates and degradation of soil physical properties.

ÅsÅs







Other: Potato and rape are included in the crop rotation

52






Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Plant analysis was performed annually up to the 1990s, the last 15 years with infrequent intervals. Soil analysis is done with infrequent intervals.


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No


Sample archive is available for some years. The experimental treatments have been subject to some changes during the years - fertilizer rates have been increased in accordance with the common trends in agriculture, and also the crop sequences have been adjusted. The design includes the following six-course crop rotations: I Continuous cereal cropping II Cereal crops (three years) and row crops (three years) III Cereal crops (four years) and ley (two years) IV Cereal crops (two years) and ley (four years) All crops were grown every year in two replicates making a total of 48 rotation plots, which were located in six blocks of four plots. Each rotation plot was divided into four subplots, which were subjected to the following fertilization treatments: a. Low rates of NPK in mineral fertilizers (30-40 kg N, 15-25 kg P, and 30-120 kg K/ha) b. Normal rates of NPK in mineral fertilizers (80-120 kg N, 25-35 kg P, and 60-180 kg K/ha) c. FYM (farmyard manure) plus mineral fertilizers to supplement to treatment b d. FYM plus mineral fertilizers to supplement to treatment b plus additional fertilizer for grassland for rotations III and IV. Farmyard manure (60 t/ha) was incorporated in spring by harrowing before planting, once in the 6 years period. After 1980 the manure was applied in the form of slurry. From 1992 all cereal straw has been ploughed in annually.


Uhlen, G., Kolnes, A.G. & Torbjørnsen, B. (1994) Effects of long-term crop rotations, fertilizer, farm manure and straw on soil productivity. I. Experimental design and yields of grain, hay and row crops. Norwegian J. Agric. Sci. 8, 243-258.

Examples of references to studies that have drawn on material or data from the experiment or have been

Uhlen, G. (1991) Long-term effect of fertilizers, manure, straw and crop rotation on total-N and total-C in soil. Acta Agric. Scand. 41, 119-127.

53


embedded in the experiment

Uhlen, G. & Tveitnes, S. (1995) Effects of long-term crop rotations, fertilizers, farm manure and straw on soil productivity. II. Mineral composition of plants, nutrient balances and effects on soil. Norwegian J. Agric. Sci. 9, 143-161. Cuvardic, M., Tveitnes, S., Krogstad, T. & Lombnæs, P. (2004) Long-term effects of crop rotation and different fertilization systems on soil fertility and productivity. Acta Agric. Scand. 54, 193-201.


Professor Tore Krogstad Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway [email protected] www.umb.no


Design: The experimental design is a split-split-plot design with rotation as main factor and crop and fertilization as sub-factors.

54


Local name of the experiment Langvarige gjødslingsforsøk med kalium og fosfor (F50) English name of the experiment Long-term PK fertilization trials Country Norway County (-ies) Akershus Name of location (s) Ås Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

59° 39' 47'' N, 10° 45' 42'' E, 68 metres above sea level


Albeluvisol (WRB), clay loam with about 25% clay, 40% silt and 35% sand. Content of organic C about 3.5 %.


ND


3.62 × 7.5 = 27 m²

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 32 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The overall objectives has been to study the long-term effect of

combined P and K fertilization on effect on yield and the soil content of P and K.

ÅsÅs







Other:




55


Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Plant analysis was performed annually up to the 1990s, the last 15 year with infrequent intervals. Soil analysis is done with infrequent intervals.


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No


Sample archive is available for some years. The trial is a PK-trial having 4 P treatments and 4 K-levels on each P-treatment. Only mineral fertilizer is applied. The P and K levels used every year are: P0=control without P applied, P1=16 kg P/ha, P2=32 kg P/ha and P3=48 kg P/ha. K0=control without K applied, K1= 50 kg K/ha, K2=100 kg K/ha and K3=150 kg K/ha. The crops were mainly spring cereals, but grass, potatoes and swedes were also cultivated.



Øgaard, A.F. (1995) Effect of phosphorus fertilization and content of plant available phosphorus (P-AL) on algal-available phosphorus in soils. Acta Agric. Scand. 45, 242-250.


Professor Tore Krogstad Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway [email protected] www.umb.no


The experimental design is a two-factorial design with two replicates.

56


Local name of the experiment Jordarbeiding høst og vår (A85) English name of the experiment Soil tillage autumn and spring Country Norway County (-ies) Akershus Name of location (s) Ås Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location


ÅsÅs


Humic haplaquept, silty clay loam with about 34% clay, 51% silt and 15% sand. Content of organic C about 3.3%.


ND


3 × 7.5 = 22.5 m²


autumn ploughing versus spring ploughing and spring harrowing (reduced tillage) in combination with and without stubble cultivation in autumn and soil compaction on yields, weeds and soil physical parameters.




Cereal Crops Monoculture Grass Crop rotation Grass/Clover Other: N-fixing crops

57






Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): The last 15 years soil analysis is done with infrequent intervals.


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No


Sample archive is available for some years.



The trial has been used for master thesis work at UMB a couple of years.


Professor Trond Børresen Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway [email protected] www.umb.no


58


Local name of the experiment ABC-pakking (A02) English name of the experiment ABC-soil compaction Country Norway County (-ies) Akershus Name of location (s) Ås Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location


ÅsÅs


Typic haplaquept, loam with about 26% clay, 42% silt and 32% sand. Content of organic C about 3.0%.


ND


3.5× 8.0 = 28 m²

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 32 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The overall objective has been to study the long-term effect of

soil compaction by different tractor weights, soil moisture content and different lime addition on yields and soil physical conditions.


Mineral fertilisers Crops Animal manures Crop residues Sewage sludge Crop rotation Compost Soil Cultivation Lime Other: Soil compaction, soil

moisture content. General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words


59








Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No




Gaheen, S.A. & Njøs, A. (1977) Long term effects of tractor traffic on infiltration in an experiment on a loam soil. Meld. Norg. LandbrHøgsk. 56 (1), 1-15.


Hofstra, S., Marti, M., Børresen, T. & Njøs, A. (1986) Effects of tractor traffic and liming on yields and soil physical properties in three field experiments in S.E.-Norway. Meld. Landbr. høgsk. nr. 23. Bakken, L., Børresen, T. & Njøs, A. (1987) The effect of tractor traffic on soil physical properties, denitrification and yield of wheat. Journal of Soil Science 38, 541-552.




The treatments have been changed three times since 1962, the last changes was done in 1983. At that time the number of replicates was reduced from three to two. Experimental design: split-split-plot.

60


Local name of the experiment Jordarbeidingssystemer (A62) English name of the experiment Soil tillage systems Country Norway County (-ies) Akershus Name of location (s) Ås Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location



Typic haplaquept, silt loam with about 20% clay, 53% silt and 27% sand. Content of organic C about 3.0%.


ND


4.80 × 12.0 = 57.6 m²


reduced tillage and direct drilling with left and with straw removed from the field on effect on yield, weeds and soil physical parameters.

ÅsÅs







Other:




61




Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No





Riley, H., Børresen, T. & Lindemark, P.O. (submitted) Recent yield results and trends over time with conservation tillage in five long-term field trials on marine clay soils in southeast Norway.




Experimental design: split-plot

62


Local name of the experiment Undervekster i korn (A76) English name of the experiment Catch crops in cereals cropping Country Norway County (-ies) Akershus Name of location (s) Ås Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location



Typic haplaquept, loam with about 21% clay, 40% silt and 39 % sand. Content of organic C about 3.3%.


ND


4×6 = 24 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 Total number of plots 96 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The overall objective has been to study the long-term effect of

catch crops, nitrogen fertilisation and time for ploughing on yields, soil mineral nitrogen and soil physical conditions.




Other: Time for ploughing - spring or autumn




Other:





ÅsÅs

63


Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Since 1993 only grain yields are recorded.


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No




Børresen, T. (1993) The effect on soil physical properties of undersown cover crops in cereal production in southeastern Norway. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 7, 369-379.


Lyngstad, I. & T. Børresen (1995) Effect of undersown cover crops on yields and soil mineral nitrogen in cereal production in southeast Norway. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Science 10 (1), 55-70.




The treatments have been changed from 1993 but the main factors as catch crops and nitrogen application have been kept from 1988. Experimental design: split-split-plot.

64

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: SE-Frame Ramförsöket

Local name of the experiment Ramförsöket English name of the experiment Ultuna soil organic matter experiment Country Sweden County (-ies) Uppland Name of location (s) Ultuna Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location


Ultuna


Sedimentary Clay % 37 Silt % 41 Sand % 22 C % 1.5 N % 0.15 Bulk density, kg/m³ 1440


ND


2 × 2 = 4 m²

Number of treatment replicates 15 treatments, 4 replicates. 1-factorial design. Total number of plots 60 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Long-term influence of N fertilizer, manure and organic soil

amendments on C and N dynamics, pH and yields. Main experimental treatments (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words

Mineral fertilisers Crops Animal manures Crop residues Sewage sludge Crop rotation Compost Soil Cultivation Lime Other: Peat, sawdust, permanent

fallow plots General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words





65

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: SE-Frame Ramförsöket

Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Soils every 2nd year


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Kirchmann, H., Persson, J. & Carlgren, K. (1994) The Ultuna long-term soil organic matter experiment, 1956-1991. SLU, Department of Soil Sciences, Reports and Dissertations 17.


Bergkvist, P. (2003) Long-term fate of sewage-sludge derived cadmium in arable soils. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae Agraria 410. Diss. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Gerzabek, M.H., Kirchmann, H., Habenhauer, G. & Pichlmayer, F. (1999) Response of soil nitrogen and 15N natural abundance to manure amendments in a long-term experiment at Ultuna, Sweden. Agronomie - Agriculture and Environment 19, 457-466. Herrmann, A. (2003) Predicting nitrogen mineralization from soil organic matter – a chimera? Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. Agraria. 429. Diss. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Herrmann, A., Witter, E. & Kätterer, T. (2004) Can N mineralization be predicted from soil organic matter? Carbon and gross N mineralization rates as affected by long-term additions of different organic amendments. In: Hatch, D.J., Chadwick, D., Jarvis, S.C., Roker, J.A. (Eds.) Controlling and flows and losses. Wageningen Academic publishers. Svensson, K. (2002) Microbial indicators of fertility in arable land. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. Agraria 330. Diss. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.


Researcher Lennart Mattsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Soil Sciences, Div. of Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition, P.O. Box 7014, SE-75007 UPPSALA [email protected] www.slu.se


Comments: In some cases the experiment misleading is called the ‘Ultuna Long-Term Field Experiment’, but it is a frame experiment with small plots located in the field rather than a field experiment.

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Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: SE-0014

Local name of the experiment Fastliggande försök med rötslam English name of the experiment Long-term experiment with sewage sludge Country Sweden County (-ies) Skåne Name of location (s) Igelösa, Petersborg Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

Igelösa 55º 45' N, 13º 17' E, 42 m above sea level Petersborg 55º 32' N, 12º 59' E, 30 m above sea level

IgelösaPetersborg


Igelösa, till Clay % 24 C % 2.27 Petersborg, till Clay % 15 C % 1.00

Start of experiment (year) Igelösa 1981 Petersborg 1981

Expected duration (year) or ND for not yet decided

ND


Igelösa 6 × 20=120 m² Petersborg 6 × 20=120 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 Total number of plots 36 plot in total; 9 treatments. 2-factorial split-plot design. Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Long-term effects from sludge applications and accumulation

and depletion of heavy metals in crops and soils. Main experimental treatments (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words







67



Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Andersson, P-G. (2005) Slamspridning på åkermark. Hushållningssällskapens rapportserie 13.



Researcher Lennart Mattsson, Dept. of Soil Sciences, Div. of Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7014, SE-75007 UPPSALA. [email protected] www.slu.se


Cooperation between farmer´s and municipal's organisations in Skåne. SLU is data holder.

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Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: SE-0020-21

Local name of the experiment Humusbalans-stråsäd Humusbalans-vall

English name of the experiment Humus balance in cereal and ley rotations Country Sweden County (-ies) Skåne, Västergötland, Uppland, Västerbotten Name of location (s) Lönnstorp, Lanna, Säby, Röbäcksdalen Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

Lönnstorp 55° 38' N, 13° 06' E, 15 m above sea level Lanna 58° 20' N, 13° 07' E, 75 m above sea level Säby 59° 50' N, 17° 41' E, 10 m above sea level Röbäcksdalen 63° 48' N, 20° 14' E, 10 m above sea level

Säby

Röbäcksdalen

Lanna

Lönnstorp


Lönnstorp, till Clay % 25 C % 1.6 Lanna, sedimentary Clay % 36 C % 2.0 Säby, sedimentary Clay % 36 C % 2.7 Röbäcksdalen, sedimentary Clay % 10 C % 2.5

Start of experiment (year) Lönnstorp 1980 Lanna 1981 Säby 1970 Röbäcksdalen 1980


ND


Lönnstorp, Lanna, Säby 6 × 15 = 90 m² Röbäcksdalen 6 × 17.5 = 105 m²

Number of treatment replicates Cereal rotations: 8 treatments, 4 replicates Ley rotation: 4 treatments, 4 replicates

Total number of plots 32 in cereals totations with a 2-factorial spilt-plot design 16 in ley rotations with a 1-factorial design

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Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: SE-0020-21

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Provide data on humus development and dynamics under different crop rotations and nutrient levels.




Other: Crop residues is straw General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words



Other:






Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Mattsson, L. (2002) Soil organic C development in cereal and ley systems. Data from 20 years old Swedish field experiments. Arch. Acker. Pfl. Boden. 48, 107-115.


Röing, K. (2005) Soil nitrogen fluxes in Swedish and Nigerian agricultural systems. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae 27, Diss. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.




Comments: The experimental plan is located at four sites.

70


Local name of the experiment Jämförelse mellan odlingssystem English name of the experiment Cropping systems, environmental effects Country Sweden County (-ies) Västergötland Name of location (s) Lanna Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location


Lanna


Sedimentary Clay % 44 C % 1.8


ND


39 × 120 = 4680 m²

Number of treatment replicates 1 Total number of plots 5 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Record data on yields and leaching from cropping systems

contrasting in crop rotations and nutrient levels. Main experimental treatments (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words

Mineral fertilisers Crops Animal manures Crop residues Sewage sludge Crop rotation Compost Soil Cultivation

Other: Monoculture Lime General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words







Plant: Soil:

Yes No Yes No

71



Each of five systems are systematically and separately drained and provided with automatic water sampling equipment


Mattsson, L. (2003) Plant nutrients, production and environment. SLU, Inst för markvetenskap, Avd. för växtnäringslära, Rapport 205. In Swedish with English summary.


Ulén, B. & Mattsson, L. (2003) Transport of phosphorus forms and of nitrate through a clay soil under grass and cereal production. Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 65, 129-140. Ulén, B., Aronsson, H., Torstensson, G. & Mattsson, L. (2005) Phosphorus and nitrogen turnover and risk of waterborne phosphorus emissions in crop rotations on a clay soil in southwest Sweden. Soil use and management 21, 221-230.




Comments: Drainage station. The design is basically 1-factorial, without true replicates. Repeated measurements within plots.

72

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: SE-1001 Kalk-fosfor försök

Local name of the experiment Kalk-fosfor försök English name of the experiment Lime and phosphorus Country Sweden County (-ies) Västergötland Name of location (s) Lanna, two experiments

R-27-1941 R-29-1936

Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

R-27-1941; 58º 20' N, 13º 06' E, 75 m above sea level R-29-1936; 58º 20' N, 13º 07' E, 75 m above sea level

Lanna


Sedimentary Clay % ≈ 35 C % 2.0

Start of experiment (year) R-27: 1941 R-29: 1936


ND


R-27-1941: 7.07 × 7.07 = 50 m² R-29-1936: 6.25 × 8 = 50 m²

Number of treatment replicates 20 treatments, 2 replicates Total number of plots 40. A 3-factorial split-split-plot design. Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Effects and interaction on soil properties of lime and P. Main experimental treatments (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words









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Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: SE-1001 Kalk-fosfor försök


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Ohlsson, S. (1979) De mångåriga kalkförsöken på Lanna. Resultat och slutsatser. Kungl. Skogs- och lantbruksakademiens tidskrift, suppl. 13, 17-26. (The long-term lime tials at Lanna experimental station. Results and conclusions. In Swedish with English summary).





Comments: Two experiments are located at the same site.

74


Local name of the experiment Permanenta kalkningsförsök English name of the experiment Lime and organic matter Country Sweden County (-ies) Västmanland, Västerbotten Name of location (s) Eknö, Röbäcksdalen Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

Eknö 59º 26' N, 15º 59' E, 7 m above sea level Röbäcksdalen 63º 48' N, 20º 14' E, 25 m above sea level


Eknö, sedimentary Clay % 49 Silt % 44 Sand % 4 C % 1.8 Röbäcksdalen, sedimentary Clay % 5 Silt % 37 Sand % 55 C % 2.1


ND


Eknö 6 × 16 = 96 m² Röbäcksdalen 8 × 15 = 120 m²

Number of treatment replicates Eknö 18 treatments, 2 replicates Röbäcksdalen 18 treatments, 3 replicates

Total number of plots Eknö 36 Röbäcksdalen 54 A 3 factorial split-split-plot design at both sites.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Obtain and maintain different levels of lime status and to study and measure effects on soil chemical properties and yield development.

Eknö

Röbäcksdalen




Other: Crop residues is straw

75





Other:






Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No


Lime levels are crossed with 3 NPK-levels (low, medium, high) and two crop residue levels (all crop residues removed and all residues incorporated, respectively).


Haak, E. & Simán, G. (1997) Effects of liming and NPK-fertilization in seven long term field experiments, 1962-1992. SLU, Inst för markvetenskap, Avd. för växtnäringslära, Rapport 198. In Swedish with English summary.





Comments: The experimental plan is located at two sites.

76


Local name of the experiment Markkemiska studier - kalktillstånd English name of the experiment Lime and soil chemical properties Country Sweden County (-ies) Blekinge, Norrbotten Name of location (s) Nättraby, Öjebyn Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

Nättraby 56º 12' N, 15º 32' E, 20 m above sea level Öjebyn 65º 22' N, 21º 24' E, 15 m above sea level

Öjebyn

Nättraby


Nättraby, till Clay % 14 C % 1.6 Öjebyn, sedimentary Clay % 21 C % 8.5


ND


Nättraby 6 × 20 = 120 m² Öjebyn 8 × 15 = 120 m²

Number of treatment replicates 4 treatments, 4 replicates. 1-factorial design. Total number of plots 16 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) To establish and maintain contrasting soil chemical conditions

measured as base saturation in agricultural soils and to elucidate optimum base saturation with respect to yields.





77







Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Haak, E. & Simán, G. (1992) Field experiments with liming of mineral soils to different base saturation. SLU, Inst för markvetenskap, Avd. för växtnäringslära, Rapport 188. In Swedish with English summary.


Jansson, G. (2002) Cadmium in arable crops. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. Agraria 341. Diss. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.





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Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: SE-2037 Bördighetsförsök

Local name of the experiment Kväveintensitet vid olika P och K English name of the experiment Soil fertility experiments in north Sweden Country Sweden County (-ies) Västernorrland, Västerbotten Name of location (s) Offer, Röbäcksdalen Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

Offer 63º 08' N, 17º 45' E, 45 m above sea level Röbäcksdalen 63º 48' N, 20º 14' E, 25 m above sea level


Offer Clay % 30 Silt % 57 Sand % 12 C % 2.7 Röbäcksdalen Clay % 27.5 Silt % 61.9 Sand % 10.4 C % 4.9


ND


7.7 × 12 = 90 m²

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 60 in a 2-factorial split-plot design. Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Provide data on long-term influence of cultivation measures on

crop yields and quality and soil productivity.

Offer

Röbäcksdalen




Other: PK-combinations and N-rates General agricultural practice not included as experimental variables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key words



Other: Manure applied (regularly (in two years of the six-years crop rotation)

79







Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Carlgren, K. & Mattsson, L. (2001) Swedish soil fertility experiments. Acta Agricultura Scandinavica 51, 49-78.


Mattsson, L. (1987) Long-term effects of N fertilizer on crops and soils. (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Dept. of Soil Sciences, Division of Soil Fertility, Report 170). Uppsala. Dissertation. Röing, K. (2005) Soil nitrogen fluxes in Swedish and Nigerian agricultural systems. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae 27. Diss. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.





80


Local name of the experiment Exploatering av höga P-tillstånd English name of the experiment Exploiting P in heavily P dressed soils Country Sweden County (-ies) Skåne, Västergötland, Uppland Name of location (s) Lönnstorp, Götala, Bjelkesta Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

Lönnstorp 55º 40' N, 13º 06' E, 15 m above sea level Götala 58º 22' N, 13º 29' E, 110 m above sea level Bjelkesta 59º 43' N, 17º 23' E, 12 m above sea level

Bjelkesta

Lönnstorp

Götela


Lönnstorp Clay % 32 C % 1.7 Götala Clay % 4 Silt % 18 Sand % 78 C % 2.4 Bjelkesta Clay % 28 Silt % 64 Sand% 7 C % 2.1


ND


6 × 15 = 90 m²

Number of treatment replicates 3 treatments, 4 replicates. 1-factorial design. Total number of plots 12 Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Measure and predict the possibilities to exploit P in heavily P

dressed fields. Main experimental treatments (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please provide key

Mineral fertilisers Crops Animal manures Crop residues Sewage sludge Crop rotation

81


words Compost Lime

Soil Cultivation Other:




Other:






Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Mattsson, L. (2002) Exploiting P in heavily P-dressed fields in Sweden. Arch. Acker Pfl. Boden. 48, 577-583.


Börling, K. (2003) Phosphorus sorption, accumulation and leaching. Effect of long-term inorganic fertilizaiton of cultivated soils. Agraria 428. Diss. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.




Comments: The experimental plan is located at three sites.

82


Local name of the experiment Bördighetsförsök English name of the experiment Soil fertility experiments Country Sweden County (-ies) Skåne, Västergötland, Östergötland, Uppland Name of location (s) Skåne: Fjärdingslöv, Örja, Orup, S:a Ugglarp, Ekebo,

Västergötland: Bjertorp, Östergötland: Vreta Kloster, Högåsa, Uppland: Kungsängen, Fors

Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

Fjärdingslöv 55º 24' N, 13º 13' E, 25 m above sea level Örja 55º 52' N, 12º 52' E, 60 m above sea level Orup 55º 49' N, 13º 30' E, 80 m above sea level S:a Ugglarp 55º 38' N, 13º 25' E, 65 m above sea level Ekebo 55º 59' N, 12º 52' E, 60 m above sea level Bjertorp 58º 14' N, 13º 08' E, 92 m above sea level Vreta Kloster 58º 29' N, 15º 30' E, 47 m above sea level Högåsa 58º 30' N, 15º 27' E, 75 m above sea level Kungsängen 59º 50' N, 17º 41' E, 10 m above sea level Fors 60º 18' N, 17º 30' E, 25 m above sea level

BjertorpKungsängen

Högåsa

Fors

Vreta Kloster

Ekebo OrupÖrja S:a Ugglarp

Fjärdingslöv


Fjärdingslöv, calcareous till Clay 13.6 Silt 76.6 Sand 9.8 Bulk density 1.66 Carbon content 1.28 Örja, calcareous till Clay 23.0 Silt 25.0 Sand 52.0 Bulk density 1.8 Carbon content 1.4 Orup, till Clay 12

83


Silt 29 Sand 59 Bulk density 1.55 Carbon content 2.44 S:a Ugglarp Clay 12.0 Silt 25.0 Sand 63.0 Bulk density 1.50 Carbon content 1.92 Ekebo, sedimentary Clay 17.8 Silt 76.5 Sand 5.6 Bulk density 1.43 Carbon content 2.38 Bjertorp, sedimentary Clay 30 Silt 55 Sand 14 Bulk density - Carbon content 1.48 Vreta Kloster, sedimentary on calcareous rocks Clay 47.2 Silt 43.9 Sand 8.5 Bulk density 1.44 Carbon content 1.67 Högåsa, sedimentary Clay 7.4 Silt 15.2 Sand 77.4 Bulk density 1.38 Carbon content 1.71 Kungsängen, sedimentary Clay 56 Silt 39.9 Sand 4.1 Bulk density 1.31 Carbon content 2.14 Fors, sedimentary

84


Clay 18.2 Silt 58.1 Sand 23.6 Bulk density 1.4 Carbon content 1.77

Start of experiment (year) Skåne 1957 Västergötland 1966 Östergötland 1966 Uppland 1963


ND


Skåne, Västergötland, Östergötland 6.25 × 20 = 125 m² Uppland 6 × 18 = 108 m²

Number of treatment replicates Uppland 26 treatments, 2 replicates. Rest 32 treatments, 2 replicates. 3-factorial split-split-plot design (cropping system, PK-combinations and N-rates)

Total number of plots Uppland 52 Skåne, Västergötland, Östergötland 64

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Provide data on long-term influence of cultivation measures and natural factors on crop yields and quality and soil productivity.







Other:





Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Sub-soil samples are recorded every 2nd rotation, i.e. every 8th year in Skåne, every 12th year in Västergötland, Östergötland and Uppland


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Carlgren, K. & Mattsson, L. (2001) Swedish soil fertility experiments. Acta Agricultura Scandinavica 51, 49-78.

85



Börling, K. (2003) Phosphorus sorption, accumulation and leaching. Effect of long-term inorganic fertilizaiton of cultivated soils. Acta Universitatis agriculturae. Suecia. Agraria 428. Diss. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Djodic, F. (2001) Displacement of phosphorus in structured soils. Acta Universitatis agriculturae. Suecia. Agraria 283. Diss. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Simonsson, M., Andersson, S., Andrist-Rangel, Y., Hillier, S., Mattsson, L. & Öborn, I. (2007) Potassium release and fixation as a function of fertilizer application rate and soil parent material. Geoderma, Volume 140, 1-2, 188-198. Mattsson, L. (1987) Long-term effects of N fertilizer on crops and soils. (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Dept. of Soil Sciences, Division of Soil Fertility, Report 170). Uppsala. Dissertation. Röing, K. (2005) Soil nitrogen fluxes in Swedish and Nigerian agricultural systems. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae 27. Diss. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.




Comments: The experimental plan is located at ten sites.

86


Local name of the experiment Växtföljder med olika driftsinriktningar, R4-0002 English name of the experiment Crop sequences with different cropping strategies Country Sweden County (-ies) Skåne Name of location (s) Borgeby Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

N 55º 44' N, 13º 02' E

Borgeby


The soil is a glacial till with much lime-stone in the parent material. The soil is classified as a sandy loam.


ND


20 × 9 = 180 m²

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 48 - 2-factorial split-plot design. Three 8-year crop sequences are

main plots replicated eight times in each of two blocks. Each replicate within each block is at a different position in the crop sequence (sub-plot)

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) How does the effect of the preceeding crop on crop yield change over time depending on cropping strategy



General agricultural practice not included as experimental vari-ables (please tick appropriate boxes). For “Other” please pro-vide key words






Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Soil: Few analyses 1993-2005. Climate: at the site since 2002 (some data missing). Older complete data available from Lund (10 km, SMHI). Local precipitation measured manually.

87


Sample archive (please tick ap-propriate boxes)

Plant:

Soil: Yes No Yes No


The experiment consist of three regionally adapted eight-year crop sequences. A "traditional" crop sequences including rotational leys and animal manure is compared with two modern crop sequences adapted to agriculture without cattle. The cattle has largely disappeared from the most fertile soils in Sweden and accumulated in more humid areas with less fertile soils. One of the “modern” crop sequences in the experiment is well balanced to reduce the risk of damages due to diseases and weeds. Crop residues are ploughed under and a one-year ley included to supporty soil fertility. This rotation is quite close to what is used in organic farming without animals. The second modern sequence include a large percentage of the most profitable crops. The crop residues is burned or removed to reduce the carry-over of diseases from one crop to the next. Long-term fertility is not a priority in this rotation. The experiment belonged to the field trial Unit of Crop Sequences (-1992) at the former Department of Crop Production Science with the task to produce experimental data to support increased productivity in Swedish agriculture. No complete report of the experiment has ever been published. The experiment is the last remaining experiment in a series of experiment with locally adapted, but similar, rotations. R4-0007 in the same series is still active, but grown with spring barley in all plots since 2006. The experiment R4-0002 has been maintained and data collected, but has not been used in reports since the closure of the field trial unit in 1992. The experiment do, however, run well. The activities in the experiment has increased in recent years.


Nyström, S. (1974) Skördeutveckling i några långvariga växtföljsdsförsök. Lantbrukshögskolans meddelande, serie A, nr 219.

Examples of references to stud-ies that have drawn on material or data from the experiment or have been embedded in the ex-periment

Title, name, full address, www and e-mail of the holder of the experiment and/or contact per-son

Dr Göran Bergkvist Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7043, SE-750 07 Uppsala [email protected] www.slu.se

Supplementary information (op-tional)

88


Local name of the experiment Växtföljder med olika driftsinriktningar R4-0007 och O4-0007 (monokultur vårkorn)

English name of the experiment Crop sequences with different cropping strategies (and barley monoculture)

Country Sweden County (-ies) Uppland Name of location (s) Uppsala - Ultuna Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

59º 48' N, 17º 38' E


Clay loam. Glacial sediments


ND, the whole experiment is sown with spring barley since 2006


5 × 18 = 90 m²

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 96 - 2-factorial split-plot design. During 1959-2005 three 8-year

crop sequences were compared in main plots. Each crop in the rotation was compared in sub-plots. During1981-2005, each sub-plot was divided into two N-fertiliser levels not randomized and not included in the original statistical design. O4-0007 is situated in close connection with R4-0007 and containes 12 plots with spring barley grown in monoculture since 1964. Both R4-0007 and O4-0007 are grown with spring barley since 2006.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) How does the effect of the preceeding crop on crop yield change over time depending on cropping strategy and N-rate

Uppsala







Other:

89






Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Soil: Few soil analyses 1993-2005. Climate: at the site


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No


The experiment consist of three regionally adapted eight-year crop sequences. A "traditional" crop sequences including rotational leys and animal manure is compared with two modern crop sequences adapted to industrial agriculture without cattle. The cattle has largely disappeared from the most fertile soils in Sweden and accumulated in more humid areas with less fertile soils. One of the “modern” crop sequences in the experiment is well balanced to reduce the risk of damages due to diseases and weeds. Crop residues are ploughed under and a one-year ley included to supporty soil fertility. This rotation is quite close to what is used in organic farming without animals. The second modern sequence include a large percentage of the most profitable crops. The crop residues is burned or removed to reduce the carry-over of diseases from one crop to the next. Long-term fertility is not a priority in this rotation. The experiment belonged to the field trial Unit of Crop Sequences (-1992) at the former Department of Crop Production Science with the task to produce experimental data to support increased productivity in Swedish agriculture. The experiment has been maintained and data collected since that time. The experiments is designed with crop rotations in main plots and crops in the rotation in sub-plots. Since 1981, each sub-plot has been divided into two N-fertiliser levels. The design gives few degrees of freedom to study treatment effects and are thus best suited to study the interaction between crop and cropping strategy. The residual effects of the systems are studied since 2006. There are twelve plots with barley monoculture in close connection to the experiment


Andersson, T. & Olofsson, S. (1993) Skördeutvecklingen i tre växtföljder under trettio år. Institutionen för växtodlingslära, SLU, Uppsala, Växtodling 47, 57 pp.


Olsson, S. & Alstrom, S. (2000) Characterisation of bacteria in soils under barley monoculture and crop rotation. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32 (10), 1443-1451.


Dr Göran Bergkvist Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7043,

90


SE-750 07 Uppsala [email protected] www.slu.se


91


Local name of the experiment Växtföljder med och utan vall, R4-1103-2,4,5 English name of the experiment Crop rotations with or without ley, R4-1103-2,4,5 Country Sweden County (-ies) Västergötland, Gotland, Uppland Name of location (s) Lanna, Stenstugu, Säby Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

58º 20' N, 13º 07' E 57º 36' N, 18º 26' E 59º 49' N, 17º 42' E


Silty clay, silt loam, silt loam

Start of experiment (year) 1965, 1968, 1969 Expected duration (year) or ND for not yet decided

ND


8 × 15 = 120 m²; 7.3 × 16 = 117 m²; 4.75 × 18.65 = 89 m²

Number of treatment replicates 1 Total number of plots 72 - 3-factorial split-split-plot design (Lanna and Säby) and 3-

factorial split-strib-plot design at Stenstugu. Three crop sequences in main plots are replicated six times. Each replicate is at a different position in the crop sequence. Four N-fertilizer levels are included in sub-sub-plots.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) What is the long-term effect of rotational grass and grass/clover leys on the yield of annual crops in the crop sequence depending on N-fertilisation.

Säby

LannaStenstugu







Other:

92






Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Soil: Few soil analyses 1993-2005. Climate: at Ultuna, 2km


Plant: Soil:

Yes Yes

No No



Wallgren, B. & Rådberg, E-L. (1989) Växtföljder med och utan vall. Institutionen för växtodlingslära, SLU, Uppsala, Växtodling 13, 26 pp.


Andersson, T. N. & Milberg, P. (1998) Weed flora and the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation, and nitrogen. Weed Science 46 (1), 30-38.


Dr Göran Bergkvist Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7043, SE-750 07 Uppsala [email protected] www.slu.se


93


Local name of the experiment Monokulturförsök med vårstråsäd, R4-906-2 English name of the experiment Spring cereals in monoculture, R4-906-2 Country Sweden County (-ies) Uppland Name of location (s) Säby Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

59º 49' N, 17º 42' E

Säby


Silt loam


ND


4.75 × 16.65 = 79.10 m²

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 96 - 2-factorial split-plot design. In main plots spring barley,

spring wheat, and spring oats grown in monoculture with and without burning of crop residues, i.e. 3 crops × 2 treatments of residues = 6 monoculture treatments. A six year crop sequence, including the three spring cereal crops, turnip rape, winter wheat and black fallow, with all crops present each year is also included in main plots. In sub-plots four levels of N-fertiliser are compared. Two complete blocks.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Effect of growing spring cereals in monoculture compared to growing them in a sequence





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Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Soil: Few soil analyses 1993-2005. Climate: at Ultuna, 2km


Plant: Soil:

Yes No Yes No


In the trial a sex-year rotation with different annual crops, but without rotational ley, is compared with oats, spring barley and spring wheat grown in monoculture. The straw is either ploughed under or burned in different monoculture treatments. Four levels of nitrogen fertiliser are included. The original aim of the experiment was to find how well different spring cereal crops could manage being grown in monoculture in the short and long-term perspectives.


Kvist, M. & Olsson, P. (1989) Stråsädesodling i monokultur. Institutionen för växtodlingslära, SLU, Uppsala, Växtodling 8, 125 pp.


Olsson, S. & Alstrom, S. (2000) Characterisation of bacteria in soils under barley monoculture and crop rotation. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32 (10), 1443-1451.


Dr Göran Bergkvist Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7043, SE-750 07 Uppsala [email protected] www.slu.se


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Faculty of Argricultural Sciences

Documents

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A …pure.au.dk/ws/files/1380387/intrma16.pdfLong Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform J. Petersen, L