lokrajya vachan vishesh

3OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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B©-bmoH$amÁ`gmR>r Website : http://dgipr.maharashtra.gov.in

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df© 63do A§H$ 3-4 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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àH$meZmÀ`m joÌmV Jobs AZoH$ df} AZoH$ g§ñWm XsnñV§^mà_mUo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. Ë`mVsb H$mhsg§ñWm§Mm Aëngm n[aM` emgH$s` ì`mgnrR>mdê$Z OZVog_moa AmUmdm hmhs hoVy hmoVm. [d[dYjoÌm§Vsb _mÝ`da H$m` dmMVmV, _§Ìs-A[YH$mar H$m` dmMVmV `mMs EH$ PbH$ gm_mÝ` dmMH$mgnmhmd`mg [_imds Agmhr hoVy hmoVm.

J«§W ho AmnU JwéñWmZs _mZVmo. Aem `m J«§Wm§Ms _m[hVs Ë`m-Ë`m joÌmV JwéñWmZs AgUmè`mA[YH$mar ì`º$sH$Sy>Z [_imds åhUOo XwYmV gmIaM hmo`!

joÌo Am[U _mÝ`dam§Ms hs [ZdS> n[anyU© Zmhs `mMs Amåhmbm OmUsd Amho. AZoH$ JmoîQ>s A§H$mÀ`m~mhoa am[hë`m `mMshs Amåhmbm H$ënZm Amho. IaoVa, dmMZ hs EH$ AWm§J g§H$ënZm AgyZ Ë`mnmûd©^y_sda n[anyU©VoMm H$moUVmhs Xmdm H$aUo `mo½` hmoUma Zmhs, ho gmaoM OmUVmV.

Ë`m-Ë`m joÌm§Vrb VÁkm§Mo [M[H$ËgH$ boI Am[U Ë`mgmo~VÀ`m J«§Wm§À`m `mÚm ho `m A§H$mMo EH$d¡[eîQ>ç R>abo Amho. Ë`m{edm` {Okmgy dmMH$mÀ`m Kar {H§$dm J«§Wmb`mV hdoVM Aem J«§Wm§À`m H$mhrñdV§Ím `mÚmhr Amåhr à{gÕ Ho$ë`m AmhoV."_amR>sVsb gm[hË`boUr' hs _hmamîQ´> Q>mBågZo 1985 gmbsà[gÕ Ho$bobs `mXs Amåhs OesÀ`m Ves à[gÕ Ho$bs Amho. hs `mXs Jmo[d¨X VidbH$a, nw.b.Xoenm§So>, AéU AmR>ëò Am[U AéU [Q>Ho$H$a `m§Zs V`ma Ho$bs Agë`mMs _m[hVs `m A§H$mÀ`m[Z[_ÎmmZo àW_M bmoH$m§g_moa òV Amho. `mÚm§À`m _m§S>Us_Üò EH$dmŠ`Vm Agmds `mgmR>s Amåhs à`ËZHo$bo AmhoV; nU, Ë`m H$m_s H$mhs _`m©Xm nS>ë`m, ho H$~yb H$arV AmhmoV.

dmMZmMm AmZ§X...

5OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Amåhs [dZ§Vs Ho$boë`m Odinmg gd©M boIH$m§Zs Amnbm A_yë` doi XoD$Z Amnbo boI `m A§H$mgmR>s[Xbo, `m~Ôb Ë`m§Mo _mZmdo VodTo> Am^ma WmoSo>M AmhoV. nwZ‘w©{ÐV boIm§gmR>r Ë`m-Ë`m boIH$- àH$meH$m§MoAmåhr ‘ZmnmgyZ Am^mar AmhmoV. _mÌ, boIH$m§Zs Ë`m-Ë`m boImV _m§S>bobs _Vo hs Ë`m§Ms ñdV:Ms _VoAmhoV ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV òV Amho. nwñVH$m§À`m `mÚmhs A§[V_ ñdê$nmÀ`m ZgyZ dmMH$ Amnë`mAmdS>sà_mUo Am[U Hw$dVsà_mUo Ë`mV â Kmby eH$VmV ho gdmªZs H¥$n`m bjmV ¿`mdo.

_w»`_§Ìs _hmoX`m§Zs Amnë`m _ZmoJVmV _m§S>bobm "kmZmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWo'Mm _wÔm Am[U "embo`[ejUmV éMsnyU© Am[U Adm§Va dmMZmda â' XoÊ`m~m~V Ho$bobo à[VnmXZ A[Ve` _m¡[bH$ ñdê$nmMoAgyZ, Vo Zì`m [dMma_§WZmbm OÝ_ XoUmao R>ê$ eH$Vo. gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo AkmZ ho gÎmmH$maUmMo ^m§S>dbam[hbo ZgyZ kmZm[Y{îR>V g_mOaMZm hs H$mimMs JaO R>abs Amho, hm Ë`m§À`m _ZmoJVmVsb Ame`_hmamîQ´>mbm àJ{VnWmda nwTo> KoD$Z OmB©b, `mV e§H$m Zmhs.

emgH$s` J«§W[Z[_©Vs Am[U J«§W àgmamÀ`m AZwf§JmZo _m[hVs XoUmam EH$ [d^mJ A§H$mV g_m[dîQ>H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ho$di nm`m^yV gw[dYm [Z_m©U H$aUo, EdT>oM emgZmMo H$m_ ZgVo. amÁ`mMs ~m¡[ÕH$g‘¥Õr dmT>[dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo emgZ H$m` H$aV Amho, Ë`mMs EH$ PbH$ Ë`m ^mJmVyZ gmè`m§Zm nmhmd`mg[_iUma Amho. emgZmÀ`m OmoS>sZoM [d[dY ñd`§gods g§ñWm, [dÚmnsRo>, ImOJs joÌmVsb ì`º$s, CÚmoJnVs,boIH$-H$bmd§V EH$Ì Ambo Am[U dmMZ g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m OmonmgZogmR>s Ë`m§Zs H$mhs CnH«$_ hmVs KoVbo Va‘hmamîQ´>mV EH$ Zdo ‘Ýd§Va KSy>Z òB©b, Aer ImÌr ~miJÊ`mg haH$V Zmhs. g_mOYw[aUm§Zs AmVm Amnë`mH$m`©H«$_ n[ÌHo$da dmMZ g§ñH¥$VsMs OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mMm _wÔmhs KoVbm nm[hOo, ho _w»`_§Í`m§Mo à[VnmXZ `mnmûd©^y_sda ~mobHo$ Amho.

Am_Mo gd©M A§H$ Amåhs [ZXm}f H$aÊ`mMm nwaonya à`ËZ H$aVmo. Varhs H$mhs C[Udm amhÿZ Joë`m AgVsb."Jwao Oes MaVm MaVm A[YH$ gH$g Mmam AgUmè`m Hw$aUmH$So> AmnmoAmn OmVmV Ë`mà_mUo dmMH$hs EH$XmdmMm`bm bmJbm H$s Vmo AmnmoAmn Mm§Jë`m nwñVH$mH$So> OmD$Z nmohmoMVmo' Ago ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> `m§Zs EHo$$[R>H$mUs åhQ>bo Amho. gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$mbm EH$ [Xdm XmIdmdm, [Xì`mZo [Xdm COiV Omdm Am[U Ë`màH$memV gmam _hmamîQ´> COiyZ [ZKmdm, Aes Amem hm A§H$ H$mT>VmZm _Zmes ~miJbs Amho... dmMH$m§Zshm gmam IQ>mQ>mon JmoS> H$ê$Z ¿`mdm. "A[YH$ Vo gaVo Ý`yZ Vo nwaVo' _mZyZ `m [deofm§H$mMm Am{U EH§$XarVMdmMZmMm AmZ§X ¿`mdm, hr [dZ§Vs.

[dO` ZmhQ>m

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6 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

dmMZg§ñH¥$VrMr OmonmgZm...[Xgm_mOs H$mhs Var Vo [bhmdo &

àg§Js AI§[S>V dm[MV Omdo &&

MZmMo _hÎd eãXmV gm§JUo \$maMH$R>sU Amho. g_W© am_Xmgm§Zs _mÌda CX²Y¥V Ho$boë`m íbmoH$mV Vo Zo_Š`meãXm§V AYmoao[IV Ho$bo Amho.

AmOH$mb H$a_UwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Mm A[VaoH$ PmbmAmho. Ë`mM~amo~a OmJ[VH$ Am§VaOmbmgmaIs_mÜ`_o, _m[hVs V§ÌkmZmVsb H«$m§Vs Am[Ug§nH©$gmYZm§Ms gwb^Vm `m_wio _m[hVs [H§$dm kmZ[_i[dUo VwbZoZo gmono Pmbo Amho. `mgdmªMm n[aUm_ dmMZ H$_s hmoÊ`mV hmoVAmho. dmMZ hm EH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm ^mJAmho. ao ~«°S>~ar `m [dMmad§VmZo åhQ>boAmho H$s, You don’t have to burn

books to destroy a culture, just

get people to stop reading them.åhUyZM dmMZg§ñH¥$VsÀ`m g§dY©ZmgmR>sgdmªZs nwTo> òUo hs ~m~ AmO A[Ve`[ZH$S>sMs Pmbs Amho.

_mÂ`m ì`{º$_Îdmda dmMZmMm,J«§Wm§Mm \$ma _moR>m à^md Amho. amOH$maUhm Oar _mÂ`m CnOs[dHo$Mm ^mJ AgbmVar [ZË` Zdo dmMZ, kmZmO©Z hs _mPsOs[dH$m Amho. _s _wimV A[^`§VmAmho. Ë`m_wio _mÂ`m kmZemIoes gVVAÚ`mdV amhÊ`mgmR>s dmMZmbm n`m©` amhV Zmhs.dmMZ ho Ho$di _Zmoa§OZmgmR>s [H¨$dmH$a_UwH$sgmR>s Agy Zò, [H¨$dm Ë`mMm VodT>mM_`m©[XV CÔoe Agy Zò, `m _VmMm _s Amho.kmZàmás hm dmMZmMm _w»` CÔoe Agbm nm[hOo.J«§Wm§Zm Jwê$ åhQ>bo OmVo, Vo `mM AWm©Zo. _mJm©aoQ>\y$ba åhUVmV H$s, Today a Reader, tomor-

row a Leader. H$moUË`mhs joÌmV Vwåhmbmèñds ìhm`Mo Agob, [eIa JmR>m`Mo Agob VaVwåhmbm gVV Ë`m joÌmVsb ZdZdo kmZ, ZdZds_m[hVs Am[U AÚ`mdV H$m¡eëò AmË_gmV H$amdsbmJVsb. Ë`mgmR>s dmMZmbm AÝ` n`m©` _bm Var[XgV Zmhs.

dmMZmMs AmdS> H$_s hmoV Mmbbs Amho, AesOs gmd©[ÌH$ AmoaS> gJisH$So> hmoVo, Ë`mÀ`mes _snyU©V: gh_V Zmhs. H$maU, _amR>sVsb àH$meZì`dhma dmT>Vmo Amho, _amR>sV _moR>çm g§»òZonwñVHo$ àH$m[eV hmoV AmhoV Am[U Vs InVhs

AmhoV. A[Ib ^maVs` _amR>s gm[hË`g§_obZmVsb nwñVH$ àXe©Zm§_Ysb nwñVH$[dH«$sÀ`m aH$_m H$moQ>tÀ`m KamV Joë`m AmhoV. hoEH$ gw[MÝhM Amho. _mÌ, _bm [M¨Vm Amho Vs `mgJù`mV Zì`m [nT>sMm gh^mJ [H$Vs Amho `mMs.B§Q>aZoQ>, gmoeb ZoQ>d[Hª$J Am[U g§JUH$ `mAm^mgs OJmV a_boë`m AmOÀ`m `wdm [nT>sbmdmMZ g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m _w»` àdmhmV AmUÊ`mMo EH$O~aXñV AmìhmZ AmnUm gdmªg_moa Amho. H$maU,`m gJù`m Zì`m _mÜ`_m§_YyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV

_m[hVsMo AmXmZàXmZ hmoV Amho. _m[hVsMmOUwH$mhs _hmñ\$moQ> Pmbm Amho. H$moUVshs _m[hVshds Amho? Mbm CKS>m B§Q>aZoQ>, Om JwJbda,CVadm _m[hVs, Agm gJim _m_bm Amho.JwJbUo, Ago EH$ ZdsZM [H«$`mnX _amR>sV V`maPmbo Amho. àíZ Agm Amho H$s `m A\$mQ> _m[hVsMoH$am`Mo H$m`? [VMs [dûdmgmh©Vm [H$Vs Am[U [VMokmZmV ê$nm§Va H$go H$aUma?

H$maU, `m gJù`mMm g§~§Y Z¡[VH$ _yë`m§esAmho. EH$ Zs{VdmZ, g_W© Am[U amîQ´> C^maUsVN>moQo>_moRo> `moJXmZ XoUmam O~m~Xma ZmJ[aH$KS>dm`Mm Agob Va Ho$di "_m[hVsg§nÞ' AgyZMmbUma Zmhs, Va "kmZg§nÞ' ~Zmdo bmJob, kmZsìhmdo bmJob. Am[U `mgmR>s AWm©VM dmMZmbmXwgam H$moUVmhs n`m©` Zmhs. Ho$di EdTo>M Zmhs,

Va kmZmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWm Amnë`mbm C^mamdsbmJob. `m gJù`mgmR>s _wimVM H$mhs _yb^yVCnm` `moOÊ`mMs, [ZU©` KoÊ`mMs doi Ambs Amho.emgZ ñVamda YmoaU åhUyZ embo` [ejUmVé[MnyU© dmMZ, Aä`mgH«$_~mø Adm§Va dmMZ`mbm àmYmÝ` Úmdo bmJob. Ago Ho$bo Zmhs Va Zds[nT>s àJë^, MVwaò hmoÊ`mEodOs Ho$di nwñVH$sAm[U nT>sH$ n§[S>V hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m Amho. Vgo PmboVa AmnUmbm H$moUsM _m\$ H$aUma Zmhs. gwIs,g§nÞ, gwa[jV, gä`, gw[e[jV, gwg§ñH¥$V

g_mOmgmR>s dmMZg§ñH¥$VsMsOmonmgZm H$aUo hm _hÎdmMm AO|S>mAmVm g_mOYw[aUm§Zs KoÊ`mMs doiAmbs Amho. nmbH$m§Mshs `m~m~VMs^y[_H$m _hÎdmMs R>aUma Amho. _wbm§Mo_hmJSo> hÅ> ghO nwa[dUmè`mnmbH$m§Zs Ë`m§Zm wear the old coat

and buy a new book `m Am°{ñQ>Z\o$ëng `m§À`m dMZmMo _hÎdbhmZnUsM nQ>dyZ Úm`bm hdo.

dmMZmMm g§~§Y AWm©VM ^mfoesAmho. åhUyZM amÁ` gaH$maZoamÁ`^mfm _amR>sÀ`m OVZ Am[Ug§dY©ZmgmR>s R>mog nmdbo CMbbsAmhoV. _amR>sgmR>s ñdV§Ì àemgH$s`[d^mJmMs [Z[_©Vs H$ê$Z _amR>s

^mfog§~§Ys gd© [d^mJ Am[U g§ñWm EH$mMN>ÌmImbs Amåhs AmUë`m AmhoV. _amR>s ^mfmg„mJma g[_VsMs ñWmnZm H$ê$Z g_mOmVsbdoJdoJù`m joÌmVsb _mÝ`dam§Zm Ë`mda ñWmZXoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. J«§Wmb` Midi A[YH$~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mdahs emgZ â XoV Amho.emgZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ [OëhmñVamda J«§W àXe©Zoâ[dÊ`mMm [dMma Amåhs H$arV AmhmoV. amÁ`mMogd©g_mdoeH$ gm§ñH¥$[VH$ YmoaUhs AbsH$So>MOmhsa Pmbo Amho. `m gJù`m_wio amÁ`mVsbgm§ñH¥$[VH$ dmVmdaUmbm C^mar Am[U JVs òB©b,`mMs _bm ImÌs Amho. bmoH$amÁ`Mm dmMZg§ñH¥$Vs[deofm§H$ ho `mÑîQ>sZo EH$ _hÎdmMo nmD$b Amho. `mg§J«mø Am[U AË`§V _hÎdmÀ`m [deofm§H$mbm_mÂ`m _ZmnmgyZ ewôÀN>m!

(eãXm§H$Z : gVse bisV)9422413800

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n¥ÏdsamO MìhmU, ‘w»`‘§Ìr

7OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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Vmg' dmMV AgVmo, Agm eãXà`moJ Amnë`mH$So>H$m ê$T> Pmbm Amho ho _bm _mhsV Zmhs. hm AR>amVmgm§Mm [heo~ H$m` Amho hohs _bm _mhsV Zmhs.~hwYm ghm Vmg Pmon ¿`m`Ms Am[U BVa AR>amVmg dmMZmZ§X KoV ~gm`M§ Ag§ H$mhsg§ g_sH$aUAmnë`mH$So> Pmbobo Amho. ho g_sH$aUM AmnbmKmV H$aV Amho Ag§ _bm dmQ>V§. AR>am Vmg qH$dmMmodsg Vmg dmMÊ`mÀ`m EodOs dmMZ Z Ho$bob§~a§, Ago g_OUmè`m§Ms g§»`m dmT>sbm bmJbobsAmho. hm gwk [dMma Pmbm Am[U Vmo _w§~B©H$ambmH$amdmM bmJVmo. nU Á`m dois AmnU Amnë`m[_Ìm§Zm, KaÀ`m _§S>itZm Ag§ gm§Jy H$s ~m~m ao,[XdgmVyZ EImXm Vmg dmMZ Ho$b§ Var Mmbob,AmR>dS>çmVyZ EImXm Vmg dmMZ Ho$b§ Var Mmbob,

Ë`m doiobm _bm dmQ>V§ H$s _hmamîQ´>m_Üò dmMH$dmT>Vsb.

dmMH$ H$_s Pmbo AmhoV Ag§ g§nmXH$m§nmgyZàmÜ`mnH$m§n`ªV gd© gm§JV AgVmV. _amR>s_ÜòdmMZ H$_s hmoV Amho Am[U Ë`mM§ H$maU Oo [Xb§OmV§ Vo ho, H$s _amR>sV ~hwVm§e nwñVH$m§Ms Amd¥ÎmsAH$ameo àVtBVH$sM _`m©[XV Amho. Ë`mAëng§»ò_wio EImX§ nwñVH$ [dH$b§ Om`bm g_OmMma-nmM df} bmJV AgVsb, Ë`mdê$Z AmnUAg§ AZw_mZ ~m§YVmo H$s, _amR>s_Üò dmMH$ H$_sAmhoV. Vo Ia§ Amho, nU [VVH§$ Ia§ Zmhs. _bmAg§ dmQ>V§ H$s, BVa amÁ`m§À`m _mZmZ§ _hmamîQ´>m_Üògmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§M§ Omi§ BVH§$ _moR§> Amho, H$sË`m_wio ñdV: J«§W [dH$V KoD$Z dmMÊ`mMsgm_m[OH$ gd` Amnë`mbm bmJbs Zgmds.J«§Wmb`mV ~gyZ bmoH$ dmMV AgVmV, [\$aË`mdmMZmb`mVyZ AmUyZ nwñVH$ dmMV AgVmV.Ë`m_wio bmoH$ dmMV ZmhsV, `mda _mPm ì`{º$e:[dûdmg Zmhs. _s Á`m XwH$mZmVyZ AZoH$Xm nwñVH§$KoVbobs AmhoV, Ë`m "ñQ°ÊS> ~wH$ ñQ>m°b'_Üò amoO[H$Vs bmoH$ Ambo, `mMs nydu _moOXmX Ro>dV. EH$me[Zdmar _s Ooìhm [VWo Jobmo hmoVmo, Voìhm Ë`m§Zs_bm gm§[JVb§ hmoV§ H$s, "AmOÀ`m [Xdgm_Üò BW§950 bmoH$ òD$Z Jobo.' _w§~B©_Üò Oa gw[e[jVdJm©n¡H$s EH$ hOma _§S>is EH$m [Xdgm_Üò EH$mnwñVH$mÀ`m XwH$mZmV OmV AgVsb Va nydu OodT>mdmMH$ hmoVm VodT>mM dmMH$ AmOhs Amho Ag§åhUm`bm hd§. e§H$a dmdsH$a ZmdmÀ`m EH$mJ¥hñWm§Ms 1896 `m gmbs à[gÕ Ho$bobs "dmMZ'ZmdmMs nw{ñVH$m _mÂ`m g§J«hs Amho. [VÀ`màñVmdZoV Ag§ åhQ>bob§ Amho H$s, "h„sMo àmo\o$gaAm[U [ejH$ ho Qo>ŠñQ>~wH$m§ì`[V[aº$ H$mhs dmMVZmhsV.' åhUOo e§âmhyZ A[YH$ df} AmnU VsMVH«$ma H$aV Ambmo AmhmoV.

_bm Ag§ dmQ>V§ H$s, Hw$R>ë`mhs g_mOm_ÜòdmMH$ hm _wimVM H$_s AgVmo. Ë`mZ§ H$mhs[~KS>V§ Ag§hs Zmhs. nU dmMH$ åhQ>ë`mZ§VaH$moUVm dmMH$ Amnë`mbm Ano[jV AgVmo? _sBW§ dmMH$m§Mo JQ> nmS>Uma Amho. Ë`m JQ>m§dê$ZAmnë`m bjmV òB©b H$s, Omo JQ> Amnë`mbm"dmMH$' åhUyZ A[^àoV Amho Vmo dmMH$dJ© AÝ`ÌAZ² Amnë`mH$So>hs H$_s Amho. [H¨$~hwZm VmoAmnë`mbm dmQ>V Ag§V H$s g_OyV MwH$sMs Amho._bm AmdOy©Z gm§Jmd§g§ dmQ>V§, H$s Amnbs AesMwH$sMs g_OyV Amho, H$s Oo H$mhs H$amd§ VogJù`m§Zs H$amd§. B§J«Os [eH$m`M§ Va gJù`m§§Zm Vo[eH$m`bm [_im`bm nm[hOo, ZmhsVa H$moUmbmMZmhs. Aem ~m~Vs_Üò Amnbs AmoT>mVmU hmoV

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

10

amhmUma. g_Om, EImXm dJ© B§J«OsM dmMUmamAgbm Va Ë`mZ§ Amnb§ Iyn H$mhs ZwH$gmZ hmoB©bAg§hs _bm dmQ>V Zmhs. Amnë`mH$So>M dmMH$H$_s Pmbo AmhoV Aes VH«$ma hmoVo Amho Ag§ Zmhs.H$mhs MmoI§Xi dmMH$m§À`m bjmV Agob H$s,Xhm-EH$ dfmªnydu B§½b§S>À`m [àÝg Mmëg©Z§ AesVH«$ma Ho$bs hmoVs H$s, h„s B§½b§S>_Üò eoŠg[nAa\$magm dmMbm OmV Zmhs. B§½b§S>_Üò eoŠg[nAaCno[jV R>amdm `mbm H$m` H$mbJVs åhUmds H$m?gm_«mÁ` Am[U eoŠg[nAa `mVyZ EH$mMs [ZdS>H$am`Mm àg§J CX²^dbm Va Amåhs gm_«mÁ` gmoSy>,nU eoŠg[nAa gmoSy>, Ag§ åhUUmè`m [~«[Q>em§dagm_«mÁ`mnmR>monmR> eoŠg[nAahs gmoS>Ê`mMs doiAmbs! [~«Q>ZÀ`m amOnwÌmZ§M ho H$~yb H$amd§?åhUOo Ë`m§À`mH$So>hs VsM VH«$ma Ho$bs OmVAmho.

Va Aem WmoS>çm dmMH$m§Mo _s dJuH$aUH$aVmo. Mma dJmª_Üò _s Amnbm dmMH$dJ©[d^mJbm Amho. `m dJuH$aUm_Üò OaH$moUmbm WmoS>mgm Am¡ÕË`mMm dmg Ambm Vad¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m g§nmXH$mbm Vo jå` Amho, Ag§_mZyZ j_m H$amds. EH$ dJ© g_mOm_ÜòAgm AgVmo H$s Vmo dmMV AgVmo, na§Vw H$m`dmMmd§ `mMo [ZH$f Ë`m§À`mnmes ZgVmV.Mm§Jb§ dmL>²_` Am[U AdJwUmË_H$ dmL>²_`ho _moOÊ`mÀ`m _moOnÅçm Ë`mÀ`mH$So>ZgVmV. Xwgam Omo dJ© Amho Vmo OmñV KmVH$Amho Am[U Vmo Amho, Z dmMVm dmL>²_`sZ_V§ à[VnmXZ H$aUmè`m§Mm. _mÂ`m bhmZnUsH$å`w[ZñQ> [dMmagaUsMs ì`º$s hs A[Ve`~w{Õ_mZ g_Obs Om`Ms. AmnU ~w{Õ_mZ g_Ob§Omd§ åhUyZ gmå`dmXs [dMma ~mobyZ XmIdUmè`m§Msg§»`m Voìhm H$_s ZìhVs. Oo Amnë`mbm H$iVZmhs Ë`mÀ`m~Ôb S>moio [_Qy>Z Mm§Jb§ åhUm`M§, hsH$bm Amnë`mbm ì`d{ñWV AdJV Pmbobs Amho.hm g_mOmMm KmV H$aUmam dJ© Amho. [Vgam Omo dJ©Amho Vmo dmMUmè`m§Mm Am[U Mm§Jb§ dmL>²_` H$moUV§[Z dmB©Q> H$moUV§ ho ~amo~a OmUUmè`m§Mm Amho.àmÜ`mnH$ _§S>is Ë`mV AgVsbM Ag§ Zmhs. nU`m dJm©nmgyZ _s Mm¡Wm dJ©, Omo g_sjH$m§Mm AmhoVmo ~mOybm H$mT>bm Amho. g_sjH$m§Zm `m dJm©V _sRo>dy eH$bmo AgVmo. nU Vg§ _s H$aUma Zmhs.dmMUmam Am[U Mm§Jb§ H$m`, dmB©Q> H$m` ho[Z{íMVnUo gm§JUmam hm Omo dJ© Amho, Vmo dJ©boIH$, àH$meH$ Am[U dmMH$ `m§Zm gm§YUmam XwdmhmoD$ eH$Vmo. nU Amnë`m AmOÀ`m àH$meH$m§Zmhm dJ© AmdS>V Zmhs. g§nyU© O~m~XmarZ§ _s ho~mobVmo Amho, H$s ~hwVm§e àH$meH$m§Zm hm dJ©

AmdS>Uma Zmhs. åhUyZ `m dJm©bm Xya \o$H$b§ OmV§.ZmhsVa hm dJ© ì`d{ñWVnUo Amnb§ H$m_ H$ê$eH$Vmo.

g_sjH$m§Mm Omo Mm¡Wm dJ© _s Ho$bm Amho,Ë`m~Ôb H$m` ~mobm`M§? Z dmMVm g_sjm H$aUmaoAmhoV VgoM g_sjogmR>sM dmMUmao AmhoV. Á`m[df`mM§ nwñVH$ hmVmV òB©b, Ë`m nwñVH$mda _sg_sjm H$ê$ eH$Vmo, Ag§ åhUU§ ho boIH$mdaMZìho, Va dmL>²_`mÀ`m ÑîQ>sZ§hs AÝ`m` H$aUma§Amho Ag§ _bm dmQ>V§. g_sjH$mM§"ñnoebm`PoeZ' hd§ AZ² Amnë`m Aä`mgmÀ`m[df`mdaMs ~hwVm§e nwñVH§$ Ë`mZ§ nyduM dmMbobshdsV. Mma dJmª_Üò AmOMm A[Ve` WmoS>mAgbobm _amR>s dmMH$dJ© [d^mJbm Jobobm Amho.

_bm ì`{º$e: Ag§hs dmQ>V§ H$s AmOMm ~hwVm§edmMH$dJ© hm n[hë`m dJm©V åhUOo dmMUmam, nUH$m` dmMmd§, H$m` dmMy Zò `mMo [Z{íMV Ago[ZH$f ZgUmam Amho. Vmo ZìdX Q>¸$o Var AgmdmAgm _mPm g_O Amho. _J `m Mma dJmªZm EH$ÌH$ê$ZgwÕm dmMH$ H$_s AmhoV Ag§ Ooìhm AmnUåhUVmo Voìhm Vmo dmMH$ H$moU? dmMZg§ñH¥$VsH$moUmMs? _s [Z{íMVnUo gm§JVmo H$s, OwÝ`m-Zì`mnwñVH$m§À`m XwH$mZmV Ago AZoH$ gm_mÝ` bmoH$[XgVmV, H$s Oo nXambm Ima bmdyZ nwñVH§$ [dH$VKoVmV. Ë`m§Mm Hw$Ro>hs JmOmdmOm hmoV Zmhs. Vo H$mdmMV AgVmV Vohs Amnë`mbm H$iV Zmhs. na§VwË`m§Mo [d[eîQ> [df` AgVmV, Ë`m [df`m§MsnwñVH§$ Vo [dH$V KoV AgVmV. H$ñQ>_ Am°[\$ga OarAgbm Var Vmo Mm§Jbm dmMH$ Agy eH$Vmo. _J`m§Zm dmMH$ g_Om`M§ H$s Zmhs? H$m ~w{ÕdmXsjoÌm§V Oo AmhoV VoM dmMH$ Am[U Ë`m§MsM g§»`mAmnU _moOV amhUma AmhmoV?

EH$m boIH$mÀ`m AmË_M[aÌmMs Om[hamV EH$màH$meH$mZ§ Aes [Xbs hmoVs H$s, "boIH$ hm

Agmdm bmJVmo, Vmo KS>V Zmhs.' _mÂ`m _VodmMH$mM§ Zo_H§$ CbQ> Amho. Vmo H$Yshs AgVZmhs, Vmo KS>mdm bmJVmo, KS>dmdm bmJVmo. hoKS>U§hs Ag§ H$s bhmZnUmnmgyZ AmnU dmT>VAgVmZm Amnbo H$nSo> Ogo VmoH$So> hmoVmV, Am[U VoH$nSo> Ogo AmnU ~XbVmo Vgo dmL>²_`-àH$madmMZmgmR>s "hmVmibo' OmUo ho ghO Ag§ KS>b§nm[hOo. Am[U BW§M Amnë`m g_mOmMs J\$bVhmoV Amho, Ag§ _bm dmQ>V§.

_mÂ`m ZmoH$arÀ`m Am[U gmd©O[ZH$J«§Wmb`m§À`m doim gma»`mM AmhoV Ag§ Ü`mZmVAmë`mZ§Va _s Aä`mgmgmR>s nwñVH§$ ñdV: [dH$V¿`m`bm gwédmV Ho$bs. Ë`m dois OwZs nwñVH§$[dH$V KoU§ hoM nadS>V hmoV§. _mÌ g§nmXH$

Pmë`mda ZdsZ nwñVH§$ [dH$V KoD$ eH$bmo. `mnwñVH$m§Ms AmdS> EH$Xm [Z_m©U Pmbs H$s Vsì`gZmgmaIs Vwåhmbm [MH$Q>VmV Am[UJ«§WIaoXsM§ doS> bmJV§. EH$ _mÌ _s gm§JVmoH$s, AdmT>ì` IM© H$ê$Z _s H$Ys nwñVH§$KoVbs ZmhsV, AZoH$ doiobm _s Mm§JbsnwñVH§$ hmVmVyZ Kmbdbs. Omon`ªV [dH«o$Ë`m§esVw_Mm ì`{º$JV g§~§Y àñWm[nV hmoV ZmhsVmon`ªV Aes nwñVH§$ Vwåhmbm J_dmdsbmJVmV. J_mdboë`m nwñVH$m§n¡H$s EH$ hmoV§OwÝ`m nwÊ`mg§~§Ys. 1856À`m Amgnmg à[gÕPmbob§. Á`m doiobm _mPm nJma 650 énòhmoVm, Ë`m dois Ë`m nwñVH$mMs [H¨$_V 500 é.hmoVs. Ë`m doiobm Poam°ŠgMs gmo`gwÕm ZìhVs,

Ë`m doiobm nwñVH$ [dH«o$Ë`m§Z§ Vo nwñVH$ _mÂ`mH$So>VsZ-Mma _[hZo Ro>dm`bm [Xb§. _mÂ`mda [dûdmgRo>dbm. _s H$mhs H$mimZ§Va Vo nwñVH$ naV Ho$b§.dV©_mZnÌm§V ZH$mo Vo Am[U ZH$mo [VVH§$ [bhyZ n¡go[_idbo Am[U Vo nwñVH$ [dH$V ¿`m`bm Jobmo. nUVmon`ªV Vo Xwgè`m H$moUsVar [dH$V Zob§ hmoV§! Voìhm_bm OwÝ`m nwñVH$m§À`m XwH$mZmVbm n[hbm YS>m[_imbm H$s hmVmVb§ nwñVH$ H$Ys gmoSy> Zò. EH$XmgmoS>b§ H$s Vo nwÝhm hmVmV òV Zmhs

dmMZ Mmby amhmd§ AemM ZmoH$è`m gwX¡dmZ§ _bm[_imë`m. g§nmXH$mMs ZmoH$ar, _s dmMZ H$ê$ ZòAgm à`ËZ H$aUmar. Var O_ob Vg§ _s [XdgmVbmEImXm Vmg Var dmMV Jobmo. B. EM. H$ma `m§À`m"ìhm°Q> BO [hñQ´>s?'Z§ _mP§ OsdZ ~Xbb§ Ag§ _snyduM åhQ>b§. dmL>²_`m_YyZ B[VhmgmH$So> dibmo,diVmZm H$mhs nwñVH§$ Oê$a Aä`mgU§ _bmAmdí`H$ dmQ>b§. Ë`mV H$mob~«wH$M§ "X Am`[S>`mAm°\$ [hñQ´>s' hmoV§. Á`m doiobm AmnU [df` [H¨$dmemIm ~XbVmo, Ë`m ~XbmÀ`m dois gm§YmOwidÊ`mgmR>s Amnë`mbm H$mhs A[YH$ nwñVH$m§M§

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

11‘o 2011

dmMZ Amdí`H$ ~ZV§. H$mhs g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> hmoU§Amdí`H$ AgV§. Oa ho Ho$b§ Zmhs Va nwT>À`mVw_À`m boIZmV [H¨$dm [dMmam§V C[Udm amhyeH$VmV. g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> hmoU§ ho gJù`mV _hÎdmM§AgV§ Ag§ _bm dmQ>V§. Va Vo n[hë`m§Xm _s Ho$b§.Ë`m_Üò EH$ nwñVH$ Oo _bm [_imb§, Á`mMm _sAmdOy©Z C„oI H$aVmo, Ë`mM§ Zmd "b[ZªJ Qw>[\$bm°g\$mBP.' àJV dmMZ Oa H$am`M§ Agob VaVÎd[M¨VZmH$So> Om`bm nm[hOo. "b[ZªJ Qw>[\$bm°g\$mBP' Aes nwñVH§$ Amnë`mH$So> ZmhsV.Ë`m_wio hmoV§ H$m`, H$s EImX§ nwñVH$ dmMb§ VarAmnë`mbm dmQ>V§, H$m` N>mZ nwñVH$ Amho. H$m`N>mZ Amho ho Amnë`mbm gm§JVm òV Zmhs. Value

Judgement åhUOo Mm§Jb§ Am[U dmB©Q>`mnbsH$So> Amnë`mbm gm§JVm òV Zmhs. åhUyZM"b[ZªJ Qw> [\$bm°g\$mBP'gmaI§ nwñVH$ _amR>sV òU§Amdí`H$ Amho.

Xwgè`m EH$m nwñVH$mZ§ _mÂ`m Am`wî`mbm doJi§diU [Xb§ Ë`m nwñVH$mM§ Zmd hmoV§ "n°[ag \°$eÝg.'bo[IHo$M§ Zmd Amho, ìh°bar ñQ>sb. `m bo[IHo$Z§nmMeo dfmªÀ`m H$nS>çm§À`m \«$mÝg_YyZ \«$mÝgMmnmMeo dfmªMm gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[Vhmg [b[hbm Amho._bm hs H$ënZmM \$ma _hÎdmMs dmQ>bs H$s,H$nS>çm§À`m \°$eÝg OgOem ~Xbë`m, Ë`m~Xbm§À`m gmømZ§ gd© amîQ´>mMm gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[Vhmg[b[hU§. Ë`mM doiobm AmUIr EH$ nwñVH$ _mÂ`mdmMZmV Amb§ Am[U Vo hmoV§ A°[bgZ ë`yar `m§M§ "Xb±½doO Am°\$ ŠbmoX²O.' "H$nS>çm§Ms ^mfm!' åhUOoAmnë`mg_moa Os ì`º$s òVo Vs ñdV: Vm|S>CKS>Ê`mnydu ~a§M H$mhs gm§JyZ OmVo. Ë`mM§ doJi§"gm`Ýg' ~Zb§ Amho AmVm gs[_`m°bm°Os -à[VH$m§Ms ^mfm. hs nwñVH§$ dmMë`mZ§VaB[VhmgmMs Os H$ënZm _mÂ`m _ZmV hmoVs, Vs~XbV ~XbV gm_m[OH$ B[VhmgmH$So> àW_ Am[UË`mZ§Va gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgmH$So> Jobs. gm§ñH¥$[VH$[df`mdaMs nwñVH§$ _s Ooìhm emoYV Jobmo, Ë`mdoiobm [H$Vs àH$maMs nwñVH§$ _bm gmnS>mdsV -[hñQ´>s Am°\$ em°ßg, [hñQ´>s Am°\$ A°S>ìhQ>m©`[P¨J,[hñQ´>s Am°\$ noÝg, [hñQ´>s Am°\$ Q>mBP, [hñQ´>s Am°\$Q>s, [hñQ´>s Am°\$ \$[Z©Ma, [hñQ´>s Am°\$ _°Zg©... Agm[ZË` Zdm gm§ñH¥$[VH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ XoUma§ XmbZ_mÂ`mg_moa C^§ am[hb§. Ë`mVyZM "OZ-_Z' åhUyZJ«§WmMm OÝ_ Pmbm. Jobs OdiOdi n§Yam df} _s`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgmMs nwñVH§$ Jmoim H$aVam[hbmo, dmMV am[hbmo. Am[U ñWm[ZH$ B[Vhmg Vogm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[Vhmg Agm _mÂ`m dmMZmMm àdmgPmbm. AÚmnhs _s gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgmdaM dmMZH$aV Amho.B[VhmgmVë`m XmoZ g§H$ënZm§Zs _bm

Ajae: OmJ§ Ho$b§. `m XmoÝhs g§H$ënZm _sAmnë`mg_moa _m§S>Vmo. J«m_Ms ZmdmÀ`m BQ>m[b`ZVÎd[M¨VH$mZ§ EH$ [dMma _m§S>bm, Omo nwTo> H«$m§[VH$marR>abm. Ë`mZ§ nma§n[aH$ nÕVsV B[Vhmg-boIZH$aUmè`m§Zm Ag§ åhQ>b§ H$s, Oo amîQ´>nwéf AmhoVË`m§M§ ñVw[VnR>U H$aUma§ boIZ H$aU§ [H¨$dmgZmdù`m XoU§ hs Vw_À`m B[Vhmg boIZmMsg§H$ënZm Amho. nU VimJmimVë`m bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mH$mis g_mOmV H$m` ñWmZ hmoV§ `mMm H$moUsB[VhmgmV C„oI H$aV Zmhs. CXmhaUmW©, [edmOs_hmamO `m JS>mdê$Z Ë`m JS>mda MT>mB© H$aV hmoVo,Voìhm _hmamîQ´>mVbm eoVH$ar H$m` noaV hmoVm, Hw$R>bs[nH§$ KoV hmoVm, Ë`m dois H$m_Jma dJ© hmoVm H$sZmhs, CËnmXZ§ H$moUVs hmoVs, Ë`m doiM§ ImÚOsdZH$em àH$maM§ hmoV§,- Zì`m g§H$ënZobm Zmd [Xb§,Subultern history. J«m_MsÀ`mM g§H$ënZoVyZ nwT§>[Z_m©U Pmbobs g§H$ënZm åhUOo ‘History from

below’. X[bV dmL>²_` Ë`m AWm©Z§ - Literature

from below. hs ‘History from below’

g§H$ënZm B§J«Os_Üò éObs. `m ‘History from

below’ M§ AmH$f©U dmQy>Z _s OZ Am[U _hmOZ `mXmoKm§g§~§Ys _m[hVs Jmoim H$aV am[hbmo.

J«m_MsÀ`m nwT§> OmUmam EH$ [dMma \«o$¨MB[VhmgH$mam§Zs _m§S>bm. \$ZmªS> ~«m°So>b `mB[VhmgH$mamZ§ àËòH$s 20 dfmªÀ`m H$mbI§S>mZ§VaVsZ I§S> [b[hbo. Vmo Á`m VÎdàUmbsMm hmoVm,B[Vhmg-boIZ na§naobm \«o$¨M_Üò "A°Z[bg ñHy$b'åhUVmV. H$maU _mH©$ ãbm°I Am[U ë`y[g`Z \$m~«`m XmoKm§Zs Annales ZmdmM§ [Z`VH$m[bH$ gwê$Ho$b§ Am[U Ë`mVyZ Amnbs "gdmªJsU B[Vhmgm'Ms(History in Totality) g§H$ënZm am~dm`bmgwédmV Ho$bs hmoVs. \$ZmªS> ~«m°So>b hm Ë`m§Mm [eî`.Va A°Z[bg ñHy$bM§ åhUU§ hmoV§ H$s gd© ~mOy§ZsgdmªJm§Zs B[Vhmg nmhm`bm nm[hOo. gm_mÝ`m§nmgyZA[ÔZm§n`ªV Vmo B[Vhmg AmUbm nm[hOo. eoVH$arH$m` H$aV hmoVm, bmoH$m§À`m ImÊ`mÀ`m gd`s H$m`hmoË`m, ñd`§nmH$mgmR>s ^m§S>s H$em àH$maMs dmnabsOmV, Vo H$nSo> H$m` KmbV hmoVo, ho Oo gd© [df`nyduÀ`m B[VhmgH$mam§Zm Ë`mÁ` dmQ>V hmoVo. AmVmhiyhiy ho [df` B[VhmgH$mam§Zm AmdSy> bmJboAmhoV. EH$m AWm©Z§ B[Vhmg hm g_mOemómVê$nm§V[aV hmoD$ bmJbm, hohs [VVH$M Ia§.

_s BW§ \$º$ B§J«Os nwñVH$m§MoM g§X^© [Xbo`m~Ôb _m\$s _mJVmo. nU _bm EdT§>M gm§Jm`M§Amho H$s, _s B§J«Os [eH$bmo `mM§ AmO _bm ~a§dmQ>V§. H$maU Ë`m_wioM _bm hm EdT>m _moR>mI[OZm [Xgbm, O_dVm Ambm. AOyZ Ë`mVbsH$mhs nwñVH§$ dmMm`Ms AmhoV. H$mhs Zì`mZ§

dmMm`Ms AmhoV. BVa `wamons` ^mfm§Vbs nwñVH§$B§J«OsV AmUÊ`mMm _moR>m CÚmoJ Amho. Ë`m_wioB§J«Os J«§Wm§À`m gmømZ§ OmJ[VH$ dmL>²_`mMsAmoiI hmoD$ eH$Vo. [Zd¥ÎmsZ§VaM§ ho "ßb°[Z¨J"Amho.

[db S>çwamÝQ>À`m ‘Pleasures of Philosophy’

øm nwñVH$mVbm EH$ g§X^© _s eodQ>s XoUma Amho. `mJ«§WmVë`m EH$m àH$aUmV Ë`m§Zs AdZV, ^«îQ>bmoH$emhsM§ dU©Z Ho$b§ Amho. Vo åhUVmV:“Democracy without education means

hypocrisy without limitation. It means the

degradation of statesmanship into politics.

It means the expensive maintenance, in

addition to the real ruling class, of a large

parasitic class of politicians whose function

it is to serve the rulers and deceive the

ruled.

The last stage of the matter is gangmen

rule. Criminals flourish happily in our larg-

er cities because they are guaranteed the

full protection of the law. If they belong to

the organisation or have friends in it, they

have every assurance that if they commit a

crime they will not be arrested; that if

arrested, they will not be convicted; that if

convicted, they will not be sent to jail; that

if jailed, they will be pardoned; that if

unpardoned, they will be permitted to

escape. If, in the practice of their profes-

sion, they should be killed, they will be

buried with grandeur and ceremony due to

a member of the rulling class and memori-

al tablets will be erected in their honour.

This is the denoument of the municipal

democracy.”

AmOÀ`m Amnë`m n[a{ñWVsM§ V§VmoV§V dU©Z[db S>çwa°ÝQ>Z§ 1929 gmbsM H$ê$Z Ro>db§ Amho._s B§J«OsV à[gÕ Pmbob§ dmL>²_` dmMy eH$bmoZgVmo, Va Aem àË``H$mar dU©ZmMm AmñdmX _bmH$gm KoVm Ambm AgVm?

(16 Zmoìh|~a 96 amoOs "dmMZg§ñH¥$Vs' `m[df`mda _w§~B©À`m ^ynoe Jwám ^dZmV [Xboë`mì`mImZmVsb H$mhs ^mJ. "Aja[ZîR>m§Ms_m§[X`mis' `m amohZ àH$meZmÀ`m nwñVH$mV _yi^mfU OgoÀ`m Vgo XoÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ [Okmgy§Zs VoAdí` [_idyZ dmMmdo.)

g§nH©$ : [email protected]

12

Wàgma `mÌoVë`m XmoZ AmR>dUs _ZmVH$moê$Z ~gë`m AmhoV. `mÌoVsb~mdsg gsQ>a ~g Am[U ZD$ gsQ>a Q|>nmo

H$amS>hyZ gmVmè`mbm òV hmoVo. Vmgm-XsS> VmgmMmàdmg. H$ds ZmamÙ gwd} ~g_Yë`mgm[h{Ë`H$m§~amo~a OmÊ`mEodOs Q|>nmoVë`mH$m`©H$Ë`mª~amo~a Jßnm _maV nwTo> [ZKmbo. S´>m`ìhaZoH$mhs JbVs Ho$bs åhUm H$s AÝ` H$mhs H$maUmZoQ´>°[\$H$ nmo[bgm§Zs Q|>nmo AS>dbm. S´>m`ìha CVabm,nmo[bgm§H$So> Jobm, J`md`m H$ê$ bmJbm. nmobsgH$mhs nQo>ZmV, Voìhm H$m`©H$V} CVabo, Ë`m§Zs nwTo>hmoD$Z gm§[JVbo, H$s AmV ZmamÙ gwd} AmhoV. VoeãX Xya A§Vamda Cä`m Agboë`m nmobsg[ZarjH$mÀ`m H$mZmV [eabo, Vmo YmdVM nwTo>Ambm. Q|>nmoV MT>bm. Ë`mZo gwd} `m§Zm gÝ_mZmZoImbs CVadyZ KoVbo. Ë`m§Mo Am[VÏ` Ho$bo.nmo[bgm§Mm ZyaM nmbQ>bm. gwd} gdmªesM gai,gmYonUmZo, AmnwbH$sZo ~mobV Am[U Ë`m_wiobmoH$m§Ms _Zo [O¨H$V. _J Vo nmobsg [ZarjH$ gwd}`m§À`m~amo~a Jßnm _maV Am_À`m~amo~a ~gZogmVmè`mbm [ZKmbo.

`moJ Agm H$s, AmUIs dsg-n§Mdsg [_[ZQ>m§ZsQ|>nmo nwÝhm AS>dbm Jobm, nU AmVm VoWo nmobsgZìhVo Va JmdH$ar añË`mda òD$Z Cô hmoVo. Ë`m§Zmgm[h{Ë`H$m§Zm nmhm`Mo hmoVo - nwñVHo$ ¿`m`MshmoVs. Am_Mo H$m`©H$V} d JmdH$ar `m§Mm Vmo JbH$mem§V hmoVmo` Vmon`ªV Am_Ms ~g _mJyZ òD$Z VoWoWS>H$bs. ~g_Üò X`m ndma, AéU gmYy, Hw$_maHo$VH$a, AZ§V ^mdo, _w½Ym [MQ>Usg Ago gmao hmoVo.gd©OU Imbs CVabo. nwñVH$m§Ms [dH«$s \$maZìhVs, nU CËgmh, AJË`, H$m¡VwH$ \$ma hmoVo.VemV EH$ IoSyV [~MH$V [~MH$V nwTo> Ambm.Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV KS>çm KmVboë`m ZmoQ>m hmoË`m. VmoË`m nwTo> H$am`bm g§H$moMV hmoVm. Am_À`mn¡H$sH$moUsVar Ë`mbm _Üò IoMbo. Ë`mbm H$m` hdoAes dma§dma [dMmaUm Ho$bs. Voìhm Ë`m§Zo ~wOV~wOV gm§[JVbo, H$s Ë`mÀ`mOdi gmV énò AmhoVAm[U X`m ndmaMo "~bwV§' Ë`mbm hdo Amho. Ë`mMs[H¨$_V ZD$ énò Amho. X`mZo nwTo> hmoD$Z "~bwV§'MsàV ghs H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV Ro>dbs. Vmo YÝ`Pmbm hmoVm. nU Ë`mÀ`mnojmhs Amåhm gdmªZm Ë`màg§JmZo ^ê$Z Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mMs nwñVH$m~ÔbMsAmoT> Am[U g§H$moM, XmoÝhs JwU _ZmV R>gyZ JoboAmhoV. gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo Ago CËH$Q> Xe©Z Ë`m

`mÌoV dma§dma Pmbo. Xwgam àg§J ~meuMm. gmobmnya-n§T>anya-

Cñ_mZm~mX Aem Ë`m nÅ>çmV Am_À`m ~amo~a dg§Vg~Zsg, [d.Am. ~wdm, e§H$a gmaS>m Agogm[h{Ë`H$ hmoVo. g~Zsg-~wdm Ë`mM àXoemVbo.~meubm gH$misM nmoMbmo hmoVmo. H$m`©H«$_g§Ü`mH$mis hmoVm. J«§W àXe©Z _m§Sy>Z Pmbo hmoVo. EH$~°M nwTo> ~sS>-A§~mOmoJmB©H$So> admZmhs Pmbs hmoVs._Üò doi hmoVm, Va ~meuÀ`m dmMZmb`mV OmD$Ago R>abo. dmMZmb`mV gm[h{Ë`H$m§Mo ñdmJVgÝ_mZmZo Pmbo. J«§Wnmbm§Zs J«§Wg§nXm XmIdbs. hs

JmoîQ> [S>g|~a 1982 Ms. J«§Wnmbm§Zs _J hiyMdg§V g~Zsg `m§Mo OwZo-1956 gmbMo EH$ nwñVH$H$mTy>Z XmIdbo. g~Zsg haIyZ Jobo. gdmªZmMAmZ§X Pmbm. gmaS>m åhUmbo, "g~Zsg' Ë`mnwñVH$mda ghs H$am. 2056 gmbs EImXm dmMH$òD$Z Vo nwñVH$ CKSo>b Voìhm åhUob,"e§âdfm©nyduM§, boIH$mÀ`m ghsM§ nwñVH$ Amho!' gmaS>m`m§Mm S>m°Š`w_|Qo>eZMm hm goÝg O~aXñV Amho, nUË`m§À`m `m H$ënZoVsb eŠ`Vm OmUdyZ gdmªZmMhfm}ëhmg dmQ>bm.

gm[hË`mMo gZmVZËd, [Ma§VZËd Amnë`m _Zs

[H$Vs [^S>bo Amho, Ë`mMmM Vmo XmIbm hmoVm.^maVmÀ`m ^y_sVsb dmL>²_`na§nam Amho XoIsb_moR>s. Vs nma am_mÙ-_hm^maVmnmgyZ gwê$ hmoVo,n§MV§Ìmgma»`m àH$mam§_YyZ Am[U Joë`m XmoZeVH$m§Vsb [d[dY AmYw[ZH$ gm[hË`àH$mam§_YyZAmnë`mn`ªV, [dÚ_mZ-[Od§V-gw[e[jV_mUgm§n`ªV òD$Z nmoMVo. Ym[_©H$-AmÜ`m{Ë_H$gm[hË`mMm, g§Vgm[hË`mMm ~mOM doJim. Ë`mVsbna_mW© Amnë`m ^m¡[VH$ Am[U bm¡[H$H$ OsdZmes[dg§JV dmQ>bm. Var Ë`mZo òWsb _mZds OsdZmbm_moRo> A[YîR>mZ [Xbo Amho.

gm[hË` N>mnsb nwñVH$ê$nmZo Amnë`mH$So>AdVabo Vo XmoZeo dfmªnydu. Ë`mAmYs VoldUna§naoVyZ, H$Wm- H$sV©ZmVyZ, hñV[b[IVm§À`màVt_YyZ àg¥V hmoV hmoVo, na§Vw gm[hË`mbmOZ_mÜ`_mMo ñdê$n Ambo Vo N>nmB© gwê$Pmë`mZ§Va. `wamonmV Vo nmMeo dfmªnydu KS>bo-Ooìhm O_©ZsV JQo>Z~J©Zo N>mnÊ`mMo `§Ì emoYyZH$mT>bo Am[U Ë`mda n[hbm Z_wZm åhUyZ `wamonmVsb~m`~bÀ`m hOmamo àVs CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xë`m.Ë`mVyZ àm°Qo>ñQ§>Q> hm H«$m§[VH$maH$ Zdm Y_©n§W CX`mbmAmbm Am[U "[aZogmÝg'bm MmbZm [_imbs. EH$àH$mao, _mZds OsdZmbm Zdm AW© [_imbm, ZdodiU bm^bo. Joë`m eVH$m-XmoZ eVH$m§Vgm[hË`mMo ê$n _mhsV Amho Vo Ago. Ë`m_wio Va

[XZH$a Jm§Jb

J«§

ì`mnH$ OrdZXe©Z...

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

13

"Vbdmarnojm boIUs A[YH$ g_W©' AemAme`mMs [dYmZo V`ma Pmbs. [H¨$dm Zonmo[b`ZMmH$[WV [H$ñgm à[gÕ Amho. Vmo åhUVmo H$s eÌyMoEH$ hOma g¡[ZH$ ~§XwH$m KoD$Z g_moa Ambo VarË`m§Mm [Z:nmV H$ê$ eHo$Z, nU Vmo VsZ boIH$ -g§nmXH$m§Zm KoD$Z Ambm Va _s Z¸$s Zm_mohaUhmoB©Z!

boIZ-_wÐU-dmMZ ì`dhmamZo OJmVsb JobsnmMeo df} Ho$di nwZsV Zìho Va [dMmad¡^dmZog_¥Õ Pmbobs AmhoV. _mZds g§ñH¥$VsV EdT>md¡Mm[aH$ dmagm J«sH$-amo_Z g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m Am[Ud¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m H$mimVM [Z_m©U Pmbobm[XgVmo. boIZ-_wÐU-dmMZ hs _mUgmbmbm^bobs Anyd© XoUJs Amho. Ë`m_wio kmZd§Vm§Ms[_amg g§nwîQ>mV Ambs Am[U gd©gm_mÝ` _mUyggj_ ~Zbm. Ë`m_wioM \«o$¨M amÁ`H«$m§Vs KS>bs,A_o[aHo$VyZ B§J«Om§Ms gÎmm ZîQ> Pmbs Am[U ñdV§Ìgmd©^m¡_ `wZm`Qo>S> ñQo>Q>g² [Z_m©U Pmbo. Oo\$agZ-[b¨H$Z `m§Zs Omo dmagm [Z_m©U Ho$bm Ë`mbm VmoS>Zmhs. A_o[aHo$Ms eº$s XmoZ H$maUm§Zs C^s am[hbsAgo gm§[JVbo OmVo.EH$Va Ë`m§Zs Ama§^H$mimVMXmoZeo dfm©nydu Xoeâ J«§Wmb`m§Mo Omio [Z_m©U Ho$boAm[U Xwgao åhUOo Joë`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mbm Xoeâ_hm_mJm©Mo Omio [dUbo.

`wamon-A_o[aHo$Vsb d¡Mm[aH$ H«$m§VsnmgyZ ñ\w$aUKoD$Z Om§ôH$a-\w$bo [Q>iH$-amZSo>-JmoIbo VoAm§~oS>H$a `m gdmªZs gìdmeo dfmªV(EH$mo[Ugmì`m-[dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m) ^maVmV,[deofV: _hmamîQ´>mV Oo OmJaU KS>dbo Ë`mMmAmYma _w[ÐV eãX hmM hmoVm. Ë`m_wio g_mOmbmàoaUm [_iV Jobs Am[U g§KQ>Z d Am§XmobZ Côam[hbo Ë`mbmM _hmamîQ´>mVsb à~moYZH$mi AgoåhUVmV.

Am_OZVon`ªV hm ~moY nmoMm`Mm Va _hÎdmMsAS>MU hmoVs-Vs [ZajaVoMs. Xoembm ñdmV§Í`bm^ë`mZo Vs Xya Pmbs. [ejU gd©Ì ngabo.Á`m§À`m KamKam§V hOmamo dfmªV [ejU [eaboZìhVo, VoWsb VéU [eHy$ bmJbo- H$m°boOm§n`ªVnmoMbo. Aem nXdsYam§Ms n[hbs [nT>s 1960 À`mAmgnmg Ambs. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va doJdoJù`mOm[Udmhs OmJ¥V Pmë`m. g_mOmg_moa g_ñ`m,AS>MUs, àíZ `m§~m~V [d[dY VèhmZs Ib gwéPmbm. Ë`m§À`m [ZdmaUmgmR>s VesM [d[dYCnm``moOZm. Ë`mV nwÝhm OmUsdOmJ¥VsMm ^mJ.Ë`m_YyZ [d[dY dmQ>m [Xgy bmJë`m. Ë`mVbo H$mhs_mJ© Am§XmobZm§Mo, MiditMo, g§Kfm©Mo hmoVo, VaH$mhs [dYm`H$VoMo , g_Ýd`mMo, g§dmXmMo. Agm VmoOmJ¥V AñdñWVoMm H$mi hmoVm. IamoIarM, 1960

Z§VaMs n§Mdsg-Vsg df} YJYJVs,g_mOOmJ¥VsMs hmoVs. Am_À`m hmVs Ë`mH$aVmhË`ma hmoVo Vo N>mnsb eãXm§Mo.

J«§Wmbs dmMH$ MidisMm OÝ_ Aem AñdñWdmVmdaUmV Pmbm. OwZmQ>nUmMs H$m|S>s \$moS>m`bm_Zo ZdsZ AmYw[ZH$ KS>dUo JaOoMo hmoVo. g_mOZdm KS>V hmoVm, OwÝ`m Mm¡H$Q>s ôXm`À`m hmoË`m.g_mOm§VJ©V `m gd© KS>m_moS>s KS>V hmoË`m, nUË`m§Zm _mÜ`_ ZìhVo. Vo _mÜ`_hs g_mOmZoM [Z_m©UHo$bo. "J«§Wmbs'Mm OÝ_ Agm CËñ\y$V© KSy>Z Ambm.Ë`m_wio g_mOmVyZ à[VgmX VgmM [_iV Jobm."J«§Wmbs' åhUOoM Amåhs gd© H$m`©H$V}, ho g_mOmZo[Z_m©U Ho$bobo d g_mOmÀ`m hmVmVbo gmYZAmhmoV AesM Amåhm gdmªMs ^y[_H$m hmoVs. Z§VaË`m Midis_YyZ EH$ ñWm`s g§ñWm [Z_m©U PmbsAmho. [VMs C[ÔîQo> VsM AmhoV. Zdo, VéU [nT>sMoQ´>ñQ>s ~moS©> [dÚ_mZ "J«§Wmbs'Mm H$ma^ma nmhVAmho.

WmoSo> _mJo diyZ nwÝhm [ZdoXZ H$amd`mMo VagÎma-n§MmhÎmaMm H$mi AmR>dmdm bmJob. {ó`m,H$m_Jma, eoVH$ar, X[bV Ago Cno[jV dJ©MT>mB©À`m n[dÍ`mV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm ñdV:M A{ñVËd,Ë`m§À`m Ý`mæ` h¸$m§Ms OmUsd Pmbs hmoVs.Ë`m_YyZ gm_m[OH$ Am[U ì`{º$JV nmVisdahw§H$ma C_Q>V hmoVo. "J«§Wmbs'Zo Ë`m§À`mì`º$sH$aUmgmR>s ì`mgnsR> CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbo.Ë`mgmR>s nwñVHo$, éMs ho _m[gH$ Am[U VèhoVèhoMogm§ñH¥$[VH$ H$m`©H«$_ ho _mÜ`_ hmoVo. H$m`©H«$_m§Moñdê$n AmOÀ`m "Bìh|Q>'gmaIo Ago, nUAmOÀ`mgmaIo Ë`m§Mo ì`mnmar ñdê$n ZìhVo. àËòH$H$m`©H«$_mbm CÔoe Ago. Xa _[hÝ`mbm Zì`mnwñVH$mÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo MMm© hmoV. Ë`m_Üò VéUAä`mgH$ [Z~§Y [bhyZ dmMZ H$aV. OsdZmMo AgoEH$ A§J Zgob Á`mda "J«§Wmbs'Zo MMm©-n[ag§dmX`moObm Zmhs Am[U _hmamîQ´>mV Aes EH$bm¡[H$H$àmá ì`º$s Zgob H$s Os "J«§Wmbs'À`mì`mgnsR>mda Ambs Zmhs. Amem ^mogbo `m§Msn[hbs àH$Q> _wbmIV "J«§Wmbs'Zo `moObs Am[UHw$_ma J§Yd© `m§Ms g§JsV [df`H$ gàmË`[jH$ì`m»`mZo àW_ `moOUmar "J«§Wmbs'M hmoVs. _s"J«§Wmbs', "J«§Wmbs' Ago dma§dma åhUV Amho,H$maU "J«§Wmbs'Mo ñdê$n J«m_gôgmaIo hmoVo.J«m_gô_Üò Ogo hOa amhUmar _mUgo [ZU©`H$aVmV d Vmo _mÝ` hmoVmo. "J«§Wmbs"V VgoM KSo>.JmdmoJmd KSo>. [dH|$[ÐV nÜXVsZo H$m`©H«$_ hmoVAm[U Ë`m§Mo g§`moOH$, Aml`XmVm d bm^YmaH$Ago gmao H$mhs dmMH$ AgV. "J«§Wmbs" hs dmMH$Midi IarM, Ama§^mnmgyZM Amåhs [VMo dU©Z

A[^Zd dmMH$ Midi Ago Ho$bo, na§Vw Ë`m g§koMmAW© Amåhs _m§S>bm. 1988 - 89 gmbs. Ë`mdoisAmåhs B§[S>`Z EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>sMo H$m`m©Ü`jEH$ZmW R>mHy$a `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo VsZ [Xdgm§MsdmMZ n[afX KoVbs. VoWo dmMZmMm OmhsaZm_màH$Q> Ho$bm. dmMH$mMs ì`mIm hmoVs CËgwH$-[Okmgy _mUyg Á`mbm OJ OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho.OJmVsb ~Xb g_OyZ ¿`m`Mm Amho. _mUgmVsb[dYm`H$Vm d gO©H$Vm Omonmgm`Ms Amho.

Amåhs 1982 gmbÀ`m J«§Wàgma `mÌo_ÜòAm_Ms ^y[_H$m Omhsa Ho$bs hmoVs, Vs "emoY Am[Ug§dmX' Aes. _hmamîQ´>â J«§WàXe©Z KoD$ZP§PmdmVs Xm¡am Ho$bm. Ë`mM Xm¡è`m¥rb XmoZ àg§JboIma§^s Z_yX Ho$bo AmhoV.

nwÝhm Mma dfmªZs J«§W_mohmoi ZmdmZo _hmamîQ´>ânÞmg [R>H$mUs EH$mM dois àXe©Zo âdbs.EgQ>sÀ`m AmR> ~g Am[U aoëdoÀ`m XmoZ ~moJs `m§Zs_hmamîQ´> T>dibm Jobm. Ago N>moQo>_moRo> Ajae:Ag§»` à`moJ n§Yam dfmªV Ho$bo. Ë`m àËòH$Am§XmobZmMo àVsH$ hmoVo "nwñVH$'. "dmMm ao dmMmnwñVHo$ dmMm' Aem KmofUm XoV [dO` V|Sw>bH$a-~m~mgmho~ nwa§Xao-Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a-[d¨Xm H$a§XsH$a`m§À`mnmgyZ gmao gm[h{Ë`H$-H$bmd§V Vogd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$ _hmamîQ´> âmVë`m Jmdm-Jmdm§À`m añË`m añË`mdê$Z [Z[_Îmm-[Z[_ÎmmZo [\$aVhmoVo.dmMZmMo _hÎd _hmË_m \w$ë`m§nmgyZ gdmªZsH$[Wbobo Amho. ì`{º$_Îd KS>dUmao d g_¥ÕH$aUmao dmMZmgmaIo Xwgao gmYZ Zmhs. dmMZmZoH$ënZmeº$s MoVdbs OmVo Am[U _mUyg [dMma-^mdZoZo n[aßbwV hmoVmo. dmMZ hm ì`º$sZo ¿`m`MmAZw^d Amho Ago dmMZmMo \$m`Xo gm§JV, ObXdmMZmÀ`m [Q´>Šg CbJSy>Z XmIdV dmMH$ Midi\$mo\$mdV Jobs. Ë`m EoZ H$mimV _hmamîQ´>mV ~Îmsg[R>H$mUs MidisMs H|$Ðo hmoVs. Ë`m_YyZ dmMZ-H$m`©H«$_m§Mo AmXmZàXmZ hmoB©, JmdmoJmddmMH$[XZmMo H$m`©H«$_ hmoV, Vem boIZoÀNw>§À`m~¡R>H$m-MMm© hmoV. Ë`m_YyZ nwñVHo$ [Z_m©U hmoVJobs. Ywù`mMo _wHw$§X YmamesdH$a ho Am[H©$Qo>ŠQ>Am[U Ë`m§Mo XmoZ [_Ì `m§Zs [b[hbobs nÌê$nH$mX§~ar Aem MMmª_YyZ BVH$s gwYmabs Jobs H$s[Vbm amÁ` gaH$maMm dmL²>_`sZ nwañH$ma bm^bm!

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hmoVmV. Ë`m§Ms _Zo-~wÕs Ë`m [XeoZo Mmby bmJVmV.Vo dmŠ` N>mnë`m ñdê$nmV e§â dmMH$m§Zs àËòH$sAmnë`mesM dmMbo Va Vo Amnmnë`m H$ënZoÀ`mgm_«mÁ`mV Sw>~yZ OmVmV. H$moUs A[YH$ [dMma d_m[hVs O_m H$ê$ bmJVmo, H$moUs amo_±[Q>H$ _yS>_ÜòOmVmo, H$moUs ^`M[H$V hmoVmo, Va H$moUs dmZàñWñdsH$mê$Z Ü`mZmbm ~gVmo... Ajae: e§â Vèhm.àËòH$mMs _Z~wÕs doJis. na§Vw, VoM O§Jb[gZo_mV-Q>sìhsV nS>Úmda XmIdbo Va e§âOUm§Mo EH$M O§Jb S>màoŠQ>a XmIdob Vo. åhUyZgd© _mÜ`_m§V _Z~wÕs KS>dÊ`mgmR>s, g§ñH$m[aVH$aÊ`mgmR>s dmMZmMs loîR>Vm _mZVmV. "dmMZ' `mImg [df`mda 1896 gmbMo e§H$a dmdsH$a `m§MonwñVH$ Amho. Ago AéU [Q>Ho$H$a gm§JVmV.dmMZmMs _hVs VoìhmnmgyZ _amR>sV gm§[JVbs JobsAmho. Ë`m nwñVH$mVhsàmÜ`mnH$ d [ejH$ dJ©dmMV Zgë`mMs VH«$maAmho. nwÊ`mV EH$mo[Ugmì`meVH$mÀ`m AIoaÀ`mXeH$mV J«§WmoÎmoOH$ g^m[Z_m©U Pmbs. [VMm dgmdmMZ-doS> dmT>mdo AgmMAgë`mMo gôMo AÜ`jMm\o$H$a `m§Zs Z_yX H$éZRo>dbo Amho. dmMZ hsghOgmons JmoîQ> Zmhs.Ë`mgmR>s àW_ gmja-gw[e[jV Agmdo bmJVo.Ë`mhyZ A[YH$ _hÎdmMoåhUOo kmZmoËgwH$ AgmdobmJVo. H$moUË`mhsg_mOmV nmM-Xhm Q>¸$oAgo bmoH$ Agy eH$VmV Am[U Vo dmMZdoS> OmJoRo>dVmV, dmMZg§ñH¥$VsMo g§JmonZ H$aVmV.

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Ë`m~m~V `WmW© OmUsd hmoVs. EgEZS>sQ>sÀ`mnXì`wÎma _amR>s [d^mJmV _s ^mfU XoÊ`mg JobmohmoVmo. àmÜ`mnH$m§gmR>s [a\«o$ea H$mog© hmoVm. _s dU©ZHo$bo _hmamîQ´>mMs gmV H$moQ>s OZVm nwñVHo$ KoD$ZdmMy bmJbs Ago ñdßZ nmhmV Amåhs 75 gmbs hmCnH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm, na§Vw AmVm Am_À`m Ü`mZs AmboAmho, H$s nwñVH$mMo OZ_mÜ`_ åhUyZ ñdê$n Am[UnwñVH$mMo A[ÔmV ñdê$n `m§_Üò \$aH$ Ho$bmnm[hOo. Á`m H$mimV `m OZ_mÜ`_mMs JaO hmoVs,Ë`m H$mis dmVmdaU Vgo hmoVo, Voìhm nwñVH$ hsna__hÎdmMs dñVy _mZbs Jobs, nwñVH$mZo Vmo H$mi^mabm Jobm.

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Ambs. `m H$mimV OsdZ VodTo> ghOgmonog_OÊ`mgmaIo am[hbobo Zmhs. Jw§VmJw§V \$ma dmT>bsAmho. ì`m[_lVm, [Z[~S>Vm `m g§km g_sjoVH$iÊ`mOmo½`m Agë`m Var OsdZmV g_moa òVmVVoìhm Ë`m§Mo AmH$bZ d ñnîQ>sH$aU _wíH$sb hmoD$ZOmVo. AemM Q>ßß`mda gm[hË` ì`dhma AS>bmAgmdm. OsdZ V§Ì[dkmZmZo J«mgbo Amho. _w[ÐVgm[hË`mnwT>À`m OZ_mÜ`_m§Zs _mUgm§À`m_Z~wÕsda nJS>m ~gdbm Amho. Ë`mMm EHy$U OZ_mZ[gH$Voda doJdoJim n[aUm_ KS>V Amho.OsdZmbm JVs Va Aes Ambs Amho, H$s Vo gmao_moO_mn H$am`bm Cg§V Zmhs. OJUo hmM CÚmoJhmoD$Z ~gbm Amho. Ë`mV gm[hË`-H$bogmR>s doiH$moRy>Z H$mT>m`Mm? Os _mUgo gm[hË` H$bm-ì`hmamV Jw§Vbs AmhoV, Ë`m§À`mgmR>s VoM "_mH}$Q>'

~Zbo Amho. gaH$mam§Mm,YZnVtMm nm[R¨>~m-nwañH$maAmho, na§Vw bmoH$ml` Amho H$m?"Bìh|Q>'- åhUyZ, H$a_UyH$åhUyZ bmoH$m§Zs JXu Ho$bs VarbmoH$m§Mo _Z Ë`mV Amho H$m? VaAm_ OZm§_Üò AmoT> doJisMH$gbs Var [XgVo. Vs H$emMs`mMm emoY gÜ`m gd©nmVù`m§da Mmby Amho.Am_OZm§À`m EH$m [d^mJmVnwñVH$mMs, N>mnsbeãX_mÜ`_mMs H$mg Amho. Vmo[d^mJ nwñVH$mV a_yZ OmVAmho, nU Ë`mbm Vgo dmMm`bmdmL²>_` [_iV Amho H$m?_amR>sV nwÝhm EH$Xm OsdZmMmgImob doY KoD$ nmhUmè`m

H$Wm-H$mX§~è`m§Ms, H$[dVoMs dmZdm dmQ>Vo.dmMH$mbm M[aÌ-AmË_M[aÌmV H$mhs à_mUmV[Xbmgm [_iV Amho. nU Ë`mhyZ Ë`mbm A[YH$AmH$f©U Amho Vo ^mfm§V[aV gm[hË`mMo. Vo XmbZAZoH$ àH$meH$m§À`m nwñVH$m§Zs ^ê$Z Mmbbo Amho.ømMm AW© _amR>s dmMH$ AmVm g§Hw$[MV _amR>sOsdZXe©ZmV g_mYmZ nmdV Zmhs, Ë`mbm AmH$f©UAmho A[YH$ _moR>çm _mZdXe©ZmMo. åhUOo _amR>sdmMH$mZo dmMZgmonmZmÀ`m nwT>sb nmàrda nmD$bQ>mH$bo Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _Z~wÕsÀ`m `m CËH«$m§VsV"J«§Wmbs'Zo EH$m Q>ßß`mda H$mhs H$m_[Jar ~Omdbs,BVHo$M !g§nH©$ : 9867118517B©-‘ob: thinkm2010 @gmail.com

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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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Amho, hohs Ë`m§Zs gmYma _m§S>b§ hmoV§. Aes nwñVH§$dmMVmZm _bm g§ñH¥$Vs, g_mO, gm[hË``mg§~§YsMs AZoH$ _V§ Am[U _Vm§Va§ H$iV Jobs.H$mhs AkmV Ag§hs AmH$iV Job§. g§emoYZ,[dMmaàdV©H$ boIZ hm Zoh_sM Aä`mgmMm [dfàm[hbm. Sm°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`mboIZJ«§Wm§gmaImM _mÂ`mda Omo[V~m \w$ë`m§À`mboIZmMm à^md am[hbm Am[U AmOhs VgmMAmho. Ë`m§À`m "Jwbm_[Jar'Z§ `m XoemVsbgm_m[OH$ ñdmV§Í`mMm àíZ [H$Vs AdKS> Amho,Ë`mMs OmUsd gVV hmoV am[hbs Am[U"gmd©O[ZH$ gË`Y_©'Zo gm_m[OH$ H«$m§VsMm ZdmAm[dîH$ma KS>[dU§ [VVH§$M H$R>sU Amho hoà[Vnm[Xbob§ H$R>moa dmñVd nQ>V hmoV§. "~w[Õ_Îmmhs [nT>sOmV Zmhs' Ago åhUUmè`m Omo[V~m§ZsOsU© [dMmaì`dñWm ZmH$mabs hmoVs Am[U "EH$mA[dÚoZo gmao AZW© KS>[dbo' `m [dYmZmZokmZmÀ`m joÌmVsb Zds nhmQ> H$dQ>mibs hmoVs.n[adV©ZmMm _mJ© CnojoÀ`m _¡XmZmVyZ OmVmo ho_mhsV Agë`m_wioM \w$ë`m§Zs A§YlÕm,AdVmadmX, d«Vd¡H$ëò Am[U Á`mo[Vf `m gma»`mg_mOmbm AkmZmÀ`m A§YmamV T>H$byZgS>[dUmè`m Xwîàd¥Îmsda AmgyS> CJmabo.\w$ë`m§À`m øm boIZmZ§ _s Zoh_sM A§V_w©I PmbmoAm[U hOmamo df} _mUgm§Zm Jwbm_sV OISy>ZRo>dUmè`m ñ_¥[VJ§Ym§Mm _s Iyn ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mgHo$bm. _hmË_m \w$ë`m§À`m boIZmMs [MniyUH$am§ZsH$m [Q¨>JbQ>dmis Ho$bs `mM§ ahñ`hs CbJS>V Job§.

[MniyUH$am§Zs _amR>s ^mfoda OS>OS> Ab§H$maMT>[dbo Am[U Ë`m§Mo J«§W _yR>â g_mOmnwaVoMam[hbo. \w$ë`m§Mo bmoH$^mfoVsb boIZ _mÌ \$ma_moR>çm g_mOmbm àoaUm XoV am[hbo. AYmªJdm`yMmPQ>H$m Amë`m_wio S>mì`m hmVmZ§ Vo "gmd©[OZH$gË`Y_m©'Mo boIZ H$aVmZm, [dûdHw$Qw>§~dmXmMm,Y_©[ZanojVoMm nwañH$ma H$aVmV. [MniyUH$am§Zmho H$YsM eŠ` Pmbo ZgVo.

\w$ë`m§À`m H$[dVoMs VWmH$[WV _amR>sg_sjH$m§Zs IynM Cnojm Ho$bs. \w$ë`m§Mo "AI§S'_s Var H$Ys [dgaUma Zmhs. H$maU Vmo ^maVs`g_mOmMm Am[U g§ñH¥$[VMm Amagm Amho.gm_m[OH$ [df_Vm, Y_©g§ñWm, AYm[_©H$Vm, OsU©_yëò `mda H$R>moa àhma H$aUmam Omo[V~m§gmaImXwgam H$ds Ë`m H$mimV Zmhs. "OwZo OmD$ Úm_aUmbmJw[Z' Ag§ AmìhmZ XoUmè`m Ho$edgwVm§daAmJaH$am§nojmhs \w$ë`m§Mm à^md hmoVm ho ñnîQ>Amho. _bm gVV dmQ>V amhV§ H$s, \w$ë`m§Msn[adV©ZdmXs H$[dVm hsM AmYw[ZH$ _amR>sVsbgm_m[OH$ Ame` à^mdsnUo _m§S>Umar n[hbs

H$[dVm Amho. Ago à^md KoD$Z _s d¡Mm[aH$Am[U g§emoYZmÀ`m joÌmV C^m am[hbmo.A_o[aHo$Vsb ãb°H$ [bQ>aoMa, H$mù`m§M§ gm[hË`,_s A_o[aHo$Vsb [dXwfs, Sm°. E[bZm Po[bEQ>øm§À`m_yioM _s dmMy eH$bmo. Am[U `mdmL²>_`mÀ`m à^mdmnmgyZ _s A[bá amhy eH$bmo

Zmhs. [dë`_ S>çy~m°`Ms ^mfUo Am[U boIåhUOo AmJsMm bmoiM. Ë`mMo [dMma åhUOoVmo\$mVyZ hmoUmam ~m°å~dfm©dM. ho dmMVmZmnwîH$iXm _s hmXê$Z Om`Mmo. Ë`mMs ^mfmñdmV§Í`mgmR>s ^wH$bobs, VhmZbobs. Ë`mM§A§V:H$aU H$éUoZ§ ^mabob Agë`mM§ Zoh_sOmUdm`M§, Vmo H$mé[UH$M hmoVm. [ZJ«m|À`m_wº$sgmR>s g§Kf© H$arV hmoVm. Jwbm_sV OJUmè`m_mUgm§M Xw:I [dXmaH$ AgV§. Xw^§JyZ Jobob§AgV§. 1914-15 À`m H$mimV Vmo H$mù`m_mUgmbm Ë`mMm B[Vhmg gm§JV hmoVm. ûdoVm§Zs[ZJ«m§oMm [b[hbobm B[Vhmg ZmH$mam`bm gm§JVhmoVm. Ë`mMs ^mfU§-boI J«§W~Õ AmhoV.

Sçy~m°`Mo [dMma [ZJ«mo Am§XmobH$m§Zm àoaUm XoVhmoVo, Aä`mgH§$mZm àoaUm XoV hmoVo. Ë`m H$mis[H$VsEH$ H$ds- boIH$m§Zs Xw:I Am[U àjmoÂmnë`m boIZmVyZ _m§S>bm Vmo S>çy~m°`À`mH«$m§{VH$mar [dMmam§VyZ. S>çy~m°` dmMVmZm _sH¡$H$Xm A§V_w©I ìhm`Mmo. A°boŠg hmbsM§ "éQ>²g'dmMVmZm, Eb[aO {ŠbìhaM§ "gmob Am°Z Am°B©g'hs Vwé§JmVyZ [b[hbobs nÌo dmMVm§Zm, AgmMhmXê$Z Jobmo hmoVmo. _amR>sV Ag§ nÌdmL²>_`Zmhs.

b±½ñQ>Z øwOMs H$[dVm H$mù`m§À`m Xw:ImMs

H$[dVm Amho. ñdmV§Í`mMs ^yH$ H$embm åhUVmVøm§Mm àË`` b±½ñQ>Z øyOMs H$[dVm XoVo. øyOhm°Qo>b_Üò doQ>a hmoVm. Ë`mZ§ ZmQ>H§$hs [b[hbs. Vmo"å`wb°Q>mo' hmoVm. Ë`mMm ~mn ûdoV Am[U Ë`mMs AmB©H$mis. Vmo ûdoVhs ZìhVm Am[U H$mimhs ZìhVm.åhUyZ Vmo å`wb°Q>mo. Vmo Am`wî`â ho Xw:I dmJdsVam[hbm. Ë`mM§ Xw:I åhUOo Ë`mMs îîUmarOI_ hmoVs. [deofV: AmnU å`wb°Q>mo AmhmoV ømOm[UdoZ§ Ë`mZ§ [b[hbobs H$[dVm nwZ: nwZ: dmMbsAm[U _s nwZ: nwZ: AñdñW Pmbmo. _s Ë`mH$[dVoMm ^mdmW© gm§JVmo. Vmo åhUVmo, _mPm ~mnûdoV hmoVm. _mPs AmB© H$mis hmoVs. _mPm ~mn C§MhdobsV amhV hmoVm, _mPs AmB© KoÅ>moV(PmonS>nÅ>sV) amhV hmoVs. b±½ñQ>ZZ§ nwT§> AmnbsOI_ CKS>s H$arV ì`º$ Ho$b§. _mPm ~mn _obm VaûdoV òVsb/ _mPs AmB© _obs Va H$mio òVsb/[Vbm KoD$Z OmVsb / _s _obmo Va _bm H$moUKoD$Z OmB©b?

Ag§ ho Xw:ImZ§ JXJXbob§ PmS>. Ë`mÀ`mZmdmda AZoH$ H$[dVmg§J«h Amho. nU, Ë`mÀ`m"[S>Aa bìhbs So>W' øm n[hë`m H$[dVmg§J«hmVË`mMm [ZamemdmX Am[U ^«_[Zamg OmUdVmo. VmoOJâ [\$abm. AmW©a H$moEñba Am[U ~moargn°ñQ>aZm°H$ øm boIH$m§Zm ôQ>bm. a[e`m-MsZÀ`môQ>s_wio Ë`mÀ`mda S>mì`m [dMmagaUsMm à^mdnS>bm. Ë`mZo H$Wm [b[hë`m, ZmQ>H§$ [b[hbs,d¡Mm[aH$ boIZ Ho$b§. g_sjH$m§Zs "hmb}MmbmoH$moÎma H$ds' AgmM Ë`mMm Jm¡ad Ho$bm. nU, VmoIè`m AWm©Ým§ "ñdmV§Í`m'Mm H$ds hmoVm. AOyZhsË`mMs H$[dVm _s dmMV AgVmo. Ë`mMm à^md_mÂ`m _Zmda Amho.

gm_m[OH$ ñdmV§Í` Am[U gm_m[OH$ Ý`m`mgmR>sAmnë`m gm[hË` [Z[_©VsMs _m§S>Us H$aUmè`mgm[hË` [Z_m©Ë`m§Zm _s Zoh_sM A[^dmXZ H$aVmo.AWm©V, OJmVë`m doJdoJù`m ^mfm§Mm gm[hË`mMm_mJmodm KoUo eŠ` Zmhs. Vo dmMU§hs eŠ` Zmhs.nU, Os H$mhs [Z[_©Vs hmVs Ambs Ë`m_wio _s[Z{íMVM haIyZ Jobmo Amho. Vs [Z[_©Vs nwZ:dmMÊ`mMm AmZ§Xhs _s AZw^[dbm Amho. Ë`m_wio[^Þ [^Þ g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m _mUgm§Ms, Ë`m§À`m àH¥$VsMsAmoiIhs Pmbs.

gy gw_s hs OnmZMs ~§S>Imoa bo[IH$m.OnmZ_Yë`m Añn¥í` _mZë`m Joboë`m "~wamHw$_sZ'g_mOmgmR>s Am`wî`â Pw§OUmar. Ë`m§Zm g_mZdmJUyH$ H$es [_iob, [df_Vm H$es ZîQ> hmoB©b`mgmR>s gmVË`mZ§ [b[hUmar gy gw_s OnmZ_Ysbg_mOgwYmaH$M åhUmds! "hm§es Zmo ZB© H$mdm' `m_yi OnmZs ^mfoVsb gmV I§S>m§V àH$m[eV Pmboë`m

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

17

H$mX§~arMo "[X [aìha [dW Zmo [~«O' `m ZmdmZ§ H$mhsAZwdmXhs àH$m[eV Pmbo AmhoV. "[X [aìha...' hsOnmZ_Yë`m ~wamHw$_sZ øm ~[hîH¥$V dJm©MsH$hmUs. H$moPsMo ~mbnU, Ë`mMs gm_m[OH$ d_mZ[gH$ H$m|S>s, d`naËdo Ë`mbm C_JV OmUmamgm_m[OH$ AÝ`m`, Ë`m[déÕ C^§ amhÊ`mMsYS>nS>, Ë`mVyZ ~wam[H$[_Zm§Zm hmoUmarAmË_OmUsd, AmË_gÝ_mZ, h¸$ ho gmao gmao åhUOo_mVsVyZ Cô amhUmè`m EH$m AÝ`m`J«ñV g_mOmMmH$mbnQ>M. OnmZ[df`s Amnë`m gmè`m§À`mM_ZmV EH$ A[VàJV, gYZ Am[U Am¡Úmo[JH$H«$m§VsMm Xoe åhUyZ à[V_m Amho. na§Vw, "[X[aìha...' dmMbs [Z `m XoemVhs Añn¥í`Vm Amho,~[hîH¥$VVm Amho hs OmUsd Pmbs [Z AñdñWPmbmo. Amnë`m XoemVsb Añn¥í`Vm, [df_Vm,ôX^md AmnU AZw^dboboM AmhoV. nU,~wamHw$[_Zm§M§ Xw:I nm[hë`mZ§Va à[V_m^§J Pmbm.A°boŠg h°bsM§ "éQ>²g' dmMVmZm Ogm gwÞ PmbmohmoVmo VgmM "[X [aìha [dW Zmo [~«O' dmMyZ gwÞPmbmo. gy gw_s hs ~wam[H$_sZ Zmhs; nU, [VZ§ì`º$ Ho$boë`m g§`V ghOm[Udm _bm à^m[dVH$ê$Z Joë`m. ~wam[H$[_Zm§À`m Xw:I, g§Kf©, doXZm,Aly Am[U hw§XŠ`m§Mm OdiOdi e§â dfmªMmnQ>M _s AZw^dsV Jobmo. ~wam[H$[_Zm§À`m g§Kfm©MmB[Vhmg gm§JUmar nwñVH§$ àH$m[eV Pmbs AmhoV.Ë`m§Mo A[YH$ma ZmH$mabo Jobo AmhoV. Ë`m§M§ OJU§XwîH$a Pmbob§ Amho. Ag§M EH$ ~wam[H$[_Zm§daM§nwñVH$ dmMVmZm Ë`mVë`m EH$m VéUmMs H¡$[\$`V[dbjU Amho. Vmo J«°Á`wEQ> Pmbobm Amho. Ë`mM§EH$m OnmZs _wbsda ào_ Amho. Ë`m _wbsÀ`mAmB©d[S>bm§Zm Ooìhm gwJmdm bmJVmo, Voìhm Ë`m§ZsË`m ~wam[H$_sZ _wbmMm àM§S> N>i Ho$bm. Ë`mbm[OU§ ZH$mog§ Ho$b§. nwT§> Ë`mbm H$mhsM H$aVm Amb§Zmhs. _moR>çm hm°Qo>bmVyZ Ë`m§Zm àdoe ZìhVm. AesgmaIs H$m|S>s hmoV Agë`m_wio AZoH$m§Zs AmnbsAmS>Zmd§ ~Xbbs. OnmZs AmS>Zmd§ KoVbs. Varhs[^Þ [ddmhmÀ`m g_ñ`m Ë`m§Zm ôS>gmdVM AmhoV.Ë`m§Zm "BQ>m' åhQ>b§ OmV§. "BQ>m' ImbÀ`mg_mOmVbm. hs EH$àH$mao [edsM Amho. "[X[aìha...' _Ybm H$moPs øm gmè`m XmhH$ dmñVdmZonmoibobm Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMs _mZ[gH$Vm Ë`mÀ`mjwãYVoV namd[V©V hmoVo. AÝ`m`J«ñV _Z àjwãYhmoU§ ñdm^m[dH$ AgV. [J«Aa Am[U H$m°ãO `m§Mo"ãbH$ a|O' (H$mim àjmo^) dmMVmZm Aem H¡$H$Xw:Im§À`m H$hmÊ`m ñney©Z OmV hmoË`m.

"ãb°H$ a|O'_Üò ûdoV Am[U [ZJ«m|Mm g§Kf© Amho.VéU H$mù`m _wbtMm ûdoVm§Zs Ho$bobm N>i,~bmËH$ma, AÝ`m`, Xw^§JyyZ Jobobs _mUg§ AOyZhs

S>moù`m§g_moa C^s amhVmV. ûdoV H$m_Jma Am[UH$mio H$m_Jma loUsÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo EH$M. Am[W©H$ñVahs gmaImM. H$m_Jmam§À`mM dgmhVsV amhVmV.nU, ûdoV H$mù`m§es ì`dhma H$arV ZmhsV.Amnë`m _wbm§Zm H$mù`m _wbm§~amo~a [_giy XoVZmhsV. emio_Üò H$mù`m _wbm§nmgyZ Xya ~gm`bmgm§JVmV. H$moPs, [ZJ«mo _wb§ Am[U ^maVmVsbAñn¥í` _wb§ `mV H$m` \$aH$ Amho? gm§ñH¥$[VH$Xw:I AmUIs H$embm åhUm`M§?

gm§ñH¥$[VH$ Xw:ImMs H$hmUs gm§JUmam Om°Z[J«\$sWM§ "ãb°H$ bmB©H$ _s' ho nwñVH$ _s H$Ys

[dgê$ eH$V Zmhs. eaUHw$_ma [b¨~mio `m§M§"A¸$a_mes' Og§ [PU[PÊ`m AmUV§ AJXs Vg§M"ãb°H$ bmB©H$ _s' ho nwñVH$ gdmª§Jmda ehmaoAmUV§. _wimV Om°Z hm°dS©> [J«\$sW hm ûdoV boIH$.na§Vw, [ZJ«m|M§/H$mù`m§M§ Xw:I Ë`m§M§ OsdZ H$g§XmhH$ Amho ømMm àË`j AZw^d ¿`m`Mm Am[U_J Amnbo AZw^d H$WZ H$aUma§ nwñVH$ [bhm`M§`m BamÚmZ§ [J«\$sWa nwT§> gagmdbm. Ë`mZ§ AmnbA»I§ Jmoa§ A§J d¡ÚH$s` CnMmam§Zs amgm`[ZH$Ðì`m§Zs H$mi§ Ho$b§. ûdoVmMm H$mim Pmbm.Ho$ggwÕm Hw$aio Ho$bo Am[U Vmo ûdoV A_o[aH$Zm§À`mOJmV Jobm. Jmoè`m _mUgmZ§ H$mù`m§À`m doXZm-ì`Wm AZw^dm`Mm hm AZw^d WamaH$ hmoVm. "OmdoË`mÀ`m d§em Voìhm H$io' Añn¥em§Ms Añgb Xw:I§OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s EImXm ñn¥í` boIH$ AgmAZw^d KoB©b? eŠ` Zmhs. _amR>sV Aes Xw:IH$ënZoZ§ _m§S>ë`mMs H¡$H$ CXmhaU§ XoVm òVsb; nU,Añn¥í` hmoD$Z OmVsôX H$gm AgVmo, Añn¥í`VmH$es AgVo, JmdH$sMs H$m_ H$es AgVmV,

_hma-_m§JmMs VwÀN>Vm H$es AgVo, ho AZw^dU§XwamnmñVM. nU, [J«\$sW [Z^©`nUo ûdoV OJmV[ZJ«mo åhUyZ Jobm. Ë`mZ§ _mZhmZs ghZ Ho$bs. N>ighZ Ho$bm, doXZm AZw^dë`m, [VañH$maAZw^dbm. [J«\$sWZ§ Amnë`m AmË_H$WZmV,‘What is like to be Negro?’ ho OiOisV dmŠ`[bhyZ ûdoV g§ñH¥$VsMm ~waIm \$mSy>Z Q>mH$bm.[ZJ«mo åhUyZ OJU§ H$m` AgV§ hm AZw^d ^`mZH$hmoVm. hs H$ënZm ZìhVs, dmñVd hmoV§. åhUyZM[ZJ«m|_Üò ^`J§S> H$m [Z_m©U hmoVmo? [h¨gmMmamH$So>àd¥Îms H$m ~imdVo? Jwbm_[Jar H$m` AgVo?[Zamem H$es AgVo? ho [J«\$sWZ§ AZw^db§.d§edmXmMo ~is Agboë`m [ZJ«m§|Ms _aUmdñWmË`mZ§ ^moJbs. åhUyZM Vmo åhUmbm "H$mhs _mUg§,H$mhs _mUgm§M§ Am`wî` ~a~mX H$aVmV, ho _mÂ`mEH$m [ZJ«mo _wbsbm [dMmaÊ`mV Amb§ hmoV§, Á`§yMmZag§hma H$aUmè`m, OJÁOoVonUmMs ñdßZ§nmhmUmè`m [hQ>baba [ejm Úm`Ms Pmbs Va VyH$moUVs [ejm Xoesb? Vs MQ>H$Z åhUmbs hmoVs,"[hQ>babm EH$M [ejm Úm. Ë`mbm \$º$ EH$ [Xdg[ZJ«mo H$am.' [ZJ«monU åhUOo emar[aH$ Am[U_mZ[gH$ N>i. [J«\$sW `mM AdñWoVyZ Jobm. "Hy$,ŠbŠg, Šb°Z' åhUOo "Ho$Ho$Ho$' `m ûdoVm§À`mYm[_©H$ g¡Ý`mZ§ [ZJ«m|Mm [H$Vs ^`mZH$ N>iMmb[dbm Amho, ho Ë`mZ§ nm[hb§ hmoV§. [J«\$sWÀ`mAmË_H$WZmZ§ gwÞ hmoÊ`mnbsH$So> Xwga§ H$m` H$aVmAmb AgV§? ImoQo> AZw^d _m§S>VmZm boIZA[YH$ J[hdaV§ Ag§ bjmV òV§. åhUyZMAZw^dOÝ` gm[hË`mMo loîR>Ëd enWodagm§JÊ`mMs JaO CaV Zmhs. "ãb°H$ bmB©H$ _s'Z§ _sPnmQ>bmo Jobmo. OJmV Agm AZw^d Zgob.[J«\$sWZ§ _mUgmM§ Xw:I nm[hb§-AZw^db§. Vmo_hmZ hmoVm. _mÂ`m _ZmdaMm Ë`mMm à^md H$YsMnwgyZ Q>mH$Vm òUma Zmhs. Ho$edgwV åhUmbo hmoVo,[dûdmMm [dñVma Ho$dT>m. Va Á`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`mS>moŠ`mEdT>m! Ho$dT§> ho OsdZmdaM§ ôXH$ ^mî`!OsdZmM§, g_mOmM§, g§ñH¥$VsM§ [dXmaH$ Xe©ZÁ`mbm KS>V§ Vmo _moR>m boIH$, _moR>m H$bmd§V. AemH$mhs _hmZ H$bmd§Vm§À`m _hmZ H$bmH¥$VsM§ Xe©Z_bm KoVm Amb§, Ë`m§Mm àË`` g§jonmZ§ _s ì`º$Ho$bm. øm H$bmH¥$VtZs _s ^mamdyZ Jobmo. Ë`m§Mmà^md _mÂ`m _Zmda Amho. gm§ñH¥$[VH$ Xw:I H$g§AgV§, Vo _bm H$g§ àVrV Pmb§. ho _s AmnUmnwTo>gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

(_amR>dmS>m gm[hË` n[afXoÀ`m "dmMZdoY' `mJ«§WmVyZ gm^ma)g§nH©$ : 9422203373

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

18 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

ŠQ>am§Zs _o[S>H$b OZ©ëg Am[Ud¡ÚH$s` emómMs nwñVHo$ dmMmds AgoAno[jV AgVo. d{H$bm§Zs H$m`ÚmMs,

KQ>Zm XwéñVsMs, Ý`m`mb`sZ [ZH$mbmg§~§YsMs[Z`VH$m[bHo$ dm J«§W dmMmdoV Ago A[^àoV AgVo._°ZoO_|Q>Ms _§S>is [d[dY àH$maÀ`m _°ZoO_|Q>[WAarO², _°ZoO_|Q> [aìøyO, AW©[df`H$d¥ÎmnÌm§_YyZ à[gÕ hmoUmao _°ZoO_|Q> [df`H$ ñV§Âm[U OZ©ëg dmMV AgVmV. (Ë`m_wio _°ZoO_|Q>[H$Vs gwYmaë`m dm gwYmaVmV hm _wÔm doJim!)d¡km[ZH$ _§S>is gm`§[Q>[\$H$ OZ©ëg,AW©H$maUmVbs _§S>is Ë`m [df`mdaMs X¡[ZHo$,gmám[hHo$ qH$dm Am[H©$Qo>ŠQ>g², B§[Q>[aAadmbo Ë`m§À`mì`dgm`mg§~§YmV dmMV AgVmV.

nU, amOH$maÊ`m§Zs Am[U nÌH$mam§Zs H$m`dmMmdo `mg§~§YmV Vgo [ZH$f AmT>iV ZmhsV.amOH$maUmVbs _§S>is dV©_mZnÌ dmMVmV; nU,VsgwÕm Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m, njmÀ`m,à[VñnÜ`m©À`m, Xwgè`m JQ>mg§~§YsÀ`m ~mVå`m"H$mTy>Z' KoÊ`mgmR>s. \$maM H$_s amOH$maUs _§S>isd¥ÎmnÌm§_Ysb [díbofUmË_H$ boI,[dkmZ[df`H$ _m[hVs dm OmJ[VH$ KS>m_moS>sg_OyZ KoVmV. ~hwVoH$ amOH$s` nwT>mar Ë`m§§À`mamOH$maUmV BVHo$ ì`J« AgVmV H$s Ë`m§ZmdmMÊ`mV doi "dm`m' Kmb[dbobm AmdS>VZmhs! AmVm Cabo nÌH$ma! Ë`m§Zs Z¸$s H$m`dmMmdo `m~Ôb H$moUË`mhs [Z{íMV"JmB©S>bmBÝg' ZmhsV, [ZH$f ZmhsV dmdmMH$m§H$Sy>Z Vem Z¸$s Anojm ZmhsV.

Aem {ñWVsV nÌH$mam§Zs Amnë`mì`dgm`mV àJë^Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>s H$m`dmMmdo `m àíZmMo CÎma XoUo Vgo gmono Zmhs.nU, nÌH$mambm Ë`mÀ`m àXoemMm Am[U XoemMmB[Vhmg ([ZXmZ T>mo~i ñdê$nmV) _mhsV Agm`bmhdm. Ë`mMà_mUo [d[dY amOH$s` ZoË`m§Ms M[aÌ-AmË_M[aÌ§ Am[U gm[hË`, gm[hË`-g_sjm Am[Ugm[h{Ë`H$m§Ms M[aÌ-AmË_M[aÌohs!

[Xdg|[Xdg Amnbo OsdZ [dkmZ-V§ÌkmZmZodoT>bo OmV Amho. na§Vw, XwX£dmZo `m XmoÝhs [df`m§VJVs Agbobo nÌH$ma \$mago ZgVmV. [edm`nÌH$m[aVoV òUmao VéU Oa J[UV, [dkmZ,AmYw[ZH$ V§ÌkmZ `m [df`mV nma§JV AgVsb Va VonÌH$m[aVoV `m`À`m EodOs Ë`m [df`m§g§~§YsÀ`mì`dgm`mVM (A[YH$ nJmamda) OmVsb.

gmh[OH$M àË`j OsdZ [dkmZ-V§ÌkmZ_` PmboboAgbo Var Ë`mMo ^mZ nÌH$mam§Zm ZgVo. Ë`m_wioË`m§À`m boIZmV bm[bË` dm H$ënH$Vm Ambs Varemó-ewÕVm òV Zmhs. Zì`m `wJmV ho[dkmZ[df`H$ AkmZ MmbUma Zmhs!

nÌH$ma gd© àH$maMs "d¡Mm[aH$ Am`wYo' dmnarVAgVmo. AJ«boI [b[hVmZm Agob dm AJXs ~mV_sXoVmZm, Ë`mV H$Ys Eo[Vhm[gH$ g§X^© AgVmo, Va

H$Ys gm§ñH¥$[VH$, H$Ys Ym[_©H$, Va H$Ys d¡km[ZH$.AZoH$ doim dmMH$ (CnmhmgmZo!) nÌH$mambm"gd©k' åhUyZ g§~moYVmV, Vo Ë`m_wioM Agmdo;nU, ~è`mMXm IwÔ nÌH$mambmhs Vmo ^«_ hmoD$bmJVmo.

nÌH$ma _w»`V: "H$å`w[ZHo$Q>a' AgVmo- _J Vmo[bhsV Agmo dm ao[S>Amo-Xya[MÌdmUsda [ZdoXZH$arV Agmo. Vmo gm§JV AgVmo, Vgm [eH$VhsAgVmo. Joë`m nÞmg dfmªV _mUgmÀ`m OJÊ`mMo

Am[U [dMmam§Mo [j[VO àM§S> à_mUmda é§XmdboAmho. gmh[OH$M nÌH$ma D$\©$ "H$å`w[ZHo$Q>a'Mo[dûdhs é§Xmdbo Amho. na§Vw, Á`m Eo[Vhm[gH$,Vm{ÎdH$, gm§ñH¥$[VH$ "Am`wYm§'Mm AmYma nÌH$maKoV AgVmo; Ë`m [df`m§Mm gImob dm g[dñVaAä`mg H$aUo Ë`mbm eŠ` hmoV Zmhs.

"dV©_mZm'À`m bmQ>m§da Amê$T> Pmboë`mnÌH$mambm g_wÐmMs Imobs dm ì`más g_OÊ`mgmR>sË`m bmQ>m§dê$Z CVamdo bmJVo. `wamon-A_o[aHo$Vsbd¥ÎmnÌm§Mo _mbH$ Agm gImob Aä`mg H$aUmè`mdm H$ê$ B{ÀN>Umè`m nÌH$mambm [deof aOm dm\o$bmo[en XoVmV. Joë`m nÞmg dfmªV à[gÕ Pmbobo

VoWsb AZoH$ J«§W Aem "ñQ>S>s [bìh'da Joboë`mnÌH$mam§Zs [b[hbo AmhoV. Amnë`m XoemVH$moUË`mhs nÌH$mamÀ`m - AJXs g§nmXH$mÀ`mhs-dmQ>çmbm Aem Am¡Xm`m©Mo àg§J OdiOdi òVMZmhsV. Aem {ñWVsV H$m` H$am`Mo?

BVa AZoH$ [df`m§V [Okmgm Am[U ag Agob,Va `m [df`m§Ms nwñVHo$ OJâmVyZ _mJdyZ VsdmMUo hm EH$ n`m©` AgVmo. "ñdmÝV:gwIm`' dmMZH$aUo hs EH$ àH$maMs M¡Z Amho, AmË_Jw§OZ AmhoAm[U bmo^ d ñdmW© Amho. AmnU Oo dmMbo Amho,Ë`mVsb _yb^yV (gÑe!) Am[U CX²~moYH$,[M¨VZmË_H$ Am[U _Zmoa§OH$gwÕm [dMmadmMH$m§n`ªV ZoÊ`mgmR>s nÌH$mam§Zs à`ËZ H$am`bmhdm. na§Vw, Ë`mgmR>shs "An-Qw>-So>Q>' AgUoAmdí`H$ AgVo. OJ [dbjU PnmQ>çmZo ~XbVoAmho. Ë`m ~XbË`m dmVmdaUmMs XIb _w»`V:d¥ÎmnÌo, [Z`VH$m[bHo$ Am[U Q>sìhs Ý`yO M°Zëg KoVAgVmV. d¥ÎmnÌo-[Z`VH$m[bHo$ Am[U AmVmAWm©VM B§Q>aZoQ> `m§À`m dmMZm[edm` nÌH$mambmVgo "An-Qw>-So>Q>' amhVmM òUma Zmhs.

_mo~mBb \$moÝg Amë`mnmgyZ 10 dfmªVbmoH$m§Ms ~S>~S> [H$_mZ 100 nQ>tZs dmT>bsAmho. nwT>ë`m 25-30 dfmªV OJmVsb, Ë`mdoiÀ`m 10 AãO bmoH$m§n¡H$s gw_mao 6 AãObmoH$m§H$So> _mo~mBb \$moZ AgVsb. AWm©VMAmUIs H$mhs dfmªZs Ë`m _mo~mBb_ÜòMQo>[b{ìhOZ, H$m°åß`wQ>g©, Am°[\$g, dV©_mZnÌ,H$a_UwH$sMo H$m`©H«$_, gd© _m[bH$m, hOmamo[MÌnQ>, ~±[H¨$J, gd© àH$maMo AW©ì`dhma Ago~aoM H$mhs Agob. _mo~mBb \$moZ_ÜòamhÊ`mMs ì`dñWm H$aVm òUma Zmhs Am[U_mo~mBb_YyZ H$ma dm [d_mZmMm àdmg H$aVm

òUma Zmhs ho Iao; nU, [ZdmgmÀ`m Am[U àdmg-mÀ`m JaOmhs ~Xbboë`m AgVsb. AmOM daC„o[Iboë`m ~è`mM gmo`s _mo~mBb \$moZ_ÜòAmhoV. nwT>sb 25-30 dfmªV Ë`m gw_mao ghm AãO(600 H$moQ>s) bmoH$m§Zm CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vsb.Varhs EH$ JmoîQ> [gÕ PmbsM Amho- Vs åhUOobmoH$m§Ms EHy$U ~S>~S> 100 nQ>tZs dmT>bs Amho._mo~mBbdê$Z, H$m°åß`wQ>a M°Q>²g_YyZ dm WoQ>.

àË`j dm \$moZdarb g§dmX/Jßnm/^m§S>UoAgmoV dm EgE_Eg/{Q>²dQ>a/M°Q> Agmo, _ob Agmodm àXsK© boI, ãbm°J AgmoV dm _{ëQ>_s[S>`mH$m°Ý\$aÝgog- Ë`m gdmªMo _w»` _mÜ`_ AgVo ^mfm.

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eãX. ~mobs. ñda`§Ì- [Z`§[ÌV ÜdZs (_wHo$-~[hao~moby d EoHy$ eH$V ZmhsV; nU, dmMy d [bhyeH$VmV; Am[U Am§Yio nmhy eH$V ZmhsV, nU~moby-EoHy$ Am[U ~«obÛmao dmMyhs dm [bhy eH$VmV-åhUOoM Ë`m§Mohs _mÜ`_ eãX-^mfm hoM AgVo.)

`m§n¡H$s ñda`§Ì-[Z`§[ÌV ÜdZs AZoH$ àmUs-njs-gm_wÐs Osd `m§À`mH$So> AgVmV. nU ~mobs,eãX, ^mfm Am[U Ë`m§Mo EH$ AW©nyU© g§dmXs g§Hw$bho \$º$ _mUgmbmM AdJV Amho. ^mfmemókm§À`m_Vo OJmV EHy$U 2700 Vo 3500 Zm|X[dë`mJoboë`m "^mfm' AmhoV. H$mhs ^mfm AmhoV H$s \$º$~mobs, `m~m~V dmX AmhoV. (Amnë`mH$So> `mMMmbsdaMm dmX _amR>s d H$moH$Usg§~§YsMm hmoVm.)Á`m§Zm ñdm`Îm Ago g_mOg§dmXmMo ñWmZ Amho,Aem gw_mao 20 hOma ~mobs dmnamV Agmì`mV.[H$ËòH$ ^mfm AZoH$ ~mobs _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`º$ hmoVmV;nU, Ë`m§Zm [bns ZgVo. ~hwVoH$ ^mfm g§emoYH$_mZVmV H$s, Xa 25-30 [H$bmo_sQ>g©da ~mobs,^mfoMm hob, Cƒma `m§V \$aH$ nS>Vmo. AJXs T>mo~iCXmhaU ¿`m`Mo Va am`JS>, [gŸwXwJ©, aËZm[JaròWsb H$moH$Us ~mO doJdoJio AmhoV, Á`mà_mUogmVmam, gm§Jbs, H$moëhmnwar ~mO doJdoJio AmhoV.[edm` "gXm[ednoR>s' _amR>s Am[U "_mbdUs-H$moH$Us' _amR>sM Agë`m Var Ë`m§À`mA{ñ_Vm gmd©^m¡_ AmhoV. VsM JmoîQ>[dX^m©V, ImZXoemV, _amR>dmS>çmV.Aes [d[dYVm Am[U A{ñ_Vm OJâgd©Ì Amho. AWm©VM ^maVmBVŠ`m~mobs, ^mfm, [bß`m Am[U A{ñ_VmOJmV Hw$Ro>M ZmhsV. åhÊmyZM ^maVmMoEH$Ëd Amnë`m d¡[dÜ`mVyZ ì`º$ hmoVo,Ago n§[S>V Zohê$ åhUV AgV. IaoåhUOo ^maVmBVH$s d¡[dÜ`Vm BVaH$moUË`mM XoemV Zmhs. BVHo$ Y_©,BVŠ`m OmVs, BVŠ`m na§nam Am[UBVH$s [ZgJ©ê$no Amnë`m XoemVAgyZhs ~hwg§»` bmoH$m§Zm ømMs OmUZgVo. XwX£dmZo nÌH$mam§Zmhs ZgVo. Ë`md¡[dÜ`mVsb g_¥ÕVoMo ^mZ nÌH$mambm Zgob Va VmodmMH$mbm H$go XoUma?

Va `m gd© ~mobs, ^mfm d [bß`m§Ûmao OJâMogJio bmoH$ gVV ~mobV AgVmV. Á`m doiog Vo~mobV ZgVmV Voìhm Vo Q>sìhsMo H$m`©H«$_ nmhV-EoH$V AgVmV, EgE_Eg dm {Q>²dQ>aÛmao "H$ZoŠQo>S>'AgVmV [H¨$dm dV©_mZnÌo, [Z`VH$m[bHo$, nwñVHo$dmMV AgVmV. eãXm§Mm BVH$m _hmñ\$moQ> `mnyduH$Yshs Pmbobm ZìhVm. ho gd© gw_mao VsZ hOmaÀ`mAmgnmg ^mfm§_Üò AI§S> Mmby Amho.

eãX ho g§dmXmMo, ^mdZm[dîH$mamMo, [dMmamMoVgoM B[Vhmg d ^[dî` `m§Zm OmoS>Umao _mÜ`_Amho- na§Vw, [VVHo$M Vo [dg§dmXmMo, J¡ag_OwVsMo,g§Kfm©Mo d `wÕmMohs _mÜ`_ Amho. Joë`mM _[hÝ`mVn§VàYmZ S>m°. _Z_mohZ [g¨J `m§Zs nm[H$ñVmZ~amo~aHo$boë`m g§`wº$ _gwÚmVsb EH$m eãXm_wio XoeâAm[U bmoH$gôV Ho$dT>m Var JXmamoi Pmbm hmoVm.B[VhmgH$ma, nÌH$ma, amOH$maUs _§S>is Va BVH$meãXÀN>b H$aVmV H$s, AIoarg Ë`m§À`m MM}VsbAme` ZîQ> hmoD$Z eãXM ñdV§ÌnUo AmQ>çmnmQ>çmIoiV ~gVmV.

~m.gs. _T}>H$a `m§À`m "[n¨nmV _obo Amoë`m C§Xra'`m H$[dVoVsb àËòH$ eãXmda (Ë`mVsb à[V_m-àVsH$m§da) 63 dfmªV BVHo$ _§S>Z-I§S>Z, [M¨VZ-boIZ, dmX-[dV§S>dmX Pmbo AmhoV H$s, Vo nmhyZeãXm§Mo AMmQ> gm_Ï`© Ogo bjmV òVo VgoM,EH$M eãX [H$Vs àH$maMm [dg§dmX KS>dyZ AmUyeH$Vmo, hohs Ü`mZmV òVo. (ZwH$VoM àm. Eg.Eg.ZmS>H$Uu `m§Zs g§H$bZ-g§nmXZ Ho$bobo "[nVmV _oboAmoë`m C§[Xa' ho CËH¥$îQ>, CX²~moYH$ Am[U Cn`wº$hsnwñVH$ AéU OmISo> `m§À`m "nÙJ§Ym àH$meZ'Zoà[gÕ Ho$bo Amho. eãX Am[U ^mfm àËòH$ì`º$sbm [H$Vs AWm§J ^md d [dMma[dûdmV ZoD$

eH$Vo, `mMm EH$ [dbjU gm[hË`-emoYM àm.ZmS>H$Uu `m§Zs KoVbm Amho. AWm©VM, gm[hË` hmnÌH$mamÀ`m AmdS>sMm [df`M Zgob Va Ë`mÀ`mboIZmV, _m§S>UsV, e¡bsV bm[bË` òUma Zmhs.h„sÀ`m n[a^mfoV nÌH$mambm "arS>a-\«o$¨S>bs'amhÊ`mgmR>s \$º$ Ë`mÀ`m ^mfoVsbM Zìho, VaOJmVsb gm[hË`mMs OmU hds. (Va _wÔm AmhoeãXm§Mm. _mUygàmUs ~mobm`bm bmJbm([Za[Zamù`m [R>H$mUs [Za[Zamù`m ~mobt_YyZ)Ë`mbm gmYmaUnUo XsS> bmI df} Pmbs, Ago

_mZdd§eemók _mZVmV. (Ë`m§Zm "~mobs'åhUÊ`mnojm "ñda`§Ì- [Z`§[ÌV ÜdZs BVnVMñWmZ hmoVo.') Ë`m ÜdZt_YyZ g§dmXs- g§XoedmXH$eãX [Z_m©U ìhm`bm AmUIshs ~arM df} JobsAgmdsV. Ë`m eãXm§Zm àmW[_H$ [MÌ[bnsMo ê$n22 hOma dfmªnydu Ambo Ago _mZbo OmVo, na§Vw,Ë`m [MÌ[bnsVyZ arVga Ajao, eãX, ñWyb AesdmŠàMZm ho gd© OmñVsV OmñV nmM Vo ghm hOmadfmªnyduMo Amho.

Ë`m doiÀ`m OsdZe¡bsV eãXm§Mm d ^mfoMmCn`moJ \$º$ ì`mdhm[aH$ hmoVm. ^mdZm, [dMma,VÎd[M¨VZ, dmX, _VôX, J¡ag_O ho gd©hmoÊ`mBVH$s ^mfm àJë^ Pmbobs ZìhVs. Ë`m_wioEHy$U eãXg§»`mhs A[Ve` H$_s hmoVs- _J, VoeãX [MZs AgmoV dm AÝ` Hw$R>À`m Var[g{ìhbm`PoeZ_Ysb. A§XmOmZwgma, Vs EHy$UeãXg§»`m Mma-nmMeoÀ`m da Zgmds.

"X ñQ>moar Am°\$ B§{½be' `m ~s.~s.gs.Zo à[gÕHo$boë`m nwñVH$mV åhQ>ë`mà_mUo, XmoZ hOmadfmªnydu Á`w[b`g [gPa [~«Q>Z_Üògm_mO«{dñVmamgmR>s AdVabm Voìhm B§J«Os hs^mfmM ZìhVs; na§Vw, ~hwVoH$ gw[e[jV (Am[UA[e[jVhs!) _§S>itZm dmQ>Vo H$s, Á`w[b`g

[gPa, {ŠbAmonmÌm, BVHo$M H$m`,òey [¼ñVhs B§J«OsVM ~mobVAgUma. dñVwV: àmMsZ BQ>bsMs ^mfmb°[Q>Z hsM amo_ àOmgÎmmH$mMs, amo_Zgm_«mÁ`mMs Am[U amo_Z H°$W[bH$MM©Ms Am[U Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV `wamonMsgm§ñH¥$[VH$ ^mfm hmoVs. AJXs 1500dfmªnyds©hr B§J«Os ^mfm \$º$ H$mhsnmM-gmV hOma _mUgm§Zm òV hmoVs."B§J«OsMm à^md' dJ¡ao àíZM ZìhVm.BVHo$M H$m`, eoŠg[nà (1564 -1616) Ë`mMs ZmQ> [bhsV hmoVm Voìhm\$ma Va 50 Vo 70 bmI bmoH$ B§J«Os^mfm ~moby eH$V hmoVo. (gmjaVm H$_sAgë`mZo `m "B§{½be_oZ'n¡H$s

~hwg§»` [bhy-dmMy eH$V ZìhVo; na§Vw, ZmQ>Ho$g_OÊ`mBVH$s AmH$bZeº$s g_mOmV hmoVs,Ë`m_wioM Vs ZmQ>Ho$ [Q>H$bs. AmOhseoŠg[nÀaMs ZmQ>Ho$ g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s hOmamo[dÚmWu Ë`mda S>m°ŠQ>aoQ> H$arV AgVmV.) `mMm AW©àËòH$ nÌH$mamZo kmZoûdarnmgyZ eo{Šñnàn`ªV dm"JsVmahñ`' Vo X "H°$[nQ>b' `m J§§Wmn`ªV gd©_wimVyZ dmMm`bm hdo Ago Zmhs; nU, OJmVsb[dMmam§Ms AmoiIM Zgob Va Ë`mbm AmOy~mOyMog_mOOsdZM g_OUma Zmhs. _J, Vmo nÌH$m[aVm

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

20

H$es d H$emMs H$aUma ? B§J«Os ^mfoMm [dñVma Am[U à^md _w»`V:

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gÜ`m _amR>s dm H$moUVs ^maVs` ^mfm [dñVmaVoAmho? ^mfoMo d¡^d, Ë`mVsb gm¢X`©, Ë`mVsb[dMma Am[U Ë`mMs à^md Q>mH$Ê`mMs j_Vm Ho$dieãXg§»òda Adb§~yZ Zmhs, Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmMmgmd©[ÌH$ AZw^d, Ë`m g_mOmVsb ì`º$tMs Pon,g_mOmVsb [dkmZ Am[U EHy$UM d¡Mm[aH$Vm `m§daË`m Ë`m ^mfoVsb gm_Ï`© d g_¥Õs Adb§~yZ Amho."kmZoûdar', "VwH$mam_mMs JmWm', "Xmg~mooY' hoMmaeo Vo gmVeo df} Ë`mÀ`m Omoamda [Q>Hy$Z am[hbo._T}>H$a 60 df} [Q>Hy$Z AmhoV Am[U S>m°. X.[^.Hw$bH$UvZm "AZÝ`Vm _T}>H$am§Ms'gmaIm[dMmag§nÞ J«§W AmO à[gÕ H$amdmgm dmQ>Vmo.[dO`m amOmÜ`jm§Zm Ë`m§Mo _T}>H$am§~ÔbMo g§emoYZMmbyM Ro>dmdogo dmQ>Vo. `mdê$Z Ë`mVsb d¡Mm[aH$VmH$X bImV òVo.

na§Vw, _wÔm hm Amho H$s, 50 dfmªV (_w»`V: 30dfmªV) åhUOo _hmamîQ´> ñWmnZ Pmë`mZ§Va _amR>sgm[hË`-H$bmg¥îQ>sZo H$moUVo H$ig _amR>sgm§ñH¥$[VH$Voda MT>[dbo?

nÌH$m[aVmM Ë`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$Vobm [demb Am[UàJë^ ~Zdy eH$Vo. H$maU, nÌH$ma hm [ZdoXH$ AmhoAm[U Aä`mgH$hs; a[gH$ Am[U g_sjH$hs;B[VhmgmMm g_wÐdmgs Am[U ^[dî`mH$So> nmhUmamg_H$mbsZ ÐîQ>mhs. na§Vw, ho g_OÊ`mgmR>s [H¨$dm Vs^y[_H$m dR>[dÊ`mgmR>s Ë`mZ§ gdªH$f dmMZmMs JaOAmho. AmdS>M Zgob, [Okmgm Zgob, OJmbm Vogm§JÊ`mMs AmM Zgob Va nÌH$m[aVonojm BVa Iynì`dgm` AmhoV- Vo H$amdo. nÌH$ma "gd©k' ZgVmo;nU, Ë`mbm "gd©k'Vo~Ôb H¥$VkVm _mÌ hds VaMVmo dmMH$mbm kmZ Am[U AmZ§X XoD$ eHo$b.g§nH©$ : 9821524131B©-‘ob : [email protected]

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

21OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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_s B§J«Os gm[hË` [eH$bmo Am[U [eH$db§.Ë`mV _mPmhs EH$ ñdmW© hmoVm. B§J«Osda nwaog§ à^wËdË`m_wio _bm [_idVm Amb§. Ë`m_wio B§J«OsVCnbãY Agbob§ OJmVë`m BVa ^mfm§Vb§CÎm_moÎm_ Am[U XO}Xma gm[hË` _bm dmMVm Amb§.gm_«mÁ`dmXmZo nN>mS>boë`m B§J«Os gm[hË`mÀ`m_`m©Xmhs Ë`m_wi§ bjmV Amë`m. ~Q´>mªS> agobBVH$mM [H¨$~hwZm Ë`mÀ`mnojmhs H$mhsgm WmoaAgbobm Ama. S>ãë`y. ~s. S>çy~m à[gÕsnmgyZd§[MV H$m am[hbm Vohs bjmV Amb§. A_o[aH$Zgm[hË` dmMë`mda H¥$îU-dUu`m§M§ Am[U OJmVsbd§[MVm§M§ EHy$UM gm[hË` dmMë`mda B[VhmgZì`mZ§ g_OyZ KoÊ`mMs Amdí`H$Vm bjmV Ambs.hm à^md H$mhs Xwb©[jÊ`mgmaIm ZmhsM. gm[hË`dmMU§ [H¨$dm EH§$Xa dmMZ hs _ybV: EH$ kmZmË_H$[H«$`m Amho Am[U hs [H«$`m A§VhsZ Amho.Vw_À`mda à^md nmS>Uma§ nwñVH$ Vwåhmbm ZdZdsZnwñVH§$ emoYm`bm ^mJ nmS>V§. dmñV[dH$, Hw$R>bmhsboIH$ dmMH$m§Zm à^m[dV H$aÊ`mgmR>s [bhsVZgVmo. Amnë`m Am§V[aH$ JaOonmoQ>s Vmo Amnbm[dûdmH$So> ~KÊ`mMm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ ì`º$ H$aVmo.A§[V_V: à^mdmnojm `m [dûd~moYmn`ªV nmohmoMVmòU§ hoM dmMZg§ñH¥$VsM§ Ia§ C[ÔîQ> åhUVm òB©b._mÂ`m Zm§XoS>_Yë`m EH$m [_ÌmOdi Iyn åhUOoEH$ H$nmQ>â [ndù`m doîQ>ZmVsb (nmoZm}) nwñVH§$hmoVs. _s Vshs dmMbs. AZoH$ hoaH$Wmhs dmMë`m._s hs nwñVH§$ dmMbs ZgVs Va _bm S>s.EM.bm°aoÝg, hoÝar [_ba `m§Ms d¡[eîQ>ço H$ibs ZgVs.hoaH$Wm dmMë`m ZgË`m Va XmñVoìhñH$sM§ "H«$mB©_A°ÊS> n[ae_|Q>' [H¨$dm J«°h°_ J«sZM§ "A JZ \$m°agob' ZsQ>nUmZo H$ibo ZgVo. dmMZmMm Cn`moJåhUyM naV naV dmMZmgmR>sM Am[U gdªH$fAmH$bZmgmR>sM hmoV AgVmo.

(‘amR>dmS>m gm{hË` n[afXoÀ `"dmMZdoY'‘ŸYyZgm^ma)g§nH©$ : 9637058132

OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

23OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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_[hZm AIoa Agë`mZ§ _mÂ`mH$So> n¡go ZìhVo.AmB©-dS>sb n¡go nmR>dy eH$V ZìhVo. _mÂ`mH$So>EH$M Xm[JZm hmoVm. "X [WAar Am°\$Bbm{ñQ>[gQ>s'- E_Am`Q>sÀ`m ì`dñWmnZ g[_VsMoAÜ`j S>m°. bú_Uñdm_s _wX[b`ma `m§Zs _bm ôQ>[Xbob§, [V_moeoH$mo Am[U JwS>sà `m§Zs [b[hbob§nwñVH$. Ë`mMs [H§$_V hmoVs énò 400/-.EamoS>m`Zm[_Šg `m [df`mV àmdsÊ`[_i[dë`m~Ôb _bm [_imbob§ Vo ~jsg hmoV§. _s[ZU©` KoVbm, ho nwñVH$ [dHy$Z àdmg ^mSo>[_idm`Mo. _bm hdo hmoVo \$º$ 60 énò.

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Amnb§ hadbob§ _yb naV [_imë`mda AmB©bmhmoUmè`m AmZ§XmMm àË`` _bm Ambm _s nwñVH$naV [_idb§ Voìhm!

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S>m°ŠQ>a qH$dm Amamo½` joÌmVsb VÁk hmoD$B{ÀN>Umè`m§Zs ho nwñVH$ Adí` dmMmd§. _mZdseara hs EH$ `m§[ÌH$ ì`dñWm ZgyZ Vmo EH$g§doXZesb Osd Amho. _mZds eara åhUOo_mZgemó Am[U earaemó `m§Mm gw§Xa [_bm\$Amho. amîQ´>s`, àmXo[eH$ Am[U Ym[_©H$ gs_m§À`mnbrH$So> ZoUma§ Ag§ "[WéHw$ab' ho AmUIs EH$g§wXa nwñVH$ _mP§ AË`§V AmdS>V§ Amho. [Wéd„da`m§Zs `mV CÎm_ AmMmag§[hVm gm§[JVbs Amho.

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OJmVbs [Vgar _hmgÎmm hmoÊ`mMs AmH$m§jm~miJUmè`m ^maVmZohs Aem àH$maMo gd}jUàW_M Ho$bo Vo 2009_Üò. H$moUË`mhs[dH$gZesb XoemVsb ho Aem àH$maMo n[hbogd}jU. Ë`mgmR>s nwT>mH$ma KoVbm Vmo "Z°eZb ~wH$Q´>ñQ>'Zo. nwñVH$m§Mo àH$meZ d àgma H$aUmarXoemVsb hs à_wI g§ñWm. `m g§ñWoZo `wdH$m§_YsbdmMZd¥Îms dmT>[dÊ`mgmR>s EH$ amîQ´>s` H¥$VsAmamIS>m V`ma Ho$bm. `m AmamIS>çm§VJ©V dmMZgd}jU H$aÊ`mgmR>s amîQ´>s` Cn`mo[OV Am[W©H$g§emoYZ n[afX (EZgsEB©Ama) `m g§ñWodaO~m~Xmar gmon[dÊ`mV Ambs. XoemVsb`wdH$m§_Ysb dmMZd¥Îms, dmMZmÀ`m gd`s,

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25OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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26 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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à~moYZH$mam§Mm _yi {n§S> g§emoYH$mMm hmoVm VarVo hmS>mMo nÌH$ma hmoVo. d`mÀ`m n§Yamì`m dfm©nmgyZVo d¥ÎmnÌr` {bImU H$aV hmoVo. nU, Ë`m§À`mboIUrbm Iam ~ha Ambm Vmo "à~moYZ'_wio. 16

Am°°ŠQ>mo~a 1921 amoOr ho nm{jH$ gwê$ Pmb§.~«m÷U ~«m÷UoVa dmXmVë`m Amjonm§Zm CÎmaXoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Zì`m dmXm§Zm OÝ_ XoÊ`mgmR>rË`m§Zm ñdV:À`m _mbH$sM§ {Z`VH$m{bH$ hd§ hmoV§.A Forthnight Journal devoted to the Social

Religious and Moral Regeneration Of the

Hindu Society, Ag§ Üò` AgUmè`m à~moYZbmamOH$maUmM§ dmdS>§ _wirM ZìhV§. "gm_m{OH$gwYmaUm§Zm nm§T>anoem g_mOmÀ`m nwTo> ZoV~hwOZg_mOmn`ªV nmohmoMdUma§ à~moYZAmJaH$am§À`m "gwYmaH$'À`mhr H$mhr nmdb§ nwTo>Jobob§ hmoV§', Ag§ _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg{b{hVmZm am.Ho$. bobo gm§JVmV. à~moYZH$mam§À`m

e¡br{df`r Vo åhUVmV, "Ë`m§À`m dmUrÀ`m Am{UboIUrÀ`m e¡brbm _hmamï´>mV OmoS> gmnS>UoH$R>rUM! Ë`m§Mm ZwgVm Q>mobm Zìho, Va gUgUrVàhma Ago. dmMUmè`mÀ`m A§JmMm {VinmnS>ìhmdm Aer Ë`m§Mr ^mfm Ago. nU, Vr A{YH$~mi~moY, gmonr Am{U Añgb _amR>_moimdiUmMr hmoVr.' _hmamï´>mda "à~moYZ'Mm InAm{U à^md Iyn hmoVm. Amnë`m Ad¿`m XhmdfmªÀ`m H$mbmdYrV ~hwOZdmXr nÌH$m[aVobmË`m§Zr _mÝ`Vm, db` Am{U {dMmam§M§ àm¡T>Ëd{_idyZ {Xb§. Ë`m_wio "à~moYZ' ~§X nS>ë`mZ§Vahr"à~moYZH$ma' ho {~éX Ë`m§À`m_mJo ZmdmgmaI§gÝ_mZmZ§ òD$Z {MH$Q>b§. ñdV:M ì`mdgm{`H$àH$meH$ Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr à~moYZ_Ybo AZoH$boI nwñVH$ {H$§dm nw{ñVH$mê$nmZo ~mOmamV AmUbo.

_mPr OrdZJmWm (AmË_M[aÌ) àVmn{g§h N>ÌnVr Am{U a§Jmo ~mnyOr (B{Vhmg g§emoYZ) J«m_Ê`mMm gmÚ§V B{Vhmg (B{Vhmg g§emoYZ) {^jwH$emhrMo ~§S> (B{Vhmg g§emoYZ) H$moXÊS>mMm Q>UËH$ma (B{Vhmg g§emoYZ)XJb~mO {edmOr (d¡Mm[aH$) XodimMm Y_© Am{U Y_m©Mr Xodio (d¡Mm[aH$) {h§Xy OZm§Mm èhmg Am{U AY:nmV (AZwdmX) e{Z_mhmËå` (d¡Mm[aH$)eoVH$è`m§Mo ñdamÁ` (d¡Mm[aH$)Iam ~«m÷U (ZmQ>H$)g§JrV {d{Y{ZfoY (ZmQ>H$)Q>mH$bob§ nmoa (ZmQ>H$)g§JrV H$mimMm H$mi (ZmQ>H$)g§JrV grVmewÕr (ZmQ>H$)

lr g§V JmS>Jo~m~m (M[aÌ) n§. a_m~mB© gañdVr (M[aÌ) dº¥$Ëdemó (goë\$ hoën)D$R> _èhmRçm D$R> (boIg§J«h) OwÝ`m AmR>dUr (b{bV) Life and Mission Of Ramdas ( B§J«Or M[aÌ)

à~moYZH$mam§darb _hÎdmMo g§X^©

à~moYZH$ma R>mH$ao `m§Mo g_J« gm{hË` : I§S> 1 Vo 5à~moYZH$ma R>mH$ao : H$m`© Am{U H$V¥©Ëd-Y_©nmb H$m§~io à~moYZH$ma R>mH$a|Zr Ho$bobm {h§Xy ~«m÷Ur g§ñH¥$VrMm X§^ñ\$moQ>-_Yy eoQçoà~moYZH$mam§Mo Ádb§V {h§XwËd-kmZoe _hmamdà~moYZH$mam§Mo gËèmoYH$ MidirVrb `moJXmZ-S>m°. {dÇbamd Kwbo(J§JmIoS>) `m§Mm S>m°ŠQ>aoQ>Mm AàH$m{eV à~§Y à~moYZH$mam§À`m gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§Mo `moJXmZ : EH$ g_mOemórÀÜ``Z-S>m°. ZdZmW {e§Xo (AmOam) `m§Mm S>m°ŠQ>aoQ>Mm AàH$m{eV à~§Y.

à~moYZH$mam§Mo _hÎdmMo J«§W

29OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

bo, emhy, Am§~oS>H$am§Mm _hmamîQ´> Aes"_hmamîQ´>_wÐm' V`ma Pmbs Amho. `mVsZ _hmnwéfm§Zs AmYw[ZH$ _hmamîQ´>mMs

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"_mPr OrdZJmWm' ho Ë`m§M§ eodQ>M§ nwñVH$.Ë`m§À`m {ZYZmÀ`m XmoZ _{hZo AmYr `mM§ àH$meZPmb§. ho Ë`m§M§ AmË_M[aÌM. nU, `mV ~mH$sÀ`mAmË_M[aÌm§gmaIm OÝ_mnmgyZ _¥Ë`yn`ªVMm AmboI_m§S>bobm Zmhr. `m AmR>dUrM AmhoV. Ag§ Agb§Var {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb _hmamï´>mMm B{Vhmg{b{hUmè`m Hw$Umbmhr ho nwñVH$ Q>miVm Ambob§Zmhr, BVHo$ _hÎdmMo g§X^© `mV nmZmonmZr ngaboboAmhoV. AË`§V agmi Varhr R>gR>erV ^mfm ho `mnwñVH$mM§ d¡{eïç. àñVmdZmH$ma YZ§O` H$saåhUVmV, "à~moYZH$ma R>mH$ao EH$ ~hwa§Jr, ~hwT>§Jr

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(boIH$ "_r _amR>r' ~mVå`m§Mo H$m`©H$mar g§nmXH$AgyZ Ë`m§Zr à~moYZH$mam§M§ M[aÌ Am{Ugm{hË`mM§ g_J« S>m°Š`w_|Qo>eZ AgUmè`m pra-

bodhankar.com `m do~gmB©Q>Mo g§nmXZ Am{U{Z{_©Vr Ho$br Amho.)

g§nH©$ : 9004317989B©-‘ob : [email protected]

30 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

l_ H$maUs bmJbo AmhoV. àñVwV boIH$mZo[b[hbobo gm[dÌs~mBªMo M[aÌ _amR>s~amo~a VobJyAm[U B§J«OsVhs bmoH$[à` R>abo Amho. (B§J«OsAmd¥ÎmsMs àH$meH$ [X„sMs EZ.gs.B©.Ama.Q>s. hsg§ñWm Amho.)

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\w$bo-Am§~oS>H$ar àoaUoZo X[bV gm[hË` hm EH$dmL>²_`sZ àdmh OÝ_mbm Ambm. X[bVgm[hË`mVyZ Zdo g_mOemós` XñVmdoO, eãXAZw^d [dûd Am[U àoaUmòmoV `m§Mo àM§S> [dûdCô am[hbo. _amR>s Am[U ^maVs` gm[hË`mMohsXmbZ Ë`m_wio g_¥Õ Pmbo. H$[dVm, H$Wm,AmË_M[aÌ, AmR>dUs, H$mX§~ar, g§[_l, g§H$sU©Aem dmL>²_` àH$mam§V \$ma _moR>s â nS>bs. à.B©.gmoZH$m§~io, X`m ndma, OZmX©Z dmK_mao, D$[_©bmndma, AOw©Z S>m§Jio, Hw$_wX nmdSo>, em§Vm~mB©H$m§~io, bú_U _mZo, bú_U Jm`H$dmS>, CÎm_H$m§~io AmXtÀ`m boIZmda S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`màoaUoMs JS>X N>m`m Amho.

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1. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a boIZ Am[U^mfUo I§S> 1 Vo 22, _hmamîQ´> emgZ

2. _hmË_m \w$bo g_J« dmL>²_`, g§nmXH$ H$sa, _mbeo, \$S>Ho$

3. amOfu emhy g_J« J«§W - I§S> 1 Vo 9, [dbmg g§Jdo

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5. Amåhs nm[hbobo \w$bo g§nmXH$ - har ZaHo$

6. _. \w$bo Jm¡ad J«§W - _hmamîQ´> emgZ7. amOfs emhy Jm¡ad J«§W

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- O`[g¨Jamd ndma12. bmoH$amOm emhy - a_oe OmYd13. bmoH$_mÝ` Am[U N>ÌnVr emhÿ

-S>m°. `. [X. \$S>Ho$14. [gboŠQo>S> am`[Q¨>½O Am°\$ OmoVramd \w$bo

- Jmo.nw. Xoenm§So>15. _hmË_m - adtÐ R>mHy$a16. à^§OZ - A[ZéÕ nwZd©gy17. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a

- ~s. gs. H$m§~io18. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a M[aÌ - YZ§O` H$sa19. _hmË_m \w$bo M[aÌ - YZ§O` H$sa20. amOfu emhy M[aÌ - YZ§O` H$sa21. H$mñQ> H$m°ÝâbsŠQ> A°ÊS> Am`[S>`m°bm°Os

- amoPm[b¨S> Amoh°ÝbZ22.H$ëMab [aìhmoëQ> BZ H$bmo[Z`b

gmogm`Q>s - Job AmoådoQ>23._. \w$bo gm[hË` Am¡a [dMma

- àm. har ZaHo$24._. \w$bo ì`{º$Ëd Am[U [dMma

- J§.~m. gaXma25.OmoVsM[aÌ - bú_Uemós Omoes

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31OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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32 ‘o 2011

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33OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

AÝ` H$moUVmhs ôX ós-nwéfmV Agy eH$V ZmhsåhUyZ Ë`m§À`mgmR>s gd© H$m`Xo, gd© [Z`_ gmaIoAgboM nm[hOoV.'' hs h¸$mMs Om[UdoMs [R>UJsósÀ`m _ZmV [dZmo~mOtBVŠ`m g§`_s eãXm§V¹$[MVM Hw$Um gwYmaH$mZ§ dm Y_©g§ñWmnH$mZ§noQ>dbs Agob! AWm©V, ósbm _mUyg åhUyZOJm`bm [_im`bm hd§ åhUyZ \w$bo, H$d},bmoH$[hVdmXs, AmJaH$a, [dZmo~mOtgmaIs _mUg§OsdM§ amZ H$arV hmoVs nU ósMs _mÌ VarhsnwéfmÀ`m Vm~oXmarVyZ gwQ>H$m hmoV ZìhVs.`mg§X^m©V {ó`m§Ms _mZ[gH$Vmhs g_OyZ KoU§_hÎdmM§ Amho. Og§ n§[S>Vm a_m~mB© åhUVmV,""Xw:{ñWVsVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMs Amg _wimVñdV:bm Agmds bmJVo. {ó`m§Zm Vs ZìhVs H$sH$m` Ago åhUÊ`mBVnV Ë`m ñdV:À`m CËH$fm©À`mg§X^m©V CXmgsZ hmoË`m... `m XoemVsb Zìì`mÊUdQ>¸o$ bmoH$ ós[ejUmÀ`m [déÕ AmhoV. {ó`m§Zmg_mOmV H$mhs _hÎdmMm XOm© Amho ho Ë`m§Zm_mÝ`M Zmhs. òWë`m ~m`H$m§V H$gbs [h¨_VZmhs, H$emMm CËgmh-AmH$m§em Zmhs, Y¡`© Zmhs,ñdV:À`m nm`mda Cô amhÊ`mMs VmH$X Zmhs, H$mhsZmhs. {ó`m§Zm ñdV:bm ñdV:À`m CËH$mfm©Ms AmgZgU§, H$emMm CËgmh, AmH$m§em ZgU§ hs Ë`m§Ms_mZ[gH$Vm nwéfm§ZsM KS>dbobs Amho. {ó`m§Ms hs_mZ[gH$Vm ~XbÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$aVmZm Vmam~mB©qeXo `m§Zs "ós-nwéf VwbZm' `m nwñVH$mVyZ nwéfm§ZmMm§Jb§M Ymaoda Yab§ Amho. `m nwñVH$mV Ë`m§ZsZwgVs ós-nwéfm§À`m JwUmdJwUm§Ms VwbZm Ho$bobsZmhs, Va nwéf ósbm H$g§ dmJdV hmoVm, H$g§ J¥hrVYaV hmoVm hohs _m§S>b§ Amho. nwéfmMs ~mB©H$Sy>ZH$moUVs Anojm Amho Am[U Vs nyU© H$aU§ hmMAmnbm Y_© Amho Ag§ _mZUmè`m {ó`m§[df`s[b[hVmZm Vmam~mB© åhUVmV, ""ósY_© åhUOoH$m`? Va... [Za§Va nVsMs Amkm nmiUo, Ë`mMo

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34 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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X[bV gm[hË`mMs g§H$ënZm Am[U [dÐmoh hoEH$_oH$m§es AÝ`moÝ`nUo OmoS>bobo AmhoV. hm [dÐmohAmho [h¨Xy Y_m©Vsb An[adV©Zs` [df_VmdmXsOm[Vì`dñWo[déÕMm. [df_ g_mOaMZo_wiogm_m[OH$, gm§ñH¥$[VH$, Am[W©H$, amOH$s` gÎmmAmnë`m Vmã`mV Ro>dUmè`m Am[U [Vbm [h¨XyY_©J«§Wm§Mo A[YîR>mZ àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmè`màd¥Îmt[déÕMm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§ZsMgd©àW_ X[bVm§da hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mÀ`mà[VH$mamg§X^m©V "[dÐmoh' `m eãXmMo Cn`moOZHo$bo. Ë`m§À`m gdªH$f bT>çm_Ysb 1927 gmbMm_hmS>Mm MdXma Vù`mMm gË`mJ«h, 1930 gmbMmH$mimam_ _§[Xa àdoemMm gË`mJ«h, 1935 gmbsòdbm òWo Ho$bobs Y_mªVamMs KmofUm, 1946gmbs _w§~B©À`m [gÕmW© _hm[dÚmb`mMs Am[U1949 gmbs Am¡a§Jm~mXÀ`m [_[b¨X_hm[dÚmb`mMs ñWmnZm, 1947 Vo 1950 `mH$mimV ^maVs` amÁ`KQ>ZoMs [Z[_©Vs, "_yH$Zm`H$',"~[hîH¥$V ^maV', "OZVm' `m§gma»`m d¥ÎmnÌm§VyZX[bV g_yhmÀ`m OmUsdOmJ¥VsgmR>s Ho$bobo ì`mnH$à`ËZ Am[U 14 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1956 amoOs PmboboY_mªVa `m KQ>Zm X[bV MidisVë`m nWXeuKQ>Zm _mZmì`m bmJVsb. `m MidisVyZM Iè`mAWm©Zo X[bV gm[hË` gm§ñH¥$[VH$ CR>mdmMo [dÐmohs

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X[bV åhUOo dJ©ì`dñWobm Am[U [VÀ`m g_J«d¡Mm[aH$ ì`dñWobm CX²ÜdñV H$ê$ ~KUmam, X[bVåhUOo ho OJ d OsdZ Zì`mZo _m§S>Umam, X[bVåhUOo `m `wJmZo Á`mMo hmV àkmd§V, àb§`H$marHo$bobo AmhoV Am[U Á`m§À`mgmR>s eóo Am[U emóoCnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbobs AmhoV, Aem X[bVm§À`mgm[hË`[Z[_©Vsbm X[bV gm[hË` _mZmdo, Ago~m~yamd ~mJyb `m§Zs åhQ>bo Amho.

amOm T>mbo `m§Zs åhQ>bo Amho H$s, Omo OmodM©ñddmXs àñWm[nV g_mOaMZo[déÕ Am[Ugm§ñH¥$[VH$ ì`yhm[déÕ bT>Umam Ñ{îQ>H$moZ KoD$Zgm[hË`[Z[_©Vs H$arb Am[U dmQ> MwH$boë`mg_mOmbm dmQo>da AmUsb Vmo Vmo X[bV gm[h{Ë`H$Agob Am[U Ë`m X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`m _mJo X[bVOmUsd AgVo. `m X[bV Om[Udobm ZdsZg_mOì`dñWm Ano[jV Amho Am[U hs ì`dñWm_yë`m[Y{îR>V Amho. OmVs, dJ©, dU© `m§Mm A§V `mì`dñWobm A[^àoV Amho.

X[bV gm[hË` åhUOo ì`[º$ñdmV§Í`mMmOmhsaZm_m Amho. H«$m§[V[dÝ_wIVm Am[UH«$m§[VgÝ_wIVm `m§À`m g§Kfm©VyZ [Z_m©U PmboboX[bV gm[hË` ~§Y_wº$ _mUgmMm [dMma H$aVo, AgoS>m°. J§JmYa nmZVmdUo `m§Zs ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho.

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`mdê$Z Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s àñWm[nVì`dñWo[déÕ AmdmO CR>dUma§ BVH§$M Zìho, VaàË`jmVë`m ~XbmÀ`m à[H«$òes O¡dnUo OmoS>bob§AgU§ ho X[bV gm[hË`mM§ doJionU Amho.ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV BVŠ`m OmoaH$gnUo _amR>sgm[hË`mÀ`m joÌmV ho àW_M KS>V hmoV§. X[bVgm[hË`mMm ^modVmbmes Agbobm g§X^© hm Xwhoarñdê$nmMm hmoVm. EH$sH$So> ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va XoemZoX[bVmoÞVsÀ`m Ho$boë`m KQ>ZmË_H$ ñd`§[ZYm©amMmX[bVm§À`m àË`j OsdZmda Z Pmbobm n[aUm_ VaXwgam g§X^© åhUOo Ë`m H$mimV OJâmVMn[adV©ZdmXs CR>mdmM§ Oo OmoaH$g dma§ dmhmV hmoV§

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35OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Ë`mVyZ gJù`mM d§[MVm§Zm ho Ag_mZ dmñVdAmnU ~Xby eH$Vmo `mVyZ Ambobs C^mar, hmhmoVm. X[bV gm[hË`mZo ì`dñWoMo àíZ OmoaH$gnUobmdyZ Yabo, Ho$di gm[hË`mVyZM Zìho, VaañË`mdagwÕm; JmàmZ O[_ZsMm àíZ, Zm_m§VabT>m, X[bV n±Wa Midi, [aS>ëg, I¡abm§Os AgoAZoH$. ì`dñWmn[adV©ZmÀ`m _yi à`moOZmesA[Ve` A[^ÞnUo OmoS>bobo Agë`mZoM X[bVgm[hË`mZo àñWm[nV ì`dñWobm KÅ> H$aUmar àVrH§$,à[V_m, [_WH§$, ^mfm - à_mU^mfoMm AmJ«h `m§Ms_moS>VmoS> Ho$bs.

n`m©`s _yë`ì`dñWm, Zds àVsH§$ Am[Ug§Ho$Vm§Zs KS>dbobs Zds ^mfm, [_Ï`H$Wm-nwamUH$Wm§Ms Zds _m§S>Us - EHy$UM ì`dñWoVb§àñWm[nV H|$ÐVÎdmM§ g§nyU©nUo [d-MbZ H$ê$Zg_J« n[adV©Zmes ~m§Yrb AgU§ `mgmaIo _wÔoX[bV Midi Am[U X[bV gm[hË` `m EH$mMZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AgUmè`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ K[Q>VmMo[ZH$amMo AJ«H«$_ hmoVo. `m AZwf§JmZo g§nyU© _amR>sgm[hË`-ì`dhmamMs \o$aVnmgUs H$ê$ZOsdZ_yë`m§Mm Am[U gm¢X`©_yë`m§Mm nwamoJm_sn[aÑîQ>sZo Ym§S>moim KoÊ`mV Ambm, dmL>²_`mÀ`mB[VhmgmnwTo> àíZ[MÝh AYmoao[IV H$aÊ`mV AmboAm[U EHy$UM B[Vhmg-boIZmVbs àñWm[nV,[hVg§~§Ys ì`yhaMZm CKS>s nmS>Ê`mV Ambs.àñWm[nV dM©ñddmXs nm§T>anoem _amR>s ^mfobm[dê$n H$aV Zds gm[hË`^mfm [Z_m©U Ho$bs.g_VmdmXmbm, [ddoH$dmXmbm, [dkmZ[ZîRo>bmAZwê$n Aes Zds àVrH§$, à[V_m, [_WH§$ [Z_m©UH$arV, ^mfoMs nwZ_mªS>Us, g_sjoMo Zdo [ZH$f `mgJù`m§Mm AmJ«h X[bV gm[hË`mZo Yabm. S>m°.Jmonmi Jwê$ `m§Zs X[bV gm[hË`m~Ôb ì`º$ Ho$bobm"g_mOemór`ÑîQ>çm [ddoMH$, amOH$s`ÑîQ>çmñ\$moQ>H$ Am[U gm¢X`©emóÑîQ>>çm amoMH$' hmA[^àm` gmW©M Amho.

Am§~oS>H$ar à~moYZmÀ`m dmaemVyZ ì`º$s dg_yhmMm à[V[ZYs åhUyZ Agbobs ñdV§Ì AmoiIAYmoao[IV H$aVm òU§ hs ~m~ OmUsdOmJ¥VsÀ`mg§X^m©V IynM _mobmMs R>abs. Ë`mVyZM _J _mJodiyZ ~KU§, nyd©Om§Mm - _mPm ^yVH$mi, B[VhmgVnmgU§, _s H$moU Amho, Am_Ms AmoiI H$m`, `mì`dñWoV Am_M§ ñWmZ H$m` ho àíZ H$isMo ~ZVJobo Am[U `m emoYmVyZM H$[dVm Vg§M Iyn _moR>>çmg§»òZ§ AmË_H$WZ§ [b[hbs Jobs. Ë`mVyZJmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m KoÅ>mog_ OJmM§ A[Ve`àË``H$mar [MÌU C^§ am[hb§. [df_VmdmXs d¡[XH$na§nam ZmH$maU§, Zìho _wimVyZM XodY_© ZmH$maVAmnbm AZw~§Y ~wÕ, Mmdm©H$, H$~sa, ~gdoída,

_hmË_m OmoVsamd \w$bo, N>ÌnVs emhy _hmamO,noar`ma `m§À`m à~moYZna, g_VmdmXs na§naoesOmoS>U§ hs à[H«$`m AmngyH$nUo KS>bs.

_amR>s gm[hË`mVsb _Ü`_dJu`, ~«m÷UsJwiMQ>nUmZ§ âboë`m Varhs ñdV:bm à_wIàdmhs_mZUmè`m gm[hË`mda Mm¡\o$a h„m MT>dV ~hwOZg_mOmM§ gm§ñH¥$[VH$ A[^ì`º$sgmR>s AmOda[Z[fÕ _mZb§ Jobob§ Ia§Iwa§ OsdZ `m gm[hË`mVyZC^§ am[hb§. Ë`mVyZ _amR>s gm[hË`[díd hmXab§ZgV§ VaM Zdb. hm hmXam XoÊ`mV Am§~oS>H$arMidisVbo AZoH$ gm[h{Ë`H$ - [dMmad§V -H$m`©H$V} AmKmS>sda hmoVo. AÊUm^mD$ gmRo>,~§Yw_mYd, e§H$aamd IamV, ~m~yamd ~mJyb, X`mndma, Zm_Xod T>gmi, dm_Z [Z¨~miH$a, amOm

T>mbo, èd§V _Zmoha, Ho$ed _olm_, AOw©Z S>m§Jio,O.[d. ndma, Í`§~H$ gnH$mio, àëhmX M|XdUH$a,bú_U _mZo, [ham ~ZgmoSo>, AéU H$m§~io, [^.[e.qeXo, Hw$_wX nmdSo>, Á`moVs bm§Oodma, XÎmm ^JV,eaUHw$_ma [b¨~mio, nmW© nmoiHo$, ZOw~mB© JmdsV,_mYd H$m|S>[dbH$a, dm_Z hmodmi, A[_Vm^,`moJsamO dmK_mao, gwYmH$a Jm`H$dmS>, `moJ|Ð_olm_, ~o~s H$m§~io, em§Vm~mB© H$m§~io, AemoH$ìhQ>H$a, ^s_goZ XoRo>, bú_U Jm`H$dmS>, àH$meOmYd, àH$me [Ì^wdZ, d¡OZmW H$igo, Qo>ŠgmgJm`H$dmS>, ào_mZ§X JÁds, am_ZmW MìhmU, [H$emoaem§Vm~mB© H$mio `m§Zs X[bV gm[hË`mMm _mJ© àeñVHo$bm. `m§Zs Oo Oo [b[hb§, Á`m nÕVsMm Ame`_m§S>bm Vmo JmdHw$gm~mhoaM§ [MÌ WoQ> a§JdUmam,[_Ï`H$Wm§Mm nwZ[d©Mma H$aUmam, àmYmÝ`mZoB[VhmgH|$Ðs hmoVm. Ë`mMm à^md BVH$m am[hbm H$s

Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV [b[hë`m Joboë`m X[bVgm[hË`mV B[VhmgM _moR>>çm à_mUmV J«[WV Pmbm.AWm©V, doJdoJù`m OmV-O_mV g_yhmVyZ Am[Uàm_w»`mZo AmË_H$WZ `m gm[hË`àH$mamVyZ.

X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`m n[hë`m Q>ßß`mda [Z_m©UPmbobm AmË_m[dîH$ma, AmË_H$WZo Am[UH$[dVoÀ`m ê$nmV àm_w»`mZo àH$Q>bo. X`m ndmam§Mo"~bwV§', à.B©. gmoZH$m§~io `m§Mo "AmR>dUtMo njs'Am[U bú_U _mZo `m§Mo "Cnam' `m AmË_H$WZm§Z§VaAmË_H$WZm§Ms OUy bmQ>M Ambs. AWm©V, hs âHo$di g§»`mË_H$ ZgyZ JwUmË_H$ hmoVs. EdTo>MZìho, Va AmË_H$WZ `m g§H$ënZoMs XoIsb Zì`mZo_m§S>Us H$aUmar hmoVs. AmË_H$WZ hs g§km ~XbyZñdH$WZ Ago Ë`mbm g§~moYbo Jobo. H$maU,AmË_H$WZmgmR>s ì`º$sÀ`m ñdm`Îm A{ñVËdmMsOmU d ì`[º$à[VîRo>Mo _yë` Agmdo bmJVo, Oo^maVs` g§ñH¥$Vs_Üò A^mdmZoM hmoVo. X[bVAmË_H$WZm§Zs Xwhoar H$m_[Jar Ho$bs. EH$m ~mOybmX[bV Zm`H$ a§JdyZ Ë`mbm d¡YVm àmâV H$ê$Z [XbsAm[U Ë`mM~amo~a X[bVm§Mm EH$ Jm¡adembsB[Vhmg C^m Ho$bm. Am[U `mVyZ àñWm[nVm§À`m_ZmV Ë`m§À`m nyd©Om§Zs Ho$boë`m gm_m[OH$KmoS>MwH$m§~Ôb níMmÎmmnmMs ^mdZm OmJdbs.AmUIs EH$ _hÎdmMs ~m~ åhUOo AmË_H$WZ[b[hÊ`mgmR>s \$ma _moRo> Z¡[VH$ Y¡`© bmJVo. H$maU,Am`wî`mVbo AZoH$ ZmOyH$ Vnesb Ë`mVyZgmd©O[ZH$ [dMma[dídmda AmUbo OmVmV. `mMmEH$ n[aUm_ Agm hmoVmo H$s, g_îQ>sÀ`m "ñd'daAgboë`m [Z`§ÌUm§Zm AmìhmZ [Xbo OmVo. [deofV:X[bV {ó`m§À`m AmË_H$WZm§Zs `m gd© ~m~s AË`§VYmaXmanUo AYmoao[IV Ho$ë`m VgoM X[bV ~hwOZósdmXs n[aÑîQ>sMo _hÎdmMo n[a_mU [_idyZ [Xbo.

AmË_H$WZm§~amo~aM H$[dVm, H$Wm, ZmQ>H$ `mgm[hË`àH$mam§Mm XoIsb AË`§V VmH$XsZo dmnaX[bV gm[h{Ë`H$m§Zs Ho$bm. X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`mn[hë`m [nT>sÀ`m nm`m^yV H$m_mda nwTo> Amboë`m[nT>sZo XoIsb X[bV gm[hË`mVsb [dÐmohmes ZmiVmoS>bs Zmhs. CbQ> Vmo AmOÀ`mOmJ[VH$sH$aUmÀ`m nmíd©^y_sda A[YH$m[YH$àñVwV Pmbobm Amho

na§Vw, AmO nÞmg dfmªZ§Va X[bV gm[hË` `mg§koZ§ [b[hë`m OmUmè`m gm[hË`mMm gagH$Q>Ym§S>moim KoVbm Va ghOnUo OmUdV§, H$s Á`mA[^ì`º$sV hm _mUygnUmMm [VT>m nH$S>bm Amho,Ë`mVbo A§V[d©amoY nH$S>bobo AmhoV, H$mhshsË`mÁ` _mZbob§ Zmhs, fS>²{dH$mam§Mm ViR>mdKoÊ`mMs [h¨_V XmIdbobs Amho, _s Am[Ug_îQ>sMm gJim A§Vami nH$S>bm Amho Ë`mM

36 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

gm[hË`H¥$Vs nmW~«o[H¨$J R>aboë`m AmhoV. Ë`mV _såhUVo Vgm gJim H$„moi - B[VhmgmMm,B[Vhmgm~mhoa Ro>db§ OmÊ`mMm, Añn¥í`VoÀ`mXwIè`m [OìhmamMm Am[U Z§Va H«$_e: ì`[º$ËdmH$So>hmoUmè`m dmQ>MmbsMm,Ë`mVë`m ImMIi½`mMm,OmoS>sbm OmVdmñVd,dJ©dmñVd, [b¨JôXOÝ`[df_Vm, ^m§S>dbemhs,Zd^m§S>dbdmX `m[déÕMsbT>mB© Ago gd© g§X^©AmhoVM. åhUOo gwQ§> gwQ§> Ag§H$mhs Zmhs. ewÕ ñd`§[gÕAg§ H$mhs _mZbob§ Zmhs.A§[V_VoMm Xmdm Zmhs. X[bV`m g§koV [Zìdi doXZm Zmhs,Va [dÐmohmMm AmoZm_m, Zd§C^maÊ`mMs à[Vkm XoIsbAmho. S>sŠbmg-S>sH$mñQ>Am[U [b¨JmVsV hmoD$ nmhÊ`mMs D$_u Amho. _mÂ`mg_mOmnbsH$S>M§ (~m¡Õ AgÊ`mÀ`m ~mhoaM§) _bmH$mhsM XoU§ KoU§ Zmhs Agm n[dÌm Zmhs.CXmhaUmW©, I¡abm§Os \$º$ _mP§; O¡Vmnya, bdmgm,ósÀ`m b¢[JH$VoM§ amOH$maU, _amR>s emim§Mm àíZ_mPo ZmhsVM, Ag§ Zmhs. AmVm ~hwYm _s X[bV

gm[hË`mMs AmOMs EH$gwar, A[Vgwb^, AmdmOsAm[U ì`mnH$Ëd hadboë`m ZmË`mMs Xw[Z`m gmoS>VoAmho Am[U da C„oI Ho$boë`m g_J« n[adV©ZmÀ`mH$mhsem AmXe©dV Xw[ZòV nmD$b Q>mH$Vo Amho.

_amR>sVë`m X[bV gm[hË`mM§Oa H$mhs ^[dVì` Agob VaVo `mM [XeoZ§ Amho, Aes_mPs R>m_ YmaUm Amho. ZmhsVa _J AmnUhsnwÝhm EH$Xm Ë`mM g_¥Õ AS>JisMm ^mJ ~ZyZOmD$ Aes ^sVs _bm dmQ>Vo.X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`m Xw[ZòVAmO Aëng§»` Agm H$mhmoB©Zm nU EH$ gya _bm[XgVmo Á`mbm AmOÀ`mH$mimM§ H$mhs EH$ ^mZ Amho.[deofV: X[bV Midig§nbobs AgÊ`mÀ`m H$mimV

A[^[ZdoemZ§ [b[hV amhU§ hs ~m~ àñWm[nVVoMsdmQ> MT>Ê`mgmR>s Amdí`H$ R>aVhs Agob; nU,Ë`mVyZ X[bV gm[hË`mMs dmQ> A[YH$m[YH$ Aé§XhmoV OmUma Amho. X[bV {ó`m§À`m boIZmZoOJâÀ`m ósdmXs [dMmames hmV[_idUs H$aVEH$ doJis dmQ> MmoImibs. [Xd§JV _Zmoha

dmH$moSo>, ^wO§J _olm_ Am[U AéU H$mio `m§gma»`mg_W© H$dtZs OmJ[VH$sH$aUmgH$Q> gJù`mCbWmnmbWsM§ A[Ve` Zo_H§$ [MÌU H$ê$Z X[bVgm[hË`mbm g_H$mbsZ g§X^©Mm¡H$Q> àmßV H$ê$Z[Xbs. `m[edm` bmoH$ZmW èd§V, dmhê$ gmoZdUo,D$[_©bm ndma, Jm¡V_snwÌ H$m§~io, Hw$_ma A[Zb,_h|Ð ^dao, à^y amOJS>H$a, Os.Ho$. EoZmnwao, g§O`ndma, A[dZme Jm`H$dmS>, g§Vmof nÙmH$a ndma,Yå_nmb aËZmH$a AmXr H$ds-boIH$ AmOM§Jw§VmJw§VsM§, EH$aofs` Zgbob§ dmñVd [Za[Zamù`mgm[hË`àH$mam§_YyZ nH$Sy> nmhVmhoV. gm[hË`mÀ`mnwT>À`m [Xem Aem YmS>gs, à`moJesb boIZmVyZM_moH$ù`m hmoD$ eH$VmV, Ag§ _s _mZVo. gmR>s-gÎmaÀ`m XeH$mVbs OwZsM hË`ma§ KoD$Z OwÝ`mnÕVsZ§ AmOÀ`m àíZm§Zm [^S>Vm òUma Zmhs. g§nyU©^maVmV AmO X[bV gm[hË`mMs bmQ> ngaVAgVmZm Vg§ H$aU§ gd©ñds A[ZîQ> R>aob.Amnë`mdaÀ`m CÎmaXm[`ËdmM§ ^mZ ghOmghOsgwQ>Uma Zmhs, Agm _bm [dídmg dmQ>Vmo.

(boIH$/H$dtMs Zmdo [Xbs AmhoV. [Okmgy§ZsË`m§Ms nwñVHo$ [_idyZ Oê$a Ë`m§Mm AmñdmX ¿`mdmAm[U Amnbm J«§Wg§J«h ls_§V H$amdm.)g§nH©$ : 9869 480 141B©-‘ob : [email protected]

ë`m e§â dfmªVsb ~mbdmMH$m§À`m[dûdmMm AmT>mdm øm boImV ¿`m`MmAmho; na§Vw, _s H$mhs øm [df`mMs

Aä`mgH$ dJ¡ao Zmhs. _mPo ñdV:Mo AZw^d[dMmamV KoD$Z WmoSo> gm§Jy eHo$Z. Ë`m_wioM, OodT>çm_`m©Xm _mÂ`m AZw^dm§Zm AmhoV, VodT>çmM ømboImbmhs AgUma AmhoV, ho _s gwédmVsbmMZ_«nUo Z_yX H$aVo.

_s "~mb' AgVmZm "~mbgm[hË`' øm gXamV_moS>Umao gm[hË` [H$Vs dmMbo... EH§$XarV H$_sM.AjaAmoiI hmoÊ`mAJmoXaÀ`m d`mV nwñVH$mesg§~§Y òÊ`mMm àíZM ZìhVm; H$maU, Ë`m d`mgmR>sHo$di [MÌm§Ms [H¨$dm ânya [MÌo Am[U VwaiH$_OHy$a AgUmar nwñVHo$ [Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMs H$ënZmEoHy$Zhs _mhsV ZìhVs. amÁ` eãXm§MoM hmoVo. _bmdmMZ O_y bmJbo Am[U _J hmVmbm Oo bmJob VodmMyZ H$mT>Uo gwê$ Pmbo. Ë`m gnmQ>çmV Oo~mbgm[hË` hmVmbm bmJbo Vohs dmMyZ H$mT>bo;nU, _mPs ^yH$ ^mJÊ`mBVHo$ Vo ZìhVo ho Z¸$s. AmO

[dMma H$aVmZm bjmV òVo, H$s Voìhm Vo g§»òZo H$_shmoVo EdTo>M Ë`mMo H$maU ZìhVo. Ë`m[edm` BVahsH$mhs H$maUo hmoVs.

IaoVa, ~mbgm[hË` A[Ve` bdMsH$Agm`bm hdo, à`moJesb Agm`bm hdo. _wbo Á`mHw$VyhbmÀ`m ZOaoZo Am[U CËgwH$ _ZmZo OJmH$So>nmhVmV, Ë`m ZOaoMo Am[U _ZmMo à[V[~¨~ Ë`mVC_Q>m`bm hdo; Ë`mVsb [df`, Ame`, ^mfm,

nwñVH$mMm AmH$ma, AmVsb _m§S>Us, gOmdQ>, [MÌodJ¡ao _wbm§Zm Ë`mMs AmoT> dmQ>mds Ago Agm`bmhdo. øm gd©M KQ>H$m§_Üò gVV ZdZdo à`moJìhm`bm hdoV. _mÌ, [d[dY H$maUm§_wio Ë`m H$misho OodT>çm à_mUmV ìhm`bm hdo VodTo> hmoV ZìhVo.Ë`mVM, _wbm§da g§ñH$ma H$aÊ`mMs, Ë`m§Mo à~moYZH$aÊ`mMs O~m~Xmarhs ~mbgm[hË`mÀ`m A§JmdanS>ë`mZo Ago à`moJ H$aÊ`mbm _`m©Xm nS>V hmoË`m.

_bm ñdV:bm "~a§ H$m ~mb[_Ìm§Zmo @ ....' hm gya\$magm H$Ys _mZdbm Zmhs. Vmo H$mZmda nS>bm H$sAmnU ~wÕy AmhmoV AgoM dmQy> bmJVo. Ë`m_wiohsAgob; nU, _s AmJ«hmZo ~mbgm[hË`mMm emoY dJ¡aoH$Ys KoVbm Zmhs. Iyn bdH$a _moR>çm§À`mgm[hË`mH$So> dibo Am[U [VWoM a_bo. [edm`, Ë`mH$mis _wbm§Zs Amnë`mM d`mMo dmMm`Mo, BVaJmoîQ>tZm hmV bmdm`Mm Zmhs Agm H$mhs X§S>H$ZìhVm. [ZXmZ _mÂ`mda Var Vgo H$mhs XS>nUZìhVo.

Varhs, Ooìhm Ooìhm _wbm§gmR>sMo gm[hË`_mÂ`mg_moa Ambo, Voìhm Voìhm Vo dmMm`Mo _sgmoS>bo ZmhsM. AJXs "[MD$ H$mD$'À`m JmoîQ>s Zìho;nU, [H$emoad`mÀ`m Am[U Hw$_mad`mÀ`m _wbm§H$aVm[Z_m©U hmoUmao gm[hË` _s dmMV hmoVo. Ë`mVsb H$mhsH$bmH¥$Vs _mÂ`m H$m`_À`m bjmV am[hë`m AmhoV.Ë`mV XoemoXoesÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm, narH$Wm,M_ËH$mam§Zs âboë`m AX²^wVaå` nwamUH$Wm hmoË`m,Eo[Vhm[gH$ H$Wm hmoË`m; gmhgH$Wm, [eH$maH$Wm

_mYwar nwa§Xao

Jo

"gmdY, EoH$m nwT>ë`m hmH$m...'

37OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

hmoË`m; [M¨.[d. Omoí`m§Mm [M_Uamd hmoVm;[XdmH$am§À`m ZmQ>çN>Q>m hmoË`m; Zm.Ymo.VmåhZH$am§À`m A§Hw$e, Zsbm§~ar B. H$mX§~è`mhmoË`m; JmoQ>çm hmoVm; AJXs h.Zm. AmnQ>çm§À`mhsH$mX§~è`m hmoË`m. dsaYdb, H$m[bH$m_yVu dJ¡aoH$mX§~è`m Va [H$VsXm dmMë`m Ë`mMs JUVsM Zmhs.AZwdm[XV gm[hË`mMshs AmoiI `mM d`mV Pmbs._m°~s [S>H$, eoabm°H$ hmoåg, So>[ìhS> H$m°na\$sëS>,[h¨_VdmZ OmgyX ZmdmMs ~hwYm _yi a[e`ZH$mX§~ar... hs `mXs dmTy> eHo$b. ho gJio _s Zoh_snwñVH$ê$nmVM dmMbo Ago Zmhs. Ë`m H$mimV_m[gHo$ Iyn bmoH$[à` hmoVs. Mm§Xmo~m, Hw$_ma,embmnÌH$, AmZ§X Aem _m[gH$m§Ms _s S>moù`m§VàmU AmUyZ dmQ> nmhV Ago. Ë`mV _m[bHo$À`mê$nmV H$Wm à[gÕ hmoV. ^m.am. ^mJdVm§Mm \$mñQ>a\o$Uo _bm àW_ Aem _m[gH$mVM ôQ>bm. Ë`mÀ`mê$nmZo Am_MsM ^mfm ~mobUmam, Am_À`mgmaIm[dMma H$aUmam, Am_À`mM OJmV dmdaUmamg_H$mbsZ ~mbZm`H$ ~hwYm àW_M ôQ>bm hmoVm.

Ago gJio AgyZhs _mPo g_mYmZ _mÌ hmoVZìhVo. _s Á`m OJmV OJV hmoVo Ë`m OJm~Ôb,Ë`mVë`m _mUgm§~Ôb, EHy$UM n[a{ñWVs~Ôb,_bm àíZ nS>V hmoVo. Ë`m§Ms CÎmao _bm ~mbgm[hË`Va gmoS>mM, Hw$_magm[hË`hs XoD$ eH$V ZìhVo._mÂ`m dmT>Ë`m d`mMs Vo XIbM KoV ZìhVo.Am_À`m AmYsÀ`m [nT>snojm Am_À`m [nT>sMm~mhoaÀ`m OJmes g§nH©$ IynM dmT>V hmoVm. Ë`mOJmV KS>Umè`m KS>m_moS>t_wio Am[U hmoUmè`m~Xbm§_wio ~mdMiboë`m _moR>çm _mUgm§Zm Am_MoH$m` H$amdo Vo g_OV ZìhVo Am[U Ë`m§Zs Am_À`mhmVmV Ro>dboë`m "í`m_À`m AmB©'Mo H$m` H$am`Mo VoAmåhmbm g_OV ZìhVo. Amåhmbm Am_Mm dV©_mZg_OyZ ¿`m`Mm hmoVm, Amåhmbm Am_À`m H$mimMoH$mhsVar dmMm`Mo hmoVo. _J, Amåhs _moR>çm§À`mgm[hË`mH$So> dibmo.

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2011 MVwa§J nwadUsVyZ gm^ma)

38 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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g§nH©$ :(‘mYwar nwa§Xao) : 020 - 25467895

39OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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S>m°. gwYsa ^m|Jio

eoOwZo OmD$ Úm _aUmbmJwZs...

1. Productivity of water and Land

: Dr. Madhav Chitale, Dr. Jayant Patil

2. EH$m H$mS>mVyZ H«$m§Vs - \w$Hy$AmoH$m _mgmZmo~w3. Indian Agriculture - Prof.

V.M.·Dandekar

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12. H¥$fr namea - 1100 dfmªnydu F$fs namea `m§Zs [b[hbobm J«§W

13. H¥$fr gwº$s - H$mí`n14. ~¥hV² g§[hVm - damh [_hsa15. H$m§Xm bmJdS> - S>m°. [H$gZ EH$ZmW bdm§So>16. CndZ [dZmoX eyanmb - eyanmb17. XyY ì`dgm[`H$m - gwYmH$a Omoes

18. h[aVH«$m§Vs Xwgar ([M¨VZ) - eaXndma `m§Ms ^mfUo19. qb~wdJu` \$bmoËnmXZ - S>m°.[dZm`H$ [edUH$a, S>m°. [dZmoX d§Omar, S>m°.í`m_[g¨h20. \$io - aU[OV[g¨J21. \$iPmS>m§À`m bmJdS>sMs Am[U\$io [Q>H$dyZ Ro>dÊ`mMs VÎdo Am[U nÕVs - S>m°. aK~sabmbZmJnmb22. eoVsMo H$m`Xo - eoIaJm`H$dmS>23. eoVsMs H$maImZXmar - S>m°.S>s.EZ. Hw$bH$Uu, S>m°. H$éUm Hw$bH$Uu24. Handbook of Agriculture -

Singh

25. CndZ [dZmoX ([H¨$dm d¥j Am`wd}X)ema§JYa nÕVs 1300 dfmªnydu eyanmb `m§Zs

[b[hbobm J«§W26. Guide to Agriculture in India - Shovam

27. EH$ hmoVm H$mìh©a - dsUm JdmUH$a28. ZsbH«$m§VsMm nX[MÝho - S>m°. _mYd [MVio29. ICID- Watsave- Edited - Dr. Madhav chitale

eoVsdaMs [ZdS>H$ nwñVHo$


40 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

~m nX²_ZOs `m§Ms "`_wZm n`©Q>Z' hsH$mX§~ar 1857 gmbs à[gÕ Pmbs._amR>sVbs hs n[hbs H$mX§~ar Amho AgoåhQ>bo OmVo. H¥$îUamd ^mboH$a `m§Ms

"~is~m nmQ>sb' hs J«m_sU H$mX§~ar 1888 gmbsà[gÕ Pmbs. "[namOs nmQ>sb' hs YZwYm©ar (am.[d.[Q>Ho$H$a) `m§Ms J«m_sU H$mX§~ar 1903 gmbsàH$m[eV Pmbs, _mÌ "~is~m nmQ>sb' hs H$mX§~arJ«m_sU dmñVdmMm nwaogm àË`` XoD$ eH$VZgë`m_wio VgoM [VMm EHy$U AmdmH$mH$mX§~arEdT>m Zgë`m_wio "[namOs nmQ>sb' hs_amR>sVbs n[hbs J«m_sU H$mX§~ar Amho, Ago åhQ>boOmVo. _amR>sVbs n[hbs J«m_sU H$mX§~ar H$moUVs hm[dMma WmoS>m doi ~mOybm Ro>dbm Var EH$ _mÌ IaoH$s, _amR>sVë`m n[hë`m ZmJar H$mX§~arZ§Va [H$VsVar C[eam _amR>sVë`m n[hë`m J«m_sU H$mX§~arMmOÝ_ Pmbobm Amho. Ago hmoÊ`mMo H$maU AWm©VMñnîQ> Amho. Ë`m H$mimVbm dmMH$ nyU©V: ZmJahmoVm. J«m_OsdZmMm AZw^d JmR>ses AgUmamboIH$ Ë`m H$mimV OÝ_mbm òUohs eŠ` ZìhVo. EH$_mÌ Iao H$s H¥$îUamd ^mboH$a, YZwYm©ar (am.[d.[Q>Ho$H$a), a.dm. [XKo, J.b. R>moH$i AmXs J«m_sUboIH$m§Zs _amR>sVsb Amnë`m Z§VaÀ`m [nT>sVsbJ«m_sU boIH$m§gmR>s nm`dmQ> nmS>ë`mMo _mobmMoEo[Vhm[gH$ H$m_ Ho$bo.

1940À`m Amgnmg _amR>s boIH$m§Mm B§J«OsdmL²>_`mes g§nH©$ dmT>bm. [edm` J«m_OsdZmMmàË`j AZw^d Agbobo Zd[e[jV J«m_sU VéU[ejUmÀ`m, ZmoH$arÀ`m, ì`dgm`mÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZoehamV òD$ bmJbo. ehamV ñWm[`H$ hmoD$ bmJbo.Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s gO©ZmMs j_Vm Agbobo VéU J«m_sUgm[hË` [Z[_©Vs H$ê$ bmJbo. B§J«Os dmL²>_`mÀ`mg§nH$m©_wio Ho$di ZmJarM Zìho, Va J«m_sUboIH$m§À`m dmL²>_`sZ Om[Udm [dH${gV hmoD$bmJë`m. `m J«m_sU d ZmJar boIH$m§n¡H$s ì`§H$Qo>e_mS>JyiH$a, J§JmYa JmS>Jsi, nw.^m. ^mdo, Aa[d¨XJmoIbo ho à_wI boIH$ hmoV.

1940À`m AJmoXa _amR>s gm[hË` åhUOoH$mX§~ar ho g_sH$aU ê$T> Pmbobo hmoVo. 1940Z§Va_amR>sV [Z`VH$m{bHo$ N>mnbs OmD$ bmJbs.Ë`m_wio H$mX§~ar ~amo~aM H$Wm, H$[dVm AmXsñdê$nmMo boIZhs OÝ_mbm òD$ bmJbo. ì`§H$Qo>e_mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m boIZmMm [deof Agm H$s,Amnë`m AJmoXa [b{hë`m Joboë`m J«m_sUgm[hË`mVbm _mUyg MwH$sMm Amho, A[Va§OsV Amho,

AdmñVd Amho, IamIwam, ñdV:Mo a§Jê$n AgbobmJ«m_sU _mUyg àW_M _amR>s gm[hË`mV AmUsVAmhmoV, Ë`m_wio _amR>s dmMH$m§es Ë`mMm ZsQ>ZoQ>H$mn[aM` H$ê$Z Úm`bm hdm. ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$aAmnë`m H$Wm H$mX§~è`mVyZ XoemVë`m _mUgm§À`m

MohaonÅsMs, a§Jê$nmMs, gd`s-bH$~tMs,doe^wfm§Ms, MmbsarVsMs, OsdZ OJÊ`mÀ`mnÕVsMs EdT>s hw~ohw~ dU©Z§ H$m H$aVmV `mM§ H$maUAmnUmg òWo [XgV§. EH$ _mÌ Iao H$s ì`§H$Qo>e_mS>JyiH$am§Zs _amR>s J«m_sU _mUgm§Ms H$ê$Z[Xbobs AmoiI BVH$s n[anyU© hmoVs, BVH$s n¸$shmoVs H$s Ë`m§À`m Z§VaÀ`m J«m_sU boIH$m§Zm J«m_sU_mUgm[df`s [b{hVmZm MmMnS>md§ bmJb§ Zmhs.

e§H$a nmQ>sb d X._m. [_amgXma ho ì`§H$Qo>e_mS>JyiH$am§À`m [nT>sVbo XmoZ _hÎdmMo J«m_sUboIH$. e§H$a nmQ>sb `m§Zs _w»`V: J§^sa àH¥$VsÀ`mH$Wm [b{hë`m. X._m. [_amgXma `m§Mm gmam â[dZmoXs H$Wm boIZmda. e§H$a nmQ>sb ho J«m_sU_mUgm§À`m _Zmbm [^S>bo. Ë`m§À`m _ZmMs ñn§XZoË`m§Zs Zo_Ho$nUmZo [Q>nbs. A[^ì`º$sÀ`m ~m~VsVË`m§Zs OmUsdnyd©H$ H$mhs à`moJ Ho$bo.

gO©Zesb boIH$ hm OÝ_mdm bmJVmo, ho [H$VshsIa§ Agb§ Var Ë`mbm [ejUmMs Amob[_imë`m[edm` Ë`mÀ`mVbm boIH$ A§Hw$arV hmoVZmhs. _amR>s J«m_sU gm[hË`mMm [dMma H$aVmZm hs~m~ [deofËdmZo bjmV ¿`mds bmJVo. [ejUmÀ`m~m~VsV AmUIs EH$ ~m~ An[ahm`©nUmZ§§ KS>Vo.[ejU ho daÀ`m ñVamdê$Z [PanV ImbÀ`mñVamH$So> OmVo. ho EH$Xm AmnU bjmV KoVbo H$s,J«m_sU gm[hË`mMo {dûcofU H$aUo gwb^ hmoVo.ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a, e§H$a nmQ>sb, X._m.[_amgXma hs J«m_sU gm[hË`mMs n[hbs [nT>s. `m[nT>sVbo ~hwVm§e J«m_sU boIH$ g_mOmÀ`m daÀ`mñVamVbo AmhoV. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV [ejUmMsAmob [PanV [PanV OgOes ImbÀ`m ñVamH$So>OmD$ bmJbs VgVgo Ë`m Ë`m ñVamVbo boIH$ _amR>sJ«m_sU gm[hË`mMs [Z[_©Vs H$ê$ bmJbo. hs J«m_sUgm[hË`mMs Xwgar [nT>s. Xwgè`m [nT>sVbo ~hwVm§eboIH$ àË`j eoVs ì`dgm`mda Adb§~yZAgUmè`m eoVH$è`m§À`m KamVbo. AmZ§X `mXd,Zm.Ymo§. _hmZmoa, am.a§. ~moamSo>, M§ÐHw$_ma ZbJo,X.Vm. ^mogbo hs Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhs R>iH$ Zmd§.

n[hë`m [nT>sVë`m _amR>s J«m_sU gm[hpË`H$m§À`mgm[hË`mV JmdmVbm _mUyg Ambm, KamVbm _mUygAmbm; nU [edmamVbm, àË`j eoVs H$aUmameoVH$ar ¹$[MVM Ambm. Xwgè`m [nT>sVë`m J«m_sUgm[h{Ë`H$m§À`m gm[hË`mV JmdmVbm, KamVbm,ZmVsJmoVs OnUmam, OmonmgUmam _mUyg Va AmbmMnU Ë`m[edm` [edmamVbm, eoVsV H$m~mS>H$îQ>H$aUmam _mUyg Ambm. Ë`m§À`m gwI-Xw:Im§Mm _amR>sdmMH$m§Zm n[aM` KS>bm.

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amR>sV ZmZm[dY [df`m§Zm dm[hbobo H$moeAmhoV. Joë`m eVH$mV AZoH$ H$îQ>m§ZmVm|S> XoV S>m°. Ho$VH$am§Zs _amR>s

kmZH$moemMo Vodsg I§S> [Z_m©U Ho$bo; Va _hmamîQ´>amÁ`mÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Va [dûdH$moemMo I§S> H«$_e:à[gÕ hmoD$ bmJbo. _wbm§gmR>sgwÕm[dûdH$moe[Z[_©Vs Mmby Amho. n§. _hmXodemósOmoes øm§Zs "^maVs` g§ñH¥$[VH$moem'Mo g§nmXZHo$bo. lsam_ nm§Sw>a§J H$m_V øm§Zs "_amR>s [dûdM[aÌH$moem'Mo XmoZ I§S> à[gÕ Ho$bo.doUs_mYdemós Omoes d ZmamÙ har Omoes ømg§nmXH$Û`m§Zs "Am`wd}Xs` _hmH$moe' (XmoZ I§S>)g§nm[XV H$ê$Z Am`wd}XmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Ms _moR>sgmo` Ho$bs Amho. d¡[XH$ dmL>²_` d AÝ` g§ñH¥$VJ«§WmV AZoH$ ñWim§Mo C„oI òVmV. Ë`m Ë`mñWim§Ms _m[hVs XoVmZm [gÕoûdaemós [MÌmd øm§ZsHo$di g§ñH¥$VMm AmYma Z KoVm n[e©`Z, J«sH$,~m¡Õ, O¡Z, [MZs gm[hË` d [ebmboI øm§_Ysb_m[hVsMo narjU H$ê$Z [ÛI§S>mË_H$ "àmMsZ^maVs` ñWbH$moe' [bhyZ _mobmMs â KmVbsAmho. b.Jmo. [d¨Po øm§Zs "g§ñH¥$V-_amR>sgw^m[fVH$moem'V g§ñH¥$V ûcmoH$m§~amo~a ñda[MV_amR>s ûcmoH$ XoD$Z Cn`wº$Vm dmT>[dbobs Amho.

darb gd© H$moem§Mm g§ñH¥$Ves Hw$Ro> Zm Hw$Ro> g§~§YAmho. Ë`m_wio [Okmgy§Ms _moR>s gmo` Pmbs Amho._amR>sV [d[dY H$moem§Ms na§nam hiyhiy ê$T> hmoVAmho. _méVs [MV_n„s øm§Mm "n[jH$moe', e._.^mboamd øm§Mm ^maVs` "g[aVmH$moe' ho XmoZ H$moeC„oIZs` AmhoV. n[jH$moemV nú`mMo aoIm[MÌ,Ë`mMs AÝ` ^mfm§Vsb Zmdo Am[U emós` _m[hVs[Xë`m_wio Ag§»` n[j[_Ìm§Zm EH$ _moR>m _mJ©Xe©H$bm^bm Amho. ømnydu S>m°. gbs_ Abs øm§ZsB§J«OsV [d[dY nwñVHo$ [b[hbs hmoVs. ^mboamd_yiMo B§[OZrAa. Ë`m§Zs AWH$ n[al_mZo ^maVmVsbXmoZ hOma ZÚm§Ms _m[hVs "g[aVmH$moem'À`m VsZI§S>m§V EH$Ì [Xbs Amho. gm_m[OH$ "kmZH$moe' d"AW©emóH$moe' ho S>m`_§S> n{ãbHo$eZ øm àH$meZg§ñWoZo à[gÕ Ho$bo AmhoV.

_amR>sV [d[dY [df`m§daMo H$moe CnbãY AgboVar dmZJsXmIb H$mhtMm da C„oI Ho$bm Amho. ømboImÀ`m _`m©XoV Ë`m§À`m~Ôb g[dñVa [b[hUoeŠ` Zmhs. Ë`m_wio eãXH$moe d ì`wËn[ÎmH$moeøm§À`mnwaVm nam_e© KoVbm Amho.

AJXs n[hbm H$moe `mXdH$mimV g§ñH¥$VÀ`mYVuda ZmWn§Ws`, _hmZw^mds d ho_mÐs g§àXm`s

n§[S>Vm§Zs Ho$bm Agmdm. VWm[n, n§Yamì`m eVH$mVXÎmamO _hmZw^md ømZo _hmZw^md n§WmVsb gmVà_wI J«§Wm§Vsb H$R>sU eãXm§Mm H$moe [b[hbm Ë`mg"Q>sn' Ago Zmd [Xbo. amOdmS>çm§À`m nmhÊ`mVkmZoûdarH$moe hmoVm. Vmo VsZeo-gìdmVsZeo dfmªMmOwZm AgyZ Ë`mV kmZoûdarVsb eãX AH$ma[dëho[Xbobo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo à[VeãX Adm©MsZ _amR>sbmOdiMo AmhoV. Ë`m H$moemV Ë`mÀ`mhyZhs àmMsZH$moem§Mm hdmbm [Xbobm Amho. amOdmSo> åhUVmVH$s, ho_mS>n§WmZo g§ñH¥$V-_amR>s H$moe aMbm hmoVm;nU Vmo CnbãY Zmhs. VgoM amOdmSo> øm§ZsC„o[Ibobo 1239n`ªVMo XmoZ H$moe (EH$ ewÕ

_amR>s Va Xwgam g§ñH¥$V-_amR>s ) Xw_ui AmhoV._wgb_mZm§À`m AmH«$_Um_wio _amR>s

^mfoV \$meu, VwH$u d Aa~s eãX Kwgbo hmoVo.

ls[ed N>ÌnVtZs ñdamÁ`mMs ñWmnZm H$aVmZm_amR>s ewÕsH$aUmgmR>s "amOì`dhmaH$moe' [Z_m©UH$aÊ`mMs Amkm àemgH$ aKwZmW ZmamÙ hU_§Voøm§Zm [Xbs. Ë`m§Zs Yw§[S>amO ì`mg øm§À`m gmhmæ`mZohm H$moe [gÕ Ho$bm. hs KQ>Zm B.g. 1678MsAgmds.

ls[edà^y§Zs N>mnImZm gwê$ Ho$ë`mMo dmMZmVhmoVo. nU Ë`mbm XwOmoam XoUmam nwamdm hmVmes Zmhs.B§J«Os Am_XmZsV H°$ao ZmdmÀ`m [_eZè`mZo1810_Üò _amR>s eãXm§Ms `mXs à[gÕ Ho$bs. hmMH°$aoMm H$moe hmo`. Vmo lsam_nya òWo N>mnyZ à[gÕ

Ho$bm. [deof åhUOo _amR>s eãX _moS>s [bnsV XoD$ZË`mMo AW© B§J«OsV [Xbo hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va 1824_ÜòH$Z©b Ho$ZoS>s ømZo _amR>s-B§J«Os d B§J«Os-_amR>sAgm bhmZ H$moe à[gÕ Ho$bm. øm H$moemMo AmYmaJ«§W åhUOo A_aH$moemMo ^mfm§Va, gaH$marH$mJXnÌm§VyZ AmT>ibobo _amR>s eãX Am[U H°$ßQ>ZH$m°H$gmR>s Ë`mÀ`m XmoZ _wÝesZs V`ma H$ê$Z [XbobohñVboI EdTo>M hmoVo. Ë`mMo _amR>sMo kmZ AJXs_`m©[XV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ømbm H$moe åhUVm òUoH$R>sU Amho.

gZ 1829_Üò OJÞmWemós H«$_d§V,~miemós KJdo, J§JmYaemós \$S>Ho$, am_M§ÐemósOmZdoH$a, gImam_ Omoes, XmOsemós ewŠb Am{Unaewam_n§V JmoS>~mobo øm§Zs "_hmamîQ´> ^mfoMm H$moe'g§nm[XV H$ê$Z "_w§~B© [ejm_§S>is'À`m[eimN>mnImÝ`mV N>mnbm d à[gÕ Ho$bm. emós_§S>itMm âUm Agë`m_wio hm H$moe emóm§Mm H$moeåhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. "_hmamîQ´> ^mfm åhUOo_hmamîQ´> Xoes amhUmao Oo XoeñW ~«m÷Um[XH$ bmoH$Ë`m§Ms ~mobm`mMs àmH¥$V ^mfm' Aes g§nmXH$m§Zs_amR>s ^mfoMs ì`m»`m Ho$bs Amho; Ë`m_wio ømH$moembm AZoH$ _`m©Xm nS>ë`m AmhoV.

emñÍ`m§Mm H$moe d _moëgdW©Mm _amR>s-B§J«OseãXH$moe Odi Odi EH$mM dois V`ma hmoV hmoVo.nU Oo.Q>s. _moëgdW© d H±$S>s øm§Zs g§nm[Xbobm H$moeXmoZ dfmªZ§Va åhUOo 1831_Üò à[gÕ Pmbm.`mnydu à[gÕ Pmboë`m [dëgZMm g§ñH¥$V-B§J«OsH$moe, H°$aoMm H$moe, JUoe _ZmohaÀ`m dmŠàMma dåhUs BË`mXr J«§Wm§Mm AmYma KoVbm Amho. Ë`mIoarOgaH$mar hwHy$_mZo IoS>çmnmS>çm§VyZ _amR>s eãXO_[dÊ`mV Ambo. øm Amd¥ÎmsV Mmisg hOma eãXVa 1857À`m Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmsV gmR> hOma eãXhmoVo.

aKwZmW ^mñH$a JmoS>~mobo øm§Zs 1863_Üò"h§gH$moe' aMbm. [ddoH$[gŸw, kmZoûdar, EH$ZmWs^mJdV BË`mXr doXmÝVna J«§W dmMÊ`mg Cn`moJìhmdm åhUyZ h§gH$moe Cn`wº$ hmoVm. nU, _amR>s^mfoVsb àM[bV [H¨$dm An^«îQ> eãX [XboboZìhVo.

~mbH¥$îU _ëhma ~sS>H$a øm§Zs _amR>s H«$[_H$ghm nwñVH$m§Vsb eãXm§Mm g§J«h AgUmam"aËZH$moe' 1869_Üò N>mnyZ à[gÕ Ho$bm."h§gH$moe' d "aËZH$moe' ho XmoÝhs H$moe _`m©[XVhmoVo.

_oOa H±$S>sZo B§J«Os-_amR>s H$moe 1847_Üò

H$moem§Mm Ym§S>moim !_

gwaoe nm§Sw>a§J dmKo

43OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

à[gÕ Ho$bm. Ë`mbm _w§~B© gaH$ma d _moëgdW©øm§Mo gmhmæ` hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>s H±$S>sZo Om°ÝgZMmB§J«Os H$moe CVadyZ KoVbm Am{U _moëgdW©À`m_amR>s-B§J«Os eãXH$moemMm AmYma KoV AmnbmB§J«Os-_amR>s eãXH$moe aMbm.

"_amR>s ^mfoMm ZdsZ H$moe' [H¨$dm amOdmSo>Á`mbm gwdh H$moe åhUVmV Vmo aKwZmW ^mñH$aJmoS>~mobo øm§Zs 1870_Üò aMbm. _w§~B©gaH$maÀ`m ImË`mÀ`m hwHy$_mdê$Z hm N>mnbmAmho. øm H$moemgmR>s emñÍ`m§À`m H$moemMm AmYmaKoVbm Amho. nU "... \$ma AdKS> Oo emós`g§ñH¥$V eãX d ... gmYmaU eãX dJiyZ hm H$moeHo$bm Agë`m_wio Ë`mMs ì`más [dÚmÏ`mªnwaVs_`m©[XV Pmbs Amho.

[dîUw am_M§Ð ~mnQ> d ~miH¥$îU [dîUw n§[S>Vøm XmoKm§Zs 1891_Üò à[gÕ Ho$bobm "ewÕ _amR>sH$moe' [Z_m©U H$aVmZm _moëgdW©, JmoS>~mobo dh§gH$moemMo gmhmæ` KoVbo. VWm[n, hm H$moeXoIsbdarb H$moemà_mUo embmon`moJs dmQ>Vmo.

bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$m§Mo ñZohs _mYdamd Zm_Omoesøm§Zs _moR>çm _amR>s - _amR>s eãXH$moemMs aMZmH$aÊ`mg Ama§^ Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`mgmR>s Ë`m§Zs_moëgdW©À`m _amR>s - B§J«Os eãXH$moemMo ^mfm§VaH$ê$Z KoVbo. Ë`mV h§gH$moe, eoVH$s _m[gH$,[Z~§Y_mbm, [eën[dÚm, ZmZm[dY Y§Xo, H$bm,Cn^mfm, H$mì`J«§WmVsb AdVaUo øm§Ms âKmVbs. nU, Ë`m§À`m AH$mbs [ZYZm_wio hmAnwam d Aà[gÕ am[hbm. nwTo> XmVo-H$d} `m§Zm"_hmamîQ´> eãXH$moe' aMVmZm øm H$moemMm Cn`moJPmbm.

AmZ§X øm ~mb_m[gH$mMo g§nmXH$ dmgwXodJmo[d¨X AmnQo> øm§Zs "_amR>s eãXaËZmH$a'1922_Üò à[gÕ Ho$bm. `mgmR>s Ë`m§Zs1908nmgyZ Ama§^ Ho$bm. nmoÏ`m, OwZs H$mJXnÌoMmiVmZm Ë`m§Zm Ë`mV AnnmR> d MwH$sMo AW©AmT>ibo. [dÛmZm§es MMm© H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zs eãXm§MmAW© [Z{íMV Ho$bm. nydu à[gÕ Pmbobo _moëgdW©H±$S>s H$moe, h§gH$moe øm§Mm AmYma KoVbm.g§VdmL²>_`mVsb _amR>sÀ`m EHy$U EH$ eãX KoVboZmhsV. eãXm§Mo AW© g[dñVa ZmhsV. ~mobs^mfm[H$_mZ n§Mdsg EH$ Agë`m Var "eãXaËZmH$am'VgdmªMm àmH¥$V AgmM C„oI Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_wioEH$ embmon`moJs H$moe Aes g§^mdZm H$amdsbmJob. Jmonmi ~m~mOs Omoes øm§Zs g§nm[Xboë`m"dO«H$moem'Ms Cn`wº$Vmhs embmon`moJs H$moeAesM Amho.

[dÚmYa dm_Z [^So> øm§Ms _amR>s ^mfoMmgañdVsH$moe, [MÌemimZo 1930_Üò à[gÕ

Ho$bm. ømMs ì`más "eãXaËZmH$am'nojm _moR>sAmho. nU, _moëgdW©À`m H$moemVsb gd© eãXKoVbobo ZmhsV. A[e[jV bmoH$m§À`m Vm|S>Mo eãXKoVbo AmhoV; nU, Vohs _`m©[XV AmhoV. ~IarEo[Vhm[gH$ H$mJXnÌm§Vsb, emós`, Y§XodmMH$eãXm§Mm A^md Amho. AemàH$mao øm H$moemV~è`mM ÌwQ>s AmhoV.

amOdmSo> øm§Zs [demb _amR>s H$moemMs H$ënZm[bhyZ Ro>dbs hmoVs. Ë`m§À`m H$ënZoZwgma gd©~mobtMm g_mdoe Agbobm H$moe, ZmZm[dYAdVaUm§gh V`ma ìhm`bm nm[hOo hmoVm. ~è`mMA§es Ë`m§À`m Anojm nyU© H$aUmam H$moe èd§Vam_H¥$îU XmVo d [M¨Vm_U JUoe H$d} `m§Zs _hmamîQ´>H$moe _§S>i ñWmnyZ AmR> I§S>mV 1932 Vo 1950`m H$mbmdYsV à[gÕ Ho$bm. hmM H$moe "_hmamîQ´>H$moe' [H¨$dm XmVo-H$d} H$moe åhUyZ à[gÕ Amho.Ho$di J«m§[WH$ _amR>s eãXm§Ms Zìho, Va Jmo_§VH$s`d H$moH$Us eãXm§Ms XIb Ë`m§Zs KoVbs Amho._amR>sVsb dmŠàMma d åhUtMm øm H$moemVg_mdoe Ho$bm Agbm Var dmŠàMma - åhUtMogImob [ddoMZ H$aUmam {ÛI§S>mË_H$ H$moe Ë`m§Zs

"_hmamîQ´> dmŠg§§àXm` H$moe' øm ZmdmZo à[gÕHo$bm.

"_hmamîQ´> eãX H$moe'À`m ñdmV§Í`H$mimV Xwgard [Vgar Amd¥Îms à[gÕ Pmbs Agbs Var ømXmoÝhs Amd¥Îms Ho$di nwZ_w©ÐU AmhoV. Ë`mVàH$meH$mZo H$moUVshs â Q>mH$bs Zmhs [H¨$dmXwéñË`m Ho$boë`m ZmhsV.

à.Z. Omoes øm§Mm "AmXe© _amR>s H$moe'1968_Üò àW_ à[gÕ Pmbm. AbsH$So> Ë`m§Ms

gmVds Amd¥Îms (nwZ_w©ÐU) à[gÕ Pmbs. n[hë`mAmd¥VsV Agbobo Xmof Hw$Ro>hs XwéñV Ho$boboZmhsV. CXmhaUmW©, S>m°baMs ì`m»`m Ë`mÀ`mA_o[aHo$Vsb gmoÝ`mMo ZmUo Aes Ho$bs Amho.dmñV[dH$, 1968_Üò S>m°baMo ZmUo,A{ñVËdmVM ZìhVo Am[U gmoÝ`mÀ`m S>m°baEH$mo[Ugmì`m eVH$mV nmS>bm OmV hmoVm."n[jUs'Ms ì`m»`mXoIsb AMyH$ Zmhs. nyduà[gÕ Pmboë`m AZoH$ H$moem§Vsb eãXmW© OgoÀ`mVgo CMbbo AgyZ Ë`m§À`mda g§nmXH$mMm qH$dm_w[ÐVemoYH$mMm hmV [\$abobm Zmhs.

`.Z. Ho$iH$a øm§Mm "Eo[Vhm[gH$ eãXH$moe'1962_Üò à[gÕ Pmbm. Ë`mM H$moemMs XwgarAmd¥Îms AbsH$So> S>m`_§S> n{ãbHo$eÝgZo à[gÕHo$bs. Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmsV Zì`m eãXm§Ms âKmVbobs Agbs Var nwadUs eãX AH$ma[dëho[Xbobo ZmhsV. AJmoXa Agbobo eãXhs nwadUsVOgoÀ`m Vgo _wÐUXmofm§gh [Xbobo AmhoV. gdmªV_moR>s CUsd åhUOo g§X^©J«§Wm§Ms `mXs [XbobsZmhs. Ë`m_wio eãXm§À`m ñnîQ>sH$aUmW© [XbobsAdVaUo H$moUË`m nÌmVyZ AJa ~IarVyZ KoVbrAmhoV Vo H$iV Zmhs.

_amR>s - B§J«Os Û¡^m[fH$ H$moe ~m~m nX²_ZOsøm§Zs A compendium of marathi & English

Dictionary øm ZmdmZo 1863_Üò à[gÕ Ho$bm._moëgdW© d _oOa H±$S>s øm H$moemÀ`m AmYmaoAmnU H$moe [Z_m©U Ho$bm, Ago nX²_ZOs `m§ZsàñVmdZoV àm§ObnUo Z_yX Ho$bo. _amR>s-B§J«Os-_amR>s Agm [Û^m[fH$ H$moe _YwgyXZ ls[Zdmgga_moH$X_ `m§Zs V`ma Ho$bm. Ë`mMm n[hbm I§S>The New Standard Dictionary øm ZmdmZoà[gÕ Pmbm.

EZ.~s. amZSo> øm§Ms The Twentieth

Century English-Marathi Dictionary e§âdfmªnydu à[gÕ Pmbs, Ë`m§Zs Ho$bobo g[dñVa[ddoMZ AmOhs CÎm_ _mZmdo bmJVo. Ë`mImbmoImb gmohmoZs øm§À`m {S>ŠeZarbm _mZ ÚmdmbmJob.

_amR>s-B§J«Os eãXH$moemV _m.H$m. Xoenm§So>øm§Mm eãXH$moe Amho. nU, Vmo Xw_ui Agë`m_wionmhÊ`mV Ambm Zmhs. àmMsZ _amR>s dmL>²_`mMmAä`mg H$aVmZm Cn`wº$ R>aUmam H$moe åhUOo A

Dictionary of old Marathi hm hmo`.g§VdmL²>_`mMo JmTo> Aä`mgH$ e§.Jmo. Vwinwio dA_o[aH$Z g§emoYH$ _°Z \o$ëS>hm°g øm XmoKm§Zs[_iyZ _amR>s-B§J«Os H$moe [b[hbm Amho. AZoH$[R>H$mUs ñnîQ>sH$aUmW© EH$mhyZ A[YH$ AdVaUo[Xbs AmhoV. AMyH$VoMm d [Z:g§[X½YnUmMm

44 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

_mZX§S> åhUOo hm H$moe hmo`. Ad¿`m XeH$mVM hmXw_ui ìhmdm ømVM ømMs bmoH$[à`Vm Amho.

eãXH$moemBVH$mM _hÎdmMm åhUOoì`wËn[ÎmH$moe hmo`. "_amR>s ì`wËn[ÎmH$moe' hm EH$_odH$moe CnbãY Amho. Vmo H¥$.nm§. Hw$bH$Uu øm§Zs[b[hbm hmoVm. nwadUsgh [Vgar Amd¥Îms1993_Üò à[gÕ Pmbs. _mÌ, _yi H$moe à[Vê$n_wÐUmZo d nwadUs g§JUH$mZo Ho$bs Amho. [edmèwÕboIZmV Iyn \$aH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio EH$mMH$moemV XmoZ àH$maMo _wÐU d ewÕboIZ ZOaogIQ>H$Vo.

B§J«OsV eoŠg[nAaÀ`m dmL>²_`mda AmYmaboboH$moe AmhoV. Vem àH$maMm AmÌo `m§À`m "JmdJmS>m'øm g_mOemós` J«§Wmda AmYmabobm "JmdJmS>mMm

eãXH$moe' hm Aem àH$maMm n[hbm H$moe Amho. B§J«OsV [~«[Q>em§Ms Am°Šg\$S©> [S>ŠeZar Va

A_o[aHo$V doãñQ>a [S>ŠeZar AmXe© _mZbs OmVo.H$Z©b hoÝar `yb d E.gs. ~Z}b øm XmoKm B§J«Om§Zshm°ãgZ Om°ãgZ ZmdmMm H$moe 1886_Üò à[gÕHo$bm. Ë`m H$moemV AZoH$ ^maVs` eãXm§À`mHw$iH$Wm gmYma AdVaUm§gh XoÊ`mV Amë`mAmhoV. "_moha' eãXmMm gZ 1200nmgyZ1829n`ªVMm B[Vhmg XoD$Z àËòH$ [R>H$mUsAdVaUo [Xbs AmhoV. boIH$Û`tZs _amR>s, [h¨Xs,

CXy©, \$maes BË`mXs ^maVs` ^mfm§~amo~a \«o$¨M,nmoVw©JsO dJ¡ao `wamo[n`Z ^mfm§Mm AmYma KoVbmAmho. Aem àH$maMm [dñV¥V _amR>s eãXH$moe([H¨$~hwZm H$moUË`mhs ^maVs` ^mfoVsb H$moe)AÚm[n [b[hbm Om`Mm Amho.

eãXH$moem§~amo~a g_mZmWu d [déÕmWueãXm§À`m H$moem§Mm [dMma Ho$bm nm[hOo. AemàH$maMm n[hbm H$moe åhUOo A_aH$moe. VmoA_a[g¨hmZo g§ñH¥$V_Üò ghmì`m eVH$mV [b[hbm.Vmo nsQ>a _mH©$ amoOo (Roget) ømÀ`m nmhÊ`mVAmbm. Ë`mbm Vmo \$magm ng§V nS>bm Zmhs. VarnUË`mnmgyZ àoaUm KoD$Z 1852_Üò Thesauras of

English Words and phrases à[gÕ Ho$bm. hmH$moe ~m~m nX²_ZOs øm§À`m AdbmoH$ZmV Ambm

Am[U Ë`mnmgyZ ñ\y$Vu KoD$Z Ë`m§Zs "eãXaËZmdbs'ZmdmMm [M_wH$bm H$moe aMbm. "_amR>s [dÚmWu dboIH$ øm§À`m Cn`moJmgmR>s' aMboë`m ømH$moemVsb n[hë`m ^mJmV 358 _yi eãX d AW©[H¨$dm [dñVma àXe©H$ 4853 eãX AmhoV. Xwgè`m^mJmV 265 _yi eãX d Ë`m§Mo gm§àXm[`H$ eãX6582 AmhoV. H$moemÀ`m eodQ>s XmoZ AZwH«$_[UH$m(gyMs) OmoS>ë`m AmhoV.

~m~m nX²_ZmOs øm§Zs àñVmdZoV åhQ>bo AmhoH$s, "hs Ho$di nwTo> C^mam`À`m EH$m _moR>çm

B_maVsMr ^y[_H$m [H¨$dm nm`m Amho Ago g_Omdo.Ë`m B_maVsMm ~oV òWo gm§JdV Zmhs, d [VMmZH$mem H$mTy>Z XmI[dÊ`mMs JaOhs [XgV Zmhs.'

_amR>sV g_mZmWu eãXmH$moe ~aoM à[gÕ Pmbo.AbsH$So> åhUOo 1995_Üò X.Zm. _hmOZ øm§À`mA[^Zd g_mZmWu Am[U [déÕmWu _amR>s eãXH$moeAm[U `.Zm. dmbmdbH$a øm§À`m "g_mZmWu' Am[U"[déÕmWu eãXH$moe' à[gÕ Pmbo. Va _mo.[d.^mQ>dSo>H$a øm§Mm "_amR>s n`m©`s eãXm§'Mm H$moeAm[U [d.e§. R>H$ma øm§À`m A[^Zd _amR>s-_amR>s-B§J«Os n`m©` eãXH$moe ho XmoZ EH$mM dfuåhUOo 2000_Üò à[gÕ Pmbo.

_wimV ho H$moe _w»`V: g_mZmWu [H¨$dm n`m©èãXH$moe AmhoV. Ë`mVhs ~hwVoH$ eãX [ZdSyZ

Ë`m§Zm n`m©`s eãX gwM[dbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio ømH$moem§Mm Cn`moJ A[Ve` _`m©[XV Amho. "[Wgm°ag'øm H$ënZoÀ`m Odinmghs ho n`m©`s eãXH$moe òD$eH$V ZmhsV.

amoOoÀ`m [Wgm°agMs [Vgar Amd¥Îms 1978_Üòà[gÕ Pmbs. H$mimZwgma [Wgm°agMs H$ënZmhs~XbV Jobs. g_mZmWu eãXm~amo~a Ë`m g§H$ënZoesg§~§{YV Zm_o, [deofUo, [H«$`m[deofUo, [H«$`mnXo,Am[U _m[hVsnyU© Vºo AmYw{ZH$ "[Wgm°ag'_Üòg_m[dîQ> H$aÊ`mV òD$ bmJbo. ¹$[MV² àg§Js

1. XmVo, èd§V am_H¥$îU d H$d} [M§Vm_Us JUoe"_hmamîQ´> eãXH$moe' _hmamîQ´> H$moe _§S>i, nwUo,[d^mJ

n[hbm d gmVdm øm§À`m àñVmdZm 2. _amRo>, X.A. amOH$moe, J«§Wmbs, 12 \o$~«wdmar1986 3. ghò~wÕo, A[dZme, OwÝ`m _amR>s H$mì`mVsbXw~m}Y eãXm§Mm d¡[eîQ>çnyU© H$moe, _hmamîQ´>Q>mBåg, 6 E[àb 1991 4. Yule, Henry and Burnell, A.C Hobson-

Jobson, 1986 reprint published by Rupa

& co. New Delhi, 2002 5. ^mQ>dSo>H$a, _mo.[d. _amR>s n`m©`s eãXm§MmH$moe, gmYZm àH$meZ, nwUo, 25 _mM© 2000,àñVmdZm 6. H$èhmS>H$a, Ho$.gs. ~m~m nX²_ZOs : H$mb dH$V¥©Ëd, _hmamîQ´> amÁ` gm[hË` Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs_§S>i, _w§~B©, 1979 n[a[eîQ> "eãXaËZmdbs' 7. dmKo, gwaoe nm§Sw>a§J, g§H$ënZmH$moe : I§S>n[hbm, J«§Wmbs, _w§~B© 25 Am°JñQ> 2010 8. fQ>²emómVsb Xw~m}Y eãXmWmªMm g§»`mdmMH$eãX, AZ_mob àH$meZ, E[àb 2001

9.The students New Sanskrit Dictionary:

Sanskrit into English, Marathi & Gujrati,

Devathali, G.V. et all 11th reprint K.B.

Dhawale, Mumbai, April 200410. hU_§Vo, ls. em. g§»`m g§Ho$VH$moe,V¥Vs`md¥Îms, àgmX àH$meZ, nwUo, 198011. Dowson, John ,À classical

Dictionary of Hindu mythology and

Religion, Geography,

History and Literature, third reprint

Rupa & co., 198712.A{¾hmoÌs, X. h. "A[^Zd _amR>s-_amR>seãXH$moe, ìhsZg àH$meZ, nwUo, Am°ŠQ>mo~a1983 13.AmnQo>, dm.Jmo. [dñVm[aV eãXaËZmH$a, daXm~wŠg, 1993 14. ~ZhÅ>s, ls.Zm. d Y_m©[YH$mar ^mD$, gwJ__amR>s eãXH$moe, gw[dMma àH$meZ _§S>i, nwUo,

[S>g|~a 1995 15. OmYd am.J. d XogmB©, d.X. 5 Vo 10 dsls[dÚm embo` _amR>s eãXH$moe, ls[dÚmàH$meZ nwUo, Am°JñQ> 1995 16. gm_§V gÎdesbm, eãXmZ§X ([Ì^m[fH$H$moe), S>m`_§S> n{ãbHo$eÝg 17. ^mQ>dSo>H$a, _mo.[d., amOh§g ì`mdhm[aH$_amR>s eãXmW© H$moe, amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo.18. _hmamîQ´> gaH$maMs àH$meZo 19. _amR>s H$ÞS> eãXH$moe 20. Vm_si _amR>s eãXH$moe 21. CXw©-_amR>s-[h¨Xs eãXH$moe, lsnmX Omoes,(n[hbs Amd¥Vs : _hmamîQ´> gaH$ma, Xwgar Amd¥Vs:[ZVsZ àH$meZ )22. nR>mU, `y. _. \$meu-_amR>s ì`wËnÎms H$moe 23. nQ>dY©Z, _mYd (_mYd Oy[b`Z) \$meu-_amR>s eãXH$moe 24. e.Am. namS>H$a, d¡km[ZH$ nm[a^m[fH$ g§km(dZñnVsemó-ì`m»`mg§J«h) gm[hË` Am[Ug§ñH¥$[V _§S>i, _hmamîQ´> amÁ`, _w§~B© 1977.

_hÎdmMo H$moe

45OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

AdVaUohs XoÊ`mV òVmV. _amR>sà_mUo [h¨XsVXoIsb ^mobmZmW [Vdmar øm§Zs [b[hbobm "~¥hVn`m©`dmMs' H$moe hmoVm. nU, amoOoÀ`m [Wgm°agdaAmYmabobm H$moe Aa[d¨X Hw$_ma d Hw$gw_ Hw$_ma ømn[VnËZsZo {Z_m©U Ho$bm. Vmo 1996_Üò "g§_mVaH$moe' åhUyZ à[gÕ Pmbm._yi H$moe gw_mao MmaeoEH$ n¥îR>m§Mm d gyMs EH$ hOma n¥îR>m§Ms hmoVs.^maVs` ^mfoV {Z[_©bobm hm n[hbm [Wgm°ag hmoVm."g_m§Va H$moe' amoOoÀ`m [Wgm°agda AmYmabobmAmho ho Iao Agbo Var ^maVs` ^mfm§Ms OS>UKS>UbjmV KoVbobs ZìhVs. H$maU, ^maVs` ^mfm§V[H«$`mnXmnydu [H«$`m[deofUo òVmV d B§J«OsV Z§Va.[Wgm°agMm hm H«$_ g_m§Va H$moemV nmibm Amho.Xwgar CUsd åhUOo [Wgm°agà_mUo Vºo$ [XboboZmhsV. _amR>sV [Wgm°agda AmYmabobm H$moe[Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ gw_mao n§Mdsg-Vsg df}Mmby hmoVm. `mnydu à[gÕ Pmbobo _amR>sVsbeãXH$moe d n`m©`dmMs H$moe Am[U [h¨XsVsb"g_m§Va H$moe' ZOaog_moa Ro>dyZ gwaoe nm§Sw>a§J dmKoøm§Zs "g§H$ënZmH$moe' V`ma Ho$bm. EHo$H$ eãX

[H¨$dm g§H$ënZm KoD$Z Ë`mg§~§YsMo g_mZmWu eãXàW_ XoD$Z Z§Va g§H$ënZoes g§~§[YV Vºo$, Zm_o,[deofUo, [H«$`m[deofUo d [H«$`mnXo Aes aMZm ømH$moemV ñdsH$mabs. CXmhaUmW© A¾r øm eãXmMoàW_ g_mZmWu eãX [Xbobo AgyZ Ë`m§ZVa A¾rMoàH$ma (EH$, XmoZ, VsZ, nmM, gmV, Xhm d VoamA¾r d AÝ` àH$ma) EH$m VŠË`mV; [dñVd [R>UJs,[ZImam, Ádmbm BË`mXtMo g_mZmWu eãX d Ë`m§MoàH$ma, A¾ses g§~§[YV BVa _m[hVs d Zm_o,[deofUo, [H«$`m[deofUo d [H«$`mnXo Aes gd©_m[hVs AH$ma[dëømZwgma [Xbs Amho. H$moemMoY_©, H$mb, [dûd, àmUs d dZñnVs, _mZds eara,Hw$Q§>w~g§ñWm, ZmJ[aH$ OsdZ, JUmdJwU _Z dñd^md d b[bVH$bm Ago Xhm [d^mJ AmhoV.H$moemMs ì`más gw_mao XmoZ EH$ hOma n¥îRo> AgyZg§H$ënZmH$moe nmM I§S>mV [d^mJbobm Amho.

n[hbm I§§S> J«§WmbsZo ZwH$VmM à[gÕ Ho$bmAgyZ BVahs `WmdH$me àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZMmby AmhoV. (_amR>sV g§H$ënZmH$moe ZmdmMmAmUIs EH$ H$moe CnbãY Agbm Var Ë`mV

gm[hË`mVsb dmL>²_`sZ g§H$ënZm§Ms _m[hVsg_m[dîQ> Ho$bobs Amho.)

~m~m nX²‘ZOs øm§Zs nm`m KmVbm Ë`mda ^ì`B_maV C^s H$aÊ`mMo ñdßZ gmH$mabo Jobo ~amo~aXsS>eo dfmªZs. amOdmSo> øm§Zs ~¥hËH$moemMo ñdßZnm[hbo Vo H$Ys àË`jmV CVaUma? B§J«OsÀ`mOJmVsb [d[dY ~mobtMs XIb KoUmam _hmH$moeSlang øm ZmdmZo à[gÕ Pmbobm Amho. _amR>sÀ`m[H$_mZ n§MdsgEH$ Var ~mobs AmhoV. Ë`m§MmgImob Aä`mg H$ê$Z EImXm ~mobtMm H$moe V`maH$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ hmoVsb H$m`? XmVo - H$d} øm§Zs[Z_m©U Ho$boë`m dmŠàMma åhUtMm H$moe Cn`wº$Amho øm§V e§H$m Zmhs. nU, AZoH$ dmŠàMma dåhUs AOyZn`ªV IoS>monmS>s dmnaë`m OmVmV. Ë`mEH$Ì H$ê$Z dmŠàMma - åhUtMm nwadUs I§S>nmhÊ`mMo ^m½` Ho$ìhm bmÛma? H$s hs ñdßZoàË`jmV CVaUmM ZmhsV?g§nH©$ : 022 28752675

hmË_m Jm§YsOtZs 1908_Üò "[h¨X-ñdamÁ`' ho nwñVH$ [b[hbo. Ë`m_ÜòË`m§Zs, ^[dî`H$mimV ^maVmZo H$moUË`m

[XeoZo dmQ>Mmb H$amds `mg§~§Ys _m¡[bH$ [dMma_m§S>bo. ^maVs` ZmJ[aH$ [Z^©` Agmdm, AÝ`mÀm[U [df_Vm `m§Zm Ë`mZo gVV [damoY H$amdm,Añn¥í`VoMm H$b§H$ ZîQ> ìhmdm, {ó`m§Zm nwéfm§À`m~amo~arZo ñWmZ Agmdo ho Jm§YsOtMo [dMma H$moUsMA_mÝ` H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhs. Jm§§YsOtZs ñdV:À`mAmË_H$Wog "_mPo gË`mMo à`moJ' åhQ>bo hs _moR>sAW©nyU© JmoîQ> hmo`. gË` hmM B©ûda ho Jm§YsOtModMZ gwà[gÕ AgyZ, B©ûdaoÀNo>IoarO EH$ nmZhshbV Zmhs Aes Jm§§YsOtMs lÕm hmoVs. na§Vw,X¡Z§[XZ OsdZmV _mUgmZo H$moUË`m H¥$Vs H$amì`mV`m[df`s hs lÕm H$moUVoM _mJ©Xe©Z H$aV Zmhs.åhUyZM B©ídaoÀN>m H$m` ho R>a[dÊ`mÀ`m ^mZJS>sVZ nS>Vm _Ë`©ñIbZesb d gd©k Zgboë`m Aemgd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmZo gË` hmM B©ûda _mZmdm, hm[ZîH$f© Ë`m§Zs "gË`mMo à`moJ'_YyZ H$mT>bm.

_amR>sVyZ Amboë`m Jm§YtZs _mÂ`mgma»`mÀ`mAZoH$ [nT>çm§da à^md Q>mH$bm Amho. XmXmY_m©[YH$mar ho Jm§YsdmXs. Ë`m§Zs "ós-nwéfghOsdZ' ho nwñVH$ [b[hbo Amho. _s Ë`mbm XmoZ"OmVs'_Ysb amOH$maUmdaMo nwñVH$ _mZVmo! ós d

nwéf `m§Zs EH$_oH$m§Zm Amnë`m gwImon^moJmMo gmYZ_mZbo, Va Ë`mVyZ AZW©H$maH$ emofUM CËnÞ hmoVo.ós-nwéfm§V nañna [Z^©`Vm d [dewÕ ñZoh _m§Sy>bmJob, VoìhmM dmñV[dH$ g_mZVoMs ñWmnZmhmoB©b, Aes _m§S>Us XmXm§Zs Ho$bs Amho.{ó`m§darb dmT>Ë`m AË`mMmamÀ`m H$mimVXmXm§À`m [dMmam§Mo _mob> àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo.

Wmoa Jm§YsdmXs AmMm`© ^mJdV `m§Mo g§M[bVdmL>²_` _hmamîQ´> amÁ` gm[hË` g§ñH¥$Vs _§S>imZoà[gÕ Ho$bo Amho. _mÌ, _mÂ`m ÑîQ>sZo AmMm`©

OmdSo>H$a [b{IV "AmYw[ZH$ ^maV' hmamOH$maUmdaMm gdmªV _hÎdmMm J«§W hmo`.noedmB©À`m AñVmnmgyZ bmo. [Q>iH$m§À`m[ZYZmn`ªVÀ`m eVH$mV [h¨XwñWmZmV d [deofV:_hmamîQ´>mV Á`m d¡Mm[aH$ Midis Pmë`m Ë`m§MoAmMm`mªZs Ë`mV Ho$bobo {dûcofU gd©_mÝ` PmboAmho. _hmamîQ´>mMo Wmoa VÎdqMVH$ dm_Z _ëhmaOmoes `m§Zs JsVmahñ`mZ§Va Wmoa J«§W åhUyZ"AmYw[ZH$ ^maVm'Mm C„oI Ho$bm. Ë`mVJm§YsOs§À`m amOH$maUmMo d VÎdkmZmMo emós`^y[_Ho$dê$Z Ho$bobo [ddoMZ A[^Zd Agë`mZo

Ë`m§Mo [h¨Xs-JwOamVsVyZhs AZwdmX Pmbo. `m J«§WmVEHo$ [R>H$mUs OmdSo>H$a åhUVmV, "Ho$di ^m¡[VH$[dÚoMs CnmgZm H$aUmao bmoH$ A§Y:H$mamV nS>VmVd Ho$di Am{Ë_H$ [dÚmonmgZm H$aUmao Ë`mVyZhsKmoa A§YmamV nS>VmV.' `mMm AZw^d AmYw[ZH$`wamonÀ`m d Joë`m XmoZ-VsZeo dfmªÀ`m ^maVs`B[Vhmgmdê$Z OJmbm Ambobm Amho. AmYw[ZH$^maVmZo Ë`mMs AË`§V A[ZîQ> \$io ânya MmIbobsAmhoV. Voìhm `mnwTo> Vmo ^m¡{VH${dÚm qH$dmAmpË‘H$ {dÚm `mn¡H$s Hw$UmH$S>ohr Xwb©j H$arb,Ago dmQ>V Zmhr.

XwX£dmZo amoOÀ`m amoO AgË`mMo à`moJ H$aUmè`mamÁ`H$Ë`mªZs hm YS>m Z KoVë`mZo AmnU AmOÀ`mAdñWoàV òD$Z nmohmoMbmo AmhmoV...

ñdm§VÍ`nyd©H$mimV AZoH$ amOH$s` ZoË`m§ZsOZOmJ¥VsgmR>s nÌH$m[aVoV CS>s KoVbs. [edam_n§Vnam§Ono `m§Zs "H$mi' ho gmám[hH$ gwê$ Ho$bo. [Q>iH$d Ë`m§À`m "Ho$gar'Mm Ë`m§À`mda à^md hmoVm. _mÌ,[edamVn§Vm§Zm geó H«$m§VsMo JyT> AmH$f©U hmoVo.Ë`m§Mo boIZ [Q>iH$m§à_mUo amoIR>moH$ ZgyZ,dH«$moº$sÀ`m d dmL>²_`mÀ`m A§JmZo OmUmao hmoVo."H$mi'_Ysb boIZmÀ`m AmYmao nam§Ono `m§ZmamOÐmohs R>adyZ Ë`m§Zm H$mamdmgmda YmS>Ê`mVAmbo. "H$mi'_Ysb [Z~§YmMo g§J«h [ZKmbo hmoVo. Vo

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Oá H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ñdmV§Í`dsa gmdaH$am§À`mÁdmbmJ«mhs boIZmMm n[aUm_ (ghm gmoZoar nmZo,_mPs OÝ_Ro>n) Z Pmbobm _amR>s _mUyg emoYyZgmnS>Uma Zmhs. [Q>iH$m§À`m Ohmb Am[UAmJaH$am§À`m gwYmaH$ [dMmam§Mm dmagm Amnë`mbmbm^bobm AmhoM. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zs"_yH$Zm`H$', "~[hîH¥$V ^maV', "g_Vm' Am[U"OZVm' `m d¥ÎmnÌm§Ûmao OZOmJ¥Vs Ho$bs.~m~mgmho~m§Zs B§J«OsV [dnwb J«§WboIZ Ho$bo. nU,"ZdmH$mi'_YyZ [h¨Xs MbZnÕVs, "Ho$gar'VyZeoVH$è`m§Mm àíZ "[d[dYd¥Îmm'VyZ a°ågo _°H$S>moZëS> d[h¨XwñWmZ Aem [df`m§da Ë`m§Zs boI/boI_mbm[b[hë`m, ~m~mgmho~m§Zs ~s.E. B§J«Os d n[e©`Z ho[df` KoVbo Agbo, Var Ë`m§Mm _amR>s gm[hË`mMmì`mg§J [dñV¥V hmoVm. "OZVm'_Üò Ë`m§Zs [b[hboë`mboIm§Mm g§J«h nwñVH$ê$nmV à[gÕ Pmbm Amho.[h¨Xw_hmg^m H$moS> [~bmMs ~¡R>H$, Añn¥í`m§Mm àíZ-KaMm d amîQ´>mMm, Y_mªVamÀ`m KmofUonydu EH$ df©,b~mS> H$moU- H$m±J«og H$s _Owam§Mo nwT>mar?, [h¨XsamOH$maUmMm [dMH$m, X§Jm Pmbm! X§Jm Pmbm H$mhsCJmM Zmhs Ë`mbm... hs boIm§Ms esf©Ho$ dmMbs Var~m~mgmho~m§À`m boIZe¡bsMs H$ënZm òB©b. AË`§Vg_n©H$ d VH©$ewÕ `w{º$dmX Am[U ^[dî`Xeu ÑîQ>shs Ë`m§Ms boIZ d¡[eîQ>ço.

g§`wº$ _hmamîQ´> MidisVsb EH$ I§Xo ZoVo åhUOoAmMm`© AÌo. `m Am§XmobZmÀ`m ~mVå`m _w§~B©VsbB§J«Os d¥ÎmnÌo XoV ZgV. `m X¡[ZH$m§Mo _mbH$ A_amR>shmoVo. `m d¥ÎmnÌm§da ~[hîH$ma KmbÊ`mMo AmdmhZAmMm`© AÌo d AÝ` ZoË`m§Zs Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZM ñdV§ÌX¡[ZH$ H$mT>mdo, Aes _mJUs _amR>s ^mfH$m§Zs Ho$bs.bmoH$dJ©Us Jmoim Pmbs. "_amR>m' ho Zmd goZmnVs~mnQ> `m§Zs gwMdbo. amOH$s` - gm_m[OH$ [df`m§da[b{hVmZm AÍ`m§À`m boIUsbm Yma òV Ago. AÌo[df` gmonm H$ê$Z gm§JUmao [ejH$-g§nmXH$ hmoVo.Ë`m§Zm AÝ`m`, AË`mMma, ^«îQ>mMma ghZ hmoV Zgo._moamaOs XogmB©, H$mH$mgmho~ JmS>Jsi `m à^wVtda VoVwQy>Z nS>V. Á`m§À`mda Ë`m§Zs h„o MT>[dbo, Ë`mì`º$s [ZdV©ë`mZ§Va, AÍ`m§Zs Ë`m§À`mda Aà[V_AJ«boI [b[hbo. `m AJ«boIm§Ms nwñVHo$ Pmbs.AÍ`m§Mo lÕm§Obsna AJ«boI "g_mYsdarb Alw' d"gy`m©ñV' `m XmoZ nwñVH$m§V g§J«hsV Pmbo AmhoV.

_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m `m gwdU©_hmoËgds gm§JVm dfm©VAmMm`© AÌ|Ms AmR>dU hmoUo An[ahm`© Amho. nm.dm.JmS>Jsi `m§Ms nÌH$m[aVm doJù`m àH$maMs. Amnë`mboIZmVyZ-J«§WmVyZ Ë`m§Zs bmoH$m§Zm _mŠg©dmXg_OmdyZ gm§{JVbm. Zaha Hw$é§XH$a `m§Mo boIZhs~w[Õ[ZîR>, VH©$gwg§JV Am[U naIS>. àËòH$ àíZmMoVo Ago [S>goŠeZ H$aV H$s Á`mMo Zmd Vo. "[edamÌ'

Am[U "OmJa'Zo Va AZoH$ gm_m[OH$ H$m`©H$Ë`mªMmd¡Mm[aH$ nm`m _O~yV Pmbm. [dMma Zgbo Va ZwgVogVa§Á`m KmbyZ amOH$maU - g_mOH$maU hmoV ZgVo,ho bmoH$m§Zm H$iy bmJbo.

_§S>bdmXmnydu Hw$é§XH$am§Zs Ho$bobs hs _m§S>UsAmho. "goŠ`wb°[aP_ Am[U ñVmo_' `m boImVHw$é§XH$am§Zs Ho$bobs hs EH$ [Q>nUs nmhm. OZg§K,Ama.Eg.Eg., [h¨Xw_hmg^m Agë`m àH$maÀ`mnjm§VM [h¨Xy OmVs`dmX AgVmo, Ago Zmhs. VgoAgVo, Va \$ma ~ao Pmbo AgVo! gd© goŠ`wba njm§Zm[_iyZ 70 %À`m Amgnmg _VXmZ hmoV AgVo. [h¨XyOmVs`dmÚm§Mo gdmªV _moRo> g_yh [ZY_unUmMm ~waImnm§Kê$Z goŠ`wba njm§VM R>mU _m§Sy>Z ~gbobo AmhoV.åhUyZ _w{ñb_ OmVs`dmXm[déÕ PJS>Ê`mMmH$moR>bmhs H$m`©H«$_ nwTo> aoQ>UoM H$R>sU Pmbo Amho.

Hw$é§XaH$am§à_mUoM àm. _o.nw. aoJ|Zm S>mdbyZ nwTo>OmVmM òUma Zmhs. "[h¨Xy Ym[_©H$ na§nam Am[Ugm_m[OH$ n[adV©Z' Am{U "BhdmX Am[U gd©Y_©g_^md' `m nwñVH$mVsb Ë`m§Mo [M¨VZ AmOÀ`mH$mimVhs _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. BgmMm ~[b©ZMo boIZhs(ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m XmoZ g§H$ënZm) Ë`m§Zs _amR>sV AmUbo.aoJo _wimV VÎdkmZmMo àmÜ`mnH$ "Ý`y ¹o$ñQ>' àmknmR>emioMo "Zd^maV' `m _m[gH$mMo g§nmXH$ Am[U[dûdH$moe _§S>imMo AÜ`j åhUyZ Ë`m§Zs Ho$bobsH$m_[Jar bjUs`M. amOH$maU, Y_©H$maUmH$So> EH$VÎdk H$gm ~KVmo, Ë`mMm àË`` _o.nw.À`mgm[hË`m_YyZ òVmo.

_amR>sV [h¨Xs_Ysb H$mhs CÎm_ nwñVHo$ AZwdm[XVPmbs AmhoV. lsnmX Ho$iH$a d B§Xw_Vs Ho$iH$a `mJm§YsdmÚm§Zs am__Zmoha bmo[h`m `m§À`m J«§Wm§Mm "XmoZ

hË`mao gÎmmYmè`m§Ms : ^mfm Am[U OmVr' hm [gÕHo$bobm AZwdmX. Ë`m_Üò "^maVm_YsbemgH$dJ©'_Üò bmo[h`m `m§Ms XyaÑîQ>s [XgyZ òVo.AmUs~mUsV à[gÕ Pmbobs O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Ms"ñdJV' _amR>sVyZ AmUbo Vo nw.b. Xoenm§So> `m§Zs.

g_mOdmXs ZoVo Eg.E_. Omoes `m§Mo "_s, Ego_',èd§Vamd MìhmU `m§Mo "H¥$îUmH$mR', H$mH$mgmho~JmS>Jsim§Mo "n[WH$' hs AmË_M[aÌo amOH$maU g_OyZKoÊ`mgmR>s dmMbsM nm[hOoV. [dMmad§V d e¡bsXmaboIH$ åhUyZ ZmZmgmho~ Jmoa|Mo Zmd _moRo>. Ë`m§À`m[ZdS>H$ gm[hË`mMm g§J«h "ZmamÙs`' dmMZsÀmho. Ë`m_Üò "Ego_ : EH$ [deofZm_' hm boI Anyd©Amho. "Y_© amîQ´>mMs AmYma[ebm ~Zy eHo$b H$m?'dJ©bT>m, dJ©g_Ýd` H$s dU©-dJ©-_wº$s `m_YsbË`m§Mo [ddoMZ _ZZs` Amho.

S>m°. e§.Zm. ZdbJw§XH$a `m§Ms amÁèmómdarbnwñVHo$ à[gÕ AmhoV. nU, "[ZdS>H$ amOH$s`[dMma'_Üò Ë`m§Zs _mŠg©dmX, \°$[gP_, AamÁ`dmX,gdm}X` `m§Ms gwaoI AmoiI H$ê$Z [Xbs Amho.AemM YmQ>UsMo AmUIs EH$ nwñVH$ åhUOogmZoJwéOs OÝ_eVmãXs A[^`mZmÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo amîQ´>godm XbmZo H$mT>bobo "[dgmì`m eVH$mVsb[dMmaàdmh', ^maVs` ñdmV§Í` MidisÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo_hmamîQ´>mV Oo [dMmaàdmh [Z_m©U Pmbo, Ë`m§Mo{dûcofU d _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Z[bZsn§[S>Vm§Zs "_hmamîQ´>mVsb amîQ´>dmXmMm [dH$mg'_YyZHo$bo. XoemÀ`m g§X^m©V _hmamîQ´>mMm AmYw[ZH$ B[Vhmgg_OyZ KoÊ`mg hm J«§W Cn`wº$ Amho. "_§[Pb AOyZXyaM Amho' `m AmË_M[aÌm_Üò J§JmYa [MQ>Usg`m§Zs [dñ_¥VsÀ`m JV}V OmD$ nmhUmam [JaUJmd d[JaUs H$m_Jmam§À`m MidisMm amo_m§MH$mar B[Vhmg[Od§V Ho$bm Amho.

Jmo[d¨X VidbH$a `m§Zs "[Q>iH$Xe©Z', "~miJ§JmYa [Q>iH$', "ZdamoOs Vo Zohê$', "gÎmm§Va :1947' dJ¡ao J«§W [b[hbo. "^maV Am[U OJ' hmË`m§Mm Zdm J«§Whs _moR>m d Aä`mgnyU© Amho.H$moUË`mhs XoemMo naamîQ´> YmoaU d Ë`mMo Am[W©H$YmoaU d amOH$maU hs gd© nañnamdb§~s AgVmV.`m_wio ^maVmÀ`m naamîQ´> YmoaUmMm AmT>mdm KoVmZmË`mÀ`m Am[W©H$ YmoaUmMm d amOH$maUmMm AmT>mdmKoUo H«$_àmá hmoVo. Vgm Vmo KoVbm Agë`m_wio hmñdV§Ì ^maVmMm YmdVm B[VhmgM åhUVm òB©b. `mJ«§WmgmR>sMs g§X^©gyMsM 12 n¥îR>m§Ms Amho. Ë`mdê$ZboIH$mZo [H$Vs _ohZV KoVbs Amho Vo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

gXmZ§X _moao `m§Mo "VwH$mam_ Xe©Z' à[gÕ Amho."bmoH$_mÝ` Vo _hmË_m' `m [ÛI§S>mË_H$ J«§WmV Ë`m§Zs_hmamîQ´>mV EH$mo[Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©nmgyZ[dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©n`ªV Omo B[Vhmg KS>bm,

47OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Ë`mMo H$mhs kmV-AkmV H§$Jmoao COoS>mV AmUboAmhoV. bmoH$_mÝ` Vo _hmË_m hm g§Kf© _w»`V:_hmamîQ´>s` ~«m÷Um§_Ysb A§VJ©V g§Kf© hmoVm.[Q>iH$m§À`m H$mhs ~«m÷U AZw`m`m§Zs `mn[adV©Zmbm H$gyZ [damoY Ho$bm, ho Iao Amho. na§Vw,Vmo [damoY _moSy>Z H$mT>sV Jm§YtMo ZoV¥Ëd _hmamîQ´>mVàñWm[nV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©hs _hmamîQ´>mVsb ~«m÷UdJm©ZoM Ho$bo, Ago gyú_ {dûcofU Ë`m§Zs `m J«§WmVHo$bo Amho. hm J«§W [bhyZ _moao `m§Zs _hmamîQ´>mdaCnH$maM Ho$bo AmhoV.

_amR>sOZm§Zm AW©H$maUmMs \$maes éMs Zmhs,Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. AmË_àm¡T>s gm§JÊ`mgmR>s Zìho,nU dñVw{ñWVs Z_yX H$aÊ`mgmR>s _s gm§JVmo H$s,_amR>s Am[W©H$ nÌH$m[aVoMm àdmh gwê$ H$aÊ`mMo^m½` _bm bm^bo. "H§$Jmbm§Mo AW©emó',

"gmaWs' d "Amnbm AW©g§H$ën' hs nwñVHo$ _s[b[hbs. àm. Ama.E_. JmoIbo `m§Ms AW©emóm-darb ~arM nmR>çnwñVHo$ AmhoV. "_m`H«$moBH$m°Zm°[_H$ [WAar'bm Vo "gm¡{ú_H$ AW©emó'åhUV, Va "[WAar Am°\$ [S>[_[ZqeJ [aQ>Ýg©'bm"KQ>Ë`m \$imMm [gÕmÝV' Ago g§~mo[YV.

eê$ am§JUoH$a ho "BZ X d§S>ab±S> Am°\$ B§[S>`Z_°ZoOg©' `m JmOboë`m B§J«Os nwñVH$mMo H$V}. "BZ XdëS©> Am°\$ H$m°nm}aoQ> _°ZoOg©' `m AmUIs EH$mnwñVH$mV Ë`m§Zs ^maVmVsb ì`dñWmnH$s`n[a{ñWVsMo CËH¥$îQ> {dûcofU gmXa Ho$bo Amho."ì`dñWmnZmMs _ybVÎdo' hm Ë`mMm AZwdmXàH$me Amë_oS>m `m§Zs Ho$bm Amho. `m nwñVH$mVAma.Ho$. bú_U `m§Ms CËH¥$îQ> ì`§J[MÌo bm^bsAmhoV.

H°$åbsZMo g§ñWmnH$ H$mH$mgmho~ Xm§So>H$a `m§Mo

"C§Q>mdaMm àdmg' amoMH$ Amho. J[a~sV [XdgH$mT>Umè`m _hmamîQ´>s` _mUgmZohs [ZíM`mZo Am[U[MH$mQ>sZo H$m_ Ho$ë`mg CËnmXH$ ì`dgm`mV Vmoèñds hmoVmo ho Ë`m AmË_H$Wodê$Z H$iVo."JwOamVs ì`mnmar \$gdo Am[U _hmamîQ´>mVsbàm_m[UH$' hm g_Ohs AË`§V MwH$sMm Amho.1948bm H$mH$mgmho~m§À`m ì`dgm`mbm OoìhmAm[W©H$ AmnÎms ghZ H$amds bmJbs, Voìhm _mbCÎm_ AgyZhs Ë`m§À`m ~hwVoH$ _hmamîQ´>s`[dVaH$m§Zs Ë`m§À`m _mbmMo [dVaU gmoSy>Z [Xbo."Á`mV H$_mB© Zmhs Vo H$m H$am`Mo' Ago gm§JyZ!CbQ> gwaVÀ`m JwOamVs [dVaH$m§Zs "Vw_À`mH$So>n¡gm Zmhs Voìhm Amåhmbm H$[_eZ XoD$ ZH$m, na§Vw_mb nmR>[dV amhm. nwadR>m ~§X Ho$bm Va [JèhmB©H$VwQo>b,' Agm Ysa Ë`m§Zm [Xbm. Amnë`m AZoH$

g_OwVs H$em MwH$sÀ`m AgVmV ho `mdê$Z [XgVo.à^mH$a OmoetMo "^maVmMm Am[W©H$ Vmio~§X'

doYH$ Amho. ñdV: AW©ì`dhma joÌmV H$m_ Ho$ë`mZoVo AZw^d[gÕ Amho. _w§~B© [dÚmnsR>mMo _mOsHw$bJwê$, ImgXma ^mbM§Ð _wUJoH$a `m§À`mnwamoJm_s amOH$s` Am[W©H$ YmaUm "B§YZ' _YyZñnîQ> hmoVmV. Jmod§e hË`m~§XsMo AW©emó, naXoesd¥ÎmnÌm§Ms JaO H$m`? ls_§Vm§da A[YH$ H$ahdmM, Om[hamVs Am[U ^m§S>dbemhs hs Ë`mVsbboIm§Ms esf©Ho$M ~mobH$s AmhoV.

[Jare [Q>iH$ ho EH$ èñds hoS>h§Q>a AmhoV.H$m°nm©oaoQ> OJVmVsb CƒnXñW emoYyZ XoÊ`mMm hmì`dgm`. Vmo `wamonmV _moR>m Pmbm Agbm, Var^maVmV Vmo am§JË`m AdñWoV Amho. `m joÌmV [Jare`m AmOmar _wbmZo Os [H$_`m gmYbs, Ë`mÀ`mYS>nS>sMs H$hmUs gw_oY dS>mdmbm ([ag~yS>) `m§Zs

"hoS>h§Q>a'_YyZ dmMZsàrË`m noe Ho$bs Amho.am°~Q©> Eb hob~«m°ZaMo "X dëS©>bs [\$Q°>gm°\$g©' ho

nwñVH$ Amho. Ë`mMm "AW©emómMo [eënH$ma' hmAZwdmX àm. ~mi JmS>Jsi `m§Zs Ho$bm Amho. A°S>_{ñ_W, _mëWg, Ho$Ýg Am[U H$mb© _mŠg©Mo[dMma[dûd Ë`mV gmH$mabo Amho.

èd§V n§[S>Vamd ho Zmd _amR>s dmMH$m§Zm \$magokmV Zmhs. "Jm§Ys`Z A°àmoM Qw> BH$m°Zm°[_H$So>ìhën_|Q>' hm J«§W Ë`m§Zs B§J«OsV [b[hbm Amho.Ë`m§Zs ^maVmVsb J«m_sU Am¡Úmo[JH$sH$aUmMo boIZHo$bo Amho. Amnë`m gm_m[OH$ d amOH$s`g_ñ`m§Mo _yi ~oamoOJmarV Amho; Vs Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>sJ«m_sU joÌmbm [dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mV AJ«H«$_ [Xbmnm[hOo `m Om[UdoVyZ Vo [b[hbo Amho. J«m_sUnVnwadR>m nÕVsVsb Cno[jV KQ>H$, _hmamîQ´>mMs

~bwVoXma `moOZm dJ¡aodarb Ë`mVsb [ddoMZAä`mgnyU© Amho.

eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMo ZoVo eaX Omoes `m§Ms _VogdmªZm _mÝ` hmoVsb, Ago Zìho; nU, "ñdmV§Í` H$mZmgbo?' `m N>moQo>ImZs nwñVH$mV Ë`m§ZsamOH$maUmBVH$sM AW©H$maUmMshs MMm© Ho$bsAmho. OmoetMo B[VhmgmMo AmH$bZ Am[Ug_H$mbsZ dmñVdm~ÔbMs Ë`m§Ms _Vo nyU©V:Amo[a[OZb AmhoV, R>m_ AmhoV.

AW©emó Am[U g_mOemó `m§À`m gs_maofmOoWo EH$_oH$m§Zm [^S>VmV, Ë`m àm§VmVë`m [df`m§Ms[M[H$Ëgm `.h. Xoenm§So> `m§Zs "H$mhs Am[W©H$ H$mhsgm_m[OH$'_Üò Ho$bs Amho. YZ§Oàmd JmS>Jsi ho_hmamîQ´>mMo AW©^yfU Á`m§Zs [Z`moOZ Am`moJmdaH$m_ Ho$bo, VgoM _hmamîQ´>mVsb ghH$marMidis_mJo àoaUm Ë`m§MsM hmoVs. JmS>Jsim§Àmo

1. gË`mMo à`moJ : _hmË_m Jm§Ys2. AmYw[ZH$ ^maV : AmMm`© e§.X. OmdSo>H$a3. _mPs OÝ_Ro>n : ñdmV§Í`dsa gmdaH$a4. "OZVm'_Ysb boI : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a5. H$èhoMo nmUs : AmMm`© AÌo6. gy`m©ñV : AmMm`© AÌo7. [edamJ : Zaha Hw$é§XH$a8. OmJa : Zaha Hw$é§XH$a9. ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm Am[U Ý`m` : àm. _o.nw. aoJo10. XmoZ hË`mao gÎmmYmè`m§Ms ^mfm Am[U OmV

S>m°. am__Zmoha bmo[h`m11. ñdJV : O`àH$me ZmamÙ12. _s Ego_ : Ego_ Omoes

13. H¥$îUmH$mR> : èd§Vamd MìhmU14. n[WH$ : Z.[d. JmS>Jsi15. ZmamÙs` : AÊUmgmho~ Jmoao16. [ZdS>H$ amOH$s` [dMma : e§.Zm. ZdbJ§wXH$a17. _§[Pb AOyZ XyaM Amho : J§JmYa [MQ>Usg18. ^maV Am[U OJ : Jmo[d¨X VidbH$a19. bmoH$_mÝ` Vo _hmË_m : gXmZ§X _moao20. H$mhs Am[W©H$ H$mhs gm_m[OH$ : g.h. Xoenm§So>21. ì`dñWmnZoMs _ybVÎdo : eê$ am§JUoH$a22. C§Q>mdaMm àdmg : H$mH$mgmho~ Xm§So>H$a23. B§YZ : ^mbM§Ð _wUJoH$a24. eoVs Bòm`bMs : gwYsa ^m|Jio25. AW©emómMo [eënH$ma : AZwdmXH$ - ~mi JmS>Jsi

dmMm`bm hdrV Aer nwñVHo$

48 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

boIg§J«h à[gÕ Pmbo AgyZ, Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m§À`màkoMs H$ënZm òVo. [d._. Xm§So>H$am§Zs _w»`V:B§J«OsVM boIZ Ho$bo nU Ë`m§Mo H$mhs boIZ_amR>sVhs Amho.eaX ndma `m§Ms ^mfUo d _wº$g§dmX `mda AmYmaboë`m "ñnYm© H$mimes' `mJ«§WmMo g§nmXZ AéU [Q>Ho$H$a `m§Zs Ho$bo AgyZ,OmJ[VH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§X^m©Vsb AmìhmZm§Mm Ë`mdê$ZAX_mg òVmo. Zsam AmS>maH$a-_sZm _oZZH¥$V "H$Wm_w§~B©À`m [JaUJmdmMs' hm [JaUs H$m_Jmam§Mm_m¡[IH$ B[VhmgM Amho.

dmbM§X [hamM§X, e§VZwamd [H$bm}ñH$a,Amßnmgmho~ Jadmao `m§Ms M[aÌo _amR>sV CnbãYAmhoV. _mÌ, AmYw[ZH$ AW©H$maUm~Ôb _amR>sVnwaogo boIZ Pmbobo Zmhs.

OJmMo amOH$maU d AW©H$maU BVHo$ J§wVmJ§wVsMoPmbo Amho H$s Ë`mMm doJdoJù`m H$moZm§VyZ doY¿`m`bm hdm, hs J§wVmJ§wV bmoH$m§Zm g_OmdyZ Úm`bmhds. OmVdmX, Y_©dmX, dJ©dmX `m~ÔbÀ`m~XbË`m YmaUm bjmV KoD$Z [bhm`bm hdo. gs.n§.Ioa `m§Zs AW©emó d AW©[gÕmÝVm§da H$mhs nwñVHo$[b[hbs AmhoV. na§Vw, Zì`m Am[W©H$ OJVmda[b[hÊ`mgmaIo CX§S> Amho. amOH$maUmdahs VoM VoMbmoH$ Ë`mM Ë`mM YVuMo [b[hVmV. \«o$e ZOaoVyZH$moUs [b[hbo, Va Vo bmoH$m§Zm hdo Amho.

"Vw_À`m [b[hÊ`m_mJo àoaUm H$m`?' Ago EH$mnsEM.S>s.À`m [dÚm[W©ZsZo [dMmabo, Voìhm nw.b.

CX²Jmabo H$s, àoaUm dJ¡oao eãXm§Ms YmñVs dmQ>Vo_bm, gai _amR>sV [dMmamd§ H$s ~wdm H$m [b[hVmVwåhs? AWm©V, _bm gÜ`m Vwåhs H$m [bhrV Zmhs?Ag§ [dMmab§, Va H$m [b[hVm `mnojm ~a§ dmQ>V§. nU_J nw.b§.Ë`m _wbsbm åhUmbo H$s, "_s _mÂ`m_ZmÀ`m VJmÚmZo [b[hVmo, ~mH$s H$emZhs Zmhs._bm Á`m jUs [bhmd§g§ dmQ>V§, Ë`m dois _bmAJmoXa _mhsVhs ZgV§ H$s _s [dZmoX [b[hUma AmhoH$s J§^sa? _mÂ`m _ZmV òV§ Vg§ _s [b[hVmo Am[U_mÂ`m _Zmbm gmjs Ro>dyZ [b[hVmo. Ë`m_wio Vw_M§_Zhs _bm gmjsbm [_iV§. Agm Vmo M_ËH$ma KS>VAgmdm.'

Agm M_ËH$ma H$ê$Z XmI[dUmaogm[h{Ë`H$/à[V^md§V/[dMmad§V H$_sM AgVmV.M_ËH$m[aH$ [b[hUmao ânya AgVmV. Á`m§Zs A[YH$dmMbo nm[hOo Vo [bhsV gwQ>VmV d Oo IaoIwao [dÛmZAgVmV Vo dmMVM ~gVmV. H$mi Va _moR>mM_ËH$m[aH$ Ambm Amho. nU, ^[dî`m~Ôb AmnUAmemdmXsM Agbobo ~ao!

d¡Mm[aH$ joÌmV R>gm Agboë`m§n¡H$s Á`m§MmC„oI H$amdmM bmJob, Vo åhUOo VH©$VsW©bú_Uemós Omoes. _amR>s [dûdH$moe I§S>-eãXH$moe, bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$ boIg§J«h, amOdmSo>boIg§J«h Ë`m§Zs g§nm[XV Ho$boM, na§Vw lsXmg~moY,[dMmaOmJ¥Vs, d¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm [dH$mg hsnwñVHo$hs Ë`m§À`m Zmdmda O_m AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m

boIg§J«hm§_Üò Y_©, amOH$maU, g_mOH$maU `m§Ms_s_m§gm Amho. emósOtZs H$mT>bobm "Y_©H$moe'hsAä`mgH$m§Zm kmV Amho.

M[aÌH$ma hs YZ§O` H$sam§Ms Iar AmoiI.gmdaH$a, Am§~oS>H$a, \w$bo, emhy _hmamOm§darbË`m§Ms M[aÌo O~aXñV AmhoV.

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J§.~m. gaXma, ^m.b. ^moio, Jmonmi Jwê$ à^¥qVMoamOH$s` boIZ dmMH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMbobo Amho."_hmamîQ´>mMo ~XbVo amOH$maU' (g§nmXH$ - ^m.b.^moio, [H$emoa ~oS>[H$hmi), "gÎmmg§Kf©' (g§nmXH$ -gwhmg niesH$a, gwhmg Hw$bH$Uu) hs AmUIsH$mhs C„oIZs` nwñVHo$. gwhmg niesH$am§ZsamOH$maU, g_mOH$maUmda B§J«Os-_amR>sV [dnwb dH$gXma boIZ Ho$bo Amho.g§nH©$ : 9820479688B©-‘ob : [email protected]

èd§Vamdm§À`m XmoZ AàH$m[eV AmR>dUs_hmamîQ´>mMo n[hbo _w»`_§Ìs èd§Vamd MìhmU ho nÅ>sMo dmMH$ hmoVo. Xm¡è`mda

AgVmZm, àdmgmV Ë`m§Zs AZoH$ nwñVHo$ dmMë`mÀ`m Zm|Xs AmhoV. CÎm_moÎm_nwñVHo$ [dH$V KoD$Z, Ë`m§Mm g§J«h H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zm N§>X hmoVm. Ë`m§Zs Ho$bobm g§J«hË`m§À`m a[gH$ d¥ÎmsMs gmj XoUmam Amho.

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"S>moh' `m JmOboë`m nwñVH$mMo boIH$ ls[Zdmg [dZm`H$ Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zsèd§Vamdm§À`m dmMZ-doS>mMs AesM EH$ AmR>dU gm§[JVbs. Vs dmMy`m AmnUls[Zdmg [dZm`H$ `m§À`mM eãXmV.

"S>moh' à[gÕ Pmë`mda _s Vo èd§Vamdm§Zm nmR>dbo H$m, Ago _bm nw. b.Xoenm§So> `m§Zs [dMmabo. _s "Zmhs' åhQ>ë`mda nw. b. Xoenm§So> åhUmbo, "H$m§

nmR>dbo Zmhs? èd§Vamd _moRo> a[gH$, Mm§Jbo boIH$, Vwåhs Ë`m§À`m JmdMo'. _såhQ>bo, Q>nmbmZo nmR>dbo Va Vo Ë`m§À`mn`ªV nmoMob H$s Zmhs Ago _bm dmQ>bo.H$amS>mV Vo nwîH$iXm òVmV. nU Ë`m§À`m AdVs^dVs àM§S> JXu AgVo H$s VsôXyZ _s Ë`m§À`mn`ªV H$gm nmoMUma Agohs _bm dmQ>bo. nw. b. åhUmbo, "AgohmoUma Zmhs. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z nmoM òB©b.' Am[U _s Vo nmoñQ>mZo nmR>dbo. Zm. èd§Vamdm§Mo "S>moh'nmoMë`mMo gw§Xa nÌ Ambo.

H$mhs [Xdgm§Zs Zm. èd§Vamdm§À`m, 1 H$mog© amoS> `m Kar OmÊ`mMm `moJAmbm. ~mhoaÀ`m hm°b_Üò Ë`m§Ms nwñVH$m§Ms H$nmQo> hmoVs. Zm. èd§Vamdm§Zs,"S>moh' _s dmMbo Amho H$s Zmhs Vo nwñVH$ H$mTy>Z nhm' Ago åhQ>bo. _s åhQ>boAmnU Vo dmMë`mMo H$idbo Amho. Ë`mda Vo åhUmbo, "S>moh' H$mTy>Z nhm' _s VoCKSy>Z nmhy bmJbmo. OmJmoOmJs Ë`m§Zs dmMë`mÀ`m no{ÝgbÀ`m IwUm hmoË`m.Ë`m§Zm Vo dmMm`bm doi [_imbm `mMo AmíM`© dmQ>bo. \$ma AmZ§X dmQ>bm. _mPo_Z ^ê$Z Ambo. EdT>m ì`mn Agbobo Zm. èd§Vamd _mÂ`mgma»`mMo nwñVH$dmMm`bm Hw$Ry>Z doi [_idV AgVsb? Ë`m§Ms H$nmQo> [d[dY g§X^© Agboë`mnwñVH$m§Zs ^ê$Z Jobobs hmoVs. _s n§[S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§Ms "[Ì_yVu'_Ybsì`{º$JV bm`~«ar ~[KVbs hmoVs. Ë`mVë`m [df`m§À`m d¡[dÜ`mZo _s hadyZ JobmohmoVmo. Ë`m§À`m bm`~«arVë`m EH$m nwñVH$mMo Zmd hmoVo. SNAKES IN FACTS

AND FICTION Zm. èd§Vamdm§Ms nwñVHo$ ~KVmZm _bm ho AmR>dV am[hbo.

49OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Þmg dfmªnydu _mPm H$Wmàdmggwê$ Pmbm. Ë`m àdmgmV H$moëhmnyaVo _w§~B© Ago, _mÂ`m \$º$

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nU, AmíM`© åhUOo VoWsb A_amR>s [dÚmWud ghH$mar `m§À`mes _hm[dÚmb`mVsb H$mhs_hÎdmÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m gm§^miVmZm N>mZ _¡ÌsPmbs. ho OJ _s AmË_s`VoZo ñdV:V gm_mdyZKoVbo Am[U Z§Va _mÂ`m H$Wm§Vhs [M[ÌV Ho$bo.("AZnT') _w»` åhUOo `m OJmZo _mÂ`m bm¡[H$H$d dmL>²_`sZ Aem XmoÝhs ì`{º$‘Îdm§Zm ZdsZ,

nyaH$ n[a_mUo [Xbs. EH$m CXma, _moH$ù`m,AÚ`mdV OJmMs hs AmoiI gm§ñH¥$[VH$ Y¸$mXoUmar Z R>aVm, Zì`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMs OmU XoUmarR>abs. `m AWm©Zo H$moëhmnya Vo _w§~B© ho _mÂ`mAm`wî`mVsb EH$ d¡`{º$H$ Va IaoM, nU _hÎdmModmL>²_`sZ ñWbm§Vahs R>abo.

`m ñWbm§VamZo H$mhs Zdo AZw^d dH$mhs Zì`m Om[Udm [Xë`m. Ë`m Om[Udm \$º$ñWbm§Vam_wio Zìho, Va dmT>V Agboë`md`m_wiohs Pmë`m. _mÂ`m Ama§^sÀ`m H$Wm§V \$º$

H$modù`m d`mVsb EH$ ^mdwH$ VéUs - ào`gs -EdTo> EH$M ósMo ê$n _bm [Xgbo hmoVo. hiyhiy Vo~XbV Jobo. _s nËZs Pmbo, _mVm Pmbo;ì`mdgm[`H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ gm§Jm`Mo Va àmÜ`m[nH$mPmbo Am[U bo[IH$mhs Pmbo. `m àËòH$ ^y[_Ho$Zo_bm H$mhs Zdo AZw^d [Xbo; [VÀ`mV AÜ`möVAgboë`m VèhVèhoÀ`m ZmVog§~§YmMs OmUsd[Xbs. Ë`mVyZ _mÂ`m H$WoMm n[aga [gÕ hmoVJobm, Am[U _mPo AmñWm[df`hs n¸o$ hmoV Jobo.àm¡T> d`mV Ë`m§À`mVsb d¡`{º$H$Vm H$_sH$_s hmoVJobs Am[U Ë`m§Mo gmYmaUsH$aU hmoD$ bmJbo.Ë`m_wio AZw^d EH$m§Js Z amhVm g§[_l hmoV Jobm.

Vmo \$º$ _mPmM Zìho, Va _mÂ`m ^y[_Ho$Vë`mBVam§Mmhs H$gm Agy eHo$b-[ZXmZ BVam§Zm Ë`mAZw^dmes ñdV:bm H$go OmoS>Vm òB©b - ho C_JybmJbo. _J "_s' \$º$ "_s' am[hbo Zmhs. Vs"_s'nUmMs d¡`{º$H$VoMs H$jm Amobm§S>ë`m_wioH$mhs Am§V[aH$ d H$mhs ~mø Aem Zì`m Û§Ûm§Ms,Zì`m VmUm§Ms OmUsd Pmbs. H$mbm§VamZo àm¡T>d`mVyZ _s g§[YàH$memÀ`m dfm©V-åhUOoAm`wî`mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V-àdoe Ho$bm. Ë`m àdoemny-duhs H$mhs AmOma, H$mhs _¥Ë`y Am[U Ë`m§À`mVgm_mdbobs AJ[VH$Vm _s AZw^dbs hmoVs. nU,CÎmamYm©V àdoe Ho$ë`mda dmQ>bo, _mUgmZo BVŠ`mAJ[VH$nUo H$mhs ñdsH$mê$ Zò. ñdV:_Ysb eº$sAmoiImds, g§Kf© H$amdm Am[U CÎmao emoYmdsV,[ZU©` ¿`mdoV. Ad¿`m Am`wî`mbm EH$ Zds [XemXmIdUmao Ago Vo gH$mamË_H$ [ZU©` AgmdoV._mÂ`m ì`{º$aoIm§VyZ _mPs hs ÑîQ>s à[V[~¨[~VhmoD$ bmJbs. AmOda Var VsM ÑîQ>s àm_w»`mZo_mÂ`m H$Wm§À`m H|$ÐñWmZs Amho. AmVm Vs \$ma~Xbob Ago _bm dmQ>V Zmhs. [Z[_©VsV AZno[jVdiUo AgVmV ho _bm R>mD$H$ Amho. nU, nwTo>nwTo>diUo g§nVmV Am[U EH$M gai dmQ> [Xgy bmJVo.Ë`m dmQo>dahs ImMIiJo AgVmV. nU, Ë`mdmQo>daM EH$ XyaMo [j[VOhs [XgVo. AmVm _bmVoM IwUmdVo Amho. Ë`mÀ`mOdi nmoMUo O_boVaM _bm Ë`m ImUmIwUm§Mm AW© g_Oob Am[UH$Xm[MV Ë`m [j[VOmMm eãXhs EoHy$ òB©b. nU,BVH$s nwT>Ms AZw_mZo H$mTy> ZòV, Á`m dmQo>dê$ZMmbbo, Os diUo KoVbs, Ë`m àdmgmV Oo noQ>Uo-[dPUo, nmhUo-gmhUo AZw^dbo VoM nwÝhm EH$XmAZw^dmdo, Ago gÜ`mVar dmQ>Vo Amho.

Vmo AZw^d XsK©H$mb KoV AgVmZmPmbobs AJXs n[hbs OmUsd hs, H$s _s ósAmho. åhUyZ _s àm_w»`mZo ósÀ`mM H$Wm[b[hë`m. AZwf§JmZo Ë`mV doJdoJù`m ^y[_H$m§Vsbnwéf Ambm, BVa _mUgohs Ambs. nU, "ós' hmM_mPm àYmZ AmñWm[df` am[hbm. AJXsAma§^sÀ`m H$Wm§V [VMo Oo ^md[dûd emoYbo,Ë`mbm \$ma H$_s A§Jo hmoVs. nU, Ë`m^md[dûdmMsM nwîH$i doJis A§Jo _bm nwTo>gmnS>V Jobs. hs ós ^yVH$mimes OmoS>bobsAgVo. ^mdwH$, hids AgVo; Hw$Qw>§~mMm gm§^miH$aVo; ñdV:bm [ZamYma dmQ>V AgVmZmhsHw$Q§>w~mbm AmYma XoVo; nVs, _wbJs, _wbJm

IwUmdUmao [j[VO

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50 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

`m§À`mda ào_ H$aVo; H$Ys Ë`m§Mm XwamdmOmUdë`mZ§Va òUmar [d\$bVmhs AZw^dVo; Vsì`dgm`mVhs H$V©ì`Xj AgVo; Ë`m joÌmVAgyòMm dmg Amë`mda AñdñW hmoVo; ¹$[MVnwéfmMm [dnarV AZw^d Amë`mZ§Va g§VmnVo, nUË`mbm j_mhs H$aVo; AZoH$ AmKmS>çm§daAWH$nUo MmbV AgVo; Ë`m dois [Vbm òUmamH§$Q>mim VmËnwaVm AgVmo; [VMo J§§wVUo hoM emûdVAgVo; Vgo J§wVVm òUo hsM [VMs eº$s AgVo.Ë`m eº$s[Zes Vs gd© Anojm^§J, nam^d, Xwamdo,[d`moJ `m§Zm Vm|S> XoVo. ^yVH$mimes OmoS>bobsAgyZhs [VMs ÑîQ>s ^[dî`mH$So> AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vs~ÕVoVhs _wº$s emoYy eH$Vo - [ZXmZ Ë`m _wº$sMsñdßZo nmhVo. åhUyZM Vs AmemdmXs amhyZ,gH$mamË_H$ [ZU©` KoVo. CX²ÜdñV Z hmoVm éOUo-ñdV:V, BVam§V Am[U EH§$XarZo Am`wî`mV éOUohm [VMm [ZYm©a AgVmo. Am`wî` OgOgo nwTo>gaH$Vo VgVgm hm [ZYm©a A[YH$ e{º$embs hmoVOmVmo - Am[U `m eº$sMs [Vbm ñnîQ> OmUsdAgVo. hs ós n[anyU© AgVo Ago Zmhs. [VMohsnmD$b H$YsVar MwH$Vo. Ë`m_wio [Vbm AnamYsdmQ>Vo; Ë`m AnamYm§Mm H$~wbsO~md Úmdm AgohsdmQ>Vo. Am[U Vmo XoÊ`mMs D$_u [VÀ`mVsbeº$s_wioM _moH$is hmoVo. H$Ys Vs EImÚmgm_m[OH$ ^modè`mV AS>H$Vo; H$Ys EImÚm_mZ{gH$ noMàg§JmV. Ë`mVyZ [Vbm Zoh_sM dmQ>[XgVo Ago Zmhs. Vs ¹$[MV \$gVohs. H$Ys j_mH$aVo Va H$Ys _ËgamZo noQ>Vo; H$Ys d§MZoMo Xw:I

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àmá Pmbo Amho. dUmªMs, eãXm§Ms, AY©-MaUm§MsAmd¥Îms Am[U g_m§VaVm ho ~mbH$dtÀ`m H$[dVoMoEH$ d¡[eîQ>ç Amho. "AmZ§Xs AmZ§X JSo>, BH$So>[VH$So> Mmo[h¨H$So>' - `mV dUmªMs Amd¥Îms [XgVo;

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`m H$[dVoVsb Ame`hs ZdmM hmoVm Am[UA[^ì`{º$Ms arVshs ZdsM hmoVs. _w{º$~moYm§ZsAmnë`m A[^ì`º$sgmR>s àdmhs Agm _wº$N§>Xdmnabobm Amho. [dMma Am[U ^mdZm, Om[UdmAm[U Zo[Udm `m§À`mZwgma hm _wº$N§>X diVmo,dmH$Vmo, J[V_mZ hmoVmo AWdm AdéÕ hmoVmo._T}>H$am§Zs nmXmHw$bH$ N§>XmMm gO©Zesb dmnaH$ê$Z, nm[hOo Ves _moS>VmoS> H$ê$Z Amnë`mOm[Udm-Zo[Udm§Ms A[^ì`º$s Ho$bs, Va_w{º$~moYm§Zs A[Zb, dm.Zm. Xoenm§So> `m§Zs àd[V©VHo$boë`m _wº$ N§>Xmbm [dMmam§À`m-^mdZm§À`mAmdoJm§Ms OmoS> [Xbs.

nwéfmoÎm_ [edam_ aoJo `m§Mm "gmYZm Am[U BVaH$[dVm' hm g§J«h 1931_Üò àH$m[eV Pmbm.

Ë`mZ§Va 1984n`ªV Ë`m§Mo "\w$bmoam', "[h_goH$',"Xmobm', "J§YaoIm', "nwîH$im', "Xwgam njs',"ñdmZ§X~moY', "[à`mi', "AZsh' ho g§J«h à[gÕPmbo. aoJo `m§À`m H$[dVoMm _Ü`dVu [df`gO©Zeº$s Am[U ós ho Ë`m gO©Zeº$sMoM ê$nAmho. aoJo `m§Ms eãXH$im a§J, J§Y, ZmX `mg§doXZm§Zm ê$n XoUmar Amho. A[Zb, Zm.K. Xoenm§So>`m§À`mà_mUo aoJo hohs EH$ à`moJesb H$ds AmhoV.`m H$dtZs Ho$edgwV, ~mbH$ds `m§À`mH$Sy>Z _m[ÌH$N§>Xm§Mm ñdsH$ma Ho$bm Am[U Ë`mÀ`m [d[dY[d^«_m§Mm emoY KoVbm. gO©Zeº$s hm Ë`m§À`mH$[dVoMm [df` AmhoM, Ë`m§Mo H$[dVm [b[hUo hogO©ZmMm emoY KoUohs AgVo. aoJo `m§À`m H$[dVoV^mfoMs OwZs [H¨$dm Zds AZdQ> ê$no òVmV. eãXm§À`m~m~VsV H$mhsEH$ A§VÑ©îQ>s aoJo `m§Zm bm^bobs[XgVo.

1949 gmbsM [d¨Xm H$a§XsH$a `m§Mm "ñdoXJ§Jm'hm g§J«h Am[U `.X. ^mdo `m§Mm "AmÐm©' hm g§J«hàH$m[eV Pmbm. Ë`mM dfu "dí`m åhUo' hm dg§VhOaZsg `m§Mm g§J«h à[gÕ Pmbm. `.X. ^mdo Am[Udg§V hOaZsg ho, _T}>H$am§À`m OsdZÑîQ>sesOdisH$ gmYUmao, Va H$a§XsH$a ho _w{º$~moYm§À`m -Ago ñWyb_mZmZo åhUVm òB©b. H$maU, `mZm_mdisVbo H$ds Hw$Um EH$-XmoKm H$dtÀ`mà^mdmImbs hmoVo, Ago åhUVm òV Zmhs; _mÌ, Vog_H$mbsZ dmñVdmMm AW© bmdÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VsVEH$_oH$m§Mo ghH$mar hmoVo. `.X. ^mdo ho _T}>H$a,_w{º$~moY, H$a§XsH$a `m§À`m n§{º$V ~gy eH$boAgVo; na§Vw, Ë`m§Mm [n¨S> a[d[H$aU _§S>iH$mbsZamo_±[Q>[gP_Zo KS>dbm hmoVm, Ë`mVyZ Vo ~mhoa nSy>eH$bo ZmhsV. _T}>H$a Am[U H$a§XsH$a `m§À`mVboZmVo à`moJesbVm Am[U [M¨VZesbVm `mV Amho;VgoM Ë`m§À`m g_îQ>sÀ`m AmH$bZmÀ`m g§X^m©V_w{º$~moYm§eshs Amho. _T}>H$am§À`m "H$mhsH$[dVm'Vsb gm_m[OH$ OmUsd gmå`dmXmH$So>PwH$Umar Amho, Ago H$a§XsH$am§Mo _V Amho. VsH$a§XsH$a `m§À`m H$[dVoVyZhs ì`º$ Pmbobs Amho.H$a§XsH$am§À`m à`moJesbVoZo _wº$gwZsVo, Vmb[MÌo,gyºo$, [dê$[nH$m Ago aMZm~§Y KS>dbo. nwéfmoÎm_[edam_ aoJo `m§À`mà_mUo H$a§XsH$ahs H$[dVoÀ`m[b[IV AWdm _w[ÐV ê$nmH$So> ~KVmV. aoJo Am[UH$a§XsH$a `m§À`m H$[dVobm Agbobo AmUIs EH$n[aUm_ åhUOo, [MÌH$bm Am[U g§JsV `m§À`mA[^ì`º$sÀ`m nÕVs H$[dVoV _wadÊ`mMm à`ËZ.^maVs` bKw[MÌm§_Üò amJ_mbm[MÌo AmhoV, VgmH$a§XsH$am§Zs H$[dVoV Ho$bobm à`moJ åhUOoVmb[MÌo, dg§V ~mnQ>, _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a `mH$a§XsH$a g_H$mbsZ H$dtZs H$[dVm bmoH$m[^_wI

53OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Ho$bs. nmS>JmdH$am§À`m amOH$s` Cnhm[gH$m§MsXIb KoVbs nm[hOo, VesM Ë`m§À`m ^mdg§nÞJsVm§Mshs. gXmZ§X aoJo `m§Ms dmL>²_`sZ-gm§ñH¥$[VH$g§X^© Agbobs H$[dVm _hÎdmMs Amho.

1960À`m XeH$mVsb EH$ _hÎdmMo H$ds åhUyZZmamÙ gwd} `m§Mm C„oI H$amdm bmJVmo. Vsd«g_mOgÝ_wIVm ho gwd} `m§À`m H$[dVoMo d¡[eîQ>çAgyZ, _hmZJamVsb gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m ~mobsMmË`m§Zs Ho$bobm dmna bjUs` Amho.

Omo_mÀ`m ~m~VsV Ho$edgwVm§es Am[UVÎdkmZmÀ`m g§X^m©V _w{º$~moYm§es ZmVo Agboë`m`m H$[dVoZo, g_mOmVsb emo[fV dJm©À`m ^mdZm§MsAm[U [dMmam§Ms H$UIa eãXm§V A[^ì`º$s Ho$bs.gwd} `m§Ms H$[dVm _Ü`_dJu` H$mì`^mfohyZ Am[UAme`mhyZ doJis Amho; VgoM gwd} `m§À`mH$[dVoVbo OJhs _Ü`_dJu` H$[dVoÀ`mMmH$moar~mhoaMo Amho. H$m_Jma, Zmb~§X, Zm`[H$Us,doí`m, nmoñQ>a [MH$Q>dUmar _wbo, nmoQ©>a, esJdmbmAes g_mOmÀ`m [ZåZ ñVamdaMs _mUgo Am[UË`m§À`m ^mfm `m H$[dVoV AmT>iVmV.

dmaH$ar g§Vm§Ms H$[dVm Am[U EH$mo[Ugmì`m-[dgmì`m eVH$mVsb OmJ[VH$ _hÎdmÀ`m H$dtMsH$[dVm AmË_gmV H$ê$Z, [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_ [MÌo`m§Zs ñdV:Ms H$[dVm KS>dbs Amho. [MÌo `m§À`mH$[dVoMm n¡g Am[U AmdmH$m ~amM [dñV¥V AmhoAm[U Ë`m§Ms H$mì`[Z[_©Vshs [dnwb Amho. H$[dVoMs[d[dY ê$no, aMZoMo àH$ma Ë`mV AmT>iVmV. [MÌo`m§Ms ~ìh§es H$[dVm _wº$N§>XmV Agbs Var, Ë`mVN§>X-VÎd _wabobo Amho. Ë`m§Ms eãXm§Ms [ZdS>,AmoitMs _m§S>Us, eãXm§Mm ZmX, Amoit_Ybm Vmb,EH$m AmoisZ§VaÀ`m Xwgè`m AmoisZo [Z_m©U hmoUmaoAm§XmobZ, à[V_m, [MÌmË_H$Vm, gm§ñH¥$[VH$dmL>²_`sZ g§X^© `m§Zs, Ë`m§À`m H$[dVoMm ê$n~§YKS>bm Amho ho OmUdVo. "eº$sMs àmW©Zm',"I§S>mo~m', "_hm_§Ìmoƒma' `m§gma»`m XsK©H$[dVm§Vhs b` Am[U JVs hs VÎdo, Ë`m§À`maMZoÀ`m A§Jmonm§es H$es [^Zbobs AmhoV, hobjmV òVo. Ë`m§Ms "eº$sMs àmW©Zm' hs H$[dVmg§n¥º$ Ame`, ^mdZoMs Vsd«Vm, A[^ì`º$sMmN§>XgÑe ~§Y, b`, J[V_mZVm Am[U à[V_m `m§À`mEH$mË_ g§KQ>Zm_wio `m eVH$mVsb EH$ loîR> H$[dVmR>aVo.

[MÌo `m§À`mà_mUo _amR>s d B§J«Os `m XmoZ^mfm§_Üò H$[dVm [b[hUmao AéU H$mobQ>H$a Ë`m§À`mB§J«OsVsb "OoOwar' `m XsK©H$[dVoZo [deof à[gÕsgAmbo. [d[dY [Z`V-A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ àH$m[eVPmboë`m Ë`m§À`m H$[dVm§Mm g§J«h 1977_Üò

Ambm. H$mobQ>H$am§Ms eãXm§Ms [ZdS> Am[U _m§S>Us[dbjU Amho. ^mfoMs ghoVwH$ _moS>VmoS>, OwÝ`mJmÊ`m§Mm d åhUtMm Cn`moJ, eãXmMm n[a[MVAWm©VyZ [Zamù`m AWm©Zo Ho$bobm Cn`moJ, J«m§[WH$^mfoEodOs ~mob^mfoMm dmna hs H$mobQ>H$am§À`mH$mì`^mfoMs d¡[eîQ>ço AmhoV. H$mobQ>H$am§À`mH$[dVoVbo [dûd Xw:ñdßZmgmaIo AgyZ, Ë`mMo [MÌUVo A[VdmñVddmXs e¡bsV H$aVmV. [VWë`m[~{ëS¨>Jm Pwbm`bm bmJVmV, nm`JVsMo H$m§~ioPS>n KmbVo, dV©_mZnÌmÀ`m aÔsV nmZmonmZs gmnAgVmV, Imnam§Zm \o$\$ao âVo, BWbs M¸$s gJio\$ñV H$ê$Z Q>mH$Vo. Ë`m§À`m EH$m eãXmÀ`m eoOmarXwgam eãX Ro>dÊ`mVyZ A[VdmñVd nmVis bm^Vo.

CXm. [dQ>Š`m Q>mnnS>gmXm§À`m nVmH$m, H$moar [damQ>nmdVs, dmiboë`m [O^m§Mm bwim ÐmoU, A[ZéÕOb_` ~moQo>, [~~Qo> g§JsV, ~odmaes V¥ás, Q>mnm§MoH$WZH$m¡eë`, BË`mXs. ~mob^mfoMm AH¥$[Ì_Cn`moJ Am[U ~møV: H$moUVshs Jw§VmJw§V Zgbobs"IoH$So', "dm_m§Js' `m§gmaIs H$[dVm AZoH$AW©ñVam§Zm gm_mdyZ KoVbobs AgVo.

`m H$mimV àm_w»`mZo A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ[b[hUmè`m _hÎdmÀ`m H$dt_Üò _Zmoha AmoH$,^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>, dg§V XÎmmÌo` JwO©a, gVseH$migoH$a, M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>sb, Vwbgs na~ `m§Mmg_mdoe hmoVmo. `mM H$mimVsb AÝ` C„oIZs`H$ds [dbmg gma§J, JwéZmW Ywar Am[U dg§VAm~mOs S>hmHo$ ho AmhoV.

Ame` Am[U A[^ì`º$s `m ~m~VsV nm§T>anoes_Ü`_dJu` H$[dVohyZ [Zamis Aes H$[dVm `mH$mimV [b[hbs OmD$ bmJbs. Vs åhUOo X[bVAWdm Am§~oS>H$admXs H$[dVm. ~m~yamd ~mJyb,Zm_Xod T>gmi, àH$me OmYd `m§À`mgma»`m H$mhs

H$dtda _mŠg©dmXmMo ñnîQ> g§ñH$ma AmhoV ho IaoAgbo, Var ~ìh§e X[bV H$[dVoZo Am§~oS>H$a-[dMmamVyZ àoaUm KoVbobs Agë`mZo [VbmAm§~oS>H$admXs H$[dVm, Ago åhUUo g_n©H$ hmoB©b.Y_©, ê$T>s, amOH$maU-g_mOH$maU, gm[hË`mMsna§nam ZmH$maUmè`m `m MidisZo Amnë`m CJ«g_mO^mZmMm Ádb§V Am[dîH$ma Ho$bm Vmon[hë`m§Xm H$[dVoVyZM. X[bV H$[dVoV ehar Am[UJ«m_sU dmñVdmMo àIa [MÌ C_Q>bo Amho. J«m_sU^mJmVsb Añn¥í`Vm, Kmoa Xm[aÐç, AË`mMma,AkmZ, A§YlÕm `m§Zs nmoiboë`m _mUgm§Mo [MÌUAm[U _w§~B©gma»`m _hmZJamVsb ~H$mbPmonS>nÅ>çm§VyZ OJUmè`m, H$m_mR>snwè`mgma»`mdñVsV amhUmè`m, [JaÊ`m-H$maImÝ`m§V [nMUmè`m_mUgm§Mo [MÌU Ago XmoÝhs OJmMo ôXH$ Ñí`,X[bV H$[dVoV C_Q>bo Amho. `m H$[dVoV AmH«$moeAmho VgmM [dÐmohhs Amho. ~m~yamd ~mJyb, Ho$ed_olm_, Zm_Xod T>gmi, àH$me OmYd, dm_Z[Z¨~miH$a, \$._w§. qeXo, X`m ndma, èd§V _Zmoha,àëhmX M|XdUH$a, Í`§~H$ gnH$mio, AOw©Z S>m§Jio,O.[d. ndma, ^s_goZ XoRo>, [ham ~ZgmoSo>, Á`moVsbm§Oodma Aem AZoH$ H$dtZs, CËH$Q> gm_m[OH$^mZ Agbobs H$[dVm [b[hbs. ^mdZm Am[U[dMma `m§À`m A[^ì`º$sdaM bj H|$[ÐV Ho$boboAgë`mZo à`moJesbVobm dmd ZìhVm; na§Vw, Á`mOJÊ`mMo [MÌU H$[dVoV An[ahm`© Pmbobo AmhoË`m OJÊ`mMs ^mfmhs ñdm^m[dH$M `m H$[dVobmbm^bs. Ë`m ^mfoZo Am[U H$[dVoVsb [dMmamZo_amR>s H$[dVobm EH$ Zdo n[a_mU [_imbo `mV e§H$mZmhs; [H¨$~hwZm, X[bV H$[dVoZo, X[bV gm[hË`mZoEH§$XarV dmL>²_`ì`dhmamH$So>, Ë`m_mJÀ`mgm_m[OH$-amOH$s` ì`dhmamH$So> nmhÊ`mMsgd©ñds Zds ÑîQ>s [Xbs.

Ho$Mo, J«og, H$mOo, am_mUs, nmoVXma, gmQ>_BË`mXs H$dt~amo~a Ë`m H$mimV àM[bV H$[dVoÀ`mdmŠàMmamMm ñdsH$ma Ho$bobs Ho$ed _olm_ `m§MsH$[dVm 1960-65 `m H$mimV ~Xbbs d [VZogm_m[OH$ [dÐmohmÀ`m ^mfoMm Adb§~ Ho$bm.èd§V _Zmoham§Ms H$[dVm àm`: _wº$N§>XmVbs[dÐmohmMm [dMma _m§S>Umar H$[dVm Amho. Ë`m§À`mH$[dVoÀ`m A[^ì`º$sÀ`m nÕVsMm _w{º$~moYm§À`mH$mì`m[^ì`º$ses g§~§Y OmoS>Vm òB©b.dº¥$ËdàYmZ, AmoOñds Am[U d¡Mm[aH$ Jm^mAgbobs H$[dVm Ë`m§Zs [b[hbs. dm_Z[Z¨~miH$am§À`m H$[dVoV J«m_sU dmñVdmMo [MÌUAmho.

X`m ndmam§Ms H$[dVm g§`V [dÐmoh ì`º$ H$aUmar

54 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Amho, Va Í`§~H$ gnH$mio Amnë`m H$[dVoVñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVsb d§MZoZo C[Û¾ hmoD$Z "ho^maV_mVo! Ëdm§ _bm ào_-dmËgë` Ho$ìhm [Xbo' AgmàíZ [dMmaVmV. àëhmX M|XdUH$am§ZsañË`mañË`mda XUmUV Agbobm "X[bVm§Mm[~ZYmñV AmdmO' [Q>nbm Amho.

gÎmaÀ`m XeH$mV ehar Am[U J«m_sU {ó`mEH$m d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$sda Amnë`m ^mdZm§Mm,[dMmam§Mm Am[dîH$ma H$ê$ bmJë`m.

qbJôX hm [nV¥gÎmmH$ nwéf-H|$[ÐVg_mOì`dñWoVyZ [Z_m©U Pmbobm àmW[_H$ Am[U_yb^yV ôX Amho. `m ôXm§VyZM ì`{º$JV Am[Ugm_m[OH$ nmVisdaÀ`m g§~§Ym§Zm gÎmm-g§Kfm©Moê$n òVo. ós Am[U nwéf hm [b¨JôX Agbm; Var"ósËd' Am[U "nwéfËd' hm [b¨J^md _mZd[Z[_©V,_w»`V: nwéf-[Z[_©V Amho. nwéfH|$Ðs g_mOmV[ZgJ©[Z[_©V ôXmÀ`m AmYmao emofU Ho$bo OmVo.Aem àH$maMo EH$ d¡Mm[aH$ ^mZ Amboë`m {ó`m§Zs[b[hboë`m H$[dVobm, gmYmaUnUo, "ósdmXsH$[dVm' åhQ>bo OmVo. à^m JUmoaH$a, aOZs

néioH$a, _[bH$m A_a eoI, ZsaOm, A{ûdZsYm|JSo>, àkm ndma, AZwamYm nmQ>sb BË`mXsH$d[`ÌtÀ`m H$[dVm§VyZ ósdmXs Om[Udm ì`º$Pmboë`m AmhoV. nwéfàYmZ g§ñH¥$VsZo dfm©Zwdf}ósMo _mZ[gH$ d emar[aH$ emofU H$go Ho$bo Amho,`mMm àIa Cƒma [deofV: _[bH$m A_a eoI,aOZs néioH$a, ZsaOm, àkm ndma `m§À`m H$[dVm§VyZPmbobm Amho.

E|esÀ`m XeH$mV dg§V nmQ>UH$a, X.^m.Ym_UñH$a, AemoH$ ~mJdo, [Za§OZ COJao, AemoH$Zm`JmdH$a, eXa gmQ>_, ZmamÙ Hw$iH$Uu-H$dRo>H$a, CÎm_ H$moiJmdH$a BË`mXtMs H$[dVm~hamV hmoVs. 1990Z§Va H$dtMs EH$ Zds [nT>sAmbs. A[^Ym, A[^YmZ§Va, eãXdoY BË`mXsA[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ `m [nT>sMs H$[dVm àH$m[eVhmoD$ bmJbs Am[U [VZo ñdV:Ms AmoiI [Z_m©UHo$bs. `m H$[dVobm OmJ[VH$sH$aUmMm, `mAdñWoVsb Am[W©H$, amOH$s`, gm_m[OH$ ~Xbm§Mmg§X^© Amho. lsYa [Vido, ho_§V [XdQo>, _§JoeZmamÙamd H$mio, dO}e gmob§H$s, à\w$„ [eboXma,

àdsU XeaW ~m§XoH$a, dsaYdb na~, AO` H$m§S>a,gbsb dmK, g§Osd Im§So>H$a, g[MZ Ho$VH$a, _ZmoOnmR>H$, [XZH$a _Zda ho `m [nT>sVsb à_wI H$dsAmhoV. H$mì`me` Am[U H$mì`^mfm `m XmoÝhsÑîQ>tZs `m [nT>sMs H$[dVm doJis Amho. [VMo ZmVo1960À`m XeH$mVsb H$mobQ>H$a-[MÌo `m§À`mH$[dVoes Agbo Var [Vbm ñdV:Mm Moham Amho.[Z{íMV Aem H$moUË`mhs [dMmagaUses Z~m§Ybobs nU àIa amOH$s` ^mZ Agbobs hsH$[dVm Amho. E|es-ZìdXÀ`m XeH$m§À`m gs_odaMo^wO§J _olm_ Am[U AéU H$mio `m§À`m H$[dVm§ZsH$mobQ>H$a-[MÌo-T>gmi `m§À`m H$[dVoÀ`m nwT>MmQ>ßnm JmR>bobm Amho.

AmVmhs AZoH$ H$dtMs AmûdmgH$ H$[dVmàH$m[eV hmoVo Amho. e§â-gìdmeo dfmªVë`mH$[dVoÀ`m `m AmT>mì`mV gdmªMm g_mdoe hmoD$eH$bobm Zmhs `mMs boIH$mbm OmUsd Amho.

g§nH©$ :9890362703B©-‘ob : [email protected]

1. Xoenm§So> Zm.K., IyUJmR>s, _m¡O 2. nmS>JmdH$a _§Joe, gbm_, _m¡O 3. A[Zb XenXs, _m¡O 4. bmodboH$a ^mbM§Ð, MmoabH$mR>, _Ü` àXoe _amR>s gm[hË` g§K àH$meZ,^monmi, Xwgar Amd¥Îms, 19945. ~moaH$a ~m.^., [MÌdsUm, _m¡O, [Vgar Amd¥Îms, 19846. H$mobQ>H$a AéU, [ÔH$s dhs, àmg àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 2003 7. J«og, M§Ð_mYdsMo àXoe, nm°ß`wba, 19778. _hmZmoa Zm.Ym|., nú`m§Mo bj Wdo, nm°ß`wba, 19909. AmaVs à^y, ZjÌm§Mo XoUo, _m¡O, 197510. _Zmoha AmoH$À`m E|es H$[dVm, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 199611. gma§J [dbmg, H$[dVm 1969-1984, _m¡O, 198612. nmQ>sb M§ÐH$m§V, ~m`H$m Am[U BVa H$[dVm, nm°ß`wba, 199313. ^Q> gwaoe, P§PmdmV, gm[hË` àgma H|$Ð, ZmJnya, 199414. JwO©a dg§V XÎmmÌo`, AaÊ`, dmMm àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 197315. na~ Vwbgs, Hw$~S>m Zm[g©gg, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 200216. _Zmoha èd§V, CËWmZJw§\$m, à~moYZ 17. Xoenm§So> _._., A§V[aj [\$abmo, nU... (g§nmXH$ : X.[^./_.[d. Ym|S>)nÙJ§Ym, nwUo18. Ho$Mo _YwH$a, [X¨S>s Jobs nwTo>, H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b 19. Zo_mSo> ^mbM§Ð, XoIUs, nm°ß`wba20. H$migoH$a gVse, [db§[~V, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h21. [MÌo [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_, EHy$U H$[dVm 1, 2, 3 nm°ß`wba22. gwd} ZmamÙ, _mPo [dÚmnsR>, nm°ß`wba23. Jmo[d¨XmJ«O, [n¨ninmZ (g§nmXH$ : Hw$gw_mJ«O) H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b24. ~mbH$ds, \w$bamUs (~mbH$dtMs [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm), (g§nmXH$ :Hw$gw_mJ«O) H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b25. _w{º$~moYm§Ms [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm (g§nmXH$ : èd§V _Zmoha) gm[hË` AH$mX_s26. [ZdS>H$ gXmZ§X aoJo (g§nmXH$ : dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$) gm[hË` AH$mX_s27. nw.[e. aoJo `m§Ms [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm (g§nmXH$ : àH$me Xoenm§So>) gm[hËÀH$mX_s

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Jobobs H$mX§~ar 1575À`m AmgnmgMs. _Yë`mH$mimV nmoÏ`m, nwamUo, AmaË`m, bmdÊ`m `mV~§[XñV Pmboë`m ^maVs`m§Zm B§J«Os [ejUmZoAmUboë`m dmè`m§Zs OmJo H$arV Ë`m§À`m JÚ^mfoVhsH«$m§Vs Ho$bs. H$mnS> [JaÊ`m§Zs ^maVmV Am¡Úmo[JH$H«$m§VsMm AmoZm_m Ho$bm. 1852_Üò _w§~B©V n[hbsaobJmS>s Ambs Ë`m dois _amR>s ^mfH$m§_ÜògmjaVm [H$Vs hmoVs Ë`mMs Zm|X Zmhs. nU,g_mOemós` {dûcofUmVyZ AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm òVo H$sAmJJmS>s Ambs Ë`m doiMs gmjaVm S>moŠ`mdê$ZnmUs Jobo Var VsZ-Mma Q>ŠŠ`m§À`m da AgUoAeŠ`!

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`wamonà_mUo gd©ì`mns Zgbo Var [~«[Q>eJwbm_[Jar A§VJ©V hm _amR>s à~moYZmMm H$mi hmoVm.Omo{V~m \w$bo `m§Ms gËèmoYH$ Midi, Ý`m`_yVuamZSo> `m§Mo à~moYZ, [¼ñVs _amR>s nÌo, àmW©Zmg_mO, Am`© g_mO, emhy _hmamOm§Ms doXmoº$Midi, Ë`mZ§VaMm _hmamîQ´>mVsb ~«m÷U-~«m÷UoVa g§Kf© `m gd© JmoîQ>t_wio _amR>s g_mOmbmAmË_^mZ òD$Z g_mO {ñWVsMs MMm© ~«m÷Um§nwaVs_`m©[XV Z amhVm gd©g_mdoeH$ hmoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©bmbmJbs. AmË_narjUmMs àoaUm C^mar Yê$bmJbs. åhUOoM AmYw[ZH$ _amR>s H$mX§~argmR>sAZwHy$b dmVmdaU [Z[_©VsMs V`mar hmoD$ bmJbs.Ho$edgwVm§Ms VwVmar hbHo$M [ZZmXy bmJbs. "`_wZmn`©Q>Z' Z§Va 33 dfmªZs åhUOo 1890_Üò harZmamÙ AmnQo> (1864-1919) `m§Ms Ë`mH$mimV JmObobs "nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo' hsH$mX§~ar 1890_Üò "H$a_UyH$' nÌmV àH$aUdmaà[gÕ Pmbs. h[a^mD§$À`m Eo[Vhm[gH$ H$mX§~è`mH$Xm[MV dmMë`m OmV AgVsb. na§Vw, "nU bjmVH$moU KoVmo' AmO [dÚmnrR>s` Aä`mgH$m§ì`[V[aº$H$moUs ¹$[MVM dmMV Agob. AmO Vs XwH$mZmVCnbãY Zmhs. [VH$So> gmoimì`m eVH$mnmgyZ1890n`ªV `wamo[n`Z ^mfm§_Ysb H$mX§~ar IynMnwTo> Jobs hmoVs. "S>m°Z [¹$hmoQ', Q>m°bñQ>m°`À`m "dm°aA°ÊS> nsg' (1865), "AZm H°$ao[ZZm' (1875),JwñVmd \$bm°~Q©>Ms "_mXm_ ~moìhmar' (1856),Mmb©g² [S>H$ÝgMs "A Qo>b Am°\$ Qy> gsQ>sO'(1859), XñVò~ñH$sÀ`m "H«$mB©_ A°ÊS>n[Ze_|Q>'(1866), "~«Xg© H$mam_mPmod' (1879)`m Am[U [H$ËòH$ VËH$mbsZ `wamo[n`Z H$mX§~è`mAmO OJâmVsb VéU AOyZhs dmMVmV._hmamîQ´>mVhs dmMVmV. [H$ËòH$ _amR>s ^mfm§VamVAmOhs CnbãY AmhoV.

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56 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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AmnQ>çm§Z§Va \$S>Ho$, Im§So>H$a,_mS>ImobH$a `m à[gÕ [Ì_yVvH$So> òÊ`mnydu VËdk"am[JUs'H$ma dm_Z _ëhma Omoes Am[U"kmZH$moe'H$ma lsYa ì`§H$Qo>e Ho$VH$a `mH$mX§~arH$mam§Mm [ZXmZ C„oI Var H$am`bmM hdm.Ë`m§À`m ~m¡[ÕH$ MMm©Ë_H$ H$mX§~è`m Agë`m Var[df`m§Mm Jm^m AmnQ>çm§À`m H$mX§~è`m§à_mUo H$mhsÁdb§V gm_m[OH$ àíZm§es KÅ hmoVm. nwT>À`mH$mimV hm Jm^m hadbm. JOmZZ Í`§~H$_mS>ImobH$am§À`m (1899-1976)H$mX§~è`m§_Üò amOH$maUmMs nmûd©^y_s AmUÊ`mMmà`ËZ hmoVm; nU, Vmo \w$Q>H$i d AàñVwV R>abm.[dîUw gImam_ Im§So>H$a (1898-1976)AmXe©dmXs hmoVo; nU, Ë`mnm`s Ë`m§À`mH$mX§~è`m§Zm dmñVdmMm [Zìdi _wbm_m [_imbm.\$S>Ho$- Im§So>H$am§Zs dmMH$ [à`Vm [_i[dbs._Ü`_ dJm©Ms gmjaVm 1920-25n`ªV dmT>bshmoVs. XmoKo "H$bogmR>s H$bm H$s OsdZmgmR>s H$bm'Agm hmñ`mñnX nU _amR>s ~w[Õd§Vm§Zm àJmT>,_ybJm_s dJ¡ao dmQ>Umam dmX Ioibo Agbo VarXmoKm§À`mhs H$mX§~è`m amo_mÝgÀ`m _Yë`m nmVisdaAm[U EHy$UM [Vgè`m am§JoVsb n[hë`m. nU,Ë`m§Mo _moRo> `moJXmZ Ago H$s, Ë`m§Zs [T>gmi dAdOS> JÚ _amR>sbm gmono, gwQ>gwQ>sV ê$n [XboAm[U _amR>s VéU-VéUtZm H$mX§~ar dmMÊ`mg[eH$[dbo. ZmamÙ gsVmam_ \$S>Ho$ (1894-1978) `m§Zs H$mX§~arÀ`m ^mfobm _wbm`_, bmKdsd àdmhs ê$n XoD$Z AmH$f©H$ Ho$bo. Im§So>H$am§Zs^mfobm Vab, H$Ys H$mì`_` n[aKmV ZoV H$modù`mdmMH$m§da JmoS> JmoS> gw^m[fVm§Mm dfm©d Ho$bm.Amnbm AmdmH$m dmT>dmdm, H$YsVar AdH$memVâmar _mamds Aes BÀN>m XmoKm§Zmhs Pmbobs [XgVZmhs. \$S>Ho$-Im§So>H$a Am[U gmZo JwéOtÀ`mH$mX§~è`m dmMë`m H$s \$º$ JmoS> JmoS>gán¹$mZm§MoM OodU Pmbo Ago dmQy>Z _sR>ImÊ`mMs, [VIQ>, Am§~Q>, VwaQ>, H$S>dQ> H$mhsImÊ`mMs Vsd« BÀN>m hmoVo Ago VéUnUmVsb EH$[_Ì åhUV Ago. Agmo. Iao åhUOo `m JmoS>mdanw.`. Xoenm§So>, ^m.[d. daoaH$a, a.dm. [XKoBË`m[XH$m§À`m H$mX§~è`m§Mm WmoS>m CVmam Ë`m H$mimVhmoVm.

Xwgao _hm`wÕ Ambo. aº$a§[OV \$miUs hmoD$Z^maV ñdV§Ì Pmbm. Zohê§$À`m n§Mdm[f©H$ `moOZm§Zs

1. h.Zm. AmnQo> : nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo, Cf:H$mb2. ZmW_mYd : gmdù`m Vm§So>b (1915)3. dm._. Omoes : am[JUs (1915-16)4. ls. ì`§. Ho$VH$a : ~«÷H$Ý`m (1930)5. ^m.[d. daoaH$a : [dYdm Hw$_mar (1928), YmdVmYmoQ>m (1933)6. [d.g. Im§So>H$a : XmoZ Y«wd (1934), ``mVs(1959)7. Zm.gs. \$S>Ho$ : Xm¡bV (1929)8. nw.`. Xoenm§So> : ~§YZm§À`m nbrH$So> (1927)9. J.Í`§. _mS>ImobH$a : _wº$mË_m (1933)10. [d^mdar [eéaH$a : H$ù`m§Mo [Z…ûdmg (1933),~is (1950)11. nm§.g. gmZo (JwéOs) : í`m_Ms AmB© (1935)12. X.a. H$dRo>H$a : aoe_mÀ`m JmR>s (1942)13. [dlm_ ~oSo>H$a : aUm§JU (1940)14. a.dm. [XKo : nmUH$im (1939)15. Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a : [eVy (1953)16. ls.Zm. n|S>go : Jma§~sMm ~mny (1952), aWMH«$(1962) 17. eaƒ§Ð _wº$s~moY : [jàm (1954)18. ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a : ~ZJadmS>s (1955)19. CÕd eoiHo$ : YJ (1960)20. aU[OV XogmB© : ñdm_s (1962)21. [M.Í`§. ImZmobH$a : amÌ H$mis KmJa H$mis 22. [edmOs gmd§V : _¥Ë`w§O` (1964)23. ^mD$ nmÜò : dmgyZmH$m (1965)24. O`d§V Xids : MH«$ (1963)25. ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> : H$mogbm (1963), [h¨Xy(2010)26. Jm¡ar Xoenm§So> : EHo$H$ nmZ Jimd`m 27. AmZ§X `mXd : JmoVmdim (1971)28. Zm_Xod T>gmi : hmS>H$s hmS>dim 29. am.a§. ~moamSo> : nmMmoim 30.J.à. àYmZ : gmVm CÎmamMs H$hmUs 31. _Yw _§Joe H$[U©H$ : _mhs_Ms ImS>s32. [XdmH$a H$m§~is : nai (1968)33. h._mo. _amRo> : [ZînU© d¥jmImbs â Xwnmar 34. à^mH$a n|T>maH$a : ama§JT>m§J 35. [dûdmg nmQ>sb : nm[ZnV 36. a§JZmW nmR>mao : Q>moH$Xma gmdbsMo dV©_mZ 37. í`m_ _Zmoha : H$i 38. dg§V Zaha \o$Uo : g|Q´>b ~g ñQo>eZ 39. a_oe B§Jio CÌmXH$a : [ZemUs S>mdm A§JR>m 40. H$_boe dmbmdbH$a : ~mH$s eyÝ`41. H$[dVm _hmOZ : ~«42. _oKZm noRo> : Zm[VMam_s43. adtÐ emoÛo : nS>K_J«m_sU H$mX§~è`m44. gXmZ§X Xoe_wI : ~mamo_mg45. gw^mf am_M§Ð I¡ao : JmoB©_mB©46. H¥$îUmV ImoV : e¢Xmim47. e§H$a gImam_ : EgB©PoS>48.^maV H$mio : Eogo Hw$U~s ^ynmi 49. ~~Z [^¨So> : gË`mJ«h50. BgmXmg ^S>Ho$ : ~m{áñ_m Vo Y_mªVa51. adtÐ emoÛo : nm§T>a

57OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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Xwgam àdmh J«m_sU boIH$m§À`m H$mX§~è`m§Mm.Joë`m XeH$mV J«m_sU nmûd©^y_sdarb 8-10 VarH$mX§~è`m _amR>sV à[gÕ Pmë`m. AñgbIoS>çmdaÀ`m IoS>çmVsb VéUm§ZsM [b[hboë`m.Ë`m§Mo Zm`H$ AmhoV O_sZ H$gUmao eoVH$ar. `m gd©H$mX§~è`m§_YyZ ~XbUmè`m IoS>çm§Mo [dXmaH$ dU©ZòVo. Vo A§Jmda ehmao AmUVo. amOH$maU,[ZdS>UwH$m§Mm Yw_mHy$i [dH$mgmÀ`m ZmdmImbs_yR>âm§À`m hmVs Ambobo n¡go `m gd© JmoîQ>t_wio IoS>sÛ§J d ~H$mb ~ZV Mmbbs AmhoV. JmdJw§S>,JmdnwT>mar, ñWm[ZH$ YZdmZ, ~So> eoVH$ar, nmo[bgd gaH$mar A[YH$mar, daMo gÎmmYmar `m§À`m

hmV[_idUsVyZ JmdmVsb emofU ì`dñWm A[YH$MOwbw_s, H«y$a Am[U ~[bîR> hmoV Amho. [eH$bobsVéU nmoao eoVsda H$m_ H$am`À`m EodOs nwT>mè`m§À`mZmXs bmJyZ ~oH$ma [h¨S>V AmhoV. bmoH$emhsÀ`mZmdmImbs EH$m_mJyZ EH$ [d[dY ñVam§daÀ`m[ZdS>UwH$m§_wio JQ>-VQ>m§Ms \$mQ>m\y$Q> Am[U dmT>VOmUmao Amnmngm§Vsb d¡_Zñ` `m H$maUm§Zs IoS>sh¡amU Pmbs AmhoV. nydu IoS>çm§_Üò emofU hmoVZìhVo Ago Zmhs, nU AmVm amOH$s` Mm¡ag\$mQ>m\w$Q>t_wio gmar _yë`ì`dñWm CbQ>s nmbQ>s hmoVAmho. IoS>çm§_Ysb _mUwgH$s ZîQ> hmoV AgyZ^m§S>U V§Qo>, Ûof _Ëga, gwS>mMo amOH$maU `m_wiodmVmdaU [dfmar Pmbo Amho, Ago ^sfU [MÌU ho~hwVoH$ boIH$ àm_m[UH$nUo H$aVmV. [dX^©,_amR>dmS>m, n{íM_ _hmamîQ´>, ImÝXoe d H$moH$U `mgd© ^mJm§VyZ ho boIH$ [bhrV AgyZ Ë`m§À`m `mH$mX§~arVsb emofUmMm ~is Amho H$moUsM dmbs ZCabobm Hw$U~s eoVH$ar.

[Ì¨~H$ ZmamÙ AÌo `m§Zs "JmdJmS>m'_Üòd[U©bobm gd© ~mOy§Zs ZmS>bm OmV Agbobm~isamOm. `m H$mX§~è`m§Zs OUy EH$_VmZo ì`º$Ho$boë`m `m ^`§H$a "[\$Zm°[_Zm'Ms AOyZ _amR>sgm[hË` g_sjH$m§Zs XIb KoVbobs [XgV Zmhs. da[Xboë`m `mXsÀ`m AIoarg dmMZmV Amboë`m `mJ«m_sU H$mX§~è`m§Ms doJis `mXs [Xbobs Amho.AmUIshr nwîH$i AgVsb.`m YmdË`m AmT>mì`mVnwîH$i _hÎdmÀ`m H$mX§~arH$mam§Mm C„oI H$aVmAmbm Zmhs. [dlm_ ~oSo>H$a, ls.Zm. n|S>go, aU[OVXogmB©, [dûdmg nmQ>sb, nw.^m. ^mdo, h._mo. _amRo>;[edm` amOZ ImZ d amOZ Jdg dJ¡ao. n|S>go,~oSo>H$a Am[U nmQ>sb `m§Mm [deof C„oI H$am`bmhdm hmoVm. ~oSo>H$am§Zs Amnë`m "aUm§JU' `m EH$_odH$mX§~arV OmJ[VH$ C§Ms JmR>bs Aes IynVËH$mbsZ g_sjH$m§Zs Amnbs g_OyV H$ê$Z KoVbsAmho. n§oS>em§Zs àmXo[eH$ H$mX§~arbm C§Ms àmáH$ê$Z [Xbs Am[U nmQ>sb `m§Zs Eo[Vhm[gH$H$mX§~arVsb amo_mÝg Z gmoS>Vm _moR>çm g§emoYZmMsOmoS> XoV VËH$mbsZ [d[eîQ> dmñVdmMo Mm§Jbo [MÌUHo$bo. nwT>sb `mXs gJù`m§Zm g_mYmZ XoUmar Zmhs.H$maU, Vs nyd©J«ha[hV d dñVw[ZîR> Agbs VarA[YH¥$V g_sjH$m§§Ms Aä`mgnyU© _Vo bjmV ZKoVm EH$mM ì`º$sZo åhUOo àñVwV boIH$mZoAmnë`m _VsZo V`ma Ho$bs Amho. nU, `m H$mX§~è`mdmMë`mg _amR>s H$mX§~arMm [dH$mg, [MÌ dMm[aÍ` VgoM [VMo XwX£ds Ý`yZ g_OÊ`mg _XVhmoB©b. g§nH©$ : 9869429892B©-‘ob : [email protected]

58 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Ky A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms gwédmV _amR>sgm[hË` [dûdmV "gË`H$Wo'Mm EH$N>ÌsA§_b gwê$ AgVmZmM Pmbs. eãX

(1955), [Xem (1955), Zdo boIZ (1958),ê$nJ§Ym (1959), ê$n (1961), a§J (1961)AWd© (1961), Agmo (1962), AmVm (1964)^mê$S> (1964), ho_m (1964), Ajao (1967),\$º$ (1967), [Q¨>~ (1968), Vmngs (1968),òé (1968), dmMm (1968), X¡[ZH$ MH«$dVs(1969), eãX (1969) g.Z.[d.[d. (1969),lseãX (1969), A~H$S>B© (1969, 72) hsn[hë`m XsS> eVH$mVsb bKy [Z`VH$m[bHo$ dË`mZ§Vahs [dÐmoh, [Ìe§Hy$, amdm, g_J«, g_yh,eãXH$ma, eyÝ`, AU©d, ëh, I, JméS>s, [X¨S>s, ~«,Pm¡P§P, H$[dVm, F$Mm, g§gX, H$mo[ZQ>sH$s, gbmVogbmZmVo B. H$mhs bKy A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ nwT>À`mXeH$mV [ZKmbs. Odi-Odi XmoZ XeHo$ hs bKy-A[Z`VH$mbHo$ [ZKmbobs [XgVmV. _mÌ, bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mm _w»` H$mbI§S> hm gmR>Mo XeH$hmM hmoVm. `m H$mimV XoeâmV bKy [Z`V-A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ [ZKV hmoVs.

_amR>sVë`m bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms g§»`mMmisgÀ`m Amgnmg [XgyZ òVo. H$mhs Aä`mgH$m§Zshs g§»`m `mnojmhs OmñV Zm|Xdbobs Agbs VaràË`jmV _mÌ Iè`m AWm©Zo Á`m§Zm bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$ åhUVm òB©b Aem J§^sanUo[ZKmboë`m bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms g§»`m n§YamÀ`mnwTo> OmV Zmhs. bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`mg§»ò~ÔbMm g§^«_ dmT>Ê`m_mJo AZoH$ H$maUo [XgyZòVmV. 1. MwH$sZo g_OÊ`mV Ambobs bKy-A[Z`VH$m[bHo$, 2. CWi ñdê$nmMs, hm¡es bKyA[Z`VH$m[bHo$, 3. à[V[H«$`mË_H$ nÌHo$, nw{ñVH$m,àm[V[ZYsH$ H$[dVmg§J«h `m gJù`m§Mm bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$ åhUyZ Ho$bm Jobobm g_mdoe.[edm` bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$H$Ë`mªZs gwÕm MwH$sÀ`mnÕVsZo Ho$bobs dJ©dmar, AmH$bZ Am[UJ¡ag_Omda AmYm[aV H$mT>bo Jobobo [ZîH$f©.

A~H$S>B© `m bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$mZo1969n`ªVÀ`m bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`m gyMs A§H$àH$m[eV H$ê$Z hm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Agbm Var hsgyMs [ZXm}f ñdê$nmMs åhUVm òV Zmhs.A~H$S>B©À`m gyMsVsb 23 bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$m§n¡H$s J§^sanUo [ZKmboë`m bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms g§»`m \$maM WmoS>s Amho. `mgyMsV Ogm H$mhs hm¡es, An[an¹$ bKy

A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mm g_mdoe Amho VgmM H$mhsnma§n[aH$ bKy [Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mmhs Amho. 1955 Vo1960 `m gwédmVsÀ`m ghm dfmªVsb eãX, [Xem,

Zdo boIZ, ê$nJ§Ym, ê$n, a§J `m bKy[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mo ñdê$n H$mhsgo[Z`VH$m[bH$m§gmaIoM Amho. AmH$mamMo, n¥îR>g§»òMobKwËd, [H¨$dm A[Z`[_VVm gmoS>Vm àñWm[nV H$ds

boIH$m§Mo, OwÝ`m-Zì`m§Mo, hm¡es H$dtMo boIZ `mVyZ[XgyZ òVo. àñWm[nV ì`dñWobm [damoY AgÊ`mnojmàH$m[eV hmoÊ`mgmR>s n`m©`s ì`dñWm AgoM ñdê$nAgë`mZo d Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV ~§S>Imoa R>abobo~hwVm§es H$ds-boIH$ Ë`m dois àñWm[nV åhUdë`mJoboë`m gË`H$WoVyZ [bhrV Agë`mZo `m bKy{Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mm `m gyMsV Ho$bobm g_mdoe `mo½`R>aV Zmhs.

`mVsb AWd©, Agmo, ^mê$S>, òé, dmMm,A~H$S>B©, \$º$ d Z§VaÀ`m [dÐmoh, Amåhs, amdm B.H$mhs bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§MmM [dMma J§^sanUobKy-A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ åhUyZ H$aVm òVmo. `mVhsEImX-XmoZ bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mm AndmXdJiVm gJù`m§Mm [damoY hm "gË`H$Wm' `mdmL>²_`sZ ì`dñWonwaVmM _`m©[XV [XgVmo. Ë`m_wioVËH$mbsZ BVa ^maVs` ^mfoV [ZKmboë`m bKy[Z`V-A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§es `m bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms VwbZm H$aUohs `mo½` R>aV Zmhs.

[H¨$dm Á`m dmL>²_`sZ, gm§ñH¥$[VH$, gm_m[OH$,amOH$s` ì`dñWobm [damoY åhUyZ hs bKy [Z`V-A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ C^s amhyZ EH$ Midi g_moa AmbsVes Midihs Amnë`mH$So> _amR>sV ÑpîQ>jonmV òVZmhs. `mVsb ~hwVm§e bKy A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ Mmahm¡es bmoH$ EH$Ì òD$Z Oo-Oo [b[hbo Amho Vo-VoH$go~go N>mnyZ \w$H$Q> dmQ>Ê`mV g_mYmZ _mZUmarhmoVs, Va H$mhtZs VËH$mbsZ H$mimV bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$m§[df`s [Z_m©U Pmboë`m db`mMoAmH$f©U dmQy>Z ì`dñWoV [eaÊ`mMm em°Q©>H$Q>åhUyZhs bKy A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ H$mT>bobs [XgVmV.

Ago Agbo Var `mMm bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZC_oXdmar Ho$boë`m amOm T>mbo, Zm_Xod T>gmi`mgma»`m H$ds - boIH$m§H$Sy>Z [H¨$dm [df_g_mOì`dñWo[déÕ Cô amhyZ X[bVm§Mo Xw:IAmnë`m gm[hË`mVyZ _m§S>Umè`m ~m~yamd ~mJwb,X`m ndma, AOw©Z S>m§Jio, Ho$ed _olm_, dm_Z[Z¨~miH$a, J§JmYa nmZVmdUo B. H$dtZr"A{ñ_VmXe©'gma»`m [Z`VH$m[bH$mVyZ Iè`mAWm©Zo VËH$mbsZ gm_m[OH$, amOH$s`, gm§ñH¥$[VH$,dmL>²_`sZ ì`dñWobm ZmH$maÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm[XgVmo. nwTo> `mM ZH$mamVyZ X[bV gm[hË`Midisbm ~i [_imë`mMo [XgyZ òVo.

XoemVë`m, ~mhoaÀ`m bKy [Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`mMidis `m bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`m H$Ë`mªÀ`mg_moa hmoË`m. [X„s òWo Pmboë`m AmXoe \$moa_À`mbKy n[ÌH$m àXe©Z Am[U MMm©gÌm_wio bKy[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mo _m°So>bhs g_moahs hmoVo. [dMmam§MsXodmU-KodmU hmoVs. _hÎdmÀ`m gJù`mM bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mo H|$Ð _w§~B©gma»`m [R>H$mUsAgë`mZo _wÐUmÀ`m gmo`shs CnbãY hmoË`m. AgoAgVmZm ~hwVm§e bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mo ñdê$nàmW[_H$ XOm©Mo hmoVo. dmñV[dH$ Agmo, AH$~S>B©,amdm, \$º$ (eodQ>Mm A§H$) gmaIs gJù`mM ÑîQ>sZogeº$ AgUmar bKy A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ g_moaAgVmZmhs hs bKy A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ ~migo H$m Yê$eH$bs Zmhs ho H$moSo>M Amho. "dmMm'gma»`m bKy[Z`VH$m[bH$mZo Va _wIn¥îR>mda EImXo [MÌN>mnÊ`mEodOs H$mù`m aofm _maUoM ng§V Ho$bobo[XgVo. (`m H$mimV _w§~B©V àmoJ«o[gìh J«wnMs ñWmnZmPmbobs hmoVs. _hmamîQ´>mV niesH$a, Jm`Vm|So>,~ado, hwgoZ `m§gmaIs _hÎdmMs [MÌH$ma _§S>ishmoVs.) bKy [Z`VH$m[bH$mÀ`m Xoe[dXoemVsbMidisV [MÌH$mam§Mm d [MÌH$boMmhs _moR>mgh^mJ am[hbobm AgVmZm _amR>s bKy

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_§Joe ZmamÙ H$mio

dmL>²_`sZ [Z`VH$m[bHo$ : YmoŠ`mÀ`m diUmda

59OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms hs CXmgrZVm _mÌ R>iH$nUog_moa òVo.

1. `m bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$mVyZ Odi-Odie§âmÀ`m da H$ds [bhrV hmoVo. Ë`mVsb H$mhs_moOHo$M H$ds AmO H$[dVoÀ`m n[aKmV [XgVmV, OoWmoSo> H$ds `m H$mbI§S>mVyZ g_moa Ambo Ë`mVë`m~hwVoH$m§Mo boIZ EH$Va Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV _§Xmdbobo[H¨$dm nwT>À`m H$mimV _hÎdmMs H$[dVm [b[hVmAmbs Zmhs. CXm. dg§V XÎmmÌo` JwOªamgma»`m_hÎdmÀ`m H$dsH$Sy>Zhs Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV \$maes_hÎdmMs H$[dVm [bhyZ Pmbs Zmhs, Va bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$mVyZ A^mdmZoM [b[hUmè`m AéUH$mobQ>H$am§gma»`m H$dsH$Sy>Z Z§VaÀ`m H$mimVesf©ñW H$[dVm [bhyZ Pmbs, Va H$mhs H$dtZsgmVË`mZo [bhyZhs Ë`m§Zm ñdV:Mm Agm Moham gmnSy>eH$bm Zmhs.

2. hm H$mbI§S> H$boÀ`m / dmL>²_`mÀ`m joÌmVEH$m diUmMm H$mbI§S> hmoVm. Odi-OdigJù`mM H$bm àH$mam§_Üò, dmL>²_` àH$mam§_ÜòA^yVnyd© ~Xb KSy>Z òV hmoVo. CXm. [MÌnQ>,ZmQ>H$, [MÌH$bm B. [edm` gm_m[OH$, amOH$s`,gm§ñH¥$[VH$ OsdZmVhs AZoH$ Midis hmoV hmoË`m.Ë`mMo ~ao-dmB©Q> n[aUm‘hs hmoV hmoVo. `m gJù`mMsXIb `m bKy-A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Zs A^mdmZoMKoVbobs [XgVo.

3. ^maVmV BVa ^mfoVhs bKy [Z`VH$m[bHo$[ZKV hmoVs. [deofV: ~§Jmb, [h¨Xs ^m[fH$ àXoemVVa `m bKy [Z`VH$m[bH$m§Zs MidisMo ñdê$nYmaU Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m VwbZoV _amR>sV Aes MidiC^s amhy eH$bs Zmhs; _mÌ, `m bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Zm g_m§Va AUmar X[bVgm[hË`mMs Midi _moR>çm ZoQ>mZo C^s am[hbobs[XgVo.

4. `m bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`m H$Ë`mªMmàñWm[nV AgÊ`mbm gmVË`mZo [damoY hmoVm. VgmM"gË`H$Wo'Vë`m Xwæ`_ XOm©À`m boIZmbmhs [damoYhmoVm. OJâmVbo, ^maVs` ^mfm§_Üò _hÎdmMoH$ds, boIH$ Ë`m§Mo boIZ `m H$Ë`mªMo gÎmmH|$Ðo[Z_m©U H$ê$Z `m H$mimVsb Xwæ`_ XOm©À`mdmL>²_`mMo, A[^éMs g_W©Z H$aÊ`mV AmKmS>sda[XgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m doiMo ~§S> ì`dñWoÀ`m[damoYmV ZgyZ ì`dñWm hmoÊ`mgmR>s hmoVo Agmhs[ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm òVmo.

5. `m bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`m aoQ>çm_wio Am[UË`mMdois Cä`m am[hboë`m X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`mMidis_wio nma§n[aH$ dmL>²_`sZ g§H$ënZm§Zm VS>mJobm. EH$m [d[eîQ> Mm¡H$Q>sV AS>H$bobo _amR>sgm[hË`mMo ^md[dûd ~XbV OmD$Z Vo A[YH$ IwboPmbo. bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$mVsb H$ds-boIH$m§Zs,

Am[U X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`m MidisVyZ nwTo> Amboë`mH$ds-boIH$m§Zs Amnë`m OmVs-O_mVsVë`m,àXoemVë`m ~mobs ^mfoV dmL>²_`mMs ^mfm~ZdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `m_wio gm[hË`mMs ^mfmA[YH$ g_¥Õ, _moH$is, ñdsH$maesb Pmbs.

bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`m AñVmZ§Va 1975 Vo1990 hm XsS> eVH$mMm H$mbI§S> dmL>²_`sZ[Z`V-A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§gmR>s [ZamemOZH$H$mbI§S> åhUmdm bmJob. `m H$mimV bhmZ-_moR>sH$mhs [Z`VH$m[bHo$ CX`mg Ambs Agbs VarVËH$mbsZ dmL>²_`mda [H¨$dm Ë`mÀ`m OS>UKS>Usda`m [Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mm \$magm à^md nS>bm Zmhs.

`m H$mbI§S>mV "gË`H$Wm' eodQ>À`m ndm©V hmoVo.à[VîR>mZ, `wJdmUs, _hmamîQ´> gm[hË` n[ÌH$m `m

[Z`VH$m[bH$m§gmo~V Ajad¡X^s, A{ñ_VmXe©,g_w[MV, H$[dVmaVs, g§dmX, Aja Midi, nydm©`m H$mhs [Z`VH$m[bH$m§Zs `m H$mimVë`m dmL>²_`sZì`dhmambm gmo~V Ho$bs. Am¡a§Jm~mX òWyZ gwê$Pmboë`m "A{ñ_VmXe©'Mo H$m`© gmR>moÎmaH$mbI§S>mVM gwê$ Pmbo hmoVo. 1977nmgyZ ho[Z`VH$m[bH$ Û¡_m[gH$ Pmbo. `m H$mbI§S>mVsbX[bV Om{UdoVyZ [Z_m©U hmoUmè`m Odi-OdigJù`mM gm[hË`mgmR>s ho h¸$mMo ì`mgnsR> ~Zbo.Va Zì`mZoM gwê$ Pmboë`m "g_w[MV'ZoA{ñ_VmXe©À`m g_m§Va OmUmè`m ^y[_Ho$VyZ hmnarK A[YH$ é§XmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

`m H$mbI§S>mV gwê$ Pmbobo "AZwîQy>^' (1977)ho EH$_od _hÎdmMo [Z`VH$m[bH$ åhUVm òB©b. ho[Z`VH$m[bH$ Joë`m 34 dfmªnmgyZ gwê$ Amho. a_oedaIoSo> `m§Zs ho Û¡_m[gH$ bmgbJmd òWyZ gwê$Ho$bo. nyd©gwarÀ`m gË`H$Wm, N§>X gma»`m[Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`m nmD$bdmQo>dê$Z MmbUmè`m `m

[Z`VH$m[bH$mZo a_oe daIoSo>, nwéfmoÎm_ nmQ>sb,_.gw. nmQ>sb, à^mH$a ~mJbo, J§JmYa nmQ>sb,[dO` Vmng, EH$ZmW nJma Aem AZoH$g§nmXH$m§À`m H$mimV VËH$mbsZ gm[hË` ì`dhmagm§^mibm. AZwîQw>^ ho g_sjogmR>s AmoiIboOmUmao [Z`VH$m[bH$ Agbo Var H$Wm, H$[dVm,EH$m§[H$H$m, ZmQ>H$ Aem [d[dY dmL>²_` àH$mam§Zmhs`mVyZ ñWmZ [_imbo. Joë`m H$mhs dfmªnmgyZ ho[Z`VH$m[bH$ Zd-AZwîQy>^ ZmdmZo àH$m[eV hmoVoAmho.

1985_Üò Ywio òWyZ gwê$ Pmbobo "H$[dVmaVs'ho Û¡_m[gH$ H$[dVobm dm[hbobo [Z`VH$m[bH$. nyduH$mhs H$mi AZwîQy>^Mo g§nmXZ gm§^miUmè`m nwéfmoÎm_ nmQ>bm§g_moa H$[dVmaVsÀ`m [Z[_©VsgmR>sOiJmd òWyZ [ZKmboë`m H$mìàËZmdbsMs àoaUmhmoVs. H$mì`, H$mì`[dMma, H$mì`g_sjm `m§ZmàmYmÝ` AgUmè`m `m [Z`VH$m[bH$mZo Joë`mAY©eVH$mVsb Odi Odi gJù`mM OwÝ`m-Zì`mH$dtÀ`m H$[dVm AmdOy©Z N>mnë`m. H$mhs[deofm§H$hs H$mT>bo. Hw$gy_mJ«O, dm.am. H$mÝV,B§[Xam g§V, ~mbH$ds B. [deofm§H$ C„oIZs` åhUVmòVsb. H$[dVmaVs gwédmVsÀ`m XeH$mV [Z`[_VnUo[ZKV hmoVo. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV A[Z`[_VVm AmbsAgbs Var doimodois _mJMo A§H$ H$mTy>Z [Z`[_VH$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm [XgVmo.

`m[edm` `m H$mbI§S>mV H$mhs dmL>_`nyaH$[Z`VH$m[bHo$hs [ZKmbs. gmR>moÎma H$mbI§S>mV[ZKmbobo "AmbmoMZm' (1962) ho [Zìdig_sjogmR>s [ZKmbobo _m[gH$ ñdê$nmVsb[Z`VH$m[bH$ Odi-Odi Vsg df} gwê$ hmoVo.gmR>moÎma H$mbI§S>mVsb dmL>²_` ì`dhmamMsJ§^sanUo [M[H$Ëgm H$aUmao ho EH$ _hÎdmMo[Z`VH$m[bH$ hmoVo.

`m H$mbI§S>mÀ`m eodQ>s 1986_Üò eoJmd òWyZeãXdoY Am[U 1988_Üò ehmnya òWyZ A[^Ym hsXmoZ A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ [ZKmbs. gwédmVsÀ`mH$mbI§S>mV hs A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ H$mhses [XemhsZñdê$nmV [ZKV Agbs Var ZìdXmoÎma H$mbI§S>mVhs A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ R>iH$nUo g_moa Ambs.

ZìdXmoÎma H$mbI§S>mVsb A[Z`VH$m[bHo$1990 Vo 2010 `m XmoZ XeH$m§À`m H$mbI§S>mV

EH$hs _hÎdmMo åhUVm òB©b Ago [Z`VH$m[bH$gwê$ Pmbo Zmhs. _mÌ, ZìdXnyd© H$mbI§S>mV gwê$Pmbobo "eãXdoY' (1986) Am[U "A[^Ym'(1987) hs XmoZ A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ `m H$mbI§S>mV{ñWamdbs hmoVs. gwédmVsbm gd©g_mdoeH$AgUmè`m "eãXdoY'Zo nwTo> _mÌ H$[dVm H|$ÐsA[Z`VH$m[bH$ åhUyZ Amnbs AmoiI [Z_m©UHo$bs. Xm.Jmo. H$mio `m§Zs eoJmd òWyZ gwê$ Ho$boë`m

60 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

"eãXdoY'Zo Amnë`m XmoZ XeH$m§À`m H$ma[H$XuVZìdXmoÎma {nT>sVsb Odi-Odi gJù`mM_hÎdmÀ`m H$dtZm àH$m[eV Ho$bo. eãXdoYMs^y[_H$m gwédmVsnmgyZM nyd©gwarÀ`m bKyA[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Zm nyaH$ hmoVs. eãXdoYZo `m^y[_Ho$Mo ZwgVo g_W©ZM Ho$bo Zmhs, Va `m {nT>sVsbH$dtMo _hÎdhs AYmoao[IV Ho$bo. AéU H$mobQ>H$a,_Zmoha AmoH$, Zm_Xod T>gmi B. H$dtda PmboboboIZ `mMs gmj XoUmao Amho. ZìdXmoÎma H$[dVoÀ`màH$meZmgmo~V `m H$[dVoMo _yë`_mnZ, [M[H$Ëgmhs`m A[Z`VH$m[bH$mZo Ho$bobs AgyZ ZìdXmoÎmaH$[dVm [deofm§H$hs àH$m[eV Ho$bobm [XgVmo.eãXdoYÀ`m 22 dfmªÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV 323 A§H$[ZKmbo. eoJmd, OiJmd, ~wbT>mUm òWyZ doimodoisho A[Z`VH$m[bH$ Ë`m§À`m H$Ë`mªH$Sy>Z àH$m[eV hmoVhmoVo. 2008_Üò ho A[Z`VH$m[bH$ ~§X Pmbo.

`mM H$mimV "Xe©Z' A[Z`VH$m[bH$2004_Üò àdrU ~m§XoH$a `m§Zs gmd§VdmS>s òWyZgwê$ Ho$bo. gwédmVsnmgyZM _hmZJaoVa Om{Udm§ZmàmYmÝ` XoUmao A[Z`VH$m[bH$ ho Xe©ZMo ñdê$n nwTo>

Zdmja Xe©Z è [Z`VH$m[bH$mV ê$nm§VaPmë`mdahs H$m`_ Agë`mMo [XgyZ òVo.

`m H$mbI§S>mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V gwê$ Pmbobo EH$_od[Z`VH$m[bH$ åhUyZ Á`mMm C„oI H$aVm òB©b Ago"eãX' ho _m[gH$ "eãX àH$meZ'Mo _mbH$ òeynmQ>sb `m§Zs _w§~B©VyZ gwê$ Ho$bo. H$mhs H$mi eãXdm[f©H$m§H$ àH$m[eV H$aUmè`m òey nmQ>sb `m§Zs2009_Üò eãX gwê$ Ho$bo. gd©g_mdoe ñdê$nAgboë`m eãX_YyZ H$[dVm, H$Wm, AZwdm{XVH$Wm, g_sjm gmo~V d¡Mm[aH$ boIZhs àH$m[eVhmoVmZm [XgVmV.

`m H$mbI§S>mÀ`m CVamYm©V H$mhsA[Z`VH$m[bHo$ [dX^© _amR>dmS>çmVyZ gwê$ Pmbobs[XgV Agbs Var AOyZ `m A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§MmgwédmVsMm H$mbI§S> Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm Moham ñnîQ>hmoD$ eH$bobm Zmhs.

dmL>²_`sZ [Z`VH$m[bH$mÀ`m na§naoMm [dMmaH$aVm "A[^éMs'nmgyZ Iè`m AWm©Zo d`mVAmboë`m `m na§naoZo Joë`m gmV XeH$m§V AZoH$_hÎdmÀ`m [Z`V-A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ doimodois

_amR>s gm[hË`mÀ`m [Z[_©VsV, OS>U-KS>UsV_hÎdmMm gh^mJ Zm|Xdbm Amho. [deof åhUOo Ë`mË`m H$mimVsb [Z`V-A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Zs [d[eîQ>dmL>²_` àH$mahs R>iH$nUo g_moa AmUbm Amho.

AmO hs na§nam H$mhs _moOŠ`mA[Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`m Im§Úmda C^s Agbs VarAmOÀ`m dmL>²_`sZ ì`dhmamH$So> Jm§^s`m©ZonmhÊ`mMm A^md, dmMH$m§Ms CXmgrZVm, J§^sanUo_hÎdmMo boIZ H$aUmè`m H$ds-boIH$-g_sjH$m§Mm A^md nmhVm hs na§nam AmOYmoŠ`mÀ`m diUmda C^s Amho Ago åhUVm òB©b.Am[U J§^sanUo dmL>²_`sZ ì`dhmambm MmbZmXoUmar [Z`VH$m[bHo$ Ooìhm jsU hmoD$ bmJVmV VoìhmË`m ^mfoMo, Ë`m ^mfoVsb dmL>²_`mMo ñWmZhsYmoŠ`mV Ambobo AgVo ho dmñVd [Z{íMVM [dMmaH$am`bm bmdUmao Amho.g§nH©$ : 9766594154B©-‘ob : [email protected]

amR>s_Üò CÎm_ _m[gH$m§Ms dmZdm Amhohm H$mhs Zì`mZo MMm© H$am`Mm AZ² JioH$mT>mdm Agm [df` Zìho. Ë`mda Iyn

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EHo$ H$mis g_mOdmXs njmMo _wInÌ dmQ>mdo AemgmYZm gmám[hH$mZo H$mV Q>mHy$Z Zdo ê$n YmaU Ho$bo hsñdmJVmh© JmoîQ> åhUm`bm hds. gmZo JwéOtnmgyZAmMm`© OmdSo>H$a, `XwZmW WÎmo, àYmZ _mñVa Am[Udg§V ~mnQ> Aem [X½JO Zm_mdisZ§Va S>m°. Za|ÐXm^moiH$am§Zs "gmYZo'À`m g§nmXH$nXmMs gyÌo KoVbsVoìhm AZoH$m§Zs gH$maU H$miOs ì`º$ Ho$bs hmoVs,nU Xm^moiH$am§Zs gdmªZm gwIX Y¸$m XoV "gmYZm'ZwgVoM dmT>dbo Zmhs, Va Ë`mbm EH$ Zdo gd©_mÝ`ñdê$n àmá H$ê$Z [Xbo. AmOMo "gmYZm' gmám[hH$g_mOmVë`m [d[dY JQ>m§Zm, hmo` VéUm§Zm gwÕm,Amnbo dmQ>mdo `mV Xm^moiH$am§Mo A\$mQ> l_ Am[UXyaÑîQ>s Amho. Ë`m§Zm gmW [_imbs Vs [dZmoX [eagmR>`m `wdm g§nmXH$mMs. Ë`mZo Anma n[al_ KoD$Z"gmYZm'Mo ê$n nmbQ>dÊ`mV Xm^moiH$am§Zm A[Ve`g_W© gmW [Xbs. AmVmVa [dZmoX "gmYZo'MmH$m`©H$mar g§nmXH$M Pmbm`. [edm` Xm^moiH$am§Zs

[df`dma A[VWs g§nmXH$ Zo_yZ gmYZm A[YH$ì`mnH$ Ho$bo Amho. "gmYZm'_Üò òUmao amOH$s`,gm_m[OH$ Am[U d¡Mm[aH$ boI H$m`_ Ro>dyZXm^moiH$a-[eagmR> `m§Zs AZoH$ Zdo [df` gmYZoÀ`mn[aKmV AmUbo. Ë`mV Zdo ZmQ>H$, JmObobo nwñVH$BVHo$M Ýmìho, Va AJXs [H«$Ho$Q> XoIrb dÁ`© Zmhs.IaoVa, gmám[hH$ MmbdUo hs A[Ve` AdKS> JmoîQ>.d¥ÎmnÌm§gmaIo ~mVå`m Úmì`m Va Ë`m [eù`m hmoD$ZOmVmV Am[U _m[gH$m§gmaIm XO}Xma _OHy$a Úmdm VagVVMs Ymdni AS>MUsMs. nU, gmYZm

gmám[hH$mZo hm g_Vmob CÎm_ gm§^mibobm [XgVmo.Am[U "gmYZm' [Xdmis A§H$ Xadfu Om[hamVtMm[dH«$_ H$aV Agë`mZo "gmYZm'Ms Am[W©H$ ~mOyH$_Hw$dV Zgmds! Ë`mVM gmYZm ~mbHw$_ma [XdmisA§H$ Va InmMohs [dH«$_ H$ê$Z bmIm-bmImMoAmH$So> XmIdVmo`. EHw$UmV Joë`m dfm©V gmYZmZoAmnbo ñWmZ A[YH$m[YH$ ~iH$Q> Ho$ë`mZo Ë`m§MoA[^Z§XZ H$am`bm hdo.

gwhmg Hw$bH$Uu Am[U AmZ§X AdYmZs `m nÌH$maOmoS>JmoisZo nÌH$m[aVoV H$mhs Zdo H$amdo `m CXmÎmAm[U àm_m[UH$ hoVyZo dsg dfmªnydu "`w[ZH$ \$sMg©'

hs g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$bs Am[U gH$mamË_H$ nÌH$m[aVoVZdo _mZX§S> [Z_m©U Ho$bo. Ë`m§ZsM Xhm dfmªnydu gwê$Ho$bobo "AZw^d' _m[gH$ AmO _amR>s _m[gH$m§À`mXw[ZòV EH$ AmeoMm àIa [H$aU R>abo Amho.gH$mamË_H$ Am[U gm_m[OH$ ~m§[YbH$s _mZUmarnÌH$m[aVm ho AZw^dmMo ~bñWmZ. Ë`m_wio AZoH$gm_m[OH$ [df`m§da A[Ve` gH$g _OHy$a Va"AZw^d' XoVM AgVmo; nU, Ë`mM~amo~a AZoH$ loîR>gm[h{Ë`H$m§Mo XO}Xma b[bV gm[hË` XoIrbAZw^d_Üò AmdOy©Z N>mnbobo [XgVo. [Ziy Xm_bo,g_sa Hw$bH$Uu, amOZ Jdg, dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$,gwhmg niesH$a Ago AZoH$ loîR> boIH$"AZw^d'_Üò gmVË`mZo [bhrV AgVmV.AmOy~mOybm BVHo$ H$mhs dmB©Q> KS>V AgVmZm XoIrbH$m¡VwH$ H$amdo Aes _mUgo Am[U CnH«$_hs AmhoV,`mMo ^mZ OmJo Ro>dÊ`mMo _moRo>M H$m_ AZw^d _m[gH$gmVË`mZo H$aV Amho, ho Jm¡admñnX Amho. Ë`m_wio"AZw^d' [Z`_mZo dmMUmè`m§V _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m_w»`_§Í`m§nmgyZ D$[_©bm _mVm|S>H$am§n`ªV Am[U ZmZmnmQo>H$agma»`m Ad[b`m H$bmd§VmnmgyZ S>m°. lsam_bmJy§gma»`m loîR>m§n`ªV AZoH$ OU AgmdoV `mVZdb Zmhs. [edm` H$m°nm}aoQ> joÌmVsb AZw^dsbmoH$m§Mo gmhmæ` KoD$Z AZw^d _m[gH$ [Xdg|[XdgA[YH$m[YH$ ì`mdgm[`H$, åhUOo àmo\o$eZb `m

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61OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Mm§Jë`m AWm©Zo, hmoV Agë`mZo [XgVo. gwhmgHw$bH$Uu Am[U AmZ§X AdYmZs `m§Mo H$m¡VwH$H$amdo [VVHo$ WmoSo>M.^mZy H$mio `m Ad[b`mZo_w§~B©V Mm§Jbm Mmbbobm [à¨[Q¨>JMm ì`dgm` ~§XHo$bm Am[U nwÊ`mV òD$Z "A§VZm©X' ho _m[gH$gwê$ Ho$bo hs XoIrb _mJÀ`m eVH$mÀ`meodQ>mVbs EH$ C„oIZs` JmoîQ> åhUmds bmJob.Ë`mZ§Va H$mhs H$mi Am[W©H$ g§H$Q>m§Mm gm_Zm XoVls. H$mio `m§Zs Á`m [OÔsZo ho _m[gH$ Mmby Ro>dboË`mMo H$m¡VwH$ Amho. AWm©V, Ë`m§Zm _w»` gmWbm^bs Amho Vs A§VZm©Xda ào_ H$aUmè`mdmMH$m§Ms. gwOmU dmMH$mbm _m¡[bH$ gm[hË`Zoh_sM [à` AgVo `mMm hm nwamdm Amho. AZoH$[df`m§da XsK© Aä`mgnyU© boI Am[U gm§ñH¥$[VH$g_¥ÕsgmR>s d¡Mm[aH$ Am[U b[bV boIZ à[gÕH$ê$Z A§VZm©XZo Amnbm dmMH$dJ© V`ma Ho$bm.gm¡. dfm© H$mio `m§À`m _XVsZo ^mZy H$mio A[Ve`n[al_ KoD$Z ho _m[gH$ MmbdV AmhoV.A§VZm©XMm [Xdmis A§H$ XoIrb Jobs AZoH$ df}EH$ bjUs` A§H$ R>abm Amho. _amR>sVbsgdm}Îm_ nwñVHo$, ^mfm ^[JZs, [dZmoX AemAZoH$ [df`m§Zm g_[n©V Ago ho [deofm§H$A§VZm©XMo AmH$f©U R>abo AmhoV. dmMH$m§Mmgh^mJ Am[U g§dmX hohs A§VZm©XMo EH$ d¡[eîQ>çAmho. AZoH$ ÁòîR> boIH$ Am[U a[gH$ dmMH$`m§Mm EH$ [ZamimM A§VZm©X n[adma `m[Z[_ÎmmZo[Z_m©U Pmbobm [XgVmo. ^mZy H$mio `m§Zs AmnbmA§VZm©X AmoiIbm Am[U _amR>sV EH$ CÎm__m[gH$ [Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m~Ôb Ë`m§Mo A[^Z§XZH$am`bm hdo.

_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZmÀ`m Ho$edamd H$moR>mdio `mOmUH$ma d gm{hË`ào_r àH$meH$mZo gwê$ Ho$bobo"b{bV' ho _m{gH$ _w»`V: gm{hË` {dœ, Ë`m

{dœmVë`m KS>m_moS>r Am{U gm{hË`{df`H$ boI`mgmR>r à{gÕ Amho. Ho$edamdm§À`m Z§Va Ë`m§Mo{Ma§Ord AemoH$ H$moR>mdio `m§Zr ho _m{gH$g_W©nUo Mmby Ro>dbo. AZoH$ df} O`d§V Xidr ho"b{bV'_Üò "R>UR>Unmi' `m ZmdmZo Iw_mgXmagXa {bhrV Am{U Vo "b{bV'Mo EH$ _moRo>MAmH$f©U hmoVo. gm{hË` {dœmV H$m` KS>V AmhoVo, åhUOo Zì`m nwñVH$m§Mo AmJ_Z, AZoH$gm{h{Ë`H$ nwañH$ma, gm{h{Ë`H$ CnH«$_ Am{UH$m`©H«$_ ho gmao "b{bV'_Üò h_Img AmT>iVo.`mM~amo~a nwñVH$ n[aM` Am{U g_rjmË_H$Aer AZoH${dY gXao "b{bV'Mo {deof AmH$f©UAmho. b{bVÀ`m "bjdoYr` nwñVHo$ {H$§dm"_mZmMo nmZ' `m gXam§_Üò Amnë`mnwñVH$m{df`r N>mnyZ òUo boIH$-àH$meH$m§ZmA{^_mZmMo dmQ>Vo Am{U Ë`mÛmaoM dmMH$m§ZmMmoI§XinUo nwñVH$m§Mr {ZdS> Am{U IaoXr H$aVmòVo. AZoH$ Áòð Am{U loð gm{h{Ë`H$ AmdO©yZ"b{bV'_Üò {bhrV AgVmV Am{U Ë`m_wioMAem XO}Xma gm{h{Ë`H$m§Mo boIZ Am{U dg§VgadQo> `m§Mo _wIn¥ð Agbobm "b{bV'Mm {XdmirA§H$ a{gH$m§Mo bj doYyZ KoVmo `mV Zdb Zmhr.

_amR>sV _m[gH$m§Ms H$_s Amho ho Va gË`M Amho. nU, Aem n[a{ñWVsV gmYZm,AZw^d Am[U A§VZm©X gma»`m§Mo à`ËZ OmñVM_mobmMo R>aVmV. Oéar Amho Vs ZdZì`m[dnUZV§ÌmZo Aem Mm§Jë`m _m[gH$m§ModJ©UsXma dmT>dm`Ms. Ë`mgmR>s AmnU gd©M_amR>s ào_tZs ^¸$_nUo `m _m[gH$m§À`m nmR>sesCô am[hbo nm[hOo. Amnbs H¥${VesbVmM `mnUË`m VodV Ro>dob. g§nH©$ : 9822003411

A§VZm©X :àH$meZ : _m[gH$dm[f©H$ dJ©Us é. 450/- XmoZ df} é. 880/-g§nH©$ : A§VZm©X, gs-2, JmS©>Z BñQo>Q>, dmàbogH$m°bZsOdi, Am¢Y, gs-411007.\$moZ : 020-65227233gmYZmàH$meZ : gmám[hH$dm[f©H$ dJ©Us : é. 500, XmoZ df} é. 1000/- VsZ df}: é. 1500g§nH©$ : gmYZm gmám[hH$, 926, gXm[ed noR>, ~°.JmS>Jsi añVm, nwUo-411030. AZw^dàH$meZ : _m[gH$ dm[f©H$ dJ©Us é. 500/- XmoZ df} é. 1000/- VsZ df}é. 1500/-g§nH©$ : `w[ZH$ [\$Mg©, 8 A[_V H$m°åßboŠg, 474,gXm[ed noR>, [Q>iH$ añVm, nwUo-411030.\$moZ : 020-24470896_w§~B© g§nH©$ : 105, lsàgÞ, H$~wVaImÝ`mOdi, ^dmZse§H$a amoS>, _w§~B©-400028.\$moZ - 022-24411398b{bVàH$meZ : _m{gH$dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur : énò 220, Mma dfmªMr gdbVrMrdJ©Ur é. 800/-g§nH©$ : 308, {\${ZŠg, 457, Eg.ìhr.nr. amoS>,{JaJmd, _w§~B©-400004.\$moZ : 23826225

62 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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n[hbs ^mfm AgVo. `m n[hë`m ^mfobm Z¡g[J©H$j_VoMo A[YîR>mZ Agë`m_wio Am[U _mZds _|Xy_Üò[Vbm Y«wdñWmZ [_imbobo Agë`m_wio, hs ^mfm hoË`m§Mo Am`wî`âmgmR>s Cn`moJmV òUmao gm_Ï`©AgVo. [dMma H$aUo, H$ënZm H$aUo, g_ñ`m [ZdmaUH$aUo Am[U Am¡nMm[aH$ [ejU KoUo `m gmè`mMJmoîQ>tMo à^mds gmYZ åhUOo hs _yi, Z¡g[J©H$n[agamVsb ^mfm AWdm _mV¥^mfm hoM AgVo. hsn[aga^mfm hoM [ejUmMo _mÜ`_ Agmdo AgoOJâmMo [ejU emók AmJ«hnyd©H$ gm§JVmV.

_hmamîQ´>mV _amR>s _wbm§À`m [ejUmMo Z¡g[J©H$_mÜ`_ _amR>s ^mfm hoM Amho. Ë`m_wio Os _wbo _amR>semim§_YyZ _amR>s _mÜ`_m§VyZ [eH$VmhoV, Ë`m§Zmn[hë`m ^mfoÀ`m gm_Ï`m©Mm bm^ Ë`m§À`m [ejUmVAmngyH$M [_iUma Amho. hm _amR>s ^mfoMme¡j[UH$ bm^ Xwb©jyZ Os _wbo B§J«Os _mÜ`_m§Vsb[ejUmH$So> diVmV Ë`m§À`m~m~VsV _mÌ [M¨VmH$amds Aes n[a{ñWVs Amho. B§J«Os emim Iyn~§[XñV AmhoV, Va _amR>s emim VwbZoZo Iyn bdMsH$AmhoV. Ë`m_wio _amR>s emim§Zm AmVm ñdV:V ~XbKS>dV CÚmÀ`m OsdZmbm gm_moao OmÊ`mMo AmìhmZ¿`md`mg haH$V Zmhs.

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hmoUmè`m _yë`ì`dñWoÀ`m [damoYmVM ñnîQ> ^y[_H$m¿`mds bmJob; Am[U Ves Vs ¿`m`Ms Va emo[fVd§[MVm§MsM g§K[Q>V VmH$X C^s H$amds bmJob...{ó`m§À`m d ewÐmXs-A[VewÐm§À`m [ejUmMsgwédmV H$ê$ZM [VMs C^maUs H$aVm òB©b. Ë`m§ZsemgZmbm Va Ë`mgmR>s AmdmhZ Ho$bo hmoVoM nU[VWoM Z Wm§~Vm Ë`m§Zs ñdV:M _wbtgmR>s d _hma-_m§Jm§gmR>s emim H$mTy>Z `m H$m`m©Mm ew^ma§^hs Ho$bmhmoVm. Ë`m§À`m AmYs H$moUË`mM ^maVs` ì`º$sZo hsYS>mS>s XmI[dbs ZìhVs. na§naoZo {ó`m§Zm d AÝ`H$[ZîR> OmVtZm [ejUd§[MV Ro>dyZ Oo Oo ZmH$mabo Vogmao Ë`m§Zm naV [_idyZ XoÊ`mMm EH$_od _mJ© åhUOoË`m§Zm [e[jV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Ms OmUsdOmJ¥Vs H$aUo,AmnU H$m` J_mdbo Amho `mMo ^mZ Am[U Vo[_i[dÊ`mMs AmH$m§jm Ë`m§À`m _ZmV OmJdUo hmMAmho Aes OmoVsamdm§Ms ImÌs hmoVs. Aem eãXm§V^mñH$a ^moio `m§Zs _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Ms [ejU[df`H$^y[_H$m Am[U _hVs _m§S>bs Amho.

Zdo [ejU, Zds [Xem

_hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zs h§Q>a Am`moJmnwTo> [ejUmÀ`mgmd©[ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>s [ejUmÀ`m _yb^yV h¸$mMs1882 gmbs _mJUs Ho$bs hmoVs. hm H$mi Ho$ìhmM_mJo nS>bm. [~«[Q>em§Ms gÎmm OmD$Z ^maVs`m§Ms gÎmm1947 gmbs `m XoemV Ambs. Ë`mbmhs 63 df}hmoD$Z Joë`mZ§Va 1 E[àb 2010nmgyZ ~mbH$mÀ`m_mo\$V d gº$sÀ`m [ejUmMm H$m`Xm A§_bmVAmbm. hm H$m`Xm [ejUg§~§[YV àËòH$mZo AmdOy©ZdmMbm nm[hOo. `m H$m`ÚmZo, XoemV, [ejUmÀ`mgmd©[ÌH$sH$aUmgmo~VM [ejUnÕVsVsbnR>S>s~ÕVm _moSy>Z H$mTy>Z, Ë`mV n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mMogyVmodmM Ho$bo Amho. XmoZ _hÎdmÀ`m XñVmdoOm§Msnmûd©^y_s `mg Amho. EH$ Amho, è nmb `m§À`mAÜ`jVoImbsb g[_VsZo V`ma Ho$bobm"AmoÂ`m[dZm [ejU' hm 1993 gmbs à[gÕPmbobm Ahdmb. `m AhdmbmZo àmW[_H$À`mñVamda _mV¥^mfm hoM [ejUmMo _mÜ`_ Agbonm[hOo ho AYmoao[IV H$aVmZmM EHy$U [ejUmVH$mbmZwê$n n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>s Zo_Š`m gyMZmhsHo$ë`m AmhoV.

Xwgam _hÎdmMm XñVmdoO Amho Vmo, 2005 gmbsH|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m AIË`m[aV àH$m[eV Pmbobm ZdsZ"[ejUH«$_mMm AmamIS>m.' `mM AmamIS>çmMmàË`jmV Adb§~ H|$Ð d amÁ` nmVù`m§da gÜ`mH$aÊ`mV òV Agë`m_wio, Ë`mVsb Zì`m aMZmdmXs[ejUàUmbsMm Ame` [Z nÕVs gd© g§~§[YVm§ZsAä`mgÊ`mMs JaO Amho. [ejU, emioÀ`m Mma[^¨Vs~mhoa, H«$[_H$ nwñVH$m§À`m Mm¡H$Q>sÀ`m ~mhoa,[ejH$m§À`m [eH$[dÊ`mÀ`m nbsH$So> Am[UdJmª_Ysb ~§[XñV nÕVtÀ`m ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ`m AmamIS>çmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. [ejUH¥$[Vesb H$aÊ`mMm Omo à`ËZ òWo Ho$bm AmhoË`m_mJo aMZmdmXs [ejUmMo n¸o$ emó Am[U[ejU[dMmam§Vsb g§emo[YV ~Xbm§Mm [Z Ë`m_mJsbg¡ÕmpÝVH$ Aä`mgm§Mm B[Vhmg Amho. hm B[VhmgH$gH$gm KS>V Jobm Am[U Ë`mVyZ Zì`mZo nwTo>Ambobs [Z OJâ gmd©[ÌH$arË`m ñdsH$mabs OmVAgbobs aMZmdmXs {ejUàUmbs H$m` Amho [ZË`mMo ì`mdhm[aH$ n[a_mU H$m` AmhoV, ho àm. a_oenmZgo `m§À`m "aMZmdmXs [ejU' `m AbsH$S>À`m(2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2010) J«§WmV àW_V:M _amR>sV_m§S>bo Jobo Amho.

Zdo kmZ emóAbsH$So> [ejUmV Amboë`m `m Zd[dMmam§Mm

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Zdo [ejU, Zì`m [Xem, Zdo J«§W

63OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Ë`mdarb [dûcofH$ [dMmam§VyZ KmVbm Jobm Amho.`m g§X^m©V AmdOy©Z dmMÊ`mgmaIo nwñVH$ åhUOo,ñdV: [n`mOoZoM Amnë`m gmè`m g§emoYZm§Mo gmagm§[JVbobo, "X gm`H$m°bm°Os Am°ìh X MmB©ëS>' hohmo`. [n`mOoMo _mZgemós` VÎdkmZ gmononUmZog_OmdyZ ¿`m`Mo Agob Va "[n`moOoO [WAarAm°ìh H$m°{¾[Q>ìh [S>ìhbn_|Q>' ho ~°ar Oo. dmS>gdW©`m§Mo nwñVH$ dmMUo BîQ>. `mVyZ ho Zdo kmZemóAmnë`mbm CbJSo>b.

[n`mOoMmM g_H$mbsZ nU OJmbmC[eam kmV Pmbobm a[e`Z ^mfmd¡km[ZH$-_mZgemók boìh dm`JmoQ>ñH$s `mMs "Wm°Q> A±S>b±½doO' Am[U "_mBªS> BZ gmogm`Q>s' hs XmoÝhsnwñVHo$, _mUgmÀ`m ñdV:À`m [eH$Ê`mes Agbobmg_mO-g§ñH¥$Vs g§~§Y g¡ÕmpÝVH$ nmVisda [deXH$aVmV. AË`mYw[ZH$ [ejUemómMm nm`m hmàm_w»`mZo [n`mOo Am[U dm`JmoQ>ñH$s `m§À`m[dMmam§À`m EH$[ÌV à^mdm§VyZ KS>bobm Amho.

_|Xyg§emoYZ d [ejUJoë`m AmR> dfmª_Üò [ejUemó nma ~XbyZ

Jobo Amho. Ë`mVhs Joë`m Vsg dfmªV _|Xy[df`H$g§emoYZ \$ma doJmZo nwTo> Ambo Amho; `m_wioM[dgmì`m eVH$mMo AIoaMo XeH$ (1991-2000) ho OmJ[VH$ ñVamda "_|Xy g§emoYZmMoXeH$' åhUyZ Jm¡a[dbo Jobo Amho. `m g§emoYZm§VyZ_mZds _|Xy AgVmo H$gm Am[U Vmo H$m`© H$gm H$aVmo,[eH$Vmo H$gm `m JmoîQ>s CbJSy> bmJë`m AmhoV.Amnbm _|Xy Am[U Amnbo [ejU Agm g§~§YZì`mZo OmoSy>Z, _|Xy AmYm[aV [ejUmMs Zdsg§H$ënZm [ejUì`dhmamV Ambs Amho. AmYw[ZH$[ejUmVsb hm AJXs ZdsZ Agm àdmh Amho;Am[U Vmo AmVm A[YH$ Cn`wº$ dmQ>V Agë`m_wiogd©_mÝ`hs hmoV Mmbbm Amho. hm g§~§Y àW_V:bmdyZ XmI[dÊ`mMm à`ËZ boñbs hmQ©> `m§ZsAmnë`m "øw_Z ~«oZ A±S> øw_Z b[ZªJ' (1983)`m J«§WmÛmao Ho$bm Amho. hsM _|Xy g§emoYZmMs [XemnwTo> KoD$Z [OAm°\«$s d [aZoQ> Ho$Z `m n[V-nËZtZs"_o[H¨$J H$ZoŠeÝg: [Q>qMJ A±S> X øw_Z ~«oZ'(1994) hm J«§W [gÕ Ho$bm. `m§MoM "_mBªS>[eâQ>g²' (1997) Am[U "12 ~«oZ/_mBªS> b[ZªJ[à{Ýgnb BZ A°ŠímZ' (2009) ho _|Xy AmYm[aV[ejUmMs VÎdo d àË`j ì`dhma `m§Ms gm§JS>KmbUmao J«§W, Aä`mgH$m§Zs dmMboM nm[hOoV AgoAmhoV. AbsH$So> _|Xy g§emoYZ d [ejU `m§Mmg¡ÕmpÝVH$ d àmË`[jH$ nmVisda [d[dYm§Js g§~§Ygm§JUmao Ajae: eoH$S>mo J«§W à[gÕ hmoV AmhoV.`m ~m~VtV "H$ZoŠQ>tJ ~«oZ [agM© [dW B\o$ŠQ>sìh[Q>qMJ' (2003) hm _[aEb hmS>u_Z `m§Mm J«§Whs

nmhÊ`mgmaIm Amho. _|XyMs aMZm d H$m`} g_OmdyZXoUmao AZoH$ J«§W B§J«Os ^mfoV Ambo AmhoV dAmUIshs à[gÕ hmoV AmhoV. CXmhaUmXmIbEH$-XmoZ J«§W gm§JVm òVsb. EH$, _mH©$ øw[~Z`m§Mm "hmD$ X ~«oZ dŠg©' hm qH$dm "_°[n¨J X _mBªS>'hm [aQ>m H$mQ©>a `m§Mm J«§W. _amR>sV, àm. a_oe nmZgod ghH$mar `m§Zs [b[hbobm "H$Vm©-H$a[dVm' hmJ«§Whs AemM [df`mda Amho.

~hw[dY ~w[Õ_Îmm§Mm [dMma

[ejU [dMmam§V _yb^yV n[adV©Z KS>dyZAmUUmè`m§V AbsH$S>À`m H$mimVsb _mZgemókhm°dS©> JmS©>Za `m§Mo Zmd àm_w»`mZo KoVbo OmVo.JmS©>Za `m§Zs 1983 gmbs àH$m[eV Ho$boë`mAmnë`m "\«o$åg Am°ìh _mBªS>' `m J«§WmÛmao,~w[Õ_Îmo[df`sÀ`m nma§n[aH$ [dMmambm H$bmQ>UsXoUmam "~hw[dY ~w[Õ_Îmm§Mm [gÕmÝV' _m§S>bmAm[U Ë`mZo [ejU [dûdmV _moR>s Ii~i CS>dyZ[Xbs. ~w[Õ_Îmm hs H$m`_ñdê$ns, AmZwd§[eH$AWdm H$_s-OmñV AgUmar EH$b j_Vm ZgyZCbQ>, AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m ~w[Õ_Îmm§Mm nQ>M àËòH$ì`º$sbm CnOV àmá Pmbobm AgVmo; VgoMàËòH$mMm hm nQ> doJdoJim AgVmo, Hw$Umbm EImXs~w[Õ_Îmm Vsd«VoZo Va Xwgar EImXs Aënm§emZo àmáPmbobs AgVo, Agm [dMma nwTo> AmUbm. Joë`mn§MdsgoH$ dfmªV `m [dMmambm gmd©[ÌH$arË`m_mÝ`Vm [_iVo Amho Ago [XgVo. hm°dS©> JmS©>Za`m§À`m Zmdmda dsg-n§Mdsg J«§W AmhoV. nU,Á`m§Zm ~hw[dY ~w[Õ_ÎmoÀ`m [gÕmÝVmMm àmW[_H$nU g[dñVa Aä`mg H$am`Mm Agob Ë`m§Zs,Ë`mn¡H$s dmMboM nm[hOoV, Ago J«§W åhUOo

"_{ëQ>nb B§Q>[bOÝgog' (1993) Am[U"B§Q>[bOÝg [a\«o$åS>' (1999) ho hmo`.

AmH$bZ[df`H$ emóhm°dS©> JmS©>Za `m§Zs _m§S>bobm ~hw[dY

~w[Õ_Îmm§Mm [dMma Am[U Ë`mMm AmOÀ`m åhUOoàM[bV [ejUmes VgoM doJù`m, Zì`m[ejUmes Agbobm g§~§Y CbJS>Umao Am[UCÚmÀ`m [ejUm[df`s H$mhs gm§JUmao Ago AZoH$boI ñdV: JmS©>Za `m§Zs [b[hbobo AmhoV. `mn¡H$s[ZdS>H$ boIm§Mm EH$ Aà[V_ g§J«h "X [S>ìhbn_|Q>A±S> EÁ`wHo$eZ Am°ìh X _mBªS>' `m ZmdmZo 2006gmbs àH$m[eV Pmbm Amho.

1956 gmbsM [ejUmbm nm`m^yV Ago Zdo[ejUmemó CX`mbm Ambo Amho. `mbm"AmH$bZ[df`H$ emó' (H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýg) AgoåhUVmV. da dU©Z Ho$boë`m [d[dY[dMmaàdmhm§_wio d Ë`m_mJsb eara[dkmZ,_mZgemó, ^mfmemó, _mZdd§eemó Am[U _w»`åhUOo _ÁOmemó d H¥$[Ì_ ~w[Õ_ÎmoMo emó`m§_Ysb g§emoYZm§_wio ho emó doJmZo [dH$[gV hmoVMmbbo Amho. [ejUì`dhmamV AgUmè`m gdmªZmho emó A[Zdm`© [df` åhUyZ [eH$mdo bmJUmaAmho. Ë`mgmR>s AWm©VM Amnë`mH$S>sb S>s.ES>.,~s.ES>., E_.ES>.Mo Aä`mgH«$_ ~XbÊ`mMs[ZVm§V JaO [Z_m©U Pmbs Amho. Zo_Š`m `m[df`mMm B[Vhmg d ñdê$n gm§JUmam nm`m^yV J«§WåhUyZ _s, hm°dS©> JmS©>Za `m§À`m "X _mBªS>g² Ý`ygm`Ýg' (1995) `m J«§WmMm C„oI H$arZ.

AmVm ho AmH$bZ[df`H$ ([ejU) emó doJmZo[dH$[gV hmoV Amho. gmh[OH$M `m [df`mdaZì`mZo AZoH$ J«§W [b[hbo OmV AmhoV d g§nm[XVHo$bo OmV AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, H°$amo[bZ gmo~ob `m§Mo"X H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýgog-A°Z B§Q>a[S>g{ßbZarA°àmoM' (2001), Zsb {ñQ>qb½O d BVa `m§Mo"H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýg-A°Z B§Q´>moS>ŠíZ' (1995),AWdm _m`Ho$b nm°gZa `m§Zs g§nm[XV Ho$bobo"\$mD§$So>eZ Am°ìh H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýg' (1989) hoH$mhs Z_wÝ`mMo J«§W. Aä`mgH«$_ aMZmH$mam§Zs `mAm[U Aem J«§Wm§Mm AmYma ¿`m`bm haH$V Zmhs.

~mb[ejU[ejU ì`dhmamÀ`m àË`j CVa§S>sV gdmªV

ImbÀ`m ñVamda Agbobm Am[U åhUyZ [H¨$~hwZmXwb©[jV am[hbobm [ejUñVa åhUOo ~mb[ejUhmo`! ~mb[ejU åhUOo _wbm§Mo gmYmaUnUoghmì`m dfm©n`ªVMo [ejU _mZbo OmVo. `mMm EH$^mJ åhUOo d`mÀ`m gmYmaUnUo AS>sM dfm©n`ªV_wbm§Mo KarM d ^modVmbÀ`m n[agamV hmoUmaoghO[ejU. Xwgam ^mJ åhUOo, AS>sM Vo gmSo>VsZ

64 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

`m d`mgmR>s AgUmar IoidmS>s, gmSo>VsZ VogmSo>Mma `m d`mgmR>s AgUmar [eewdmS>s Am[UgmSo>Mma Vo gmSo>nmM `m d`mH$[aVm AgUmar~mbdmS>s `m WmoS>çmem Am¡nMm[aH$ ì`dñWm§_ÜòhmoUmao AZm¡nMm[aH$ [ejU. ^maVmV Am[U AWm©VM_hmamîQ´>mVhs ho [ejU AmVm gmd©[ÌH$arË`m CnbãYhmoD$ bmJbo Amho. na§Vw, Ë`mMo g§nyU© emó AdJVH$ê$Z, {e{jH$m§Zs VÁkVm àmá H$ê$Z, ~mbH$m§À`membo`nyd© [ejUmMm KmQ> KmbUmè`m ~mbemimA^mdmZoM AmT>iVmV, Am[U ho [MÌ ËdaoZo~XbÊ`mMs JaO Amho.

^maVmVsb ~mb[ejUmMo n[hboAm§XmobZ [JOw^mB© ~YoH$m, Vmam~mB© _moS>H$,gabmXods gmam^mB© `m§Zs 1920À`m XeH$mVC^mabo. Ë`mZo ~mb[ejU Xoeâ AmoiIsMo PmboAm[U Ë`mMo ñdV:Mo åhUyZ H$mhs emó Amho `mMsOmUsdhs [ZXmZ [e[jV g_mOmV ngê$ bmJbs._hmamîQ´>mV Vmam~mB© _moS>H$, AZwVmB© dmK, [gŸwVmB©A§[~Ho$ `m§Zs J«m_sU ~mb[ejUmMo AZoH$ à`moJH$ê$Z H$mhs emós` Z_wZohs [gÕ Ho$bo. ~mbdmS>s,A§JUdmS>s, [dH$mgdmS>s, Hw$aUemim `m ZwgË`mA_yV© g§H$ënZm ZìhË`m Va emós` nm`m§darbà`moJm§VyZ _m§S>boë`m Am[U g_mO-JaOoVyZ [Z_m©UPmboë`m ì`mdhm[aH$ g§H$ënZm hmoË`m. àËòH$~mbdmS>s-A§JUdmS>s [e[jHo$Zo Am[U Ë`m§À`mg§ñWmMmbH$m§Zs hm ~mb[ejUmMm B[Vhmg, honm`m^yV emó g_OmdyZ KoD$Z A§JrH$maë`m[edmèmim Mmbdy ZòV. `m H$m`m©V Agboë`m§Zs Iyn [Z[d[dY VèhoMo ~mb[ejU[df`H$ dmL>²_` [Z_m©UHo$bo Amho. _amR>s [ejUào_tgmR>s VsZ J«§Wm§Ms[e\$mag H$aVm òB©b. EH$ Amho "[ejUVÁkVmam~mB© _moS>H$' ho nÙOm \$mQ>H$ `m§Zs [b[hboboVmam~mBªMo M[aÌ; XmoZ, "H$mog~mS>À`m Qo>H$S>sdê$Z' hoAZwVmB© dmK `m§Mo M[aÌ (1980) Am[U VsZ,[gŸwVmB© A§[~Ho$ `m§Mo AmË_M[aÌ "dQ>d¥jm§À`mgmdbsV' (2005).

_hmamîQ´>mV emós` ~mb[ejUmÀ`mgmd©[ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>s "_hmamîQ´> ~mb[ejUn[afXo'À`m ñWmnZoZo (1994) nwZíM Zì`mZoAm§XmobZ Cô am[hbo Amho. `m g§ñWoÀ`m~mb[ejUmgmR>s AZoH$ nw{ñVH$m àH$m[eV Pmë`mAmhoV. `m n[afXoÀ`m AmJ«hm_wio 1995 gmbs,_hmamîQ´> "amÁ`ñVar` ~mb[ejU g[_Vs' JR>sVHo$bs. `m g[_VsMm, ~mb[ejU emómMs OmUXoUmam Am[U ì`dhma gm§JUmam Aà[V_ AhdmbemgZmbm 1996 gmbs gmXa Pmbm. `m AhdmbmMoImOJs _wÐU, "emim§Mo H$m|S>dmSo> ZH$moV,

AmZ§XdmS>çm hì`mV!' `m ZmdmZo 1998_Üò à[gÕPmbo Amho. ~mbemim§Zs `m emgH$s` AhdmbmÀ`mAmYmao Amnë`m ~mbemim ~oVm`bm haH$V Zmhs.emós` ~mb[ejUmMm B[Vhmg gm§JUmar XmoZnwñVHo$ _amR>sV CnbãY AmhoV. EH$ Amho Vo ls. eofZm_bo `m§Mo "^maVs` ~mb[ejUmMm B[Vhmg'(1986) ho nwñVH$ d Xwgao Amho àm. a_oe nmZgo`m§Mo "~mb[ejU ñdê$n d [Xem' (2005).

~mb[ejUmMo Zdo emó ~mb[ejUmMo emóhs AmVm ~XbVo Amho.

Zdg§emoYZm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo Vo [d[dY A§Jm§Zs[dH${gV hmoV Amho. [deofV: VsZ A§Jm§Zs

~mb[ejUmMo _hÎd Zì`mZo _m§S>bo OmV Amho. 1. _|Xy[df`H$ AbsH$S>À`m g§emoYZmVyZ

Ago bjmV Ambo Amho H$s _|Xy hm _mUgmMm[eH$Ê`mMm Ad`d Amho. OÝ_ë`mnmgyZ _|XyÀ`mZ¡g[J©H$ j_Vm§À`m AmYmao d Ë`m§À`m [dH$mgmÀ`mnm`è`m§Zs, ~mbH$ Amnbo [ejU AmnU H$arVOmVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m~m~VsV _|Xy[dH$mg hsM_hÎdmMs KQ>Zm AgVo. Agohs bjmV Ambo Amho H$sgmYmaUnUo AmR> dfmªn`ªVMo d` ho _|Xy KS>UsMo dÀgVo. Ë`m_wio _|Xy KS>Usbm nyaH$ AgUmao Am[U_|Xy KS>Usbm KmVH$ ZgUmao Ago ~mb[ejUmMoñdê$n Zì`mZo R>a[dbo OmV Amho.

2. AbsH$So> àË`j à`moJm§VyZ Agohs [XgyZAmbo Amho H$s Á`m§Mo ~mb[ejU emós` nÕVtZs,

AmZ§X_` dmVmdaUmV Am[U VmUa[hV Ago hmoVo.Ë`m§Mm _|Xy nwT>sb nmVù`m§darb Am¡nMm[aH$[ejUmgmR>s A[YH$ Mm§Jbm V`ma hmoVmo. ì`º$sÀ`mnwT>sb gd© [ejUmbm nm`m^yV åhUyZ ~mb[ejU_hÎdmMo _mZbo OmV Amho. Vo gd©M ~mbH$m§Zmg_mZVoZo [_iUo, ho bmoH$emhses gwg§JV Am[UnwT>sb [nT>çm A[YH$ gj_ H$aUmao Ago YmoaU Rê$eHo$b.

3. [ejU[df`H$ AW©emómVsbg§emoYZm§VyZ ~mb[ejUmMs EH$ à^mds Aes ~mOyàH$memV Ambs Amho. ^m¡[VH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m ^m§S>dbsJ§wVdUwH$snojm _mZds ^m§S>dbmV Pmbobs J§wVdUyH$A[YH$ à_mUmV Am[W©H$ bm^ XoVo ho nÞmgdfmªnyduM [gÕ Pmbobo Amho. AmVm, Ago bjmVAmbo Amho H$s Cƒ [ejUmnojm àmW[_H$ [ejUmdaAm[U Ë`mhsnojm ~mb{ejUmda Ho$boë`mJ§wVdUwH$sda [_iUmam d¡`{º$H$ d gm_m[OH$ñdê$nmMm Am[W©H$ bm^ hm àM§S> à_mUmda AgVmo.`m g§X^m©V, AW©emómMo Zmo~ob nm[aVmo[fH$ àmáHo$bobo àm. hoH$_Z `m§Mo ~mb[ejUmdarbJ§wVdUwH$sMo g§emoYZ _mÝ`Vmàmá Amho.

emós` ~mb[ejUmMo _hÎd gm§JUmao BVahsAZoH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. na§Vw, _bm àH$fm©Zo _hÎdmModmQ>bobo VsZ KQ>H$ òWo [Xbo AmhoV. àm_w»`mZo`mVyZM ~mb[ejUmMo Zdo emó AmVm ê$n KoD$bmJbo Amho. `mg§X^m©V H$mhs J«§Wm§Mm, `m Zì`m[XeoZo nU diÊ`mgmR>s Amnë`mbm Cn`moJ hmoD$eHo$b. EH$ åhUOo, "Qy>ëg Am°ìh X _mBªS>' hm~mb[ejUm[df`sMm dm`JmoQ>{ñH$`Z Ñ{îQ>H$moZgm§JUmam, 1996Mm J«§W, EboZm ~moÐmodm d So>~moam[bAm±J `m bo[IH$mÛ`m§Mm Amho. Vmo EH$ Zds [XemXoVmo. gwPmZ H$modm[bH$ `m A_o[aHo$Vsb EH$[ejUVÁk [dXwfs. Ë`m§Zs ~mb[ejUmMo EH$à[V_mZ Zì`mZo ~m§Ybo Amho. Ë`mbm "B§[Q>J«oQo>S>[W_°[Q>H$ BÝñQ´>ŠeZ (ITI) _m°So>b' Ago [VZo Zmd[Xbo Amho. `mM ZmdmZo [VZo, Amnbo à[V_mZg[dñVanUo _m§S>Umam J«§W V`ma Ho$bm Amho(1994). AmVm, ~hw[dY ~w[Õ_Îmm§À`m A§JmZohs~mb[ejUmVsb ì`dhmamMs Zds _m§S>Us Ho$bs OmVAmho. H$modm[bH$mÀ`m à[V_mZmV _|Xy g§emoYZmMmAmYma KoVbobm AmhoM; nU ñdV§ÌnUogwÕm, _|XyAmYm[aV [ejUmÀ`m [dMmam§da AmYm[aV Aes~mb[ejUmMs Zì`mZo _m§S>Us hmoV Amho._hmamîQ´>mVsb "J«m__§Jb g§ñWm' `m [XeoZo H$m`©aVAmho.

_hmamîQ´>mVsb _amR>s emim§nwTo> Amnë`mV ~XbKS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm àñVmd _s Ro>dsV Amho. Ë`mgmR>s

65OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

hs gmar J«§Wg§nXm [Xem Úm`bm g_W© Amho. _amR>semim§Zs g§K[Q>V ìhmdo, [ejU n[adV©ZmMo C[ÔîQ>g_moa Ro>dmdo, EH$Ì òD$Z [ejH$-g§MmbH$m§MoAä`mgJQ> [Z_m©U H$amdoV, à`moJ ìhmdoV,[dMmam§Ms [Z AmMmam§Ms XodKod ìhmds; Am[U`m§VyZ [ejU A[YH$ XO}Xma ìhmdo, [dÚmWuA[YH$ gj_, gOJ d g_W© ìhmdoV; Am[U ho gmaohmoÊ`mgmR>s B§Q>aZoQ>darb A_mn dmL>²_` Am[UZdZdo J«§W `m§Ms dmMZnyOm hmoV amhmds, AgodmQ>Vo.

Zì`m [ejUmgmR>s Zds [Xem XoUmao ZdoJ«§W

1. The beautiful tree : Indigenous

Indian Education in the eighteenth centu-

ry,

Dharmpal, other India press, Mapusa

403507, Goa, India. (1983)2. _hmË_m OmoVsamd \w$bo : dmagm Am[U dgm

: ^mñH$a bú_U ^moio, gmHo$V ~m~m ^m§S>, gmHo$VàH$meZ àm.[b., 115, _. Jm§YsZJa, ñQo>eZ amoS>,Am¡a§Jm~mX - 431005. (1990)

3. [ejm [~Zm ~moP Ho$ : ènmb, ^maVgaH$ma, _mZd g§gmYZ [dH$mg _§Ìmb`, [ejm[d^mJ, ZB© [X„s.

4. aMZmdmXs [ejU : a_oe nmZgo, 1452,a[ddma noR>, dmB©. [O. gmVmam. 412803.(2010).

5. Piaget's theory of cognitive develop-

ment : Barry J. Wadsworth, David Mckay

Company, INC. (1971)6. The psychology of the child: Jeam

Piaget and Barble Inhelder, Basic books,

387, Park Avenue south, New York, NY

10016-8810 (1969).

7. Mind in Society : The development

of Higher psychological processes: L.S.

Vygotsky, Harvard University press

Cambridge, Massachusetts London,

England. (1978)

8. Thought and Language : L.S

Vygotsky, the M.I.T. press, Massachusetts

Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

Massachusetts. (1962)

9. Human Brain and Human Learning :

Leslie A. Hart, books for educators,

p.o.Box.20525, village of oak creek,

Arizona 86341 (1983)

10. Mind shifts: Geoffrey Caine, Renate

Nummela Caine, Sam Crowell, zephyr

press, p.o.Box 66006, Tucson,AZ,

85728-6006.(1999)

11. Brain/Mind Learning principles in

action: Renate Nummela Caine,Geoffrey

Caine, Carol McClintic, Karl J.

Klimek, Corwin press, a SAGE company,

2455 teller road, thousand oaks,

California 91320 (2009).

12. Connecting Brain Research with

Effictive Teaching : Mariale M. Hardiman,

Rowman & Little field publishing

group, 4501, forbes boulevard, suite 200,

lanham, Maryland 20706. (2003)

13. How the brain works : Mark Wm.

Dubin, Blackwell publishing, C/o

AIDC,p.o.box 20,50 Winter sports lane,

Williston, vt 05495-0020.(2002)

14. H$Vm©-H$a[dVm: AmYw[ZH$ _|Xyg§emoYZ dAmnbo OsdZ : a_oe nmZgo, amÁ`ls jsagmJa,A[ZVm

Xoe_wI ~oëhoH$a, ^maVs` AW©[dkmZd[Y©Zs,AW©~moY, 968/21-22, goZmnVs ~mnQ> _mJ©,aËZm _o_mo[a`b hm°{ñnQ>beoOmar, nwUo 411016(2006)

15. Frames of Mind : The theory and

Multiple Intelligences : P. Howard

Gardner,

Basic books, 387, park avenue south,

New York, NY. 10016-8810. (1993).

16. Multiple Intelligences : Howard

Gardner, Basic books, 387, park avenue

south, New York, NY. 10016-8810.

(1993).

17. Intelligence Reframed : Howard

Gardner, Basic books, 387, park avenue

south, New York, NY. 10016-8810.

(1999).

18. The development and Education of

the mind : Howard Gardner, Routledge,

270, Madison Avenue, New York, NY

10016. (2006)

19. The minds New science : A History

of the cognitive Revolution, Howard

Gardner, Princeton University press.

(1979)

20. The Cognitive Science : An

Interdisciplinary approach : Carolyn P.

Sobel,

Mayfield publishing company, 1280,

villa street, mountain view, California.

94041. (2001)

21. Cognitive Science : An Introduction

: Neil A. Stillings, Steven E. Weisler,

Christopher H. Chase, Mark H.

Feinstein, Jay L. Garfield, Edwina L.

Rissland, Massachusetts Institute of

technology, a Bradford book, the MIT

press, Cambridge, Massachusetts,

London, England. (1995)

22. Foundation of Cognitive Science :

Michael I. Posher, Massachusetts Institute

Of technology, A brad ford book, the

MIT press, Cambridge Massachusetts,

London, England. (1996)

23. H$mog~mS>À`m Qo>H$S>sdê$Z : AZwVmB© dmK,F$Mm àH$meZ, gmoZmoar, 36, MaB©, R>mUo.400601. (2004)

24. dQ>d¥jm§À`m gmdbsV : [gŸwVmB© A§[~Ho$ :J«m__§Jb, aí_s 3/9, èls H$m°bZs,ZdghçmÐs, [dÇ>b _§[Xam_mJo, H$d}ZJa, nwUo411052 (2005)

25. emim§Mo H$m|S>dmSo> ZH$moV, AmZ§XdmS>çmhì`mV : am_ Omoes, [Z[Ib dmJio, AjaàH$meZ, 7-8

nm§Sx>a§J [~ëS>tJ, 178, O_eoXOs amoS>, _mhs_,_w§~B© 400016 (1998)

26. ~mb[ejU : ñdén d Zds [Xem : àm.a_oe nmZgo, XÎmmÌ` J. nmîQo>, S>m`_§S>n{ãbHo$eZg, 1691,

gXm[ed noR>, J«mhH$ noRo>Odi, [Q>iH$amoS>,nwUo 411030 (2005)

27. Tools of the mind : The Vygotskian

Approach to early childhood education:

Elena Bodrova, Deborah J. Leong,

Prentice-Hall, A simon & Schuster

company, Englewood cliffs, New

Jersey. 07632 (1996)

28. ITI : The model : Integrated

Thematic Instruction : Sunsan Kovalik,

Graphics & Associates. (1994)


66 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

imÀ`m AmoKmV ^mfm ~XbVo.g_mOmVsb ^mfoMo ñWmZ ~XbVo.^m[fH$ JaOm d ^mfm[ejUmMo

àmYmÝ`H«$_ ~XbVmV. gm_m[OH$ dmñVdm~amo~a^m[fH$ dmñVdhs ~XbV Agë`m_wio ^m[fH$dmL>²_`mMo ñdê$n Va ~XbVoM nU dmMH$dJ©hs~XbVmo. ^mfmä`mg d AÝ` emómä`mg `m§À`mg§`moJmVyZ Am§Va[dÚmemIs` ñdê$nmMo ^m[fH$dmL>²_`hs AmOÀ`m H$mimV [Z_m©U hmoVmZm [XgVo.Ë`m_wio ^m[fH$ dmL>²_`mMm dmMH$dJ© [dñVmabobm[XgVmo. dV©_mZ ^mfmì`dhmambm OmJ[VH$sH$aU d_m[hVs-V§ÌkmZ `m_wio AZoH$ n[a_mUo àmáPmë`m_wio AmOMo ^m[fH$ dmL>²_` åhUOo Ho$diì`mH$aU d ^mfmd¡km[ZH$ J«§W Ago am[hbobo Zmhs.Ë`mMs ì`más IynM [dñVmabobs d ì`m[_l~Zbobs Amho.

_amR>s ì`mH$aUmbm gw_mao e§â dfmªMs na§namAmho. ì`mH$aU hm ^mfoMm EH$H$m[bH$ Aä`mgAgë`m_wio [d[eîQ> ^mfoÀ`m ì`mH$aUmMo nwZb}IZd nwZ[d©Mma hs [ZË`mMs d ñdm^m[dH$ ~m~ R>aVo.Ë`mMo à[V[~¨~ _amR>s ì`mH$aUmÀ`m eVH$âmÀ`mdmQ>MmbsV C_Q>bobo [XgVo. _amR>sÀ`mì`mH$aUna§nao[df`s H$mhs R>iH$ JmoîQ>s bjmVòVmV Ë`m Aem:

_amR>s ì`mH$aUmda g§ñH¥$V d B§J«Os ì`mH$aUm§Mmà^md am[hbobm Amho. ^mfm[ejUm~amo~a ^mfoMoà_mUsH$aU H$aUo hohs Ama§^sÀ`m H$mimVsbì`mH$aUboIZmMo à`moOZ [XgVo; Am[U [Vgar_hÎdmMs JmoîQ> åhUOo øm na§naoV ñdV§Ìì`mH$aUJ«§W AmT>iVmV Ë`mà_mUoì`mH$aU[M[H$Ëgm d àM[bV ì`mH$aUmMs g_sjmH$aUmar nwñVHo$hs AmT>iVmV.

Á`m§Zm _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMs hs na§namg_OyZ ¿`m`Ms Amho Ë`m§Zs "_hmamîQ´> ^mfoMoì`mH$aU' (XmXmo~m nm§Sw>>a§J VI©S>H$a), "emós`_amR>s ì`mH$aU'(_moamo Ho$ed Xm_bo) AmXs _amR>sì`mH$aUJ«§W Va dmMmdoVM nU AmYw[ZH$ H$mimV_amR>s ì`mH$aU[dMmamV bjUs` â KmbUmao H¥$îUls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a øm§Zs _amR>sì`mH$aUaMZoMs d na§naoMs [M[H$ËgH$ d gmjons_m§S>Us H$aUmam Omo "_amR>s ì`mH$aUmMm B[Vhmg'[b[hbm Amho Vmo Adí` dmMmdm.

_amR>s ì`mH$aUaMZoMm Iam àma§^ [dë`_Ho$arÀ`m A GRAMMAR OF THE MAHARAT-

TA LANGUAGE (1805) øm ì`mH$aUmZo Pmbm

Agbm Var _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMm [df` [ZKVmo VoìhmAmOhs XmXmo~m-Xm_bo `m§À`m ì`mH$aUJ«§Wm§Mm[deof C„oI hmoVmo. Xm_bo `m§Mo "emós` _amR>sì`mH$aU' ho _amR>sMo n[hbo ~¥hV² ì`mH$aUAgë`m_wio Ë`mMs MMm© hmoUo ñdm^m[dH$ Amho.nU, Joë`m eVH$âmV _amR>s_Üò doJdoJù`mH$maUm§gmR>s XIb ¿`mds Ago ì`mH$aU[df`H$[dnwb boIZ Pmbobo Amho. Ë`m§V "_amR>s ^mfoMoZdsZ ì`mH$aU' (H¥$îUemós JmoS>~mobo), "àm¡T>~moY_amR>s ì`mH$aU' (am. [^. Omoes), "AmYw[ZH$_amR>sMo CƒVa ì`mH$aU' (_hmXod nm§Sw>a§Jg~Zsg) AmXtMm C„oI H$amdm bmJob.

Á`m dmMH$m§Zm _amR>s ì`mH$aUmVsb g_ñ`m§À`mAZwamoYmZo Pmboë`m boIZmV ag Amho Ë`m§Zs "_amR>sì`mH$aUmda [Z~§Y' (H¥$îUemós [MniyUH$a),"ì`mH$aU[df`H$ boI' (am.[^. Jw§OsH$a),

"_amR>sMo A§Va§JXe©Z' (Jmo[d¨X H¥$îU _moS>H$),"_amR>sÀ`m ì`mH$aUmMm nwZ[d©Mma' (Aa[d¨X_§Jê$iH$a), "_amR>s ì`mH$aU : dmX Am[U àdmX'(H¥$îU ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a) hs nwñVHo$ Adí`dmMmds. AbsH$S>À`m H$mimV e¡j[UH$ C[ÔîQo> d[dÚmWu-dJ© ZOaog_moa Ro>dyZ _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMmn[aM` H$ê$Z XoUmar d H$mhs à_mUmV [M[H$ËgmH$aUmar nwñVHo$hs [b[hbs Jobs AmhoV - [b[hbsOmV AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, "_amR>sMo ì`mH$aU'(bsbm Jmo[dbH$a), "_amR>s ì`mH$aU [ddoH$'(_m.Zm. AmMm`©) VgoM _mo.am. dmi§~o øm§Zs

embo` [dÚmÏ`mªgmR>s Ho$boë`m _amR>s ì`mH$aU dewÕboIZ[df`H$ boIZmMm C„oI _wÔm_ H$amdmbmJob.

ì`mH$aU hm ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo ^mfm[dMma AgbmVar Vmo ^mfm[d[eîQ> AgVmo. ^mfoMm gm_mÝ` demós` nmVisdarb [dMma hm AWm©VM ì`mnH$AgVmo. ^mfmd¡km[ZH$ Aä`mg åhUyZ Vmo AmoiIbmOmVmo. B§J«OsÀ`m VwbZoV _amR>sV ^mfmd¡km[ZH$ñdê$nmMo boIZ AË`ën Am[U Aì`má Agbo VarJoë`m H$mhs dfmªV Aem àH$maMo boIZ J«§Wê$nmV_amR>s dmMH$m§nwTo> òV Amho. [dÚmnsR>s` ñVamda_amR>sÀ`m nmR>çH«$_m§V gm[hË`m~amo~a ^m[fH$Aä`mgmbmhs [_imbobo ñWmZ ho Ë`mMo EH$ H$maUåhUVm òB©b. Eo[Vhm[gH$, dU©ZmË_H$,g_mOgmnoj, Cn`mo[OV Aem [d[dY A§Jm§ZsHo$bobm ^mfmä`mg e¡j[UH$ à`moOZmVyZ àH$m[eVhmoV Amho. Aem àH$maÀ`m J«§WdmMZmZo Amnbs^mfm[df`H$ g_O Va dmT>VoM [edm`^mfmOm[Udmhs [dñVmam`bm _XV hmoVo.

[ZdS>H$ J«§WgyMs- _amR>sVsb ì`mH$aUoVa^m[fH$ dmL>²_`mV Os R>iH$ [df`gyÌo AmT>iVmVVs Aes-

1._amR>s ^mfoMs {ñW[VJVs, _amR>snwT>sbAmìhmZo d _amR>sMs Midi; 2. ^mfoMm g¡Õm{ÝVH$Aä`mg; 3. _amR>s ^mfoMm CX` d [dH$mg; 4.à_mU _amR>sMm d _amR>sÀ`m ~mobtMm Aä`mg; 5.^mfmewÕs Am[U _amR>s ewÕboIZ[dMma; 6._amR>sMm bKwjoÌ[d[eîQ> dmna-àemg[ZH$,Ý`m`mb`sZ B.; 7. ^mfmÜ``Z d ^mfmÜ`mnZ; 8.^mfmì`dhma[df`H$ [ZarjUo-ñ\w$Q> boIZ, ñV§^boIZ; 9. ^mfm§Va; 10. ^mfm Am[U _m[hVs-V§ÌkmZ.

_amR>sV gm[hË`g_sjo~amo~a ^m[fH$dmL>²_`mVhs _hÎdnyU© â Q>mH$Umao Am[U _amR>sbmAmYw[ZH$ ^mfmd¡km[ZH$ g§H$ënZmMm n[aM` H$ê$ZXoUmao n[hbo Zmd g_moa òVo Vo S>m°. AemoH$ Ho$iH$a`m§Mo. Ë`m§Zs [b[hbobs "d¡Iar' Am[U "_Ü`_m' hsnwñVHo$ Ë`m§À`m ^mfm[df`H$ boIm§Ms g§H$bZoAgbs Var ^mfo[df`s __©ÑîQ>s XoUmar AmhoV.^mfm[dkmZmMo Aä`mgH$M Zìho, Va gd©gm_mÝ`dmMH$m§Zshs Vs AmdOy©Z dmMmds Aes AmhoV.Zm.Jmo. H$mbobH$a `m§Ms "^mfm Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs',"^mfm: B[Vhmg Am[U ^yJmob', "Üd[Z[dMma' hsnwñVHo$ AmO n[a^mfoÀ`m d g§H$ënZm§À`m nmVisdaOwZs dmQ>V Agbs Var EHo$H$mis _amR>sV ^m[fH$

H$m

S>m°. àH$me na~

ì`mH$aU Am[U ^mfmì`dhma

67OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

dmL>²_`mMs nmoH$is ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mMo Eo[Vhm[gH$H$m_ Ë`m§Zs Ho$bo Amho.

AbsH$S>À`m H$mimV [dÚmnsR>s` JaOoVyZAmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZmMm Zì`m n[a^mfogh n[aM`H$ê$Z XoUmar AZoH$ nwñVHo$ _amR>sV CnbãY PmbsAmhoV. Ë`m§n¡H$s H$mhs nwñVHo$ g§nm[XV AmhoV. CXm._mbeo-BZm_Xma-gmo_U [H¨$dm H$mio-gmo_U `m§Zsg§nm[XV Ho$bobs AZwH«$_o "^mfm[dkmZ- dU©ZmË_H$d Eo[Vhm[gH$, "AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZ' hs nwñVHo$."AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZ- [gÕmÝV d Cn`moOZ'(S>m°.[_[b¨X _mbeo) øm nwñVH$mVyZ ^mfmä`mgmÀ`mAmYw[ZH$ g§H$ënZm d emImonemIm `m§Mm Mm§Jbmn[aM` hmoVmo. _amR>s ^mfoMs CËnÎms, [VMm [dH$mg`m§[df`s _amR>sV ~arM nwñVHo$ AmhoV. CXm."_amR>s ^mfm CX²J_ Am[U [dH$mg'- H¥$.nm§.Hw$bH$Uu, "`mXdH$mbsZ _amR>s ^mfm'- e§.Jmo.Vwinwio, "^mfm[dMma Am[U _amR>s ^mfm' - J§.~.J«m_monmÜò, "_amR>s ^mfoMo _yi' - [dûdZmW I¡ao,"_amR>s ^mfoMm B[Vhmg' - J§.Zm. OmoJioH$a.^mfmewÕs d ewÕboIZ ho [df` _amR>sV gVVMM}V am[hbobo AmhoV. ^mfmewÕsÀ`m g§X^m©V ñdm.gmdaH$a (_amR>s ^mfoMo ewÕsH$aU) d _mYdamdnQ>dY©Z (^mfmewÕr-[ddoH$) hs Zmdo gdmªÀ`mn[aM`mMs AmhoV. _amR>sÀ`m ewÕboIZmbm gw_maoe§â dfmªMm B[Vhmg Amho. øm [df`mdanwñVH$ê$nmV [OVH$s MMm© CnbãY Amho Ë`mÀ`m[H$VsVar nQ>sZo Vs g^m-g§_obZm§VyZ d[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ Pmbobs Amho. øm[df`mMs_m[hVs H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>s - "_amR>sMo ewÕboIZ'(dg§V XmdVa), "ewÕboIZ-[ddoH$' (X.Z.JmoIbo) hs nwñVHo$ Adí` dmMm`bm hdsV.à_mU^mfm åhUyZ _amR>sMs OS>UKS>U H$es Pmbsho g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s "`wamo[n`Zm§Mm _amR>sMmAä`mg d godm' (ls._. [n¨Jo), "_amR>sÀ`m à_mU

^mfoMo ñdê$n' (gwhm[gZs bÔÖ) hs nwñVHo$ dmMVmòVsb. "àemg[ZH$ _amR>s ^mfoMm [dH$mg' (JsVm^mJdV), "Ý`m`mb`sZ ì`dhma Am[U _amR>s^mfm' (èd§Vamd MìhmU à[VîR>mZ-J«§Wmbs) hsnwñVHo$ [d[eîQ> ì`dhmajoÌmVsb _amR>sÀ`m dmnam-da àH$me Q>mH$VmV. AmOH$mb ^mfm§Vambm Iyn_hÎd [Xbo OmVo. ^mfm§VamÀ`m Vm{ÎdH$ MM}bmdm[hbobs AZoH$ nwñVHo$ _amR>sV AmhoV. CXm."^mfm§Va_s_m§gm' (g§nm. H$mio-gmo_U), "^mfm§Vaemó H$s H$bm' (_§.[d. \$mQ>H$, aOZs R>H$ma).Á`m§Zm _amR>sÀ`m àmXo[eH$ ~mobt_Üò ag AmhoË`m§À`mgmR>s _amR>sÀ`m [d[dY ~mobtMo Aä`mgnwñVH$ê$nmV CnbãY AmhoV. "dèhmS>s bmoH$^mfm- ^mfmemós` Aä`mg' (à[V_m B§Jmobo), "PmS>s~mobs - ^mfm Am[U Aä`mg' (h[aíM§Ð ~moaH$a)hs H$mhs CXmhaUo. gw_Z ~obdbH$a (~ob^mfm),A[dZme [~[Zdmbo (^mfm-Amnbs gdmªMsM,^mfmH$maU) `m§Zs ^mfmì`dhmamMm _m[_©H$ doYKoUmao ñ\w$Q> boIZ, ñV§^ boIZ Ho$bo VonwñVH$ê$nmVhs CnbãY Amho. _amR>s ^mfoMs{ñW[VJVs, [VÀ`mnwT>sb AmìhmZo hm _amR>s^mfmào_tMm, Aä`mgH$m§Mm gVV [M¨VoMm d[M¨VZmMm [df` am[hbobm Amho. [Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZøm [df`mda àM§S> boIZ PmboM; nU, Ë`mn¡H$sH$mhs nwñVH$ê$nmVhs Amnë`mbm dmMm`bm [_iVo."_amR>s Xs[nH$m' ([d.[^. H$mobVo), "_amR>s ^mfm :dmT> Am[U [~KmS' (ls.Ho$. jsagmJa), "_amR>sMo^[dVì`' (g§nm. A[dZme AmdbJmdH$a,_¥Um[bZs ehm), "_§WZ' (_hmamîQ´> emgZ) hsH$mhs R>iH$ CXmhaUo.

AJXs AbsH$So>, _amR>s ^mfoÀ`m g§dY©Zmbmdm[hboë`m "_amR>s Aä`mg H|$Ð' øm ñd`§godsg§ñWoZo àH$m[eV Ho$boë`m H$mhs nw{ñVH$m§VyZ _amR>s^mfonwT>sb {ñW[VJVsMm d {VÀ`mnwT>sb

AmìhmZm§Mm MidisÀ`m A§JmZo nU dñVw[ZîR>nUodoY KoVbobm [XgVmo. dV©_mZ _amR>s ^mfonwT>sbAmìhmZo Am[U Ë`mg§X^m©V H$am`Ms Cnm``moOZmg_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s nwT>sb nw{ñVH$m dmMm`bm hì`mV- "_amR>sMm OmhsaZm_m', "`w[ZH$moS> d g§JUH$mda_amR>sMm dmna', "bT>m _amR>s emim§Mm',"_amR>sÀ`m Cƒ [ejUmMs Xem Am[U [Xem',"Ý`m`mÀ`m àVsjoV _amR>s'. àemgZmVsb _amR>s^mfoMm dmna, gaH$mar _amR>s `m§da AZoH$Xm Q>sH$mhmoV Agbs Var nm[a^m[fH$ _amR>s, àemg[ZH$boIZ Am[U Img A_amR>s ^mfH$m§gmR>s _amR>s `m[df`m§V amÁ` emgZmÀ`m ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mZo damÁ` _amR>s [dH$mg g§ñWoZo Oo nm`m^yV ñdê$nmMoH$m`© Ho$bo Amho Vo àe§gZs` Amho. àemg[ZH$boIZ, amO^mfm n[aM` øm nwñVH$m§~amo~a [d[dYn[a^mfmH$moem§À`m, [deofV : "nXZm_ H$moe' d"emgZ ì`dhma H$moe' `m§À`m àñVmdZm dmMë`mAgVm àemg[ZH$ _amR>sÀ`m OS>UKS>UsgmR>s amÁèmgZmZo Ho$boë`m à`ËZm§Ms H$ënZm òVo. gm[hË`_hm_§S>imZo V`ma Ho$boë`m ewÕboIZmbm emgZ[ZU©` nm[aV H$ê$Z _mÝ`Vm [Xë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm àgmaìhmdm Am[U ì`dhmamV boIZmMo àm_mÊ` OnboOmdo åhUyZ Zm__mÌ XamV ewÕboIZmÀ`m nw{ñVH$mCnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV àW_ emgZmZoM nwT>mH$maKoVbm. OmVm OmVm, "^mfm Am[U OsdZ' _amR>s Aä`mg n[afX, nwUo øm ^mfmì`dhmambmdm[hboë`m Ì¡_m[gH$mMm C„oI H$am`bm hdm.AmOda à[gÕ Pmboë`m AZoH$ A§H$m§VyZ øm[Z`VH$m[bH$mZo _amR>sVsb ^mfm[dMmamMoâUnmofU Ho$bobo Amho. J«m§[WH$ boIZmBVHo$MË`mMohs _hÎd Amho. _amR>s Aä`mg n[afX, nwUo.g§nH©$ : 9892816240B©-‘ob : [email protected]

1 _hmamîQ´> ^mfoMo ì`mH$aU - XmXmo~m nm§Sw>a§J VI©S>H$a2 _amR>s ì`mH$aUmda [Z~§Y - H¥$îUemós [MniyUH$a3 am_M§Ð [^H$mOs Jw§OsH$a `m§Mo g§H$[bV boI - am.[^. Jw§OsH$a4 emós` _amR>s ì`mH$aU - _moamo Ho$ed Xm_bo5 AmYw[ZH$ _amR>sMo CƒVa ì`mH$aU - _hmXod nm§Sw>a§J g~Zsg6 nm[UZs` ì`mH$aU Am[U ^mfm-VÎdkmZ - dm_Zemós ^mJdV7 _amR>sÀ`m ì`mH$aUmMm nwZ[d©Mma - Aa[d¨X _§Jê$iH$a8 _amR>s ì`mH$aU : dmX Am[U àdmX - H¥$îU ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a9 _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMm B[Vhmg - H¥$îU ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a10 `wamo[n`Zm§Mm _amR>sMm Aä`mg d godm - ls._. [n¨Jo11 ^mfm Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs - Zm.Jmo. H$mbobH$a12 ^mfm[dMma Am[U _amR>s ^mfm - J§.~. J«m_monmÜò13 d¡Iar - AemoH$ Ho$iH$a

14 _Ü`_m - AemoH$ Ho$iH$a15 _amR>s Xs[nH$m - [d.[^. H$mobVo16 _amR>s ^mfm : dmT> Am[U [~KmS> - ls.Ho$. jsagmJa 17 _amR>s ^mfoMm B[Vhmg - J§.Zm. OmoJioH$a18 _amR>s ^mfoMo _yi - [dûdZmW I¡ao19 d¥Õr - [XZoe _mhwbH$a20 XIZs ^mfm - ls.a§. Hw$bH$Uu21 _amR>sMo [ejU - dg§V XmdVa22 ewÕboIZ-[ddoH$ - X.Z. JmoIbo 23 AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZ : [gÕmÝV d Cn`moOZ - [_[b¨X _mbeo24 PmS>s ~mobs - ^mfm Am[U Aä`mg - h[aíM§Ð ~moaH$a25 ~ob^mfm - gw_Z ~obdbH$a

68 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

T> [ejU [H¨$dm àm¡T> gmjaVm hm [df`gd©gmYmaU gw[e[jV _mUgm§À`mAmdS>sMm [H¨$dm [Oìhmù`mMm \$magm

H$Yshs ZìhVm. [ZajaVo_wio òUmè`m AS>MUsAWdm hmoUmar Hw$M§~Um `m§Mm Ë`m§Zm ñdV:bmH$YsM gm_Zm H$amdm bmJbm Zmhs. Ë`m_wio àm¡T>gmjaVoMs Amg [H¨$dm AmM ~hwg§»` gw[e[jVm§ZmOmUdbsM Zmhs. Ë`m H$maUmZo `m [df`mg§~§Ym§VH$mhs dmL²>_`[Z[_©Vs hmoUo AeŠ`àm` hmooVo ho CKS>Amho.

^maVm_Üò [Zaja àm¡T>m§À`m [ejUmMs àW_XIb KoVbs Jobs Vs [~«[Q>e gaH$maZo Zo_boë`m1882-83 À`m h§Q>a Am`moJmZo. [Zaja àm¡T>m§gmR>sh§Q>a Am`moJmZo amÌemim§Ms [e\$mag Ho$bs. `m[e\$maesZwgma H$mhs à_mUmV amÌemim gwê$Pmë`m. Ë`m§Mo H$m`© 10 dfmªn`ªV ~è`mn¡H$s Mmbyam[hbo. nU, Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ AS>MUt_wioamÌemim§Ms bmoH$[à`Vm g§nwîQ>mV Ambs.

^maVmVsb àm¡T> gmjaVoMo Am§XmobZ Iè`mAWm©Zo _hmË_m Jm§YtZs gwê$ Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í`bT>çmVgd©gm_mÝ` OZVoMm à^mds gh^mJ[_i[dÊ`mgmR>s gmjaVoMs AË`§V JaO Amho, hoË`m§Zs AmoiIbo Am[U Ë`m§À`m àoaUZoñdmV§Í`bTçmMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZM gmjaVoMo dJ©gwê$ Pmbo. _hmË_mOtZs gmjaVoÀ`m Midis~m~V~aoMgo ñ\w$Q>boIZ Ho$bo. na§Vw, àm¡T> gmjaVoMoVÎdkmZ dm ñdê$n [deX H$aUmao J«§WboIZ Ho$boZmhs.

"àm¡T> [ejU dmL²>_`' `m [df`mMm [dMmaH$aVmZm Ë`mMo VsZ ^mJ H$amdoV Ago dmQ>Vo:

1. àm¡T>gmjaVoMo VÎdkmZ d ñdê$n [deXH$aUmao dmL²>_`.

2. [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zm gmjaVm [eH$dÊ`mgmR>sV`ma Ho$bobo dmL²>_`.

3. gmjaVoMo AÜ``Z nyU© H$ê$Z ZdgmjaPmboë`m àm¡T>m§gmR>s V`ma Ho$bobo dmMZ gm[hË`.

`mn¡H$s ^mJ 1_Üò _moOHo$M gm[hË`CnbãY Amho. _mÌ, ^mJ 2 d ^mJ 3_Üò [Z_m©UPmbobo gm[hË` [dnwb Am[U [d[dYVmnyU© Amho.`m VsZhs ^mJm§Mm EH$-EH$ H$ê$Z AmT>mdm KoD$`m.

àm¡T>gmjaVoMo VÎdkmZ d ñdê$n [deX H$aUmao gm[hË`

1. h§Q>a Ahdmb-1882-83 `m AhdmbmMoñdê$n d _hÎd `mAmYsM Z_yX Ho$bobo Amho.

2. [ejU Am`moJmMm Ahdmb 1964-66[ejUVÁk S>m°. S>s.Eg. H$moR>mar `m§À`m

AÜ`jVoImbs Zo_boë`m Am`moJmMm hm Ahdmb^maVs` [ejU joÌmgmR>s nm`m^yV _mZbm OmVmo.`m AhdmbmZo [ejUjoÌmÀ`m [d[dY A§Jm§MmgdªH$f nam_e© KoVbm Amho. àm¡T> [ejU `m[df`mgmR>s 18 nmZo XoÊ`mV Ambs AmhoV. (422Vo 439) `m_Üò àm¡T>[ejUmMs g§H$ënZm, ñdê$nd JaO `m§Ms _m¡[bH$ _s_m§gm H$aÊ`mV AmbsAmho. Z_wÝ`mgmR>s EH$ N>moQ>m CVmam Imbs XoVAmho:-

"AmYw[ZH$ OsdZmMs {ñWVs [Zajam§Zm [ZH¥$îQ>OsdZ OJUo ^mJ nmS>Vo. C[MV Am[W©H$ [_iH$VsMo_mJ© Ë`mbm \$mago CnbãY ZgVmV. A[e[jV_mUyg hm IamoIa ñdV§Ì ZmJ[aH$ Zmhs. gmd©[ÌH$ñdê$nmVsb [ZajaVm Am[W©H$ d gm_m[OH$ àJVs

amoIVo, Am[W©H$ CËnmXZj_VoMs, bmoH$g§»`m[Z`§ÌUmMs, amîQ´>s` EH$mË_VoMs, gwajoMs dñdÀN>VoMs hmZs H$aVo.'

3. Pedagogy Of the oppressed-Paulo

Friere

[ejUmMo VÎdkmZ `m [df`mMm àmÜ`mnH$Agboë`m nmdbmo \«o$AarMo ho nwñVH$ åhUOo[ejUjoÌmVsb d¡Mm[aH$ _dminUmda Q>mH$bobsEH$ H«$m§[VH$maH$ [R>UJsM Amho.

"emo[fVm§Mo [ejUemó' ho EH$ Ago gmYZ AmhoH$s Á`m_wio emo[fV Am[U emofH$ ho XmoKohsA_mZdsH$aUmMoM Am[dîH$ma AmhoV, `mMm[ZUm©`H$ gmjmËH$ma emo[fVm§Zm hmoVmo. hs[ejUnÕVs Aes Amho H$s Os emo[fVm§À`m_mUygnUmMo nwZéÁOsdZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m AWH$bT>çmMm A[d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~ZVo. hs [ejUnÕVsemofU d Ë`mMs H$maUo `m ~m~tda emo[fV ì`º$tZm[M¨VZ H$am`bm bmdVo. `m [M¨VZmVyZM Ë`m§À`m_wº$sÀ`m g§Kfm©V Ë`m§Mm Amdí`H$ Vmo gh^mJKSy>Z òB©b. hm g§Kf© gVV Zds Zds ê$no YmaUH$arV amhsb.'

"_wº$s [_idÊ`mÀ`m H$m_[JargmR>s Cn`moJmVAmUm`Ms AMyH$ H«$m§[VH$mar nÕV åhUOo g§dmX.AmnU Amnë`m _wº$sgmR>s bT>bo nm[hOo, AgmR>m_ [dûdmg emo[fVm§À`m _ZmV H«$m§{VH$marZoV¥Ëdm_wio Zìho, Va Ë`m§À`mV Pmboë`mAmË_OmJ¥Vs_wio [Z_m©U hmoVmo. g§dmXm[dZm[dMmam§Ms XodKod Zmhs d [dMmam§À`mXodKods[edm` Iao [ejU eŠ`M Zmhs.'

Va Ago hmoVo nmdbmo H«o$AarMo àIa [dMma. `m[dMmam§Zs [ejUjoÌmV EH$ Zdm bT>mD$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZéOdbm.

4. Cultural Action For Freedom-Paulo

Freire

ho nwñVH$ [ejUemómÀ`m d [deofV: àm¡T>[ejUmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo àM§S> Amho. [Zaja àm¡T>m§ZmgmjaVm XoÊ`mMm EH$ AmJimdoJim \§$S>m Ë`mZogmXa Ho$bm. "_yH$g§ñH¥$Vs' hs Zds g§H$ënZm _m§Sy>ZJar~ d emo[fV [Zajam§Zs gd©M ~m~VsV H$go _m¡ZñdsH$mabo Amho, ho Ë`mZo XmIdyZ [Xbo. `mVyZ Ë`m§Zm~mhoa H$mT>Uo åhUOo _yH$ g§ñH¥$Vs VmoS>Uo. `mnmûd©^y_sda \«o$Aar Ago åhUVmo H$s, gmjaVmåhUOo eãX, Ajao, dmŠò `m§Ms [bImnT>s Zìho,Va ñdV:À`m XwadñWoVyZ _wº$s [_i[dÊ`mgmR>s^mfoMo hË`ma dmnaÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` hmo`.

nmdbmo \«o$AarÀ`m VoOñds [dMmagaUs~m~V[bhmdo VodTo> WmoSo>M Amho. [Okmg§yZs hs XmoÝhsnwñVHo$ _wimV dmMm`bm hdsV.

5. Some Perspective of Non-Formal

Education - J.P. Naik

Aja-H$ënd¥jmMm ~ha

S>m°. _wabsYa JmoSo>

àm¡

69OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Am§VaamîQ´>s` »`mVsMo [ejUVÁk Agboë`mls. Oo.ns. ZmB©H$ `m§Zs `m nwñVH$mV AZm¡nMm[aH$[ejUmMs g§H$ënZm [deX Ho$bs Amho. Am¡nMm[aH$AZm¡nMm[aH$ [ejUmVsb \$aH$ ñnîQ> Ho$bm Amho.Amnë`m XoemMs àM§S> bmoH$g§»`m d VwQ>nw§Osg§gmYZo bjmV KoVm AZm¡nMm[aH$ [ejUmÀ`mH$doV gdmªZm gm_mdyZ KoUo AeŠ` Amho. Ë`m_wioemio~mhoa Agboë`m _wbm§gmR>s AZm¡nMm[aH$[ejUmMs gw[dYm VgoM [Zaja àm¡T>m§gmR>s àm¡T>gmjaVoMs gmo` CnbãY H$am`bm hds. VgoM [ejUmÀ`m n[aKmV òD$ Z eH$Umè`m_wbm§Zm [ejUmÀ`m àdmhmV AmUUo AË`§V_hÎdmMo Amho.

(II) [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zm gmjaVm [eH$dÊ`mgmR>sV`ma Ho$bobo dmL²>_`.

1. `m àH$mamV n[hbo CnbãY Agboboàma§[^H$ nwñVH$ åhUOo H¥$.J. ghò~wÕo `màmW[_H$ [ejH$m§Zs V`ma Ho$bobo 1935 gmbMo"àm¡T>gmja' ho nwñVH$. `m_Üò n[a[MV dñVy§Ms[MÌo XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo Zm_Xe©H$ eãX nwTo> [Xbo AmhoV.Mma eãXm§Mm EH$, `màH$mao nmM JQ> V`ma H$ê$ZË`m_Üò "A' Vo "k'n`ªV Ajam§Ms _m[hVs H$ê$Z[Xbs Amho. `mZ§Va eãXm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z dmŠòhs~Zdbs AmhoV.

2. `mZ§Va 1939 gmbs nwT>sb nwñVHo$ à[gÕPmbs. A) bmoH$[ejU_mbm nwñVH$ n[hbo-dm.am.Hw$bH$Uu; ~) àm¡T> gmjaVm àgma_mbm-XodHw$io d[e¨Xo; H$) g§KQ>H$ [ejH$-AjaAmoiI-e§.am.^mJdV. `m VsZhs nwñVH$m§V Ajao [eH$dÊ`mgmR>seãX nÕVsMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm Amho.

3. 1942 gmbs _§Ìs d XodHw$io `mboIH$Û`tZs [b[hbobs g_mO [ejU àgma_mbm^mJ 1 d 2 hs àma§[^H$ nwñVHo$ AË`§V d¡[eîQçnyU©AmhoV. n[hë`m ^mJmV _wimjao d d¥Õs AgyZ, hmAä`mgH«$_ gmYmaU Mma _[hÝ`m§Mm Amho. Xwgè`m^mJmV Vm|S>s [hemo~, ~oarO, dOm~mH$s, a§OH$JmUs, _VXmZ, Amamo½` B.Mm g_mdoe Amho.n[hë`m ^mJmVsb n[hë`m YS>çmVsb,JO|Ð_mojmÀ`m _Zmoha H$WoMo H$WZ H$arV H$arVH$_i, _i, _mi, _mim, H$i, H$mi, H$mim AgoeãX [eH$dÊ`mMs A\$bmVyZ H$ënZm `mV Amho.~mH$sMs dU©_mbmhs AesM JmoîQ>s-JmÊ`mVyZ gmXaHo$bs Amho. àm¡T>[ejUmgmR>s hs XmoÝhs nwñVHo$ IynbmoH$[à` R>abs. Ë`m§À`m dsgnojmhs OmñVAmd¥Î`m [ZKmë`m.

4) 1961_Üò _hmamîQ´>mV A^yVnyd© AesJ«m_[ejU _mohs_ gwê$ Pmbs. `m _mo[h_ogmR>slsd„^ d XÎmmÌo` AdMQ> `m§Zs V`ma Ho$bobo

J«m_[ejU dmMZnmR> ho àma§[^H$ nwñVH$ 1962gmbs àH$m[eV Pmbo.

e¡j[UH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmMo åhUOo AJXsgwédmVsnmgyZ Ho$ìhmhs àm¡T> gmjaVoÀ`m àma§[^H$nwñVH$m§_Üò "ls JUoem' [H¨$dm "J_^Z' Aem_wimja nÕVsMm Adb§~ Ho$bobm Zmhs. àm¡T>m§gmR>sgwg§JV Aem eãXnÕVsMmM dmna Ho$bm Amho.

5) 1978 gmb ho ^maVmÀ`m àm¡T>[ejUmÀ`mB[VhmgmV _¡bmMm XJS> R>amdo Ago Amho. H$maU,`m dfu amîQ´>s` àm¡T>[ejU H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ Pmbm.nyU©V: Xoeì`mns nmVisda gwê$ Ho$bobm Amnë`mXoemVsb hm n[hbmM àm¡T> [ejU H$m`©H«$_. XwgaoåhUOo Ho$di gmjaVm ho H$m`©H«$_mMo C[ÔîQ> ZRo>dVm gmjaVoÀ`m ~amo~arZo OmUsd OmJ¥Vs dH$m`m©Ë_H$Vm ho XmoZ KQ>H$ OmoS>Ê`mV Ambo. AmYsC„oI Ho$boë`m nmdbmo \«o$AarÀ`m [dMmam§MmM hmà^md hmoVm.

"OmUsd OmJ¥Vs'_Üò [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zs Amnë`mOsdZg_ñ`m§Ms _m[hVs H$ê$Z ¿`mds, Ë`mda gd©A§Jm§Zs MMm© H$amds Am[U g_ñ`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>sì`{º$JV AWdm gm§[KH$ nmVisda ñdV: à`ËZH$aÊ`mg [gÕ ìhmdo hs Anojm hmoVs. Va"H$m`m©Ë_H$Vm' åhUOo d¡`{º$H$ OsdZmV [H¨$dmAmnU H$aV Agboë`m ì`dgm`mV Amdí`H$H$m¡eëò àmá H$ê$Z gj_Vm XmI[dUo Aem VèhoZoàm¡T>gmjaVm åhUOo OsdZ n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ åhUyZJ[a~m§À`m OsdZmMo A[d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zbo.

àm¡T> [ejUmMm Ñ{îQ>H$moZM ~Xbë`mZo Vo[eH$dUmè`m gm[hË`mMo ê$nhs Am_ybmJ« ~XbUoAn[ahm`© hmoVo. nmR>m§Mo [df` g_ñ`m§es [ZJ{S>V~Zbo. CXm. H$m_, H$_mB©, g\$mB©, PmonS>nÅ>s,~m`H$m§Mo nyaH$ CÚmoJ, Xmê$Mm Ìmg, ~oH$mar B.

`m àma§[^H$ gm[hË`mMm [MÌH$mahs AmVm Ho$digOmdQ>H$ma ZìhVm, Va Vmo àoaH$ [MÌm§Mm [MÌH$mahmoVm. àoaH$ [MÌ åhUOo Ago [MÌ H$s Oo[Zajam§À`m OsdZmes g§~§[YV Agob d Vonm[hë`mda Ë`m§Zm ~mobmdogo dmQo>b. CXm. nS>Š`mPmonS>sV \$mQ>Š`mVwQ>Š`m bwJS>çmV Mwbsnmes^mH$è`m ^mOVm ^mOVm CÚmÀ`m [M¨VoV JT>bobs~mB©, Xmê$À`m ZeoV ~m`H$m nmoam§Zm ~S>dUmam [H¨$dmJQ>mamV bmoiUmam _mUyg, PmonS>sMs S>mJSw>OsH$aUmam _mUyg B.

B§[S>`Z B{ÝñQ>QçyQ> Am°\$ EÁ`wHo$eZ, nwUo `m§À`mamÁ` gmYZ H|$ÐmZo V`ma Ho$bobo àma§[^H$ nwñVH$d¡[eîQçnyU© Amho. Ë`m_Üò Jar~ OZVoÀ`m g_ñ`m_m§S>ë`m AmhoVM. [edm` ho àíZ gmoS>[dÊ`mgmR>sAmnU H$m` H$ê$ eH$Vmo, `mMmhs [dMma àm¡T>m§À`m_ZmV `mdm Aes dmŠ`m§Ms aMZm Amho. AZoH$

nmR>m§Mm eodQ> àíZmW©H$ dmŠ`mZo Ho$bm Amho. hoVy hmH$s nmR> g§nVmZm Ë`m§À`m [dMmaà[H«$òbm MmbZm[_imds.

6. nmdbmo \«o$AarÀ`mM [ejUàUmbsdaAmYm[aV _w§~B© eha g_mO [ejU g[_VsZokmZXsn àdo[eH$m ^mJ 1 d 2 hs nwñVHo$ V`maHo$bs. Ë`m§Mm bú`JQ> ehar [Zaja hm hmoVm.

_mÌ, _w§~B© eha g_mO [ejU g[_VsZo EH$nmD$b gdmªÀ`mhs nwTo> Q>mH$bo. kmZXsn àdo[eH$m^mJ 1_Ysb 60 nmR> _w§~B© XyaXe©Zdê$ZZmQçê$nmZo gmXa Ho$bo. `m XyaXe©Z H$m`©H«$_mMo ZmdhmoVo "kmZXsn'. hm H$m`©H«$_ BVH$m bmoH$[à` PmbmH$s Vmo XyaXe©ZMm EH$ H$m`©H«$_ åhUyZ nwTo> AZoH$df} Mmby am[hbm.

Zdgmja Pmboë`m àm¡T>m§gmR>s V`ma Ho$bobo dmMZgm[hË`

ZdgmjaVm åhUOo àm¡T>gmjaVoÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mVyZZì`mZo boIZ-dmMZmMo H$m¡eë` àmá Ho$bobsì`º$s. Zì`mZo àmá Ho$bobo ho H$m¡eë` _O~yV d[Q>H$mD$ ~ZdÊ`mgmR>s Zdgmjam§Zm ânya dmMZgm[hË` XoÊ`mMs JaO AgVo. AÝ`Wm WmoSçmMH$mimV Vo nwÝhm [Zaja ~ZVmV Agm AZw^d Amho.

_mÌ, Zdgmjam§gmR>s dmMZ gm[hËÒmUsdnyd©H$ doJio V`ma H$amdo bmJVo. Zdgmja hoAZoH$ dfmªnmgyZ OsdZ OJV Agbobo,OsdZì`dhma H$aUmao nyU© ì`{º$_Îd AgVmV.Ë`m§Mo ñdV:Mo AZw^d, g_OwVs, Amem-AmH$m§jmAgVmV. `m gmè`m§Mo à[V[~¨~ Zdgmja dmL²>_`mVAgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

Zdgmja àm¡T>m§Zm H$Wm A[YH$ AmdS>VmV hoÜ`mZmV KoD$Z AJXs 1940À`m XeH$mVhs Ho$ed[^H$mOs T>dio, OJVmn H$maio, [Ma§Osd, AZmW[dÚmWuJ¥h Aem _mV~a àH$meH$m§Zs H$Wm§À`mnwñVH$m§Ms CÎm_ [Z[_©Vs Ho$bs.

Zdgmja gm[hË` [e[~a : _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo1955-56 gmbmV ^moa òWo KoVboë`m [e[~amMmAmdOy©Z C„oI H$am`bm hdm. `m [e[~amV Zm_d§VàmÜ`mnH$, boIH$ gh^mJs Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`m§ZsZdgmja àm¡T>m§À`m eãXg§nÎmsMo gd}jU H$ê$ZH$mhs AmS>mIo ~gdbo d Ë`mZwgma nwñVH$m§Ms[Z[_©Vs Ho$bs. `m [e[~amÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo àW_MZdgmja gm[hË` [Z[_©Vsbm H$mhs emós`g§emoYZmMs OmoS> XoÊ`mV Ambs. g§emoYZmÀ`mAmYmao Zdgmjam§À`m Hw$dVsZwgma Ë`m§À`m VsZloUs H${ënÊ`mV Amë`m. n[hbs loUs, Xwgar loUsd [Vgar loUs Am[U _OoMm ^mJ åhUOo AmVm 50df} CbQ>ë`mZ§Vahs amîQ´>s` gmjaVm [_eZZoZdgmja gm[hË`m~m~VÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm§_Üò

70 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

AemM VsZ loUtMm A§V^m©d Ho$bm Amho. [Z`VH$m[bHo$ : àm¡T>[ejU joÌmV

[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms hOoar bjUs` Amho. 1. Adult Education and Development-

Publisher: DVV Inter-national Ronald

Schwartz, Germany.

2.Indian Adult Education Journal-Indian

Adult Education Association, New Dellhi. 3.g§dm[XZs-amÁ` gmYZ H|$Ð, B§{S>`Z B{ÝñQ>QçyQ>Am°\$ EÁ`w., nwUo. 4.bmoH$[ejU/nwT>Mo nmD$b-amÁ` àm¡T> [ejUg§ñWm, Am¡a§Jm~mX.5.gmjaVmXsn-_w§~B© eha g_mO [ejU g[_Vs,_w§~B©.

Zdgmja gm[hË`mMs [Z[_©Vs 1. 1960À`m XeH$m_Üò ^maV gaH$maZo

XoeâmV Zdgmja gm[hË` ñnYm© gwê$ Ho$bs. gd©^maVs` ^mfm§_YyZ nwñVHo$ [b[hÊ`mMo AmdmhZ Ho$boJobo. àËòH$ ^mfoVsb CËH¥$îQ> nwñVH$m§Zm nm[aVmo[fH$XoD$ Ho$bo hmoVo. `m ñnY}_wio Zdgmja dmL²>_`boIZmbm Mm§Jbs MmbZm [_imbs Am[U IyndmL²>_` [Z[_©Vs Pmbs. Odi Odi 30-35 df}ñnYm© Mmby am[hbs.

amÁ` gmYZ H|$Ðo : 1978À`m amîQ´>s` àm¡T> [ejUH$m`©H«$_m§VJ©V XoemV gd© amÁ`mV amÁ` gmYZ H|$ÐoñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambs. `m H|$Ðm§Ms à_wI O~m~Xmar

hmoVs à[ejU d gm[hË` [Z[_©Vs. _hmamîQ´>mV B§[S>`ZB{ÝñQ>QçyQ> Am°\$ EÁ`wHo$eZ, nwUo d _hmamîQ´> amÁ`àm¡T> [ejU g§ñWm, Am¡a§Jm~mX Aem XmoZ [R>H$mUsamÁ` gmYZ H|$Ðo AmhoV. `m XmoÝhs amÁ` gmYZH|$Ðm§Zs eoH$S>mo boIH$ [e[~ao KoD$Z àM§S> Zdgmjagm[hË` [Z[_©Vs Ho$bs Amho.

Zm_d§V boIH$ Zdgmja dmL²>_` [b[hÊ`mgmR>s\$mago CËgwH$ dm CËgmhs [XgV ZmhsV Ë`m_wioboIH$ [e[~ao KoD$ZM àm_w»`mZo gm[hË`[Z[_©VsH$amds bmJVo. gXa gm[hË`mMo JwUmË_H$ _yë` VaAmhoM; nU, g§»`mË_H$ _yë`hs ZOaoAmS>H$aÊ`mOmoJo Zmhs. g§nyU© gmjaVm A[^`mZmMo \$[bVåhUyZ bmIm|À`m g§»òV Zdgmja [Z_m©U PmboAmhoV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>s àM§S> à_mUmV Zdgmja dmMZgm[hË`mMs JaO Amho. bmIm|À`m g§»òVsb `mZddmMH$m§Ms dmMZV¥îUm e_dÊ`mgmR>s bmIm|À`mg§»òV nwñVHo$ [Z_m©U ìhmds bmJVsb. XmoÝhs amÁ`gmYZ H|$ÐmZs âKmog gm[hË` [Z[_©Vs Ho$bs Amho.Ë`m nwñVH$m§Ms `mXs Ë`m H|$Ðm§H$So> [_iy eHo$b.

AÜ``Zesb g_mO…- àm¡T> [ejU H$m`©H«$_mMoA§[V_ C[ÔîQ> åhUOo AÜ``Zesb g_mOmMs[Z[_©Vs. gVV dmMUmam, [b[hUmam, Zdo Zdo kmZJ«hU H$aUmam, g_mOmV doJmZo Km|KmdV òUmè`màËòH$ n[adV©ZmMs Zm|X KoUmam Agm EH$ gigiVm[Od§V g_mO.

Am_À`m EH$m Zdgmja gm[hË` [e[~amV EH$m

^[JZsZo Amnë`m boIZmVyZ n[adV©ZmMs Zm|X [H$VsJmoS> nÕVsZo KoVbs Vo gm§JyZ Wm§~Vmo..

""éUPwUË`m nmIam, ZH$mo Wm§~yg ao Xmar, ^mD$am`mes ~mobm`m Amho Qo>[b\$moZ Kar'' g§X^© gm[hË`gyMs 1. h§Q>a Am`moJ [ejU Ahdmb-1882-83 2. [ejU Am`moJmMm Ahdmb-1964-66 3. Pedagogy of the Oppressed-Paulo

Friere-1970 Publisher: New York: Seabury

(Also available From Prnguin Education)

4. Cultural Action for Freedom-Paulo

Friere-1970 Publisher:Same as Pedagogy

of the Oppressed

5. Some Perspectives & Non-Formal

Education- J.P. Naik-1977 Publisher : Allied Publishers Private Ltd.

Bombay.

g§nH©$ : 9869653711

"g_mO [ejU_mbm' hs nwUo òWols.H¥$.^m.~m~a `m§Zs 1950 gmbÀ`m Xg-`mbmgwé Ho$bs. _mboMo n[hbo àH$meZ hmoVo ls.~m~a`m§ZsM [b[hbobo "Xgam-[Xdmis' ho nwñVH$ Xwa§Js[MÌmÀ`m gw§Xa _wIn¥îR>mZo ZQ>bobo d J«oQ> àm`_aãb°H$ Q>mB©n_Üò _OHy$a gmH$maUmao H«$mD$ZgmB©O_Ybo ho 32 nmZs nwñVH$ 20 Am°ŠQ>mo~a1950 bm àH$m[eV Pmbo. g_mO [ejU _mbmgwé H$aVm§Zm ls.~m~a `m§À`m _ZmV gmYs H$ënZmAes hmoVs H$s g_mOmVë`m gd©gmYmaU bmoH$m§ZmdmMZmMs JmoS>s bmJmds. J«§Wm§es Ë`m§Ms _¡Ìs ìhmdsd Ë`m`moJo Ë`m§Mm ~m¡{ÜXH$ [dH$mg hmoD$Z kmZmMsZds Zds H$dmSo> CKS>V Joë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo OsdZgdmªJmZs g_¥ÜX ìhmdo.

IoS>monmS>s bmoH$ gmja hmoVmV Vo ZmdmnwaVo. nwÝhmX¡Z§[XZ àmn§[MH$ aJmS>`mV AmnU H$Ys H$misH$mhs [eH$bmo hmoVmo. hohs Ë`m§Zm AmR>dV Zmhs.AmnU Oo kmZ àmá Ho$bo Vo [dgê$Z OmÊ`mgmR>sZìho Va Ë`mMo MsO ìhmdo, Ë`mbm gVV COmim

Úmdm, Ë`mV â KmVbs Omds Agm ~moY Ë`m§Zmgmjam§Zm Úm`Mm hmoVm. `m ÑîQ>sZo Zdgmja IoSy>VAJa H$m_Jmam§À`m [H¨$dm [dÚmÏ`mªÀ`mhs Cn`moJsnS>mds åhUyZ Ë`m§Zs _mbm gwé Ho$bs. n[hbo nwñVH$20 VmaIobm à[gÜX Pmbo. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m àËòH$_[hÝ`mMo nwñVH$ 20 VmaIobmM àH$m[eVH$aÊ`mMm Zo_ H$Q>mjmZo nmiÊ`mV òV Ago.ls.~m~a `m§À`m gw[dÚ Am[U Zm_d§V bo[IH$mAgboë`m H$Ý`m S>m°.gamo[OZs ~m~a _mboÀ`mg§nmXH$nXmMs Ywam g_W©nUo dmhV hmoË`m.

S>m°.gamo[OZs~mBªZs [b[hbobo AZw^d d_mbo~ÔMo [dMma _Zmok AmhoV :

"_mboMs dm[f©H$ dJ©Us Ë`mdois gmSo>VsZ énòhmoVs. bmoH$m§Mm à[VgmX Mm§Jbm hmoVm. AmåhmbmIar IQ>nQ> H$amds bmJbs, Vs Amåhmbm nm[hOo

Agboë`m gmoß`m ^mfoVsb boIZ [_idÊ`mgmR>s.boIZ ghmæ` H$aÊ`mg ~arM _§S>is V`ma hmoVs.nU Ë`m§Zm gmono [b[hUo O_V Zgo.'

"Ago åhUVmV H$s EdT>`m gmVË`mZo d[Z`[_VnUmZo g_mO [ejU _mboIoarO g_mO[ejU joÌmV AÝ`Ì Xwgar VmoS> gmnS>V Zmhs! hsJmoîQ> H$Xm[MV Iar Agobhs nU Vgo Agob VaHo$dTo> ^m½` åhUmdo Am_Mo! '

1950 Vo 1996 Aes 46 df} g_mO [ejU_mbm AI§S> Mmbbs. ZddmMH$m§À`m OsdZmV[VZo ânya dmMZmZ§X nwadbm. EHy$U 550 nwñVHo$_mbo_m\©$V àH$m[eV Pmbs. Odi Odi 175boIH$m§Mm `mV gh^mJ hmoVm. nwñVH$mVhmVmiboë`m [df`m§Ms [d[dYVmhs bjUsÀmho.

~m~a Hw$Qw> §[~`m§Zs _hmamîQ´>mVsb V_m_ZddmMH$m§gmR>s YJYJV Ro>dboë`m kmZmÀ`mA{¾hmoÌmbm "bmoH$amÁ`' À`m _mÜ`_mYyZ eVe:àUm_!

g_mO [ejU _mbm(Zdgmja gm[hË`mÀ`m H§$R>mVsb aËZ_mbm)

dm[N> Vmo {dO`m hmoB©dm!lr. AmZ§X H$w§^ma `m§Zr emoYyZ

H$mT>bobm H$w§S>b g§J‘ (gmobmnya) òWrb {ebmboI.

71OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

H$meZ joÌmMm _mJmodm KoV AmnUOgOgo OwÝ`m H$mimV OmVmo VgVgoAmnU N>nmB© joÌmÀ`m B[VhmgmV

Imbda CVaV OmVmo. B.g. 808_Üò MsZ_Üò\$º$ gmV nmZm§Mo EH$ nwñVH$ V`ma Ho$bo Jobo. Ë`mMoZmd [X S>m`_§S> gyÌ. ho nwñVH$ bmH$S>mÀ`m R>em§Zsà[V_m C_Q>dyZ N>mnÊ`mV Amë`mMo g§X^©gmnS>VmV. AWm©V, Ë`m H$mimV _wimV hbUmamåhUOo "_wìho~b Q>mB©n' V`ma Pmbobm ZìhVm. nwTo>1440_Üò O_©ZsV OmohmZ JQo>Z~J©Zo YmVyMm Q>mB©nAm[U bmH$S>mMo N>nmB© `§Ì V`ma Ho$bo; Am[U ømMJQo>Z~J©Zo 1455_Üò Amnë`m N>nmB© `§Ìmda n[hbonwñVH$ b°[Q>Z ~m`~b N>mnbo. Ë`mZ§Va 1475_ÜòB§J«Os ^mfoVbo n[hbo nwñVH$ [dë`_ H$mŠñQ>Z `mZoN>mnyZ V`ma Ho$bo.

N>nmB©Mo joÌ B.g. 1500Z§Va `WmdH$me ~haVJobo. OJmV gd©Ì [d[dY ^mfm§_Üò boIH$ [bhsVhmoVo; Am[U Ë`m§À`m [bImUmÀ`m àVs OmñVsVOmñV dmMH$m§n`ªV EH$mM dois nmohmoMmì`mV`mgmR>s N>mnrb àVtMm àMma d [dH$mg AmngwH$hmoV Jobm. àH$meZmMo ho bmoU_amR>sn`ªV nmohmoMon`ªV _Üò~amM H$mi Jobm. Vmon`ªVB§J«OsM§ àH$meZ [dûdMm§Jb§M {ñWamdb§ hmoV§.

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Á`m dois àH$m[eV Pmbm Ë`mM dois Vmog§Ho$VñWimdahs `w[ZH$moS> ñdê$nmV CnbãYH$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mM~amo~a A§Ym§gmR>sMs ~«ob[bnsVsb Amd¥Îmshs àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambs. _yiV`ma Pmboë`m B©~wH$dê$Z Z°~ (Z°eZbAgmo[gEeZ \$m°a ãbmBªS>) `m§Zs Vs Amd¥Îms V`maHo$bs. Vw_À`mH$So> `w[ZH$moS>_Ysb B©~wH$ V`maAgob Va H$mhs jUm§V Vo ~«ob_Üò namd[V©V H$ê$ZCnbãY H$aVm òVo ho A§Ym§Mo OsdZM ~XbyZQ>mH$Umao V§Ì Amho. "bmoH$amÁ`'Mm E[àb-_o2010Mm gwdU© _hmoËgds [deofm§H$hs ømM àH$mao~«ob [bnsV àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Aes~«ob_Ysb B©~wŠg Am[U Am°[S>Amo ~wŠg `m_wioAmnë`m A§Y ~m§YdmgmR>s kmZgmYZm§Ms ZdsH$dmSo> CKS>bs OmV AmhoV.

àmáH$mb hm [demb ^yYa, gw§Xa boUs V`mV ImoXm..

_amR>s do~ àH$meZ [dûdmda Q>mH$bobm hm \$º$EH$ H$Q>mj Amho. Joë`m 15 dfmªVsb dmQ>MmbH$mgdmgmaIs Pmbs Agbs Var nwT>bs gmardmQ>Mmb OmJê$H$ gemÀ`m doJmZo hmoV OmUma Amhoho AJXs ñnîQ> Amho. òË`m H$mhs H$mimV _amR>s[dûdH$moemMo gmao I§S> do~da àH$m[eV hmoVsb.Ë`mVbm eãX Z eãX g§X^© åhUyZ emoYVm òB©b.N>nmB©V IMm©Mm [dMma H$ê$Z Ho$di aoIm[MÌo dmgmYs H¥$îU-Ydb N>m`m[MÌo dmnaÊ`mV AmbshmoVs.

Ë`m OmJs a§JsV N>m`m[MÌo, ZH$meo dJ¡a|Mmg_mdoe H$aVm òB©b. ^yH§$nmgma»`m [df`mMs_m[hVs XoVmZm àË`j Ádmbm_wIs XmIdVm òU§ hoA°Zs_oeZ Am[U {ìhS>rAmoÀ`m V§ÌmZo AmVm eŠ`

hmoB©b. _amR>s [dûdH$moe Am[U kmZH$moe AmOn`ªV_wHo$ hmoVo, Ë`m§Zm ~mobH§$ H$aVm òB©b. ^[dî`mVbo_amR>s do~ àH$meZ [dûd AË`§V CÁÁdb Amho. Vo_hmamîQ´>mnwaVo Zgob, Vo Iè`m AWm©Zo A[Ib[dûdmgmR>s Agob; Am[U Ë`m_mJo _hmamîQ´>mMoH$V¥©Ëd àH$me_mZ db`mgmaIo VinV Agob. g§nH©$ : ‹9987642791B©-‘ob : [email protected]

74 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Z ^mfm§Zm Am[U `m ^mfm§_Ysb boIH$-dmMH$m§Zm OmoS>Umam EH$ _hÎdmMm XwdmåhUOo AZwdmX. _mUgmÀ`m ^mfm

[eH$Ê`mbm EH$ _`m©Xm AmnmoAmnM nS>Vo, ho bjmVKoVë`mda AZwdmXmM§ _hÎd A[YH$M dmQ>V§.AmnU nwñVH§$ dmMVmo Voìhm Amnë`m _mV¥^mfoVbsnwñVH§$ dmMU§ A[YH$ ghO dmQ>V§. hs nwñVH§$gm[h{Ë`H$ ñdê$nmMsM AgVmV Ag§ Zmhs. Vs_m[hVsna, [dkmZ[df`H$ [H¨$dm VÎdkmZ[df`H$,AmÜ`m{Ë_H$hs Agy eH$VmV.

_amR>s_Üò AZwdmX Iyn nydunmgyZ hmoV AmboAmhoV Am[U kmZoídarMm C„oI Ë`mV AJ«^mJsH$amdm bmJob. am_mÙ-_hm^maVm[X _hmH$mì`§[H¨$dm nwamUH$Wm, Cn[ZfXm§_Ysb H$Wm, g§ñH¥$VZmQ>H§$ d Ë`m§À`m H$WmdñVy Agm hm YmJm OwÝ`mgm[hË`mn`ªV OmoS>Vm òB©b. [~«[Q>e H$mimVB§J«OsMs AmoiI Amnë`mbm Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mVsb_yi Am[U AZwdm[XV dmL>²_`hs AmnU dmMybmJbmo. B§J«Os ^mfm hs ^maVs`m§gmR>s OJmH$So>nmhÊ`mMs [IS>H$s R>abs. AmVm `m [IS>H$sMo_hmÛma ~Zb§ Amho hm ^mJ doJim. nU, B§J«OsZoAmåhm ^maVs`m§Zm ~a§M H$mhs [Xb§ ho ZmH$mê$ZMmbUma Zmhs.

AZwdm[XV gm[hË`m~Ôb [H¨$dm AZwdm[XVnwñVH$m§~Ôb ~mobVmZm AZwdmX `m JmoîQ>sH$So>S>moignUo nm[hb§ nm[hOo. gm[hË`mÀ`m nbsH$So>OmUmao AZoH$ [df` dmMH$m§Zm IwUmdV Agë`m_wioAm[U Ago [df` _amR>sV H$_s à_mUmV hmVmiboOmV Agë`m_wio B§J«OsVyZ Aes nwñVH§$ AZwdm[XVH$aÊ`mdaMm â dmT>Vmo Amho. AbsH$So> OsdZ^mî`H$aUmar qH$dm Am`wî`mH$So> gH$mamË_H$ ZOaoZo H$go~Kmdo `m~Ôb gm§JUmar nwñVH§$hs _moR>çm à_mUmVdmMbs OmVmV. AmVmMm _amR>s dmMH$ B§J«Os^mfoes IynM n[a[MV Amho. nydu Vg§ ZìhV§.Ë`m_wio gm[h{Ë`H$ AZwdmX H$aVmZm WoQ>AZwdmXmnojm ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mH$So> AZwdmXH$mMm H$bAgm`Mm. AmJaH$am§Zs Ho$bobm [dH$ma[db[gV hmh°åboQ>Mm AZwdmX [H¨$dm gmZoJwéOtZs ê$nm§V[aVHo$boë`m "JmoS> JmoîQ>s' Aes H¡$H$ CXmhaU§ XoVmòVsb. gm[hË`mVyZ Ambob§ dmVmdaU AZmoiIs,naH§$ Agë`mZo Ago à`moJ Ho$bo Jobo. AmVmn[a{ñWVs ~Xbbs Amho. naXoem§_Ysb OsdZe¡bs,amhUs, gm_m[OH$ aMZm ho gma§ Amnë`mn[aM`mM§M Pmb§ Amho Ag§ Zmhs, Va BWb§

OsdZhs n{íM_s nÕVsM§ ~Zb§ Amho. Ë`m_wioAmVm WoQ> AZwdmXM hmoVmV. ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z BWë`mg§ñH¥$VsMm gmO boIZmbm MT>dÊ`mMs JaO AmVmg§nbs Amho.

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WoQ> _ë`mi__YyZ _amR>s AZwdmX H$aVmV.JwOamVsMo _amR>s AZwdmXH$hs ânya AmhoV, Á`mV_mohZ doëhmi, {ñ_Vm ^mJdV, A§Obs ZadUo,g[MZ Ho$VH$a, gwf_m emisJ«m_, Cfm nwamo[hV,Z[bZs _mS>JmdH$a Aes hs `mXs ~arM bm§~bMH$Amho. AmUIshs AZoH$ Zmd§ `mV OmoS>mdsbmJVsb. Cfm goR> `m JwOamVs bo[IH$m ñdV:À`mnwñVH$m§Mm AZwdmX ñdV:M _amR>sV H$aVmV. [h¨Xs^mfm _amR>s dmMH$m§Zm IynM n[aM`mMs Amho. _mÌ,WoQ> [h¨XsVyZ dmMVm òV Agb§ Varhs _amR>sV [h¨Xsgm[hË`H¥$VtMo AZwdmXhs _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVAgVmV. [h¨Xs òV AgVmZm [h¨Xs nwñVH$ _amR>sVH$embm dmMm`M§ Ag§hs dmQ>U§ ñdm^m[dH$M Amho.nU, [h¨Xs nwñVH§$ ghO CnbãY ZgU§ ho H$maUË`m§À`m _amR>s AZwdmXm§Zm MmbZm XoUma§ R>aV§. AmOO`àH$me gmd§V, M§ÐH$m§V ^m|Omi, JUoe [dgnwVoAes _§S>is [h¨XsVyZ _amR>sV CÎm_ AZwdmX H$aVAmhoV. _ë`misVyZ WoQ> AZwdmX H$aUmè`m YZlshi~o, C[S>`mVyZ AZwdmX H$aUmao dmgwXod Am[UamYm OmoJioH$a, [gŸs gm[hË` _amR>sV AmUUmaobN>_Z hX©dmUs Aem AZoH$m§Zs _amR>s dmMH$m§ZmBVa ^mfm§_Ysb gm[hË`mMm I[OZm Iwbm H$ê$Z[Xbm Amho. àËòH$M ^maVs` ^mfoVsb AZwdmX AZ²AZwdmXH$ `m§Mm C„oI H$aU§ eŠ` Zmhs; nU, Ë`màËòH$mM§ `moJXmZ `m joÌmg bm^V AgV§ `mMs Zm|XH$am`bm hds.

_amR>sV [deof JmObobs AZwdm[XV nwñVH§$nm[hbs Va Ë`mV d¡[dÜ` Amho ho OmUdV§. H$mhsdfmªnydu am_ nQ>dY©Z `m§Zs Ho$bobm "nmS>g' hm_mOm}ar [H$ZZ ao[b¨½O `m bo[IHo$À`m "X`[bªJJMm'AZwdmX. `m nwñVH$mVë`m noZs ~°ŠñQ>a `m N>moQ>çm_wbmM§ _moR§> hmoU§ Am[U OsdZmVë`m H$R>moadmñVdmM§ Ë`mbm ^mZ òV OmU§ dmMH$m§Zm ñne©H$ê$Z OmV§. H$mX§~arMs nmûd©^y_s A_o[aHo$Vsbâbmo[aS>m amÁ`mÀ`m O§JbàXoemVbs, VsgwÕm 135dfmªnyduÀ`m H$mimVbs. VargwÕm `m H$mX§~arMmAZwdmX AmOhs dmImUbm OmVmo. [H¨$dm "VmoÎmmoMmZ'ho OnmZs nwñVH$ ~Km. VoËgwH$mo Hw$amo`mZmJs `mbo[IHo$M§ ho nwñVH$. VmoÎmmoMmZ `m [M_waS>sbm [VÀ`mX§Jm_ñVs_wio emioVyZ H$Ty>Z Q>mH$b§ OmV§. [VÀ`mVmo_moB© emioMo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ H$mo~m`mes Am[U Ë`mbhmZ d`mVbo [VMo AZw^d `m§Mm gw§Xa AmboI_m§S>Uma§ ho nwñVH$ OJâmVë`m AZoH$ ^mfm§_YyZJob§ Amho. h°ar nm°Q>ahs AmO _amR>sV nmoMbm`. nU,

Z§[XZs AmË_[gÕ

Xmog\$a _amR>sÀ`m AZwdmX[dûdmMs

75OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Aao[~`Z ZmB©Q>²g [H¨$dm am_mÙ-_hm^maV Va H¡$H$eVH$m§nmgyZ doJdoJù`m ^mfm§_Yë`m dmMH$m§Zm^wai KmbV AmhoV.

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Joë`m AZoH$ dfmª_Üò _amR>sV BVa ^mfm§_YyZ

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76 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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77OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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Ho$bm Amho. AmYw[ZH$ H$mimVsb g_mOemósÀm[U _mZdd§emós` g§H$ënZm§À`m AmYmamZo_hm^maVmMs nwZ[Z©[_©Vs "nd©'_Üò Pmbs Amho. S>m°.`y.Ama. AZ§V_yVu `m§Ms -g§ñH$maa hs H$mX§~arAesM EH$ _hÎdmMs H¥$Vs Amho. ~«m÷Us g§ñH¥$Vs,H$_©R>nUmVsb AÝ`m`, H$mb~mø MmbsarVs d ê$T>s`mda Q>sH$m H$aUmar hs gm[hË`H¥$Vs Iè`mOsdZVÎdmMm emoY KoV OmÊ`mMs àoaUmàmUoemMm`mªgma»`m Y_©Jwê$bm H$es hmoVo `mMmVmio~§X _m§S>Vo. gwZsb J§JmonmÜ`m` `m§Ms "àW_Ambm' hs ~¥hËH$mX§~ar e§â dfmªnydu KS>boë`mKQ>Zm§À`m emoYmVyZ [~«[Q>eH$mbsZ ~§Jmb-[Ìnwam_Ysb ~XbV OmUmè`m dmñVdmMm emoY KoVo.B[VhmgmVsb ì`{º$aoIm [Od§V hmoD$Z nmÌm§À`mê$nmZo dmMH$m§g_moa òVmV, Á`mV OJXseM§Ð ~mog,[ddoH$mZ§X, B©ûdaM§Ð [dÚmgmJa `m§À`mnmgyZadsÝÐZmW R>mHy$a, ~§[H$_M§Ð, [Q>iH$ Aem§n`ªVÀ`m

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_amR>sVë`m `m AZwdmX[dûdmMs g\$a Aes[Za§Va Mmby Amho. `m dmQo>da Omo a_bm Ë`mbmZoh_sM H$mhs Zm H$mhs Zd§ [_iV amhsb. AbsH$So>B§J«OsMm dmda d dmna Iyn dmT>bm Agbm VarB§J«OsVyZ _amR>sV _moR>çm à_mUmda AZwdmX hmoVAmhoV. _amR>sV Ago AZwdmX hmoV am[hë`m_wio_amR>sVb§ [bImU g_¥Õ Hw$Ro> hmoV§, qH$dm _amR>sMm`mV VmoQ>mM hmoVmo Agm EH$ _Vàdmh h„s [XgybmJbm Amho. _mÌ, Agm [dMma H$aU§ `mo½` Zmhs.CbQ> `m AZwdmXm§_wio _amR>s dmMH$mbm Am[Ugm[hË` d nwñVH$[dûdmbm Zd§ n[a_mU [_iV§.AZwdmXH$mbmhs AJXs Vmo ñdV: boIH$ AgbmVar, [Z[_©VsMm AmZ§X d gamd bm^Vmo. _amR>sVMZìho, Va BVahs ^mfm§_Üò Zm_d§V boIH$m§ZsAZwdmXmÀ`m joÌmV _ZmnmgyZ _wem[\$ar Ho$bm Amho.AZwdmXm_wio Ë`m§Zm Am[U Ë`m§À`m [Z[_©[Vj_VobmMmbZmM [_imbs Amho, Ag§ `m gmè`m§ZsM Zm|XdyZRo>db§ Amho. _amR>sVë`m AZwdmXH$m`m©Mm hmYm§S>moim KoVmZm Pmbobm AmZ§X Am[U [_imbob§g_mYmZ IamoIaM àoaH$ hmoV§. BWo AZoH$ nwñVH$m§MmC„oI OmJoÀ`m _`m©Xo_wio H$aVm Ambm Zmhs. IynH$mhs AOyZ gm§JÊ`mgmaI§ Amho. [ZË` ZdsZAZwdm[XV nwñVH$m§Ms â _amR>sV nS>Vo Amho.^maVs` ^mfm§_YyZ WoQ> nañna AZwdmX hmoÊ`mM§à_mU AmUIs dmT>Ê`mMs JaO Amho. AbsH$So>doJdoJù`m H$m_m§À`m [Z[_ÎmmZo d H$maUm§gmR>s_amR>s _mUyg _hmamîQ´>m~mhoa nydunojm OmñV OmD$bmJbm Amho. BVa ^mfm§es Agbobs AmoiI dgbJs Ë`mZo AmUIs dmT>dbs Va AZwdmXmÀ`mjoÌmV Ë`mbm Iyn H$mhs H$aVm òÊ`mgmaI§ Amho.AZwdmXmbm _hÎd XoD$Z ñd^mfobm AmUIs g_¥ÕH$aÊ`mgmR>s Am[U Ë`m`moJo gm_m[OH$ g_agVm dnañna g§dmX dmT>dÊ`mgmR>s à`ËZ H$aUmè`m§MsAmO _amR>sbmM Zìho, Va gd©M ^mfm§Zm JaO Amho.

78 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

1.R>mHw$am§Ms ZmQ>H§$ - adsÝÐZmW R>mHy$a ^m. [d. daoaH$a - gm[hË` AH$mX_s

2. X ñQ>moar Am°\$ øy_Z aog - hoÝar Wm°_g _mZdOmVsMs H$Wm - nm§.g. gmZo - gmYZm àH$meZ

3. dwBW Zmo [aJ«oQ>²g - H¥$îUm hmWs[g¨JZm I§V Zm IoX - nm§.g. gmZo - Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs

4. OmVH$Å>H$WmdÊUZm - _yi nmbsVsb H$Wm[gÕmW©OmVH$ - XwJm© ^mJdV - daXm ~wŠg5. dm°ëS>Z - hoÝar So>{ìhS> Wmoamo dm°ëS>ZH$mR>s [dMma-[dhma - XwJm© ^mJdV - daXm ~wŠg6. H$mX§~ar - ~mU^Å>~mUmMs H$mX§~ar - XwJm© ^mJdV - daXm ~wŠg7. qH$J [bà - eoŠg[nAaamOm [bà - Jmo.[d. H$a§XsH$a - _m¡O àH$meZ8. No>bo~obm - adsÝÐZmW R>mHy$anmoad` - nw.b. Xoenm§So> - _m¡O àH$meZ9. A°[Z_b \$m_© - Om°O© Am°d}b ~§S> - gXmZ§X aoJo - _Zmoha J«§W_mbm10. bsìO Am°\$ J«mg - dm°ëQ> {ìhQ>_ZV¥UnU} - gXmZ§X aoJo - nm°ß`wba àH$meZ 11. AmYo Yyao - _mohZ amHo$e

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Mm¡KsOUs - em§Vm eoiHo$ - _°Oo{ñQ>H$13. A Qo>b Am°\$ Qy> [gQ>sO - Mmëg© [S>H$ÝgA Qo>b Am°\$ Qy> [gQ>sO - [dÚmYa nw§S>bsH$ - _ohVm n{ãb[e¨J hmD$g14. gyaXmg H$mì`gyaXmg - _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a - _m¡O àH$meZ15. AUgma - dfm© AS>mbOmAUgma - A§OZs ZadUo 16. gmV nJbm AmH$me_m§ - Hw$§X[ZH$m H$nm[S>`mgmV nmD$bo AmH$mes - Cfm nwamo[hV17. AmJ§VwH$ - Ysê$~oZ nQo>bAmJ§VwH$ - gwf_m H$amoJb - gm[hË` AH$mX_s 18. _¥Ë`y _ar J`y§ - Cfm eoR>_mPs ZsVm - Cfm eoR> - _°Oo{ñQ>H$19. àH$meZw nS>N>m`m àH$memMs gmdbs - {ñ_Vm ^mJdV 20. n°ao[b[gg - M§ÐH$m§V ~jsn°ao[b[gg - _mohZ doëhmi 21. _yH${ÁO` H$ZgJbw - H$moQ>m [edam_ H$ma§V_yH$ÁOs - _sZm dm§JsH$a - H$m±[Q>Z|Q>b àH$meZ22. nd© - S>m°. Eg.Eb. ^¡aßnmnd© - C_m Hw$bH$Uu 23. g§ñH$ma - `y.Ama. AZ§V_yVug§ñH$ma - a§.em. bmoH$mnya 24. àW_ Ambmo - gwZsb J§JmonmÜ`m`n[hbs OmJ - a§OZm nmR>H$ - gm[hË` AH$mX_s 25. X J«oQ> B§[S>`Z [_S>b Šbmg - ndZ d_m©Amnbm Wmoa _Ü`_dJ© - [dlm_ Jwáo

- bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h26. X Q>Zob Am°\$ Q>mB_ - Ama.Ho$. bú_U

bú_Uaofm - AemoH$ O¡Z - amOh§g àH$meZ27. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVsb ^maVs` H$[dVm H$mì`nd© - [Za§OZ COJao - _°Oo{ñQ>H$ 28. EŠPmoS>g - [bAm°Z `w[ag EŠPmoS>g - ~mi ^mJdV - _ohVm n{ãb[e¨J hmD$g29. a[e`Z H$Wm-H$Wm§Va - S>m°. gwZsVs Xoenm§So> - _ohVm n{ãb[e¨J hmD$g30 nmñQ> \$m°adS©> - boIZ-g§H$bZ-Jm¡ar am_ZmamÙ Am_M§ ~mbnU - CëH$m amD$V - amohZ àH$meZ 31. ~m` Am°\$ hmVm|So> - gwaoZ AmnQo>EH$ hmoVs ~m` - [dZ`m IS>noH$a 32. X goH§$S> goŠg - gs_m± X ~moìhm X goH§$S> goŠg - H$éUm JmoIbo 33. X AëHo$[_ñQ> - nwbmo H$moEbmoX AëHo$[_ñQ> - [ZVsZ H$moÎmmn„o. nÙJ§Ym àH$meZ34. H$ñVwa~m - A bmB©\$ - AéU Jm§YsH$ñVwa~m ebmH$m VoOmMs - AemoH$ O¡Z - amohZ àH$meZ35. _°Q>a Am°\$ Q>mB_ - ees Xoenm§So>Aes H$midoi - gamoO Xoenm§So> - amohZ àH$meZ36. Anya nm±Mmbs - gË`[OV am` Anya nm±Mmbs - [dbmg JrVo - _¡Ìo` àH$meZ37. H$WmZwdmX - [d[dY H$WmH$maAR>am YmÝ`m§M§ H$S>~moi§ - [dÚw„oIm AH$byOH$a38. [ddoH$mZ§Xm§Mo boIAkmV [ddoH$mZ§X - _¥Um[bZs JS>H$ar39. H$[bH$Wm - ìhm`m ~m`nmg - AbH$m gamdJsH$[bH$Wm : ìhm`m ~m`nmg - O`àH$me gmd§V40. H$m~wbsdmbma ~m§Jbm ~m¡ - gw{ñ_Vm ~°ZOu

H$m~wbsdmë`mMs ~§Jmbs ~m`H$mo41. ~mobmo _mYds - S>m°. M§ÐàH$me Xodb~mob _mYds - Amgmdar H$mH$So> - amOh§g àH$meZ 42. A[_Zm - _mohå_X C_aA[_Zm - CX` [^So> - _ohVm n{ãb[e¨J hmD$g43. _mbJwS>s So>O - Ama.Ho$. ZmamÙ_mbJwS>s So>O - _YwH$a Y_m©nwarH$a - gmHo$V44. AYboIm XñVmdoO - B§[Xam Jmoñdm_sAYu_wYu H$hmUs - AM©Zm [_aOH$a 45. Am_ma _oò~obm - V{ñb_m Zg[aZ_mP§ Hw$§dmanU - _¥Um[bZs JS>H$ar46. ãbmñ\o$_s - Vh[_Z XwamUsãbmñ\o$_s - ^maVs nm§So> - _ohVm 47. _§Q>mo hm[Oa hmo - gAmXV hgZ _§Q>mo _§Q>mo hm[Oa hmo - M§ÐH$m§V ^m|Omi48. dmB©O A±S> AmXadmB©O - gwYm _yVudmB©O A±S> AmXadmB©O - bsZm gmohZr - _ohVm 49. ^maVs` H$Wm H$WmH$ma - AaqdX JmoIbo 50. hOma Mwam[ea _m - _hmûdoVmXods hOma Mwam[ea _m - AéUm OwdoH$a

- Aja àH$meZ

[ZdS>H$ AZwdm[XV nwñVH§$

g§nH©$ : 9820479688B©-‘ob : nandini.atma@ gmail.com

79OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

MZ hm Á`mMm Ë`mMm àíZ Amho. H$m`dmMm`M§, H$g§ dmMm`M§ ho Á`mM§ Ë`mZ§R>adm`M§ AgV§. dmMUmè`mbm

dmMZmVyZ H$m` [_idm`M§ AgV§, H$m` [_iVAgV§ `mM§hs J[UV àËòH$ dmMH$mZwgma ~XbV§.

AéU H$mobQ>H$a, [dO` V|Sw>bH$a ho XmoZ O~ardmMUma. Vo H$mhshs dmMV AgV, H$moUVmhs[df`. gbyZ_Üò Ho$g H$mnm`bm Jobo Va [VW§Qo>~bmda nS>bobs [H$ËòH$ df} OwZs _°JPsÝghs VoCMbyZ ào_mZ§ _Z bmdyZ dmMV. XmoKm§Ms S>moH$sXmhs [Xem§Zs [_iob Vs _m[hVs, kmZ [_idm`bmCËgwH$ AgV.

ì`{º$e: _s Hw$R>bs Var [Xem [Z{íMV H$ê$ZdmMVmo. nwñVH$ [bhm`M§ AgV§. boI [bhm`MmAgVmo. ^mfU H$am`M§ AgV§. Ë`mgmR>s [df`R>abobm AgVmo. Ë`m [df`mda nwñVH§$,[Z`VH$m[bH§$, H$mÌU§ Jmoim H$aVmo, Ë`m§M§ dmMZH$aVmo. Am[\«$H$m hm [df` Agob Va Am[\«$H$m `m[df`mda amÁèmó, AW©emó, Y_©, g§ñH¥$VsAem AZoH$ A§JmZ§ [b[hbobs nwñVH§$ _s dmMVmo.Am[\«$H$Z H$Wm-H$mX§~ar dmMVmo. Am[\«$H$m `m[df`mdaMo [gZo_ohs nmhVmo. _OwH$amMm \$m°_© _bmË`m AWm©Z§ _hÎdmMm ZgVmo, Ë`m _OHw$amVyZ _bmH$m` [_iV§ Vo _hÎdmM§ AgV§.

gm[hË` _s H$_s dmMVmo, dmMVmo Vohs [df`mÀ`mA§JmZ§.

~hwVoH$ dmMZ _s nwñVH$mda IwUm H$ê$Z,[dfm`mdaMs [Q>nU§ KoV KoV H$aVmo. ~hwVoH$ nwñVH§$_s XmoZXm Var dmMVmo. n[hb§ dmMZ âmâ AgV§,IwUm H$aV Ho$bob§ AgV§. Xwga§ dmMZ A[YH$H$miOsnyd©H$ Am[U [ZdS>bobm ^mJ dmMÊ`mgmR>sAgV§. dadaM§ dmMZ _s H$aV Zmhs.

H$a_UyH$ hs JmoîQ> _mÂ`m OsdZmV H$_s_hÎdmMs Amho. kmZ Am[U _m[hVs `m XmoZ JmoîQ>s_bm _hÎMmÀ`m dmQ>VmV. XmoÝhs JmoîQ>s [_idÊ`mV_bm ânya AmZ§X [_iV Agë`mZ§ H$a_UwH$sgmR>sdoJi§ H$mhs H$aÊ`mMs JaO \$maes ^mgV Zmhs.

_mP§ ZìdX Q>ŠŠ`mnojm OmñV dmMZ B§J«OsVAmho. H$maU, _mÂ`m H$m_mgmR>s dmMZmgmR>s[ZdS>boë`m [df`m§da _amR>sV nwñVH§$ ZmhsV.AgVmV Vs dadaMs AgVmV, OwZs AgVmV.AJXs VmOs, gdmªJñneu Am[U Aä`mgnyU© AesnwñVH§$ B§J«OsV gmnS>VmV, _amR>sV gmnS>V ZmhsV._amR>s ^mfm, _amR>s OJU§ Og§ Amho Ë`mVyZ hs_`m©Xm [Z_m©U Pmbs Amho.

nwñVH$m§Ms [ZdS> _mÂ`m dmMZ-AZw^dmVyZ

Ambobs Amho.g§nmXH$m§Zs e§â dfmªVbs nwñVH§$ [ZdS>mdsV

Ag§ gwMdb§ Amho. BVH§$ _mJ§ Om`M§ H$maU Zmhs.Joë`m 10 dfmªVbs nwñVH§$M Iyn Pmbs. `mM§H$maU kmZ Odi Odi Xadfu [ei§ hmoV AgV§.gm[hË` Am[U gm[hË`~mø Aem XmoÝhs àH$maÀ`m_OHw$amÀ`m ~m~V ho Ia§ Amho. Xhm-dsg dfmªny-duÀ`m JmoîQ>s _moOŠ`mM g§»òÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§gmR>sAgVmV, Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ \$ma _`m©[XV AgVmo.å`w[P`_M§ Oo ñWmZ g_mOm_Üò AgV§ Vo 10dfmªnyduMs nwñVH§$ Am[U [dMmam§À`m ~m~VsVAgV§.

Joë`m Xhm EH$ dfmªÀ`m H$mimV AZw^dbob§Am[U g_moa Ambob§ OJ _mÂ`m [dMmam§M§ Am[U[bImUmM§ bú` hmoV§. Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vs, [dkmZ Am[U

V§ÌkmZ ho _mÂ`m Aä`mgmMo Am[U [bImUmMoà_wI [df` hmoVo. [df` g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s[df`mMs ì`más g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s, [df`mdaMs[d[dY _V_Vm§Va§ g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s, _s[dMmanyd©H$ nwñVH$m§Ms [ZdS> Ho$bs. _mPo dmMZ[_ÌAm[U H$mhs [Z`VH$m[bH§$ `mÀ`m _XVsZ§ _s nwñVH§$[ZdS>bs. Xs BH$m°Zm°[_ñQ>, b§S>Z [aìøy Am°\$ ~wŠg,Ý`y`m°H©$ [aìøy Am°\$ ~wŠg, Ý`y`m°H©$a, Ab So>bs `m

_mÜ`_m§_Üò Xa AmR>dS>çmbm [d[dY nwñVH$m§Mog§X^© òVmV. narjU§ Am[U boIm_Üò dmnabobmg§X^© `m XmoZ ê$nm§V. doimodois nwñVH$m§À`m XwH$mZmVM¸$a _maVmZm AMmZH$ AZoH$ nwñVH§$ hmVmesbmJbs.

_s dmMbobs, C„oI Ho$bobs nwñVH§$ JmObobsAmhoV. `m Zm Ë`m ê$nmV `m nwñVH$m§da ânya MMm©Pmbobs Amho, Ë`m§Mo C„oI doimodois PmboboAmhoV. ~è`mM nwñVH$m§Mo boIH$ Ë`m Ë`m[df`mdaMo OmUH$ma AmhoV.

nwñVH$m§Ms Zmd§ gwMbs Ves AmhoV. [df`_hÎd, boIH$ Aes H$moUVshs H$gmoQ>s Zmhs.

1. go{ë\$e OsÝg. [aMS©> S>m°[H$Ýg. OsÝg hm_yi KQ>H$ _mZyZ CËH«$m§Vs `m KQ>ZmH«$_mM§ {dûcofU[aMS©> S>m°[H$Ýg `m d¡km[ZH$mZ§ Ho$b§ Amho. OJÊ`mMsYS>nS> OsÝg H$aVmV. `m YS>nS>sVyZ [Q>H$mD$ OsÝgV`ma hmoVmV Am[U Ë`m OsÝgda Z§VaMm Osd V`mahmoV AgVmo Agm hm [gÕmÝV Amho. [df` d¡km[ZH$Amho; nU, JmoîQ>sgmaIm _m§S>bm Amho. 2006gmbs nwñVH$mMs 25ds Amd¥Îms [ZKmbs. àËòH$Amd¥ÎmsV boIH$ [df`mÀ`m ~m~VsV Pmbobo Zdo[dMma Am[U g§emoYZ _m§S>Vmo.

2. Xs Jm°S> So>ë`wOZ. [aMS©> S>m°[H$Ýg. na_oûda hoEH$ WmoVm§S> Amho, Agm [gÕmÝV boIH$mZ§ _m§S>bobmAmho. go{ë\$e OsÝg [b[hUmè`m boIH$mM§M hoXwgè`m Q>moH$mÀ`m [df`mdaM§ nwñVH$ go{ë\$e OsÝgBVH§$M JmOV Amho. nwñVH$ Y_m©Mm nwZ[d©MmaH$am`bm bmdV§.

3. Xs hmob AW© [S>gsßbsZ. ñQw>AQ©> ~«±S>. AUyåhQ>ë`mda _mUgmMm WaH$mn CS>Vmo. [hamo[e_mZmJmgmH$s, MoZm}[~b Am[U AmVm \w$Hw$[e_mS>moù`m§g_moa òV§. ZH$mo Vmo AUyMm Cn`moJ AesAmnbs à[V[H«$`m AgVo. ñQw>AQ©> ~«±S> AUyMm dmnaD$Om© [Z[_©VsgmR>s Ho$bm nm[hOo, Agm AmJ«hYaVmV. AUyMs D$Om© gwa[jV Amho, [ZénÐdsAmho, [ZgJ©[_Ì Amho, Ag§ ~«±S> `m nwñVH$mV_m§S>VmV. _m§S>Usbm VmÁ`m g§emoYZm§Mm AmYmaXoVmV. \w$Hw$[e_m hmoÊ`mÀ`m AmYsM§ ho nwñVH$dmMë`mZ§Va dmQy> eH$V§.

4. ñQ´>m° S>m°½O. Om°Z J«o. Om°Z J«o ho VmÁ`m X_mMoVÎdkmZs AmhoV. _mZds ì`dhmam§M§ (Ë`mVamOH$maU Am[U Y_©hs Ambo) [ddoMZ Vo H$aVmV.J«o Am[U Ë`m§Mo [dMma dmXJ«ñV AmhoV. `m nwñVH$mV[ZgJ© ào_i dJ¡ao Zmhs, Ag§ J«o åhUVmV. OJmVë`m[d[dY Y_mª_Üò [ZgJm©M§ ñWmZ H$m` Amho Vo `mnwñVH$mV Vnmgbob§ Amho. [¼ñVs Am[U Bñbm_

[Ziy Xm_bo

dmdmMZ hm Á`mMm Ë`mMm àíZ

80 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Y_m©nojm [h¨Xy Y_m©V [ZgJm©Mm g_Vmob [dMmaPmbm Amho, Ag§ boIH$mZ§ åhQ>b§ Amho.

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81OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

18. Xs qg½`wb°[aQ>s BO [Zà. ao Hw$P©dob.boIH$ EH$ V§Ìk Am[U CÚmoJs Amho. _m[hVsV§ÌkmZmÀ`m [dH$mgmMm ZH$mem `m nwñVH$mVboIH$mZ§ _m§S>bm Amho. _mZds eara hohs _m[hVsAm[U gm°âQ>doAaMm EH$ _hmg§M` Amho. _mZdseara H$g§ MmbV§ `mMs _m[hVs AmVm hmVmesAmbs Amho. V§Ì[dkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z _mUygOdinmg A_a Am[U gXmZ§Xs H$aVm òB©b Ag§boIH$ nwñVH$mV Vn[ebmV _m§S>Vmo.

19. B_m_ A±S> B§[S>`Z. A[_Vm^ Kmof ho_mZdd§eemók AmhoV. 1986 Vo 2002 `mH$mimV Vo Aä`mgmÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZ§ H§$~mo[S>`m,

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`mM gw_mamg OsdemómVsb g§emoYZmMsKmoS>Xm¡S> gwê$ Pmbs. O¡dV§ÌkmZmMm [dñVma hmoVJobm. bwB©O ~«mD$Z `m n[hë`m Qo>ñQ> Q>çy~ ~o~sMmOÝ_ Pmbm. OZwH$m§_Üò ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUyZ A[YH$CËnmXZ XoUmar AZoH$ YmÝ`m§Ms dmU§ ~mOmamVAmbs, eoVm§_Üò noabs Jobs. Ë`mVyZM Aem àH$maogOsdm§À`m JwUY_mª_Üò dm§[N>V ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUU§eŠ` Am[U ì`dhm`© Agë`mMs à[MVs [_imbs.Ë`mÀ`m à^mdmImbs A[YH$m[YH$ [dkmZH$Wm§_ÜòOsdemómVsb g§H$ënZm§Mm dmna hmoD$ bmJbm.OsdemómVsb `m Am[dîH$mam§Mm _mZds Am`wî`mesWoQ> g§~§Y Agë`m_wi§ `m [dkmZH$Wm `§Ì_mZdmÀ`mZ amhVm _mZdmÀ`m, [H$_mZ njs _mZdHo§$[ÐVPmë`m. _mZdmÀ`m ^md[dûdmes Ë`m Ioiy bmJë`m.Ë`mV hmoUmè`m AmdV©Zm§Mm doY KoD$ bmJë`m. Ë`mn[aàojmVyZ _mZds ZmVog§~§Ym§Mm _mJmodm KoD$bmJë`m. [dkmZàMwaVoH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Mm H$bb[bVàMwaVoH$So> hmoD$ bmJbm.

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83OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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84 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

nm[hOo, nmbH$m§Zs [Xboë`m [dZm_yë` doioMm,XoIaoIsMm! Am°ñQo>[b`mgma»`m gYZ XoemVsbnmhUsMm [ZîH$f© Agm : Šb~ d Am§Va-amÁ`ñnYm©V, Á`m§Mo nmbH$ ls_§V d gw{ñWVsV AmhoV,Ë`m§À`mM _wbm§Zm à[ejU nadS>V§, PonV§. `mnmhUsMm [ZîH$f© Agmhs : g_mOmÀ`m gd©WamVsb _wbm§Zm Am°ñQ´>o[b`mVsb Ioim§M§ XmbZIwb§ Pmb§`, Ag§ J¥hsV YaÊ`mMs nma§n[aH$g_OyV Iar Zmhs! "gmè`m§gmR>s Ioi', hoAm°[b¨[nH$M ~«sXdmŠ`. AmnU Ë`mM ^y[_Ho$VyZ hoAmìhmZ ñdsH$mabo nm{hOo...

~«°S>_ZZ§Va Amnë`m ZoV¥ËdmMs N>mn nmS>UmaoH$U©Yma åhUOo boZ hQ>Z, \«°$ÝH$ dm°aob, [aMs ~oZm°d B`Z M°nb. ~oZm° d dm°aob ho [IbmSy> ~mÊ`mMo VaM°nb ~§S>Imoa d amoIR>moH$. H$gmoQ>s gm_Ý`m§VyZAm°ñQ´>o[b`Z _§S>img ânya Z\$m hmoVmo; nU,H$gmoQ>sdsam§À`m hmVs Ro>dbo OmVmV MUo-\w$Q>mUo!`m[déÕ Ë`m§Zr H$gmoQ>sdsam§Zm g§K[Q>V Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZHo$ar n°H$a `m§Ms gH©$g OÝ_mg Ambs. [H«$Ho$Q>MsXw[Z`m T>diyZ [ZKmbs. OJâÀ`m H$gmoQ>sdsam§M§_mZYZ dmT>db§ Job§. "M°nobs' ho B`Z M°nbM§JmObob§ nwñVH$. Ë`mMm ghH$mar d Am°\$-{ñnZaA°ebs _°boQ> `mM§ "M°nobs ñnsŠg AmD$Q' ho OUwOmoS>-nwñVH$!

M¸$ ~«°S>_Zgma»`m Agm_ses n§Jm KoVbmM°nobsZ§! X[jU Am°ñQ´>o>[b`Z g§KmVsb H$gboë`mIoimSy>§gmR>s ^[dî` [Zdm©h [ZYsMm (àm°pìhS§>Q>\§$S>) Ë`mMm àñVmd, ~«°S>_ZZs \o$Q>miyZ bmdbm.hs JmoîQ> 1971Ms. _J 72ì`m èñds B§p½beXm¡è`mZ§Vahs, H$gmoQ>sdsam§À`m _mZYZmV H$moUVrhsdmT> ~«°S>_ZZs Zm_§Oya Ho$bs. nU, _§S>imZo _moR>çmCXma ~wÕsZo IoimSy>§Mo _mZYZ XmoZeodê$Z MmaeoS>m°bg© Ho$bo. `mda M°nbMm [heo~ Agm : ~mamH$gmoQ>sdsam§Mo [_iyZ _mZYZ 4,800 S>m°bg©. nU,[VH$sQ> [dH«$sVyZ _§S>imMm J„m AS>sM bmIS>m°bg©!

1971_Üò A°eog J_mdÊ`mMs bjUo [XgVAgVmZm, Am°ñQ´>o>[b`Z _§S>imZo [~b bm°arMsH$U©YmanXmdê$Z CMb~m§JS>s Ho$bs d M°nbÀ`mS>moŠ`mda Vmo H$mQo>ar _wHw$Q> MT>dbm. gbm_sMm\$b§XmO d Jmob§XmO ~Xbbo. M°nb AñdñWhmoVm. Aem dois [bZ _mŠg© `m ghH$mè`mMm g„mË`mZo _mZbm. [aMs ~oZm°Mm AmXe© S>moù`m§nwTo> Ro>d.à[VnjmÀ`m Zmdmda [~Z~mX XmoZeo Ymdm Agë`mVarhs ~oZm° JS>~Sy>Z OmV Zmhs. JbsV joÌajUmgC^m AgVmo, Vmo em§VnUo hmVm§Ms KS>s KmbyZ! _J_ÜòM Vmo Jmob§XmO ~XbVmo, joÌì`yh ~XbVmo.

ghH$mè`m§Zm dmQ>V§, H$s ~oZm°À`m `m Mmbs_wioIoimg H$bmQ>Us [_iUmaM! Vg§ KS>VhsnwîH$iXm! àËòH$ àíZmM§ CÎma Amnë`mH$U©YmamH$So> Amho Agm [dûdmg Vmo [Z_m©U H$aVmoIam!

gwZsb JmdgH$aZs nwñVH§$ Iyn [b[hbs,ñV§^-boIZ Va ânya Ho$b§. H$[nbXodM§ "[H«$Ho$Q>_m` bmB©\$ : ñQ´>oQ> \«$m°_ _m` hmQ©>' nwñVH$hsdmMZs` Amho. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m [nT>sVsb gdm}Îm_g_sjH$ AWm©VM g§O` _m§OaoH$a, CÎm_ J«§W[b{hÊ`mMs VmH$X Ë`mÀ`m boIUsV Amho. B_amZImZ ("Am°b amD§$S> ìhçy') d dgs_ AH$a_("dgs_') Am[U Ë`m§À`m ImbmoImb PhsaAã~mg ("PoS> : A°Z Am°Q>mo~m`moJ«m\$s') d OmdoX

[_`m§XmX ("H$qQ>J EO') `m§Ms AmË_M[aÌ§ A[YH$_Z_moH$ù`m e¡bsVbs. JwUs nU ì`pŠVdmXsIoimSy> Am[U VèhodmB©H$ àemgH$ `m§Mm [d[MÌ[_bm\$ Pmbm` nm[H$ñVmZs [H«$Ho$Q>_Üò. Vmo Ë`m§ZsN>mZ [M{ÌV Ho$bm`.

[dO` hOmao, gæ`X _wíVmH$ Abs ,_ÝgyaAbsnQ>m¡Xs, A[OV dmSo>H$a, àgÞm, g§Xsn nmQ>sb, adsemós, Qo>~b Qo>[ZgnQy> M§ÐeoIa, gm`H$bnQyH$_bmH$a P|So>, ~°S>[_¨Q>ZnQy Z§Xw ZmQo>H$a d àH$menXyH$moU AmXs _mÝ`dam§Zs dmMZmb`mV EHo$H$Mm§Jë`m AmË_M[aÌmMs â Q>mH$bs Amho.Am°[b§[nH$_Üò AmR> gwdUmªgh 11 nXHo$ ^maVsÌmË`mV O_m H$aUmam hm°H$s, hmM Amnbm amîQ´>s`

Ioi Ago AmOhs ~aoM bmoH$ _mZVmV. _oOaÜ`mZM§X (Jmob), Wmoabo ~b~sa [g¨J (JmoëS>Zh°Q>²[Q´>H$), Agb_ eoa ImZ (Qy> hob dwB©W hm°H$s),_sa a§OZ ZoJs (\«$m°_ ½by_ Qy> ½bmoar), naJQ> [g¨J`m§Zs Ioimdarb dmL²>_` Amnmnë`m narZo g_¥ÕHo$bo. nU, MmMZs`VoMmM [ZH$f bmdë`mg,g§Xsn [_l `m nÌH$mamZo YZamO [n„oda {b{hbobonwñVH$ Amho A[YH$ _m{hVsnyU©.

A°WbsQ> Ooñgs AmodoÝg, ~og~m°bnQy ~o~ ê$W,~mñHo$Q>~m°bnQy _m`H$b Om°aS>Z, Jmoë’$nQy Q>m`Ja~yS>g², ~m°Šga _h_X Abs, gm`H$bnQy bmÝgAm_©ñQ´>m±J d ObVaUnQy _m`H$b \o$ëng² hsA_o[aHo$Ms X¡dVo, VoM A_o[aH$s ~mOmanoRo>Mo nmoñQ>a~m°B©O. `mn¡H$s Am_©ñQ´>m±J CRy>Z [XgVmo, VmoQo>ñQ>sŠ`wba H°$Ýgada _mV H$aÊ`mÀ`m [ZYm©am_wio."BQ>²g Zm°Q> A~mCQ> X ~mB©H$ : _m` OZu ~°H$ Qy>bmB©\$' `m Amnë`m ñ\w$VuXm`H$ AmË_M[aÌmVAm[U Ë`mÀ`m[df`s [b[hë`m Joboë`m nwñVH$mV"Qy>a X \«$mÝg'gmaIs IS>Va e`©V gmVXm[O¨H$Umè`m `m [dûd[dH«$_dsamMs hs H$hmUs gwaoI_m§S>bobs Amho. CÎmoOH§$ (S>moqnJ) KoÊ`mMo AmamonË`mÀ`mda Pmbo. nU, Ë`mVyZ Vmo [ZXm}f gwQ>bm`.

Am_©ñQ´>m±JMo doJionU Ago H$s H°$Ýgabm AmimKmby nmhmUmè`m "bmÝg Am_©ñQ´>m±J \$mC§So>eZ'_ÜòË`mZo 2008n`ªV n§Mdsg H$moQ>s S>m°bg© (1150H$moQ>s énò) O_m Ho$bo. H°$Ýga~m~VÀ`mg§emoYZmgmR>s Qo>Šgg amÁ` gaH$maZo òË`m 10dfmªV {VZeo H$moQ>s S>m°bg© (Mm¡Xm hOma H$moQ>sénò) VaVyX H$amds, `mgmR>s Ë`mZo Qo>Šgg[gZoQ>_Üò gmè`m§Zm hobmdUmao ^mfU Ho$bo. VgmR>amd _§Oya ìhmdm, ho è gm`H$bnQyMo,H«$sS>mjoÌmMo!

A°WbsQ> Ooñgs AmodoÝg d _wîQ>s`moÕm H°$es`gŠbo D$\©$ _h_XAbs hs Va H$mù`m dm Am[\«$H$Z-A_o[aH$Z g_mOmÀ`m A{ñ_VoMs d CR>mdmMsMmbVs ~mobVs àVrHo$ : AmodoÝgÀ`m nyd©Om§ZmAm[\«$Ho$VyZ A_o[aHo$À`m ~moQ>sV ~gdbo Jobo dJwbm_ åhUyZ [dH$bo Jobo. Ë`mZ§Va 100 dfmªZs,1936À`m ~buZ-Am°[b¨[nH$_Üò, [hQ>baMmAm`©Z-à^wËdmMm [dH¥$V [gÕmÝV, OoñgsZo ImoQ>mR>adbm. e§â d XmoZeo _sQ>g©, [abo d bm§~ CS>s`mVsb Ë`mMs Mma gwdU© nXHo$, `m hmoË`m[hQ>baÀ`m ls_wImV bJmdboë`m Mma MnamH$s!"Ooñgs' `m AmË_M[aÌmV Ë`mM§ dU©Z Ë`mZ§ N>mZHo$b§`. nU, Vo H$aVmZm, bm§~ CS>sV Amnbs MyH$XwéñV H$aUmè`m bwP bm±J `m Jmoè`m O_©Zà[VñnYm©À`m [Z^©`VoMo [H$ñgohs Ë`mZo

85OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

H¥$VkVmnyd©H$ Z_yX Ho$bo AmhoV.H°$es`g Šbo hmhs Ooñgsà_mUo Am°[b¨[nH$-

A[O¨Š`dsa. nU, OJÁOoË`mÀ`m H$mVS>sMm a§J JmoamZgob, Va Ë`mÀ`m _m`Xoes, A_o[aHo$V Ë`mbm H$mhshm°Qo>bmVhs Jmoè`m§gmo~V, Ë`m§À`m n§JVsV ~gy [Xbo OmV Zmhs. _J,Am°[b¨[nH$ gwdUm©Mo _mob Vo H$m`? Aem d¡VmJmVyZË`mZo Vo nXH$ ZXsV [âH$mdyZ [Xbo. {ìhEVZm__Üò bîH$ar godm H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma[Xbm Am[U Bñbm_ Y_© ñdsH$mabm. ho gma§ Ë`mÀ`md Ë`mÀ`m[df`sÀ`m H¡$H$ nwñVH$m§VyZ dmMb§ nm[hOo.

ho gma§ dmMZs` Ia§M. Ë`mMm AmZ§XbwQ>ë`mdahs EH$ AnyU©Vm OmUdVo. Am°[b¨[nH$_Üò

a[e`Z g§KamÁ` (`yEgEgAma) nwîH$iXmA_o[aHo$g _mJo gmaV Ago. Joë`m Am°qb[nH$_ÜòMsZZo A_o[aHo$nojm ~arM OmñVs gwdU©nXH§$ [_idyZXmIdbs. ~m°{Šg¨J_Üò Š`w~mMs XmXm[Jar XsK©H$miMmb`s`. n„oXma Ymd e`©VsV A[\«$H$s dM©ñdA~m[YV Amho. O_©Zs, OnmZ, X. H$mo[a`m, ñnoZ,h§Joar, \«$mÝg, ~«mPsb, AO]Q>sZm hohs Amnbs M_H$XmIdVmV. nU, Ë`m§À`m XoemVsb boIZmn`ªVnmoMÊ`mMm à`ËZhs ^maVmV hmoV Zmhs. OJmes gmaoì`dhma B§J«Os EHo$ B§J«OsVyZ H$aUo, Amåhs Ho$ìhm~XbUma? VyV© Var OJmes Amnbm g§~§Y Á`m EH$m^mfo_m\©$V hmoVmo, Ë`m B§J«OsVsb [ZdS>H$ hOmanwñVH$m§Mo ê$nm§Va _amR>sV ìhm`bm hd§.

OmVm OmVm EH$ H$hmUs H«$sS>mjoÌmÀ`m _hVsMs.Am`ìhar H$moñQ> `m Am[\«$H$s XoemVsb aº$a§OsV`mXds, H$mhs H$mi Var Wmondbs EH$m\w$Q>~m°bnQyZo. [XXsEa ÐmoJ~mZo d Ë`mÀ`m ghH$mar\w$Q>~m°bnQy§Zs. "Q>mB_' gmám[hH$mZo OJmVsb 100à^mdembs ì`[º$_ÎdmV ñWmZ [Xb§ hmoV§,\w$Q>~m°bnQy ÐmoJ~mbm!

^maVmV H«$sS>m-g§ñH¥$Vs nmio_wio Yê$ bmJob,Ë`mM à_mUmV H«$sS>m-boIZ, Ë`mM§ dmMZ d Ë`mMsMMm© dmT>V OmB©b. bmI_mobmMs hs bmI-bmInwñVHo$, hm H«$sS>mjoÌmMm _moR>mM Ro>dm!g§nH©$ : 022 - 24327388

Yamì`m eVH$mV O_©ZsV `mohmZ JwQo>Z~J©`mZo _wÐUV§ÌmMm emoY bmdbm. Ë`mdoisN>mnboë`m J«§WmnmgyZ àH$meZmMs

gwédmV Pmbs Ago åhUVm òB©b. Ë`mnyduhsMsZ_Üò bmH$S>s R>go dmnéZ _wÐU Ho$bo OmV hmoVo;nU Iè`m AWm©Zo JwQo>Z~J© `mZo N>nmB© V§ÌmMo OJâOmio nga[dbo. nydu EImXm J«§W [bhyZ hmVmZoË`mÀ`m ZH$bm Ho$ë`m OmV. `m àH$mamV J«§Wàgmambm Iyn _`m©Xmhs nS>V; na§Vw N>nmB© `§ÌmZoEImÚm J«§WmÀ`m AZoH$ àVs H$aÊ`mÀ`m V§ÌmZoàH$meZ ì`dhmamV EH$ H«$m§VsM KS>dyZ AmUbs.

^maVmV n[hbo _wÐUmb` 1556 gmbs Jmoì`mVgwé Pmbo. `m _wÐUmb`mV Ho$di amo_Z Ajao hmoVs.`m _wÐUb`mV 1557 bm "XmoH$ÌsZm [H«$ñQ>mAmo" hon[hbo nwñVHo$ N>mnbo Jobo. ^maVs` ^mfoV n[hë`m§XmV[_i ^mfoMo Q>mB©n ~Zdbo Jobo. [ÌMyaOdisbOmoÞog JmoÝgmëdoO `m ñn°[Ze J¥hñWmZo _b~marQ>mB©n V`ma Ho$bo. ZmJar Q>mB©n àm`mo[JH$ ñdénmVàW_ `wamon_Üò V`ma Ho$bo. `m Q>mB©nmV 1675 _ÜòN>mnbobo "Mm`Zm BboñQ´>Q>mo"ho n[hbo kmV _w[ÐVnwñVH$ Amho; na§Vw ^maVmV 1740 bm ZmJar Q>mB©n,1743 bm ~§Jmbs Q>mB©n Am[U 1747 bm VobJyQ>mB©n ~Z[dbo Jobo.

_amR>s àH$meZmMs gwédmV_amR>s àH$meZmMs gwédmV XmoZeo dfmªnyduMs

Amho. [edmOs _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV ^s_Os nmaoI`m§À`m_m\©$V B§½b§S>hyZ N>nmB©`§Ì AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZHo$bm hmoVm, AgmC„oI AmT>iVmo; na§Vw `m~ÔbA[YH$ _m[hVs [_iV Zmhs. EH$mo[Ugmì`meVH$mÀ`m gwédmVsb ZmZm \$S>Usgm§Zs Mmëg© _°boQ>`m [~«[Q>e EO§Q>mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo nwÊ`mV [MÌemim d

[eënemim H$mT>Ê`mMmhs à`ËZ Ho$bm. 1805gmbs [_aOoMo gaXma nQ>dY©Z `m§Zs Vm§ã`mÀ`mR>em§Zs ^JdÒsVm N>mnbs Agm C„oI [_iVmo; nUàË`j N>mnbobs àV CnbãY Zmhs. V§OmdaMo amOoga\$moOs ho _amR>s ^mfoMo ào_s hmoVo. Ë`m§Zs g»IZn§[S>V `m [dÛmZmH$Sy>Z B§J«Os "BgmnZsVs"Mm _amR>sAZwdmX H$adyZ KoVbm. hm AZwdmX _amR>sdmMH$m§gmR>s CnbãY ìhmdm åhUyZ 1806 gmbs

"~mb~moY _wº$mdbs"`m ZmdmZo N>mnbm. hs _amR>sàH$meZmMs gwédmV hmoVs. `mnydu EH$ df© AJmoXa1805gmbs [dë`_ H°$ar `m§Zs H$mobH$Ë`mOdisblsam_nya òWo "Xs J«m_a Am°\$ _amR>s b±½doO " honwñVH$ N>mnyZ _amR>s _w[ÐV nwñVH$m§Mm ls JUoemHo$bobm [XgVmo.

ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVsb àH$meZ^maVmV B§J«Os gÎmoÀ`m A§_bmg gwédmV

Pmbs Am[U Ë`mM gw_mamg _amR>s àH$meZmMsgwédmV Pmbobs Amho. B§J«Os A§_bmÀ`m gwédmVsbmAmUIs EH$ _hÎdmMs KQ>Zm KS>bs. `m Zì`mgaH$maZo OZVobm [ejU XoÊ`mgmR>s JmdmoJmd _amR>semimgwé Ho$ë`m. `m emim§da [Z`§ÌU Ro>dÊ`mgmR>sàW_M [ejU ImVo gwé Ho$bo. 1822 gmbs gwéPmboë`m `m ImË`mMo Zmd hmoVo "_w§~B© h¡X [ejU_§S>is". `mM H$mimV _wbm§gmR>s àW_M H«$[_H$nwñVH$m§À`m [Z[_©VsMm [dMma gwé Pmbm. "[g¨hmgZ~Îmses " ho d¡OZmW n§[S>Vm§Mo nwñVH$ nmR>çnwñVH$åhUyZM àH$m[eV Pmbo. `mZ§Va ~mny N>Ìo `m§Mo"~mi[_Ì" Am[U "BgmnZsVs"hs nwñVHo$ Ambs.

1831 gmbs JUnV H¥$îUmOs `m§Zs ñdV:À`mN>mnImÝ`mV n[hbo àH$meZ N>mnbo. _amR>s _mUgmZo_amR>s bmoH$m§À`m JaOoZwgma àH$m[eV Ho$bobo hon[hbo àH$meZ Amho. hs Iè`m AWm©Zo _amR>sàH$meZmMs gwédmV åhUVm òB©b. bmoH$m§Mo à~moYZH$aÊ`mÀ`m Am[U [_eZè`m§Mm àMma _moSy>ZH$mT>Ê`mÀ`m JaOoVyZ hs àH$meZo Pmbobs [XgVmV.bmoH$[ejU Am[U amîQ´>s` nwZéËWmZmMs ^mdZmhs`m_mJo hmoVs. 1865 n`ªV 661 _amR>s nwñVHo$àH$m[eV Pmbs hmoVs. Ý`m`_yVu amZSo> `m§Zs Ho$bobshs gyMs CnbãY Amho.

ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVsb àH$meZ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` [_imbo. [ejUmMm àgma

IoS>çmnmS>çm§n`ªV hmoV Jobm. Zds [nT>s [bhy, dmMybmJbs. `mVyZ àH$meZì`dhma dmT>V Jobm. nwUoAm[U _w§~B© hoM _amR>s àH$meZmMo _w»` H|$Ð[~¨XyPmbo ! Ë`mVhs nwÊ`mMm àH$meZmVsb dmQ>m _moR>mhmoVm. JmdmoJmds emim§Vsb _wbm§gmR>s nmR>çnwñVHo$[bhyZ KoVbs. [ejU [d^mJmH$Sy>Z _mÝ`Vm KoD$ZàH$m[eV Ho$bs. `m nwñVH$m§À`m OmoS>sZo Vo b[bVnwñVH$mMo àH$meZhs H$é bmJbo.nmR>çnwñVH$m[edm` Ym[_©H$ nwñVHo$ àH$m[eVH$aUmaohs H$mhs àH$meH$ hmoVo. Ym[_©H$ nwñVH$m§Zmh_Img In Ago. nmR>çnwñVH$mVyZ Mm§Jbs H$_mB©hmoB©. `m XmoÝhs àH$mam§nojm H$mhtgm à[VîRo>Mm Am[Ugm§ñH¥$[VH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmMm àH$ma åhUOo b[bVgm[hË` àH$meZmMm. `mVyZ _amR>s àH$meZmMsXmoZeo dfmªMs na§nam g_¥ÜX hmoV Jobs.

("dmMZdoY'‘YyZ gm^ma)

àH$meZ joÌmMs _wimjao

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86 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

_hmamîQ> : H$mb Am[U AmOhmamîQ´>mÀ`m B[VhmgmMo T>mo~i_mZmZoàmMsZ (àmMsZ d CÎma àmMsZ),_Ü``wJsZ (~hm_Zs d _wKb-_amR>m),

AmYw[ZH$ (1800 Vo 1857 d 1857 Vo 1947)Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. AbrH$So> nwamVÎd emómZoB[Vhmg d g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m XmbZmV B[Vhmg nyd©H$mb(Pre-history) d àmJ¡[Vhm[gH$ H$mb (Proto-history) (Aí_`wJ) Aes XmoZ ZdsZ XmbZo [Z_m©UHo$bs AmhoV. `mZ§VaMm H$mi hm Vm_«nmfmUg§ñH¥$VsMm ([gŸy-gañdVs d hS>ßnm-g§ñH¥$VsMmH$mi) VWm[n, hs CËI[ZV ñWim§À`m ~imdaAmYmabobs Agë`mZo AÚmn gm_mÝ` dmMH$mn`ªVnmohmoMbs ZmhsV. [edm` Ë`mdarb ~hwVm§e boIZAm[U àH$meZ B§J«Os ^mfoV Pmë`mZo Vogd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m AmdmŠ`m~mhoaMo Amho.

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88 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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Z§Va Amboë`m amOKamÊ`m§_Üò amîQ´>Hy$Q> hoAgoM EH$ namH«$_s KamUo. à[VHy$b n`m©daUmesPw§O XoV Ë`m§Zs _hmamîQ´>mda VsZ eVHo$ dM©ñdJmO[dbo. Amnë`m gÎmoMm Ë`m§Zs ^maVâ Xamam[Z_m©U H$ê$Z gd© g_H$mbsZ à[V{îR>VamOKamÊ`m§es d¡dm[hH$ g§~§Y OmoS>bo. Z_©XmImoè`mnmgyZ H¥$îUm Imoè`mn`ªVÀ`m àXoemMo Voñdm_s hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mM H$mimV doéiMo nmfmU[eën, H¡$bmg boUo AmH$mamg Ambo. Ë`m§À`mM

H$mimV IOwamhmo òWsb [dûd[d»`mV _§[Xam§Ms[Z[_©Vs Pmbs. VoWsb H§$Ym[a`m _hmXod _§[Xa dnmûd©ZmW _§[Xa `m§À`m [Z[_©Vs_Üò amîQ´>Hw$Q>m§À`mH$bmH$mam§Mm gh^mJ Agë`mMo H$bmjoÌmVsbOmUH$ma gm§JVmV. Ë`m§À`m H$mimV H$mZS>sgm[hË`mMo gwdU©`wJ Pmbo ho H$Þ[S>Jm§Zm _mhsVZgmdo. doéi Am[U A[O¨R>m hs AmO OmJ[VH$dmagm ñWio, hs _hmamîQ´>mMs \$ma _moR>s [Z[_©Vshmo`. Vs nmhÊ`mgmR>s gmao OJ à[Vdfu dmT>Ë`mg§»òZo _hmamîQ´>mbm ôQ> XoV AgVo. `mZ§VaMm`mXdH$mi ho AÜ`mË_mMo `wJ _mZbo OmVo. `mMH$mimV _amR>s ^mfoMs OS>U-KS>U Pmbs.kmZoûda, Zm_Xodm§gmaIo OJX²{d»`mV g§V [Z_m©UPmbo. à[VHy$b n[a{ñWVsda _mV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zs_hmamîQ´>mMs A{ñ_Vm OmJ¥V Ho$bs d AmÜ`m{Ë_H$g_VoMs ÜdOm (VsM dmaH$ar n§WmMs ÜdOm)C^mê$Z OmVs-nmVsÀ`m, H$_©H$m§S>mÀ`m,~wdm~mOsÀ`m, e¡d-d¡îUdmÀ`m VWm _mojmÀ`m^«m_H$ H$ënZm§Zs _moSy> nmhUmam _hmamîQ´> Ë`m§ZsEH$m ÜdOmImbs AmUÊ`mMm H$gyZ à`ËZ Ho$bm.

dsg-~mdsg dfmªÀ`m kmZXodm§Zm Am`wî`mV OoeŠ` hmoVo (_mÂ`m ~mhs å`m ì`mo_ H$i[dbo) VoH$ê$Z _amR>sbm A_¥VmMs JmoS>s CnbãY H$ê$Z[Xbs. (A_¥VmVo hs n¡Om [O¨Ho$) Ë`m§Mm XoXrß`_mZdmagm Mmb[dÊ`mg AmnU H$_s nS>bmo.

Z§VaÀ`m _w{ñb_ amOdQ>sV gm_§VemhsMmAdmOds àgma, H$_©H$m§S>mMm Cƒm§H$ d _amR>s_ZmMm èhmg `m VsZ XwJw©Um§Zs _hmamîQ´> ÌñV Pmbm.

V_mo`wJ [Z_m©U Pmbo. n¡R>UÀ`m EH$ZmWm§ZsdmñVdmMo Xe©Z KS>[dÊ`mMs [eH$ñV Ho$bs.am_Xmg-VwH$mam_m§Zs hmM dmagm nwTo> Mmb[dbm.g_mO gwYmaUoMo à`ËZ Ho$bo. `mZ§Va N>ÌnVs[edmOsÀ`m ê$nmZo [edmMm AdVma Pmbm. hmgmam B[Vhmg _hmamîQ´>s` _mUgmbm kmV Amho.Ë`m§Zs [Z_m©U Ho$boë`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m àoaUoVyZMAmnUmg B§J«Om§[déÕ bT>Ê`mMs ñ\y$Vu [_imbs.`mM H$mimV dmgwXod ~id§V \$S>Ho$, am_Os^m§Jam, gmdaH$a, H$mÝhoao, amOJwê$ AmXsH«$m§[VH$maH$ [Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m§À`m hm¡VmËå`mZo gmam^maV T>diyZ [ZKmbm.

bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$m§Zs ^maVs` amîQ´>dmXmbmg§K[Q>V H$ê$Z B§J«Om§[déÕ ì`mnH$ bT>m C^mabm.Ë`m§Zs EH$m H«$m§{V`wJmbm OÝ_ [Xbm. Zm_XmaJmoIbo, AmJaH$a, \w$bo `m§Mo `moJXmZ _hmamîQ´>mbmbbm_^yV Amho. Z§Va ^maVaËZ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zs [Xbobm bT>m d [b[hbobs KQ>Zmgd©lwV Amho. Zì`m [nT>sbm `mMm n[aM` ìhmdm,Ë`mZo Ë`mMo dmMZ d _ZZ H$amdo åhUyZ H$mhsCn`wº$ J«§§Wm§Ms Zmdo gmo~V [Xbs AmhoV. J«§Wm§Ms[ZdS> H$aVmZm Ho$di _amR>s J«§Wm§MsM OmUsdnyd©H$[ZdS> Ho$bs Amho ho dmMH$m§Zs [dgê$ Zò. VgoM`m_Üò Ho$di 1947n`ªVÀ`m B[Vhmg dg§ñH¥$Vsdarb J«§Wm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. `m_ÜòAbsH$S>sb àH$meZo KoVbs ZmhsV.g§nH©$ : 0240-2353275

89OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

amR>çm§Mo B[VhmgH$ma [edH$mbmMs_`m©Xm B.g. 1600 Vo 1707 Aes_mZVmV. Ë`m_Üò N>ÌnVs [edmOs

_hmamOm§Ms H$maH$sX© _w»` Agbs Var Ë`m§À`mH$m`m©Ms nmíd©^y_s 25/30 df} AJmoXanmgyZ V`mahmoV hmoVs, ho bjmV KoD$Z [edH$mbmMm àma§^gw_mao gZ 1600 Agm Yabm OmVmo. [edmOs_hmamOm§À`m [ZYZmZ§Va _amR>çm§§Zs [h¨XdsñdamÁ`mÀ`m ajUmgmR>s Omo 25/26 df} bT>m[Xbm, Vmohs H$mbI§S> [edH$mbmMmM EH$ ^mJ_mZbm OmVmo. `mMo _w»` H$maU åhUOo `m bT>çmV_hmamOm§Ms ñdmV§Í`mMs [eH$dU hsM _amR>çm§À`mbT>çmMs Iar àoaUm hmoVs. gZ 1707_Ysb~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZo hm bT>m g§nbmAm[U EH$m AWm©Zo [edH$mbmMm AñV Pmbm.~mXemhs H¡$XoVyZ gwQy>Z ñdamÁ`mV Amboë`memhyamOm§Zs [edmOs _hmamOm§Mo ñdmV§Í`mMo,gmd©^m¡_ËdmMo VÎd gmoSy>Z [Xbo Am[U Ë`m~amo~aEH$ Zdo nd© _amR>çm§À`m B[VhmgmV gwê$ Pmbo.

ñdV§Ì gÎmm åhUyZ Zìho, Va ~mXehmMo _m§S>[bH$åhUyZ _amR>çm§Zs Amnbs gÎmm [h¨XwñWmZmVdmT>dbs. `m H$mbI§S>mg "noedmB©' Ago Zmd [XboJobo.

AmnUmg àñVwV [edH$mbmÀ`m B[Vhmgmda[Z_m©U Pmbobs J«§Wg§nXm nmhmd`mMs Amho. `mJ«§Wg§nXoMo XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV : 1. gmYZJ«§W Am[U2. [gÕJ«§W. [edemhsMs H$mJXnÌo, ~Iar,Vdm[aIm BË`mXs gm[hË` Á`m_Üò à[gÕ PmboboAmho Vo gd© gmYZJ«§W hmoV; Am[U `mgmYZJ«§Wm§À`m AmYmao Oo B[Vhmg [b[hbo Jobo Vogd© [gÕJ«§W hmoV. CXmhaUmW©, B[VhmgmMm`©amOdmS>çm§Ms "_amR>çm§À`m B[VhmgmMs gmYZo' `mZmdmMs J«§W_mbm, ho gmYZJ«§W AmhoV, Va[a`mgVH$ma gaXogmBªÀ`m "_amR>s [a`mgVs' ho[gÕJ«§W hmoV. òWo [edH$mbmÀ`m B[VhmgmÀ`m[gÕJ«§WmMs gyMs XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Amho.

hs gyMs \$º$ _amR>sV à[gÕ Pmboë`m J«§Wm§MsAmho. B§J«Os, nmoVw©JsO, \«o§$M, \$maes BË`mXsnaH$s` ^mfm§Vsb J«§Wm§Mm `mV g_mdoe Ho$bobmZmhs. H$maU Vgm Vmo A[^àoV Zmhs. Iao åhUOo[edH$mbmda AmVmn`ªV gd© àH$maMo [_iyZ

bhmZ_moRo> Ago [H$Vs J«§W Pmbo, `mMmhs H$gyZemoY ¿`m`bm hdm. _mÂ`m A§XmOmZwgma AemJ«§Wm§Ms g§»`m ghO 500n`ªV Omds. AWm©V, `mVB[Vhmgmbm dm[hbobs Ì¡_m[gHo$ d N>moQ>çm_moR>çmnw{ñVH$m§Mmhs g_mdoe H$amdm bmJob.

àñVwVÀ`m gyMsV _mbmoOsamOo ^mogbo

`m§À`mnmgyZ _hmamUs Vmam~mB©n`ªVÀ`m _amR>mamÁ`H$Ë`mª§Mo M[aÌJ«§W Va AmhoVM, [edm`_amR>çm§Zm Á`m EH$m ~bmT>ç eÌyes bT>mdo bmJboË`m Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmÀ`m M[aÌmMohs J«§W Zm|XdboAmhoV. H$maU, _amR>çm§Mm ñdmV§Í`mMm bT>m g_OyZ¿`m`Mm Pmbm Va Am¡a§JOo~ H$moU hmoVm, ho _mhsVH$ê$Z KoUo, JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`mM~amo~a `m gyMsV_amR>m amÁ`mVsb [H$ëë`m§darb J«§Wm§Mmhs g_mdoeHo$bm Amho. `mMohs H$maU CKS> Amho. H$maU,_amR>çm§Mo "ñdamÁ`' `m [H$ëë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZoMCô am[hbo, `m [H$ëë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZoM [dñVmaboAm[U `m [H$ëë`m§À`m _XVsZoM Ë`mMo ajUhsPmbo. [edmOs _hmamOm§Ms amOZsVs gm§JV AgVm"g§nyU© amÁ`mMo gma Vo XwJ©' Ago Oo CX²Jmaam_M§Ðn§V A_mË`mZo Amnë`m "AmkmnÌmV' H$mT>boAmhoV, Vo Eo[Vhm[gH$ gË`mbm Yê$ZM AmhoV.Voìhm _amR>çm§À`m [H$ëë`m§Mo B[VhmgJ«§WamÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m M[aÌJ«§Wm§BVHo$M _hÎdmMo AmhoV.[H¨$~hwZm _amR>s amÁ`H$Ë`mªMs M[aÌo [H$ëë`m§À`mB[VhmgmZsM gOdbs Jobs AmhoV. am`JS>,amOJS>, [g¨hJS>, nÝhmim, [demiJS> AemEHo$H$m [H$ëë`mda nwîH$i nwñVHo$ [b[hbs JobsAmhoV. `m gdmªMm BWo [dñVmamZo C„oI Ho$bobmZmhs. nU, AZoH$ [H$ëë`m§Mm B[Vhmg gm§JUmè`m_moOŠ`mM J«§Wm§Mm Oê$a g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.

`m ~amo~aM [edH$mbsZ g_mOì`dñWm,amOZsVs, àemgZZsVs, aUZsVs BË`mXs[df`m§darb H$mhs [ZdS>H$ J«§Wm§Mmhs [ZX}e gyMsVHo$bobm Amho. Ë`mdê$Z AmnUmg [edH$mbsZg_mOOsdZmMo VgoM amOZsVs- aUZsVsMo `WmW©Xe©Z KS>Vo. gd©gm_mÝ` B[Vhmgào_tZm bT>m`m§Mo,em¡`©namH«$_mMo B[Vhmg AmdS>VmV. amÁònamH«$_m§Zs C^s amhVmV ho Iao, nU Vs [Q>H$VmV,amÁ`H$Ë`mªZs A§JrH$maboë`m amOZsVsÀ`m,àemgZZsVsÀ`m VgoM aUZsVsÀ`m JwUm§_wio.åhUyZM `m [df`m§darb J«§WmMo _hÎd A[YH$Amho.

eodQ>s _amR>s dmMH$m§À`m ZOaog EH$ JmoîQ> AmUyB{ÀN>Vmo. Vs åhUOo hs gyMs H$mhs A§[V_ Zìho.Ë`mV H$mhs _hÎdmÀ`m J«§Wm§Mm Zm_[ZX}e amhyZhsJobm Agob. Zìho, Ves A[YH$ eŠ`Vm Amho. `m_`m©Xo[Zes dmMH$m§Zs `m gyMsMo AdbmoH$Z H$amdo,hs [dZ§Vs.

(gyMr nwT>rb nmZmda)

S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma

_[edH$mbsZ B[Vhmg

OyZ-Owb¡ 201190

_mbmoOsamOo, ehmOsamOo d amO_mVm [OOm~mB©1. _mbmoOsamOo Am[U ehmOs _hmamO `m§Ms

[d[M[H$ËgH$ M[aÌo - dm.gs. ~|Ðo2. _amR>s [a`mgV : I§S> 1 : ehmOsamOo ^mogbo -

Jmo.g. gaXogmB©3. ls ehmOsamOo ^mogbo - lsYa VobH$a4. ehmOsamOo ^mogbo - S>m°. Eg.E. ~mhoH$a5. amO_mVm [OOm~mB© - _m.gm§. H$Þ_dma6. amîQ´>_mVm [OOmD$ - S>m°. Eg.E. ~mhoH$a7. [OOmD$gmho~ - _XZ nmQ>sb8. [dídd§Ú [OOmD$ - àm. CÕd H$moino

N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO9. _amR>çm§Ms ~Ia : _yi J«§W (History of the

Maharashtra - Ooåg J«±Q> S>\$ : AZw. H°$. So>[dS> Ho$nZ.

10. _amR>s gÎmoMm CX` : _yi J«§W- (Rise of the

Maratha Power) Ý`m. _. Jmo. amZSo> AZw.- àm. Z.a. \$mQ>H$.

11. _amR>s [a`mgV I§S> 1 : eH$H$Vm© [edmOs - Jmo.g. gaXogmB©.

12. Aìdb _amR>emhsMo A§V:ñdê$n : B.g. 1644 - 1707 - Jmo.g. gaXogmB©

13. j[Ì`Hw$bmdV§g N>Ìn[V [edmOs _hmamO `m§Mo M[aÌ - H¥$.A. Ho$iygH$a.

14. ls [edmOs _hmamO - dm.H¥$. ^mdo15. [edmOs d [edH$mb (_yi J«§W- Shivaji

and His Times), - ga OXwZmW gaH$ma : AZw. [d.g. dmH$gH$a.

16. XJb~mO [edmOs - Ho$ed gsVmam_ R>mH$ao.17. _amR>m ñdamÁ`g§ñWmnH$ ls [edmOs _hmamO

- [M§.[d. d¡Ú.18. [edmOs [Z~§Ymdbs - 1 d 2

g§nm.- Z.[M¨. Ho$iH$a d X.[d. AmnQo>, ([edM[aÌ H$m`m©b`, nwUo)

19. [edM[aÌ [Z~§Ymdbs - g§nm.- Z.[M¨. Ho$iH$a d X.[d. AmnQo>, ([edM[aÌ H$m`m©b`, nwUo)

20. _hmZ ~§S>Imoa (_yi J«§W-the Grand Rebel) - So>[Zg [H$ÝHo$S> : AZw. àm. ^Jd§Vamd Xoe_wI.

21. [MÌ_` [edmOs : `.Z. Ho$iH$a.22. ls N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO : I§S> 1 d I§S> 2

- dm.gs. ~|Ðo.23. N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO

- nwUo [dÚmnsR> - [X.[d. H$mio.24. àVmnJS>Mo `wÕ - H°$. J.dm. _moS>H$.25. ls [edN>ÌnVs - Í`§.e§. eoOdbH$a.26. _hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg : _amR>m H$mbI§S> :

[edH$mb : B.g. 1630-1707 S>m°. [d.Jmo. Imo~aoH$a.

27. [edM[aÌ - n§. goVw_mYdamd nJS>s.28. [edM[aÌ-EH$ Aä`mg-n§. goVw_mYdamd nJS>s.29. ~hy AgmoV g§wXa - n§. goVw_mYdamd nJS>s.30. nwÊ`íbmoH$ N>ÌnVr [edmOs : I§S> 1 Vo 4 -

~miemós haXmg.31. amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~._mo. nwa§Xao.32. N>ÌnVs [edam` : I§S> 1 d 2 - [dO` Xoe_wI.33. [edM[aÌmMo n¡by - _._. XÎmmo dm_Z nmoVXma.

34. [edamOmgs AmR>dmdo - emgH$s` _Ü`dVu _wÐUmb`.

32. _amR>çm§Mm B[Vhmg : I§S> 1 d 2 - g§nm. àm. J.h. Iao d S>m°. A.am. Hw$bH$Uu (_hmamîQ´> [dÚmnsR> J«§W[Z[_©Vs _§S>i)

33. N>ÌnVs [edmOs - gæ`X A_sZ.34. [edH$ë`mU amOm - ~mi gm_§V. 35. ls amOm [edN>ÌnVs : I§S> 1 Vo 3

- JOmZZ ^mñH$a _oh|Xio.36. N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO-S>m°. à.Z. Xoenm§So>.37. doY _hm_mZdmMm - S>m°. ls[Zdmg gm_§V.38. [edemhsMm emoY - àm. dg§V H$mZoQ>H$a.39. [edmOs H$moU hmoVm? - H$m°. Jmo[d¨X nmZgao.40. j[Ì`Hw$bmdV§§g N>ÌnVr [edmOs _hmamO -

àm. am.Am. H$X_.41. [edN>ÌnVs - EH$ _mJmodm - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd

ndma.42. [edM[aÌmnmgyZ Amåhs H$m` [eH$mdo? - S>m°.

O`[g¨Jamd ndma.43. _amRo>emhsMo A§Va§J - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.44. eH$H$V} ls amOm [edN>ÌnVs

- am.Zm. MìhmU.45. [edN>ÌnVs : g_O - Ang_O

- AmZ§X KmoanSo>.46. à[V - B[Vhmg, ([ed- B[VhmgmMo

gË`ñdê$n) - M§ÐeoIa [eIao.47. [edmOs N>ÌnVs - í`m_H$m§V OmYd.

N>ÌnVs g§^mOs, N>ÌnVs amOmam_ d _hmamUs Vmam~mB©

48. (_amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í``wÕ : B.g. 1681- 1707)

49. Y_©dsa N>ÌnVr g§^mOs_hmamO `m§Mo g§[já M[aÌ - ^mD$gmho~ ndma.

50. N>ÌnVr g§^mOs _hmamO - dm.gs. ~|Ðo.51. [ednwÌ g§^mOs - S>m°. H$_b JmoIbo.52. N>ÌnVs g§^mOs ñ_maH$ J«§W

- S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.53. Ádb‚dbZVoOg g§^mOsamOm

- S>m°. gXm[ed [edXo.54. goZmnVs h§~saamd _mo[hVo - S>m°. gXm[ed [edXo.55. hwVmË_m N>ÌnVs g§^mOs amOo - S>m°. Eg.E.

~mhoH$a.56. A{ÛVs` N>ÌnVs ls g§^mOs _hmamO : I§S> 1 Vo 3- A°S>. AZ§V [d. XmadQ>H$a.57. hwVmË_m g§^mOs - e§H$aamd gmd§V.58. ñdamÁàjH$ N>ÌnVs g§^mOs - AmZ§X

KmoanSo>.59. [d[dY H$mbI§S>mVsb H$V¥©ËddmZ g§^mOs -

àXsn gmoiw§Ho$.60. _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` g_a : N>ÌnVr g§^mOs -

àm. e.ls. nwam[UH$.61. _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í`g_a : N>ÌnVr amOmam_ d

Vmam~mB© - àm. e.ls. nwam[UH$.62. ls N>ÌnVr amOmam_ _hmamO Am[U ZoV¥ËdhsZ

qh§Xds ñdamÁ`m§Mm _moJbm§es PJS>m - dm.gs. ~|Ðo.

63. qhXds ñdamÁ` Am[U _moJb - n§. goVw_mYdamd nJS>s.

64. _hmamUs Vmam~mB© - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.65. _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í``wÕ

- S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.66. goZmnVs g§VmOs KmoanSo>

- S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.67. N>ÌnVs amOmam_ d Vmam~mB©

- S>m°. gXm[ed [edXo.68. KmoS>Xm¡S> g§VmOsMs - à^mH$a ^mdo.69. A{ÛVs` goZmZs g§VmOs KmoanSo>

- ~mimgmho~ _mZo.70. aUPw§Pma goZmnVs g§VmOs KmoanSo>

- _hoe V|SwbH$a.~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~71. Am¡a§JOo~mMm B[Vhmg : (A Short History of

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"_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg'Zo à[gÕ Ho$boë`m XsS>eo[ZdS>H$ d Ë`mZ§Va dmMH$m§À`m [e\$magtdaAmYmaboë`m OmoS>-`mXsVsb gÎmmdsg Aem EH§$XaEH$eogÎ`mhÎma J«§Wm§Ms hs `mXs, n[hë`m XsS>eoJ«§Wm§Ms `mXs à[gÕ H$aVmZm g§nmXH$s` [Q>ßnUs_ÜòåhQ>bo hmoVo H$s, "Á`m _amR>s J«§Wm§Zs _hmamîQ´>s` _Zà^m[dV Ho$bo. _amR>s dmL>²_`mMm _moham ~Xbbm,[dMmam§Ms Zds [Xem XmI[dbs, Zì`m Om[Udm[Z_m©U Ho$ë`m, Zdm gm[hË`àH$ma ê$T> Ho$bm, VgoMOo J«§W _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m ^md[ZH$ Am[U ~m¡[ÕH$[dH$mg_mJm©V _mZX§S> hmoD$Z am[hbo. WmoS>Š`mV,Á`m gm[hË`H¥$Vs [nT>çmZ²[nT>çm dmMë`m Joë`mAmhoV [H¨$dm dmMë`m OmVsb Aem XsS>eo [ZdS>H$J«§Wm§Ms hs H$mbmZwH«$_o Ho$bobs `mXsMH«$Yañdm_tÀ`m bsimM[aÌmnmgyZ Vs gwê$ PmbsAm[U WoQ> 1985V à[gÕ Pmboë`m J«§Wmn`ªV òD$ZRo>nbs.

H$mhs MmoI§Xi dmMH$m§À`m d gm[hË`J«UsÀ`mgëë`mZo V`ma Ho$bs Agbs Var Aem àH$mao \$º$XsS>eo J«§Wm§Ms `mXs H$aUo åhUOo Zì`m dmXmbm Vm|S>XoUo ho "_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg'À`m g§nmXH$m§Zs AmYsMVmS>bo Agmdo. H$maU, `mM g§nmXH$s` [Q>ßnUs_ÜòË`m§Zs åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "_amR>s dmL>²_`mÀ`m ^mamâg§gmamVyZ \$º$ XsS>eo _mohao [ZdS>Ê`mMo H$m_AWm©VM XwîH$a Amho. hs `mXs IynM [dMmanyd©H$Ho$bobs Agbs Var Aem àH$maÀ`m `mXsVEH$dmŠ`Vm AgUo eŠ` Zmhs `mMshs OmU Amho.nU, hs `mXs à[gÕ H$aÊ`m_mJMm Ë`m§Mm hoVygwOmU d BÀNw>H$ _amR>s dmMH$mbm Vs _mJ©Xe©H$R>amds EdT>mM Agë`mMo Ë`m§Zs åhQ>bo Amho; Am[UVmo ~ìh§es èñds Pmbm Amho ho [Z{íMV.

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(‘amR>rVrb gm[hË` boUr `m nw{ñVHo$VrbàñVmdUoMm H$mhr ^mJ. g§nyU© `mXr nwT>rb nmZm§da)

dm^md[ZH$ Am[U ~m¡[ÕH$ _mZX§S>

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--------------------_w§~B©Mo dU©ZJmo[d¨X ZmamÙ _mS>JmdH$aB§XwàH$me, 1863--------------------bmoH$[hVdmXtMs eVnÌoJmonmi har Xoe_wIà[gÕs-1848-1850g§nmXH$-lsnmX am_M§Ð [Q>Ho$H$a,Cfm àH$meZ, Am¢Y, 1940--------------------_moMZJS> (n[hbs Eo[Vhm[gH$H$mX§~ar)am_M§Ð [^H$mOs Jw§OsH$anwéfmoÎm_ Jmo[d¨X ZmS>H$Uu, Z°eZb,_w§~B©, 1871--------------------eoVH$è`mMm AmgyS>_hmË_m OmoVsamd \w$bo, 1883--------------------^{º$_mJ©àXsng§J«m. b.am. nm§JmaH$aVÎd[ddoMH$, _w§~B©, 1904--------------------[Z~§Y_mbm[dîUwemós [MniyUH$als[edmOs, nwUoam_OmoesH¥$V bmdÊ`mam_Omoes (1758-1812)OJ{hVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1889--------------------^mD$gmho~m§Ms ~IaH¥$îUmOs í`m_amdg§nmXH$-H$m.Zm. gmZo,[edmOs, nwUo, 1886--------------------Á`mo[V[d©bmg AWdmamÌsMs XmoZ KQ>H$m _m¡Oe§H$a ~miH¥$îU Xs[jV, nwUo--------------------nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo?har ZmamÙ AmnQo>Am`©^yfU, nwUo,1893--------------------

dmB©H$a ^Q>OsYZwYm©ar (am.[d. [Q>Ho$H$a)nyU©M§ÐmoX`, ~S>moXo, 1898--------------------g§JsV emaXmJmo[d¨X ~„mi XodbAm`©^yfU, nwUo, 1899

--------------------H$mi nÌmVsb [ZdS>H$ [Z~§Y[edam_ _hmXod nam§OnoboIZH$mb-1900 Vo 1908, nwUo--------------------g§JsV gm¡ ÐAÊUmgmho~ [H$bm}ñH$a, 1882--------------------_mPm àdmgAWdm gZ 1857 gmbÀ`m~§S>mMs h{H$H$V[dîUw^Q> JmoS>gog§nmXH$-[M¨Vm_U [dZm`H$ d¡ÚB§XwàH$me, _w§~B©, 1907--------------------Am_À`m Am`wî`mVsb H$mhs AmR>dUsa_m~mB© amZSo>_w§~B© d¡^d, _w§~B©, 1910--------------------H$sMH$dYH¥$îUmOs à^mH$a Im[S>bH$a[MÌemim, nwUo, 1907--------------------gwXmå`mMo nmohoAWm©V AR>am YmÝ`m§Mo H$S>~moiolsnmX H¥$îU H$moëhQ>H$a_w§~B© d¡^d, _w§~B©, 1910--------------------Vm§~o `m§Ms g_` H$[dVm^mñH$a am_M§Ð Vm§~o, 1935Am`m© maV_moamon§V namS>H$aboIZH$mi 1772 Vo 1782--------------------AmË_d¥ÎmYm|S>mo Ho$ed H$d}_Zmoa§OZ, _w§~B©, 1915

--------------------XwX£ds a§Jy AWdm nm[ZnVMm eodQ>Mm g§J«m_qMVm_U [dZm`H$ d¡Ú[MÌemim, nwUo, 1914--------------------[Q>iH$m§Ms H$[dVmaoìh. ZmamÙ dm_Z [Q>iH$_m¡O, _w§~B©, 1940--------------------JmdJmS>mÍ`§~H$ ZmamÙ AÌoAm`©^yfU, nwUo, 1915--------------------am[JUs AWdmH$mìèmó[dZmoXdm._. Omoes_Zmoa§OZ, _w§~B©, 1915--------------------Ho$edgwV `m§Ms H$[dVmH¥$îUmOs Ho$ed Xm_boOiJmd, 1916--------------------_amRo> d B§J«O_amRo>emhsMo eVgm§dËg[aH$dmL>²_`lmÕZag[g¨h [M¨Vm_U Ho$iH$a[MÌemim, OJ{ÕVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1918--------------------ls_Ý_hm^maVmMo _amR>sgwag ^mfm§Va`m J«§WmMm Cng§hma (^mJ 10dm)qMVm_U [dZm`H$ d¡Ú, nwUo, 1918--------------------_wº$mË_mJ.Í`§. _mS>ImobH$a, 1933_hmamîQ´> gmañdV[dZm`H$ bú_U ^mdo[d.Jmo. [dOmnyaH$a, H$moëhmnya,1898-99--------------------EH$M ß`mbmam_ JUoe JS>H$ar[MÌemim, nwUo, 1919--------------------

93OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

dm½d¡O`§Vs(H$mì`g§J«h)Jmo[d¨XmJ«O (am_ JUoe JS>H$ar)OmJ{ÕVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1921--------------------bmo. [Q>iH$m§Mo Ho$garVsb boI~mi J§JmYa [Q>iH$Ho$gar-_amR>m g§ñWm, nwUo, 1922--------------------gJZ^mD$H¥$V bmdÊ`m d nmodmSo>g§nm. Jmonmi Jmo[d¨X A[YH$marhZw_mZ, nwUo, 1924--------------------[ZdoXZ (AmË_ M[aÌna J«§W)Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s_Zmoa§OZ, _w§~B©, 1924--------------------[edN>ÌnVs `m§Ms g^mgX ~IaH¥$îUmOs AZ§V g^mgXAm`©^yfU, nwUo, 1923--------------------amOm [edmOsZmdmMs dsaagàYmZ H$[dVm_._mo. Hw$§Qo>, B§XwàH$me, _w§~B©, 1869--------------------P|Sy>Ms \w$bo àëhmX Ho$ed AÌolsg_W©, nwUo, 1925--------------------[dahVa§J (XsK©H$mì`)_mYd Oy[b`Z (_mYd Í`§~H$nQ>dY©Z) qM.am. XodKa, nwUo,1926--------------------aUXw§Xw[^dm_Zamd OmoeslsJUoe, nwUo, 1927--------------------_mPo am_mÙXÎmmo AßnmOs VwiOmnyaH$alsbú_sZmamÙ, _w§~B©, 1927--------------------Xm¡bVZm.gs. \$S>Ho$, [dO`, nwUo, 1929_mPs OÝ_Ro>n[dZm`H$ Xm_moXa gmdaH$aHo$.E_. [gZH$a, _w§~B©, 1927--------------------bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$ `m§Mo M[aÌZa[g¨h [M¨Vm_U Ho$iH$aOJ{ÕVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1923--------------------

Zm[gH$ oWsb ñdmV§Íèmhsa H$ds JmoqdX `m§Ms H$[dVmJmoqdX Í`§~H$ XaoH$a, 1930--------------------nmonQ>n§MsO`H¥$îU Ho$ed CnmÜò_hmamîQ´> n{ãb[e¨J hmD$g, nwUo,1929--------------------~«m÷UH$Ý`mlsYa ì`§H$Qo>e Ho$VH$a_w§~B©, 1930--------------------\w$bdmVA[Zb (AmË_mam_ amdOs Xoenm§So>)lsJUoe, nwUo, 1962--------------------JwOJmoîQ>sZmamÙ gsVmam_ \$S>Ho$g_W© ^maV, nwUo, 1933--------------------YmdVm YmoQ>m^mJ©dam_ [dÇ>b daoaH$alsbú_sZmamÙ, _w§~B©, 1930--------------------H$ù`m§Mo [Z:ûdmg[d^mdar [eéaH$a (_mbVs~mB©~oSo>H$a), Am`©^yfU, nwUo, 1933--------------------[M_UamdmMo MèhmQ> AWdme§âmVë`m EH$m _Zwî`mMoAmË_M[aÌqMVm_U [dZm`H$ Omoeslsam_[dO`, ~S>moXo, 1933--------------------[XdmH$am§À`m ZmQ>çN>Q>me§H$a H$m[eZmW JJ}Am`©^yfU, nwUo--------------------AmOH$mbMm _hmamîQ´>à^mH$a nmÜògmhm.-ls.am. [Q>Ho$H$a^maV Jm¡ad J«§W_mbm Z§. 100,1935Am§Yù`mMs emimlsYa [dZm`H$ dV©H$VÎd[ddoMH$, _w§~B©, 1943--------------------XmoZ Yw«d[d.g. Im§So>H$a, Xoe_wI Am[UH§$nZs, AmZ§X, nwUo, 1949--------------------

ñ_¥[V[MÌobú_s~mB© [Q>iH$Ho$.[^. T>dio, _w§~B©, 1940--------------------H$m[bXmgdm.[d. [_amesZd^maV J«§W_mbm, ZmJnya, 1934--------------------Kam~mhoaàëhmX Ho$ed AÌo_w§~B©, 1934--------------------\w$bm§Ms Am§oOi~s. (ZmamÙ _wabsYa Jwáo)1934--------------------í`m_Ms AmB©gmZo JwéOs (nm§Sw>a§J gXm[ed gmZo)bmoH$g§J«h, nwUo, 1943--------------------g§nyU© AmJaH$a [Z~§Yg§J«hJmonmi JUoe AmJaH$aAm`©[dO`, nwUo, 1895--------------------AmYw[ZH$ ^maVAmMm`© e§.Xm. OmdSo>H$als[gÕoûda, H$moëhmnya, 1938--------------------AY©M§Ðün§[S>V gàobmoH$g§J«h, nwUo, 1938--------------------bmoH$_mVm AWm©V^maVdfm©Vsb ZÚm§Mo dU©ZXÎmmÌ` ~miH¥$îU D$\©$ H$mH$mH$mbobH$a--------------------aUm§JU[dlm_ ~oSo>H$aXoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1939--------------------nmUH$ima.dm. [XKo, g_W© ^maV, nwUo, 1939_mPm g§JsV ì`mg§JJmo[d¨Xamd Q|>~o [H$bm}ñH$a N>mnImZm,[H$bm}ñH$admS>s, 1939--------------------H$mhs åhmVmao d EH$ åhmVmar[d.X. KmQo>, ñd{ñVH$ n{ãb[e¨JhmD$g, _w§~B©, 1939

--------------------_mÂ`m AmR>dUs d AZw dH$_©dsa [dÇ>b am_Os [e¨XohZw_mZ, nwUo, 1940

--------------------YwŠ`mVyZ bmb Vmè`mH$So>AZ§V H$mUoH$a, 1940--------------------Cno[jVm§Mo A§Va§Jls._. _mQo>, nwUo, 1941--------------------Am`mªÀ`m gUm§Mm àmMsZ d Adm©MsZ B[VhmgF$½doXs (dm_Z _§Joe Xw^mfs)à^mH$a, _w§~B©, 1942--------------------Hw$bdYy_mo.J. am§JUoH$aà^m Am[U H§$nZs, _w§~B©, 1942--------------------~mbH$dtMs g_J« H$[dVmÍ`§~H$ ~mnyOs R>mo_aog§nm. ^m.b. nmQ>UH$a amîQ´>d¡^d, _w§~B©, 1942--------------------[demImHw$gw_mJ«O ([d.dm. [eadmS>H$a)H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo, 1942--------------------JsVm àdMZo[dZmo~m ^mdo, 1932, na§Ym_àH$meZ, J«m_ godm _§S>i, ndZma--------------------H$mhs H$[dVm~m.gs. _T}>H$a, `wJdmUs àH$meZ,_w§~B©, 1947--------------------XyYgmJa~m.^. ~moaH$a, H$Zm©Q>H$, _w§~B©,1947--------------------amd~hmXya XmXmo~m nm§Sw>a§JAmË_M[aÌ d M[aÌg§nm. AZ§V H$mH$~m [à`moiH$a_mUXoes _mUg§ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$aA[^Zd àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1949--------------------gVamdo df©nw.^m. ^mdo, H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ,gwb^, nwUo, 1949--------------------

94 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Zds _idmQ>eaíM§Ð _w{º$~moYgwéMs, ZmJnya, 1949--------------------~mi J§JmYaemós Om§ oH$a(1812-1846)`m§Mo OsdZd¥Îm d boIZg§J«hg§nm. J.J§. Om§ôH$abmoH$[ejU H$m`m©b`, nwUo, 1950--------------------g§VdmL>²_`mMs gm_m[OH$ \$blwVsJ§.~m. gaXma_hmamîQ´> gm[hË` n[afX, nwUo, 1950--------------------d¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm [dH$mgbú_Uemós Omoesàmk nmR>emim _§S>i, dmB©, 1972--------------------H$_iUAaqdX JmoIbo--------------------~[hUmB©Ms JmUs~[hUm~mB© Mm¡YarÁ`moVs [n[aAm°[S>H$ëg, _w§~B©, 1952------------------Jma§~sMm ~mnyls.Zm. n|S>go_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1952--------------------esiZm.K. Xoenm§So>, 1954--------------------_¥XJ§YqdXm H$a§XsH$anm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1954--------------------VbmdmVsb Mm§XUoJ§JmYa JmS>JsibmImUs ~wH$ So>nmo, _w§~B©, 1954--------------------Xod Mmbbo[X.~m. _moH$mes, 1961nS>KdbsJmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a1956_m¡O àH$meZ J«h, _w§~B©--------------------_|XsB§[Xam g§VH$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo, 1955--------------------

eod½`mÀ`m e§oJm`.Jmo. Omoesèd§V àH$meZ, 1955--------------------ls_§V[dO` V|Sw>bH$a_w§~B©, 1955--------------------F$VwMH«$XwJm© ^mJdVnm°ß`wba ~wH$ So>nmo, _w§~B©, 1956--------------------JsVam_mÙJ.[X. _mS>JyiH$a_m[hVs d Z^modmUs_§Ìmb`, [X„s, 1957--------------------~hwê$nsqMVm_Uamd H$moëhQ>H$a1957_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©--------------------n§[S>VamO OJÞmW[dÚmYa JmoIbo_w§~B©--------------------YJCÕd O. eoiHo$nm°ß`wba àH$meZ1960--------------------AZm[_H$mMs [MV[ZH$mnw.`. Xoenm§So>--------------------nm[ZnV 1761Í`§.e§. eoOdiH$aOmoes Am[U bmoI§So> àH$meZ, nwUo,1961--------------------gm[dÌsnw.{e. aoJoXoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1971ì`º$s Am[U d„snw.b. Xoenm§So>Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo--------------------am`JS>mbm Ooìhm OmJ oVodg§V H$mZoQ>H$anm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1962--------------------H$mogbm

^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1963--------------------ñdm_saU[OV XogmB©Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1962--------------------_mÂ`m AmR>dUsnm§Sw>a§J [M_UmOs nmQ>sb_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, 1964--------------------MH«$O`d§V Xids_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1963--------------------AmYw[ZH$ Am¡Úmo[JH$ ^maVmMo[eënH$ma dmbM§X [hamM§X, ì`º$s, H$mi d H$V¥©Ëd J§.Xo. ImbmobH$aeoQ> dmbM§X [hamM§X _o_mo[a`b Q´>ñQ>,_w§~B©, 1965--------------------_amR>çm§À`m gÎmoMm CËH$f©_hmXod Jmo[d¨X amZSo>AZwdmX-Z.a. \$mQ>H$--------------------EH$ eyÝ` ~mOsamdqM. Í`§. ImZmobH$a_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1966--------------------_mPo [dÚmnsR>ZmamÙ gwd}nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1966--------------------~Q>mQ>çmMs Mminw.b. Xoenm§So>_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1958--------------------AmXe© ^maV godH$Jmonmi H¥$îU JmoIbo `m§Mo M[aÌZ.a. \$mQ>H$_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1967amZmVë`m H$[dVmZm.Ym|. _hmZmoanm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1967--------------------g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m H$[dVmJ«og (_m[UH$ JmoS>KmQo>)nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1967--------------------`wJmÝV

BamdVs H$d}Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1967--------------------_hmË_m OmoVsamd \w$bo :Am_À`m g_mOH«$m§VsMo OZH$YZ§O` H$sanm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©--------------------[ZdS>H$ R>UR>UnmiO`d§V Xids_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1969--------------------g_mYs d BVa ghm JmoîQ>s[XdmH$a H¥$îU ([XdmH$a H¥$îUHo$iH$a)Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1949--------------------Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmoJmoXmdar néioH$a_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, 1970--------------------am_ZJaram_ ZJaH$a_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1975--------------------ZQ>g_«mQ>[d.dm. [eadmS>H$anm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1971--------------------JmoVmdimAmZ§X `mXd_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1971--------------------Yma Am[U H$mR>Zaha Hw$é§XH$aXoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo--------------------AR>ameo gÎmmdZMoñdmV§Í`g_añdmV§Í`dsa [d.Xm. gmdaH$a1909--------------------H$mOi_m`mOs.E. Hw$iH$Uunm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1972--------------------a§J _mPm doJimgwaoe ^Q>_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1974--------------------eyÐ nydu H$moU hmoVo?

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^s_amd am_Os D$\©$ ~m~mgmho~Am§~oS>H$aAZwdmX-Mm§JXod ^dmZamd I¡a_moSo>gwJV àH$meZ, ZmJnya--------------------ZjÌm§Mo XoUoAmaVs à^y ([M¨.Í`§. ImZmobH$a)_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1975--------------------^maVs` [ddmhg§ñWoMm B[Vhmg[d.H$m. amOdmSo>boIZH$mb-1923-24àmJ[VH$ nwñVH$ àH$meZ, nwUo,1976--------------------~bwV§X`m ndmaJ«§Wmbs àH$meZ, _w§~B©--------------------AmR>dUtMo njsà.B©. gmoZH$m§~ioMoVZm àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1979--------------------`jm§Ms XoUJsO`§V ZmaisH$a_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1975--------------------Cnambú_U _mZoJ«§Wmbs àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1982--------------------EH$m OÝ_mVë`m JmR>seaíM§Ð dmgwXodo [Ma_wio_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1985--------------------

g§dmX[dO`m amOmÜ`jJ«§Wmbs àH$meZ, _w§~B©--------------------JsVmahñ`bmoH$_mÝ` ~mi J§JmYa [Q>iH$[MÌemim, nwUo, 1915dsaYdbZmW _mYd (ÛmaH$mZmW _mYd[nVio) am_H¥$îU, _w§~B©, 1923--------------------Z nQ>Umar JmoîQ>ZmamÙ har AmnQo>JmodY©Z, nwUo, 1923--------------------èmoYZH$ds èd§V (èd§V [XZH$an|T>aH$a) [dO`, nwUo, 1929--------------------JsVmB©AmMm`© [dZmo~m ^mdog_W©, Ywio, 1933--------------------à[V^m-gmYZZm.gs. \$S>Ho$, [dO`, nwUo--------------------XmOsZm.Ym|. VmåhUH$a[H$bm}ñH$a, [H$bm}ñH$admS>s, 1938_I_bsMm nS>Xmdg§V em§Vmam_ XogmB©nÙ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1947--------------------[dkmZ~moYmMs àñVmdZmls._. _mQo>

ZdOsdZ, nwUo, 1948--------------------_s H$gm Pmbmo?AmMm`© àëhmX Ho$ed AÌo1953naMwao àH$meZ _§[Xa, _w§~B©--------------------~ZJadmS>sì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1955--------------------amOm [edN>ÌnVs~._mo. nwa§Xaonwa§Xao àH$meZ, nwUo, 1983--------------------``mVs[d.g. Im§So>H$aXoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1959--------------------[Oßgs_§Joe nmS>JmdH$anm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1953--------------------g§ñH¥$Vr-g§J_X.Ho$. Ho$iH$aamOJwê$, nwUo, 1941--------------------_hmamîQ>-g§ñH¥$Vsnw.J. ghò~wÕoH$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo, 1979--------------------ì`mgnd©XwJm© àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1962--------------------

em_amB©í`m_amd AmoH$H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo--------------------nmoVX.J. JmoS>gonm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1963n[WH$, Z.[d. JmS>Jsi (H$mH$mgmho~JmS>Jsi), 1964-65--------------------AmZ§Xs Jmonmils.O. Omoes_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1968--------------------`wÕ-ZoV¥Ëd[X.[d. JmoIbo_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1966--------------------ls_mZ `moJsaU[OV XogmB©Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo--------------------_w§~B© [XZm§H$AéU gmYy_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1972--------------------gm§JËò EoH$mh§gm dmS>H$aamOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo, 1970--------------------emoY ~mi-Jmonmim§Mm`.[X. \$S>Ho$ls[dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo, 1977

96 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

1. H$X_ ZmJZmW Ym|. _hmamîQ´>mVsb ^Q>H$m g_mO : g§ñH¥$Vs d gm[hË` nwUo : à[V_m, 19952. H§$Q>H$ ào_m gË`mJ«hs _hmamîQ´> nwUo : gwb^ amîQ´>s` J«§W_mbm, 19403. H$mbobH$a Jmo[d¨X _§Joe _w§~B© Bbm»`m§Vsb OmVs _w§~B© : 19284. Ho$VH$a Hw$_ma H$Wm ñdmV§Í`mMs nwUo : _hmamîQ´> amÁ` nmR>çnwñVH$ [Z[_©Vs

d Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ _§S>i, 1985. 5. IS>noH$a [dZ`m ós ñdmV§Í`dm[XZs : _w§~B© : nm°ß`wba, 1991

[dgmì`m eVH$mVsb n[adV©Z6. JS>H$ar _mYd g§`wº$ _hmamîQ´> bT>çmMo _hmaWs nwUo : _Zmo[dH$mg, 1987 7. JéS> AÊUmgmho~ _hmamîQ´>mVsb g_mOgwYmaUoMm B[Vhmg Am¡a§Jm~mX : H¡$bmg nmQ>sb, 1995 8. JmS>Jsi ^m.`. AmYw[ZH$ amîQ´>dmX : ^maV d _hmamîQ´> nwUo : a[damO, 19929. Jm`H$dmS Za|Ð _amR>dmS>çmVsb X[bV Midi nwUo : gwJmdm, 1990

Am[U h¡Xam~mXMm ñdmV§Í`g§J«m_10. Jmoao Jmo[d¨X Am[U _hmamîQ´>mVsb X[bV-emoY Am[U ~moY _w§~B© : ghmÜ``Z, 1973

[b_ò [eé^mD$11. KmoS>Ho$ h._. _hmamîQ´>JmWm ^mJ. 2 nwUo : amOh§g, 200512. MìhmU èd§Vamd gømÐsMo dmao _w§~B© : _hmamîQ´> emgZ, 196213. Mm¡Yar Ho$.Ho$. Pw§Oma nwUo : dgmhVdmX d gm_m[OH$ [df_Voes bT>m nwUo : H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b, 2008 14. Mm¡gmiH$a AemoH$ ZdamÌ _w§~B© : bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 200015. Mm¡gmiH$a AemoH$ _hmË_m \w$bo Am[U eoVH$ar Midi _w§~B© : bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 199816. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU Eogm kmZgmJê$ : ~Ia _w§~B© [dÚmnsR>mMs _w§~B© : nm°ß`wba, 2007 17. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU (g§nm.) eha nwUo : EH$m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ g§[MVmMm _mJmodm (I§S>-2) nwUo : [Ziw^mD$ [b_ò \$mD§$So>eZ, 2000 18. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU ñWb-H$mb _w§~B© : _m¡O, 200419. [VWm©bs emo^m AmYw[ZH$ _hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg _w§~B© : àmMs, 2000 20. XmñVmZo g§Vmof _hmamîQ´> 2003 Vo 2010 nwUo : XmñVmZo am_M§Ð Am[U H§$, 2003 Vo 201021. Xoenm§So dg§V dmgwXod _hmamîQ´>mMs gwdU©JmWm XmXa : J«§Wmbs, 2011 22. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) Ag§J«[hV a.Ym|. H$d} nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 201023. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) [ZdS>H$ emaXoMs nÌo nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 201024. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) H$d} a.Ym|. : ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmX nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010

AZwdmX : _YwH$a VmoaS>_b25. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) a.Ym|.H$d}, _Vo Am[U _Vm§Vao nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 201026. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) _monm§gmÀ`m H$Wm AZwdmX : a.Ym|. H$d} nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 201027. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) H$d} a.Ym|. : eof g_mOñdmñÏ` nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 201028. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) "g_mOñdmñÏ`'H$ma nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 201029. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) "g_mOñdmñÏ`'_Ysb [ZdS>H$ boI nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 201030. ZmB©H$dmSo AemoH$ (g§nm.) gwdU© _hmoËgds _hmamîQ´> Am¡a§Jm~mX : kmZoe, 201031. n§[S>V Z[bZs _hmamîQ´>mVsb amîQ´>dmXmMm [dH$mg nwUo : _m°S>Z© ~wH$ So>nmo, 1972 32. ndma Jmo._m. _hfu [dÇb am_Os [e¨Xo … OsdZ d H$m`© bmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h : 200433. nmQ>sb d.~. [dgmì`m eVH$mVsb _hmamîQ´>m_Ysb g_mO gwYmaUoMm B[Vhmg nwUo : Ho$. gmJa, 2004 34. nmÜò à^mH$a AmOH$mbMm _hmamîQ´ >:d¡Mm[aH$ àJVs _w§~B© :^maV-Jm¡ad J«§W_mbm, 1935 35. nmoVXma _mYd am. ^maVmMm n[hbm amîQ´>nwéf Zm_Xma OJÞmW e§H$aeoR> nwUo : AZw~§Y, 2002

(_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgmVsb EH$ nd©) 36. àYmZ am_ (g§nm.) eãXm§Mo gm_Ï`© nwUo : A_o`, 200037. \$S>Ho$ `.[X. Am§~oS>H$ar Midi nwUo : ls[dÚm, 199038. \$S>Ho$ `.[X. [dgmì`m eVH$mVsb _hmamîQ´> : (I§S> 1 Vo 8) nwUo : Ho$. gmJa, ls[dÚm39. \$mQ>H$ Z.a. _§w~B© ZJar _w§~B© ~¥hÝ_§~B© _hmnm[bH$m eVmãXs, 198140. \$S>Usg OJZ gÎmoMo _mohao : _hmamîQ´>mVsb H$m±J«ogMo amOH$maU _w§~B© : J«§Wmbs, 197741. ~mi àH$me _w§~B© : H$mbMs Am[U AmOMs _w§~B© : ~m~yamd gm_§V Jm¡adJ«§W, 1997 42. ~oSo>H$a [X.Ho$. g§`wº$ _hmamîQ´> nwUo : Ho$.Eg. Jwáo, 1947

AmUIr H$mhr g§X^©J«§W (1960-2010)Aä`mgH$m§Zm Cn`wº$ R>aVsb Aem ÑîQ>sZo S>m°. gwf_m nm¡S>dmb, J«§Wnmb, Eg. EZ. S>s. Q>s. _[hbm [dÚmnsR> `m§Zs V`ma Ho$bobs hs gyMs!

97OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

43. ^mJdV [dÚwV _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gm_[OH$ B[VhmgmÀ`m [XeoZo nwUo : ós Aä`mg Ho§$X«, 199044. ^mJdV [dÚwV ^maVmVsb g_H$mbsZ H$mimMo àíZ nwUo :ós Aä`mg Ho§$Ð, 2000

Am[U aoJo e[_©bm45. [^So> J.a§. Am[U H$moëhmnya Xe©Z nwUo : B§Q>aZ°eZb n{ãb[e§J g{ìh©g

Xoenm§So> nw.b. (g§nm.)46. ^moio ^mñH$a bú_U Am[U ~XbVm _hmamîQ´ >: gmR>moÎma n[adV©ZmMm _mJmodm gmVmam : Am§~oS>H$a AH$mX_s, 2003

~oS>[H$hmi [H$emoa (g§nm.)47. qeXo [dÇ>b am_Os ^maVs` Añn¥í`VoMm àíZ ZmJnya : Zd^maV J«§W_mbm H$m`m©b`, 195548. gaXma J§JmYa ~mi _hmamîQ´>mMo Cno[jV _mZH$ar nwUo : J§.~m. gaXma, 194149. gaXma J§JmYa ~mi _hmamîQ´>-OsdZ : na§nam, àJVs Am[U g_ñ`m nwUo : Omoes Am[U bmoI§So>, 196050. gmIiH$a EH$ZmW _hmamîQ´>mMs _mZ[MÝho _w§~B© : _°Oo{ñQ>H$, 2000

Am[U ô§So gw^mf51. gw_§V èd§V Am[U _hmamîQ´>mVsb Om[Vg§ñWm[df`H$ [dMma nwUo : à[V_m, 1988

nw§So> XÎmmÌ` (g§nm.)52. gwamUm nÞmbmb Amnbm _hmamîQ´> nwUo : g_mO à~moYZ g§ñWm, 196053. gwamUm nÞmbmb Am[U AmOMm _hmamîQ´> : 1947-1987 `m H$mimVsb _hmamîQ´>mMs nwUo : ls[dÚm, 1998

~oS>[H$hb [H$emoa amOH$s` Am[W©H$ OS>U-KS>U54. gmIiH$a EH$ZmW _hmamîQ´>mMs _mZ[MÝho _w§~B© : _°Oo{ñQ>H$, 2000

Am[U ^|So> gw^mf (g§nm.)55. gmodZs _YwH$a [dîUy _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m H$mb_wÐm nwUo : [ZVsZ, 1982

H$mhs B§J«Os J«§W1. Bal, Vidya (ed.) Daughters of Maharashtra : portraits of women. Bombay : Kalnirnay, 1997.

who are building Maharashtra

2. Choudhari, K.K. Maharashtra State Gazatteers : history of Bombay Bombay : Maharashtra Govt.

: modern period Gazatteers Dep.,1987.

3. Choudhari, K. K. (ed.) Maharashtra State Gazatteers : Bombay : Maharashtra Govt.

greater Bombay District Gazatteers Dep., 1986.

4. Dastane, Santosh Glimpses of Maharashtra Pune: Dastane Ramchandra & co, 2002.

5. Ganachari, Arvind Gopal Ganesh Agarkar : the secular rationalist reformer. Mumbai : Popular, 2005.

6. Government of Report of the evalution committee on panachayat raj. Bombay : Government

Maharastra central press, 1971.

7. Keer, Dhananjay Dr. Ambedkar life and mission Bombay : A.V. Keer, 1954.

8. Keer, Dhananjay (ed.) Dr. Ambedkar : a memorial album Bombay : A.V. Keer, 1982.

9. Kosambi, Meera (ed.) Intersections : socio-cultural trends in maharastra New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2000.

10. Kosambi, Meera (ed.) Bombay and Poona: a sociological study of Stockholm’s: University of

two Indian cities 1650-1900 Stockholm, 1980.

11. Kosambi, Meera (ed.) Bombay in transition : the growth and social Stockholm : Almaqvist &

ecology of a colonial city 1880-1980 wiksell international, 1986

12. Mayur, Rashmi Bombay by 2000 A.D. Bombay: Prem Ratan Vohra, n.d.

& Vohra, Ratan (ed.)

13. Padgaonkar, Dileep (ed.) When Bombay burned New Delhi : UBS, 1993.

14. Patel, Kunj Rural labour in Industrial Bombay Bombay : Popular, 1963.

15. Sharma, K.K. Intellectuals sandharbha Maharashtra : State & Bhopal : Intellectual book

districts at a glance (Vol.1-2) bureau, 2004.

16. Tikekar, Aroon The cloister’s pale : A biography of the university of Mumbai. Mumbai : Popular, 2006.

17. Tikekar, S.R. On historiography Bombay : Popular, 1986.

g§nH©$ : 022-22072792B©-‘ob : [email protected]

98 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

nmXH$m§Zs "nÅ>sÀ`m dmMH$mH$So>Agm`bm hdsM Aes e§â nwñVHo$'gwMdm`bm gm§[JVbs AmhoV. hs gyMZm

H$aVmZm _amR>s ^mfH$ g_mOmVbm dmMH$ A[^àoVAmho.

"nÅ>sMm dmMH$' hm Am`wî`mV H$Ys Zm H$YsVarñdV:À`m J«§Wg§J«hmH$So> diVmo. nwTo> hm Ë`mMm g§J«hdmT>V OmVmo. AJXs Vmo bmImn`ªV dmT>V Joë`mMsZm|X _amR>s g_mOmVhs Amho. e§â J«§W hs _`m©Xm_mZdÊ`mgmaIs Zmhs Am[U Varhs Vs ñdsH$maUo^mJ Amho.

ñdV:À`m KaÀ`m J«§Wg§J«hmMs JaO OmUdVo`mMo H$maU amÌs ~oamÌs H$mhs AmR>dmdo, gwMmdoAm[U Ë`m dois [H$_mZ H$mhs g§X^© VnmgVm `mdoV.AÝ`Wm J«§Wg§J«hmÀ`m dmT>sbm Ves _`m©Xm ZgVo.

"Vw_À`m g§J«hmVbo gJio J«§W Vwåhs dmMboAmhoV H$m`?' Agm àíZ OJâÀ`m AZoH$J«§Wg§J«mhH$m§Zm [dMmabm Amho Am[U Ë`mMo J§^saCÎma "ho J«§W dmMm`Mo AmhoV' hoM am[hbo Amho.EH$m Am`wî`mVë`m dmMZmbm _`m©Xm AgVmV Am[UnwñVH$ hdo AgÊ`mMs AmoT> AZmda AgVo.

BWo Va _amR>s Kam§gmR>s- nÅ>sMm dmMH$ KamoKaAgmdm Aem ewôÀN>m§gh- Ho$di e§â J«§Wm§ZmAmnë`m Kar OmJm Úm`Ms Amho. `mgmR>s _mPm_w»` â Amho Vmo `m e§â J«§Wm§Zs Amnë`mdmMZmbm H$mhs A[YH$Mo g§X^© nwadmdoV. dmMVmZmòUmè`m AS>Wù`m§VyZ nwTo> OmÊ`mMo _mJ© gwMdmdoV.Ë`mVyZ Amnë`m KamnmgyZ- [dûdmn`ªVMm ngmamg_OmdyZ KoVm `mdm. Amnbm g_mO, Ë`mMm

B[Vhmg, dmagm, na§nam Am[U Ë`mMm dV©_mZ H$miVnmgVm `mdm. Amnbs g§ñH¥$Vs, AW©ì`dhma,amOH$s` ì`dhma `mVë`m Jw§VmJw§VtMm A§XmO `mdm.`m H$m_s _XV gwMdUmao J«§W `m[Z[_ÎmmZo g_moaRo>dÊ`mMm hm à`ËZ Amho.

[dnwb dmMZmgmR>s AÝ` n`m©` AmhoV. gbJdmMm`À`m gm[hË`mH$So> AÝ` _mJmªZs OmVm òB©b.`mAmYs Aem nmhÊ`m Pmë`m AmhoV. dm[f©H$,Xedm[f©H$, EHy$U _amR>s gm[hË`mVsb boUs,MmoI§Xi dmMH$ Aem [d[dY [ZdS>s `mAmYsAmhoV. hs Ë`mhyZ doJis dmQ> Amho. [VMo [ZH$f\$º$ gm[hË`_yë`m§VJ©V ZmhsV.

[d[dY àH$maMo H$moe g§X^m©gmR>s hdo AgVmV.BWbs g§X^© H$moem§Ms g§»`m Va \$maM Anwar Amho.H$mhs H$moem§Mo, J«§Wm§Mo AZoH$ I§S> AgVmV. EH$I§S> åhUOo EH$ nwñVH$ Ago J[UV ñdsH$maUoAeŠ` Amho.

`m gJù`m Jw§Ë`mVyZ dmQ> H$mT>V Ho$bobm hmà`ËZ Amho. "í`m_Ms AmB©' `m gmZo JwéOtÀ`mboIZmV "amÌ EH$moU[Vgmds : _moR>m hmoÊ`mgmR>sMmoar' Aes EH$ JmoîQ> Amho. Amnbo dmMZ Am[UAmnbo dV©Z `mVë`m ZmVo g§~§Ymda Ë`mV H$mhsgwMdbo Amho. Vo AmnU _wimVyZ dmMmdo. J«§W dmMZAmnë`m dV©ZmMs [Xem gwMdVo. Amnë`mOJÊ`mÀ`m X¡Z§[XZ ì`dhmamda J«§W dmMZmMmA§Hw$e Agmdm. OJÊ`mVë`m ghòmdYs

A§V[d©amoYm§Zm g_§OgnUo gm_moao OmÊ`mMo ~iJ«§WdmMZmVyZ [_imdo. [ZXmZ _s `m _VmMm Amho.

Ho$di _Zmoa§OZmgmR>s, doi KmbdÊ`mgmR>s _sg_OwVsV Amë`mnmgyZ AmOda H$YsM H$mhsdmMbo Zmhs. BWyZ nwTo> Vs eŠ`Vm Va A[O~mVZmhs.

nwTo> gwMdbobs e§â nwñVHo$ `m ^y[_Ho$VyZMmiUs bmdV bmdV AmUbs AmhoV. H$mX§~ar,H$Wm, H$[dVm, ZmQ>H$, AZwdm[XV H$bmH¥$Vs Am[U[H$VsVar d¡Mm[aH$ J«§Wm§Zm ~mOybm Ro>dmdo bmJbo.n[hë`m `mXsnmgyZ A§[V_ `mXsn`ªVMs hs dmQ>MmbAdKS> Am[U H«y$ahs dmQ>bs. AmnUm gdmªZm _mÌ`m `mXsV â KmbÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` Amho `mMm AmZ§XdmQ>Vmo.

_hmamîQ´> amÁ` ñWmnZm Am[U 1960Z§VaMmJoë`m nÞmg dfmªMm H$mi hm _mÂ`m dmMZmVë`mâU-nmofUmMm H$mi Amho. Ë`m H$mimda Vagdm©[YH$ AÝ`m` Pmbm Amho. Ë`mVë`m ÁòîR>m§À`mAm[U loîR>m§À`m gm[hË`mÀ`m [ZdS>sbm dmd am[hbmZmhs. g_mOmÀ`m Aä`mgmMs nm`m^yV gmYZgm_J«s XoUmar AmË_M[aÌo, H$Wm, H$[dVm, H$mX§~arAm[U AÝ` AZoH$ boIZo Aem AmdS>boë`mAg§»` [Z[_©Vsbm ~mOybm Ro>dmdo bmJbo.

AmnU _mÌ Amnbm J«§Wg§J«h `m `mXsMm AmYmaKoV dmX à[VdmX Am[U g§dmX Agm àdmg H$aV[Xgm_mOs "ls_§V' H$amdm.

Am_oZ.

gVse H$migoH$a

g§e§ a nwñVH$m§da òVmZm...

H$moeJ«§W

1. _amR>s [dûdH$moe : _amR>s [dûdH$moe [Z[_©Vs _§S>i : 17 I§S>2. ^maVs` g§ñH¥$Vs H$moe : _hmXod emós Omoes : 10 I§S>3. g_mO [dkmZ H$moe : g§. g._m. JJ} : 3 I§S>4. VÎdkmZ H$moe : g§.àm. XodrXmg XÎmmÌo` dmSo>H$a : 3 I§S>5. _hmamîQ´> dmH$²-g§àXm` H$moe : g§. `.am. XmVo / [M¨.J. H$d} : 2

I§S>6. _hmamîQ´> eãXH$moe : _hmamîQ´> H$moe _§S>i : 8 I§S> / _amR>s

eãXH$moe : _.am.gm. Am[U g§. _§S>i : 3 I§S> 7. Key Words : Raymond Williams

8. Encyclopedia of Dates and Events : Ed. L.C. Pascoe

9. _amR>s dmL>²_` godH$ : g§. J§.Xo. ImZmobH$a : 7 I§S>10. ^maVs` g§[dYmZ : A[YH¥$V-AÚ`mdV àV11. àmMsZ _hmamîQ´> : emVdmhZnd© 2 I§S> : lsYa ì`§H$Qo>e Ho$VH$a

g_J« Amd¥Îms : A[ÔmV J«§W12. g§nyU© _hm^maV : 8 I§S> : g§. ^mb~m Ho$iH$a

13. gH$b g§V JmWm : 5 I§S> : g§. am.[M§. To>ao14. H$Wm g[aËgmJa : 5 I§S> : AZw. h.A. ^mdo15. [gÕmW© OmVH$ : 7 I§S> : AZw. XwJm© ^mJdV16. Aao[~`Z ZmB©Q>g² : EH$ hOma amÌs Am[U EH$ amÌ

: [aMS©> E\$. ~Q©>Z : 16 I§S> : AZw. Jm¡ar Xoenm§So>17. hÝg A°S>agZÀ`m n[aH$Wm : AZw. gw_Vs nm`JmdH$a

ñ_maH$ / Jm¡ad J«§W

18. amOfu emhy ñ_maH$ J«§W : g§. S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma19. _hmË_m \w$bo Jm¡ad J«§W : AÜ`j g§nmXH$ _§S>i : ns.~s. gmiw§Io20. amOfu emhy Jm¡ad J«§W : AÜ`j g§nmXH$ _§S>i : ns.~s. gmiw§Io21. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Jm¡ad J«§W : g§nmXH$ _§S>i22. eVH$m§VamÀ`m diUmda : g§. ^m.b. ^moio 23. g§V JmS>Jo _hmamO ñ_maH$ J«§W : g§. àm. am.Vw. ^JV

M[aÌ / AmË_M[aÌ

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25. AmË_d¥Îm Am[U M[aÌ : Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} / Zm._. nQ>dY©Z26. Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s `m§Mo AmË_M[aÌ ([ZdoXZ) Am[U M[aÌ :

g§. O.g. gwIQ>UH$a27. _mPs OsdZJmWm : à~moYZH$ma R>mH$ao28. gË`mMo à`moJ AWdm AmË_H$Wm : _hmË_m Jm§Ys : AZw. Aßnm

nQ>dY©Z (gsVmam_ nwéfmoÎm_ nQ>dY©Z)29. AmË_d¥Îm : Aßnm nQ>dY©Z (gsVmam_ nwéfmoÎm_ nQ>dY©Z)30. AmXe© ^maV godH$ : Jmonmi H¥$îU JmoIbo M[aÌ : Z.a. \$mQ>H$

g§H$sU© 31. The Story of civilization : Will Durant

32. A Study of History : Arnold Toynbee

33. The Social History of Art : Arnold Hauser : 4 I§S>34. A History of the World : Eric Hobsbawm : 4 I§S>35. g¥îQ>s [dkmZ JmWm : S>m°. O`§V ZmaisH$a, S>m°. lsam_ JsV : 2 I§S>36. Y_©emómMm B[Vhmg : _._. nm§.dm.H$mUo : g§[já Amd¥Îms : 2

I§S> : AZw. èd§V ^Q>37. OmJ[VH$ B[VhmgmMo AmoPaVo Xe©Z : n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ : AZw.

[e.Jmo. ^mdo : 4 I§S>38. ^maVmMm emoY : n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ : AZw. gmZo JwéOs39. [dlãY emaXm : g§. h.[d. _moQo> : 3 I§S>40. n[dÌ Hw$amU : AZw. _m¡bds _sa _moh_X `mHw$~ ImZ41. gw~moY ~m`~b : AZw. \$mXa \«$m{Ýgg [X~«oQ>mo42. ZdZsV : eV gm§dËg[aH$ 18ds Amd¥Îms : naewam_ ~„mi

JmoS>~mobo : g§. A.H$m. [à`moiH$a43. Mma OwZo _amR>s AW©emós` J«§W (1843-1855) :

g§. [X.Ho$. ~oSo>H$a44. hmb gmVdmhZmMs JmWm gáeVs : g§. g.Am. OmoJioH$a45. d¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm B[Vhmg : bú_Uemós Omoes46. H$m¡[Q>bs` AW©emó : ^mfm§Va : a.n§. H§$Jbo47. ls_Ý_mYdmMm`© à[UV gd©Xe©Z g§J«h : ^mfm§Va : a.n§. H§$Jbo48. ^maVs` [ddmhg§ñWoMm B[Vhmg : B[VhmgmMm`© [d.H$m. amOdmSo>49. gmVdmhZ Am[U n{íM_ jÌn `m§Mm B[Vhmg Am[U H$moard boI :

dm.[d. [_ames50. _èhmQ>s g§ñH¥$Vs : H$mhs g_ñ`m : e§H$a ~mi Xr[jV Omoes

: g§. dg§V g. Omoes51. bsimM[aÌ : g§. [d.[^. H$mobVo52. n§Mmonm»`mZ : g§. [d.[^. H$mobVo53. AmYw[ZH$ ^maV : AmMm`© e§.Xm. OmdSo>H$a54. nwamUH$Wm Am[U dmñVdVm : Xm_moXa Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s :

AZw. dg§V Vwinwio55. dmMy AmZ§Xo : g§. _mYwar nwa§Xao : nyU© 4 ^mJm§Mm g§M56. [bhmdo ZoQ>Ho$ : g§. _mYwar nwa§Xao : nyU© 3 ^mJm§Mm g§M57. F$½doXmMo _amR>s ^mfm§Va : [gÕoûdaemós [MÌmd58. AWd©doXmMo _amR>s ^mfm§Va : [gÕoûdaemós [MÌmd59. Lokayata : Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya

60. Xmg H$m[nQ>mb : gw~moY n[aM` : gwhmg nam§Ono61. bmoH$[hVdmXsH¥$V [Z~§Y g§J«h : g§. A.H$m. [à`moiH$a62. _hmË_m \w$bo g_J« dmL²>‘`63. ós-nwéf VwbZm : Vmam~mB© qeXo64. AmJaH$a boIg§J«h : gm[hË` AH$mX_s

65. _èhmR>çmg§~§YmZo Mma CX²Jma : amOmam_emós ^mJdV66. ^maVs` Añn¥í`VoMm àíZ : [dÇ>b am_Os qeXo67. qhX ñdamÁ` : _hmË_m Jm§Ys68. J«m_JsVm : amîQ´>g§V VwH$S>moOs _hmamO69. JmddmS>m : [Ì¨.Zm. AÌo70. í`m_Ms AmB© : gmZo JwéOs71. [ZdS>H$ boI g§J«h : Í`§.e§. eoOdbH$a72. "g_mO ñdmñÏ`'_Ysb [ZdS>H$ boI :

a.Ym|. H$d} : g§. S>m°. AZ§V Xoe_wI73. ^JdmZ ~wÕ Am[U Ë`mMm Yå_ : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a74. bmoH$emhsa AÊUm ^mD$ gmRo> : [ZdS>H$ dmL>²_`75. `wJm§V : BamdVs H$d}76. bÁOmJm¡ar : am.[M¨. To>ao77. _mZd Am[U Y_©[M¨VZ : amdgmho~ H$g~o78. bmoH$_mÝ` Vo _hmË_m : S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao79. dmX-g§dmX[à` ^maVs` : A_Ë`© goZ : AZw. emaXm gmRo>80. ìhmoëJm Vo J§Jm : amhwb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z81. _hmamîQ´>mMo _hm_§WZ : bmbOs n|S>go82. àmMsZ ^maV : g_mO Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs : _.A. _oh§Xio83. JmdJmS>çm~mhoa : à^mH$a _m§So>84. _mUgmÀ`m Eo[hH$ gwImMs JmoîQ>

: [bAmo øy~a_Z : AZw. H$m§MZ [ZËgwao, a_oe nmÜò85. [H$_`mJma : AÀ`wV JmoS>~mobo 86. Am{ñVH$ [eamo_Us Mmdm©H$ : S>m°. Am.h. gmiw§Io87. Xmg ewÐm§Ms Jwbm_[Jar : 2 I§S> : eaX nmQ>sb : àmk nmR>embm88. _amR>s J«§Wm§Mo AmXe© g§J«hmb` : A.H$m. [à`moiH$a89. _w§~B©Mo dU©Z : Jmo.Zm. _mS>JmdH$a90. nwUo dU©Z : Zm.[d. Omoes91. OZ-_Z : AéU [Q>Ho$H$a92. Ñí`m§Va : ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMs _amR>s H$[dVm : g§. M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>sb93. n[aÑí` : ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMs _amR>s H$Wm : g§. [Z[eH$m§V R>H$ma94. ~[hUmB©Ms JmUs : ~[hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar95. X[bV gm[hË` : AmOMo H«$m§Vs [dkmZ : ~m~wamd ~mJwb96. Znojm : AemoH$ ehmUo97. Q>sH$m-ñd`§da : ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>98. gm[hË` Am[U A{ñVËd^mZ : [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_ [MÌo99. A{ñVËdmÀ`m aofm : amOm T>mbo100. H$Wm _w§~B©À`m [JaUJmdmMs : Zsam AmS>maH$a / _sZm _oZZ

A[YH$Ms e§â

1. BgmnZsVs2. _amR>çm§À`m gÎmoMm CËH$f© : _.Jmo. amZSo> : AZw. Z.a. \$mQ>H$3. ~m¡Õ Y_m©darb Mma [Z~§Y : Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s4. JsVmB© : [dZmo~m ^mdo5. ^maVs` à~moYZ : e§H$aamd Xod Jm¡ad J«§W :

g§. [X.Ho$. ~oSo>H$a / ^m.e§. ÛJo6. _hmamîQ´>-OsdZ : 2 I§S> : g§. J§.~m. gaXma7. g§H«$_U H$mimMo AmìhmZ : g§. J§.~m. gaXma8. A{ñ_Vm _hmamîQ´>mMs : _amR>m _§[Xa am¡ß` _hmoËgds J«§W

: g§. ^s_amd Hw$bH$Uu9. ~XbVm _hmamîQ´> : àm. EZ.S>s. nmQ>sb Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. ^m.b. ^moio

100 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

10. EH$m [nT>sMo AmË_H$WZ : dm.am. T>dio Jm¡ad J«§W 11. _amR>s gm[hË` : àoaUm d ñdê$n :

(1950-1975) g§. Jmo._m. ndma / _.X. hmVH$U§JboH$a12. gm[hË` [dMma Am[U g_mO[M¨VZ :

J§.~m. gaXma Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. ^m.e§. ÛJo13. g_Vm : [dMma / ì`dhma / ^[dVì` :

XmXmgmho~ ê$ndVo Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. amdgmho~ H$g~o14. PmoV-gm_m[OH$ Ý`m`mda : amdgmho~ Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. CÎm_ H$m§~io15. g_J« am_ JUoe JS>H$ar16. g§H$[bV dmL²>_` : g.O. ^mJdV17. [ZdS>H$ _mUyg : _mUyg à[VîR>mZ 18. [M_Uamdm§Mo MèhmQ> : [Àm§.[d. Omoes19. [ZdS>H$ R>UR>Unmi : O`d§V Xids20. nmoV : X.J. JmoS>go 21. éOwdmV : AemoH$ Ho$iH$a22. ì`mgm§Mm dmagm : AmZ§X [dZm`H$ OmVoJmdH$a23. H$hmUs _mZdàmÊ`mMs : Z§Xm Iao 24. _mPm àdmg : JmoS>go ^Q>Os25. Am_À`m Am`wî`mVsb H$mhs AmR>dUs : a_m~mB© amZSo>26. gm§OdmV : AmZ§Xs~mB© Omoes27. H¥$îUmH$mR> : èd§Vamd MìhmU28. Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo : JmoXmdar néioH$a29. Vami-A§Vami : e§H$aamd IamV30. am_ZJar : am_ ZJaH$a31. AmR>dUtMo njs : à.B©. gmoZH$m§~io32. ~bwV§ : X`m ndma33. CMë`m : bú_U Jm`H$dmS> 34. Cnam : bú_U _mZo 35. A¸$a_mes : eaUHw$_ma [b¨~mio36. H$mQ>çmdaMs nmoQ§> : CÎm_ ~§Sy> Vwno 37. J~mi : XmXmgmho~ _moao38. JmdH$s : éñVw_ AMbIm§~39. AmâmZ : nmW© nmoiHo$40. H$moëhmQ>çmM§ nmoa : [H$emoa em§Vm~mB© H$mio41. Am`XmZ : D$[_©bm ndma42. [~amS> : AemoH$ ndma43. AmB© g_OyZ KoVmZm : CÎm_ H$m§~io44. Imbs O_sZ da AmH$me : gwZsbHw$_ma bdQo>45. [~ZnQ>mMs Mm¡H$Q> : B§Xw_Vs Om|Yio46. ~m{áñ_m Vo Y_mªVa : BgmXmg ^S>Ho$47. _hmË_m \w$bo : YZ§O` H$sa48. N>ÌnVs emhy _hmamO : YZ§O` H$sa49. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a : YZ§O` H$sa50. EH$ hmoVm H$mìh©a : dsUm JdmUH$a51. àmMsZ JsV-^m§S>ma : g§. Zm.J. Omoes52. àmMsZ JsV-_§Oyfm : g§. Zm.J. Omoes53. AmR>dUsVë`m H$[dVm : 4 I§S> : g§. nÙmH$a _hmOZ / [XZH$a ~d}

/ a_oe V|Sw>bH$a / am_ nQ>dY©Z54. g_J« Ho$edgwV : g§. ^.ls. n§[S>V55. \w$bamUs : ~mbH$ds : g§. am.e§. dm[i¨~o / Hw$gw_mJ«O

56. ~moaH$am§Ms H$[dVm : ~m.^. ~moaH$a : g§. _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a57. gwöXJmWm : nw.[e. aoJo : g§. J§JmYa nmQ>sb58. Am[XË` : _Z_mohZ : g§. e§H$a d¡Ú59. gË`mMs OmV : eaíM§Ð _w{º$~moY 60. ag`mÌm : Hw$gw_mJ«O : g§. ~m.^. ~moaH$a / e§H$a d¡Ú61. g§[hVm : [d¨Xm H$a§XsH$a : g§. _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a62. gZX : ZmamÙ gwd}63. [ÔH$s dhs : AéU H$mobQ>H$a64. EHy$U H$[dVm : [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_ [MÌo65. [ZdS>H$ dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$66. _s ^`§H$amÀ`m XadmÁ`mV C^m Amho

: Zm_Xod T>gmi : g§. gVse H$migoH$a / àkm X`m ndma67. A^wO _mS> : ^wO§J _olm_68. Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$ : AéU H$mio69. `_wZm n`©Q>Z : ~m~m nX²_ZOs70. YmdVm YmoQ>m : ^m.[d. daoaH$a71. ~ZJadmS>s : ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JwiH$a72. H$mogbm : ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>73. gmV g¸§$ ÌoMmisg : [H$aU ZJaH$a74. H$m|Sw>am : [Àm§.Í`§. ImZmobH$a75. EÝH$sÀ`m amÁ`mV : [dbmg gma§J76. ho B©ûdaamd ho nwéfmoÎm_ amd : í`m_ _Zmoha77. Zm_wíH$sMo ñdJV : a§JZmW nR>mao78. H$in : amOZ Jdg79. ~mamo_mg : gXmZ§X Xoe_wI80. ~« : H$[dVm _hmOZ81. [ZemUs S>mdm A§JR>m : a_oe B§Jio-CÌmXH$a82. H$mOi_m`m : Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu83. [X.~m. _moH$mes `m§Ms H$Wm : g§. Aa[d¨X JmoIbo84. ls.Xm. nmZdbH$a `m§Ms H$Wm : g§. _.X. hmVH$U§JboH$a85. ^mD$ nmÜò : loîR> H$Wm : g§. [X.nw. [MÌo86. [ZdS>H$ H$_b XogmB©87. Kmesam_ H$moVdmb : [dO` V|Sw>bH$a88. `wJm§V : _hoe EbHw$§Mdma89. gËèmoYH$ : Jmo.nw. Xoenm§So>90. [ZdS>H$ : ào_mZ§X JÁds91. H$ma_mPH$ ~§Yy : 2 ^mJ : XñVòdñH$s : AZw. ^mD$ Y_m©[YH$mar 92. nmS>g : _mOm}ar [H$ZZ am°[b¨½O : AZw. am_ nQ>dY©Z93. amOm [bà : eoŠg[nAa : AZw. Jmo.[d. H$a§XsH$a94. ãbmBªS>Zog : Á`wPo gmam_mJw : AZw. ^m.b. ^moio95. PmS§> bmdUmam _mUyg : Om± [OAmZmo : AZw. _mYwar nwa§Xao96. An Introduction to the study of

Indian History : D.D. Kosambi

97. civilization and capitalism : Fernand Braudel : 3 I§S>98. Pandaemonium : Humphrey Jennings

99. The complete letters of Vincent Van gogh

100. Living to tell the tale : Marques Gabriel Garcia

g§nH©$ : 02143- 692304, 9422689559

101OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

e§ a nwñVHo$ : AmUIr EH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZÎm_ _amR>s dmMH$ hmoÊ`mMm Agm H$moUVmhs H$mog© Zmhs [H¨$dm VgoàepñVnÌ XoUmar g§ñWm Zmhs. nU, Amnmnë`m narZo dmMV VaAgVmoM AmnU gJio OU. Voìhm _amR>sVbs AmdOy©Z

dmMm`bmM hds Aem EH$eo EH$ nwñVH$m§Ms `mXs Amåhs XoV AmhmoV.gwédmVsbmM H$mhs JmoîQ>s ñnîQ> H$aVmo. kmZoûdar,VwH$mam_mMs JmWm, Zm_XodmMo A^§J dJ¡ao _hmZnwñVHo$ AmnU [d[dY H$maUm§gmR>s dmMVM AgVmoË`m_wio Ë`m§Mm BWo g_mdoe Ho$bm Zmhs. VgoM gmYmaUnUo gd©gm_mÝ`dmMH$mbm g_moa Ro>dyZ hs `mXs Ho$bs Amho Voìhm [d[eîR> joÌmV ì`mg§J [H¨$dmAä`mg H$aUmè`m Aä`mgH$m§gmR>s hs `mXs Zmhs. Ë`m_wio `m `mXsVg_sjmË_H$ J«§Wm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Zmhs. Ë`mà_mUo AZwdm[XV nwñVH$m§Mmg_mdoe `m `mXsV Zmhs. AWm©V EH$ AmhoM, _amR>sV AmOda BVH$s Aà[V_nwñVHo$ [b[hbs Jobs AmhoV, H$s gJisM CÎm_ nwñVHo$ BWo òVsb Ago ZmhsAm[U H$moUVshs [ZdS>H$ hs ì`{º$[ZîR> AgUmaM. àH$medmQ>m (àH$me

Am_Qo>), OsE§Ms [ZdS>H$ nÌo, _mhs_Ms ImS>s (_Yw _§Joe H$[U©H$) `mgmaIs[H$ËòH$ CÎm_moÎm_ nwñVHo$ `m `mXsV Q>mHy$Z `mXs 200 [H¨$dm 500 nwñVH$m§MsH$aVm òD$ eHo$b. Xwgam Hw$Us `mVbs Xhm nwñVHo$ H$mTy>Z Xwgar Xhm nwñVHo$`mXsV g_m[dîQ> H$ê$ eHo$b. Ë`mbm A§V Zmhs. _mÌ, _mÂ`m _Vo gmo~VÀ`m

`mXsVbs 100 nwñVHo$ dmMUo hr Mm§Jbm _amR>sdmMH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>s AJXs [H$_mZ nmÌVm Agob. hs`mXs H$aVmZm EH$ nÏ` nmibo Amho, EH$m

boIH$mMo EH$m gm[hË`àH$mamVbo EH$M nwñVH$ `m `mXsV KoVbo Amho. VoIynM AmdS>ë`mg Ë`m boIH$mMs BVa nwñVHo$ AmdOy©Z dmMmds. hs `mXsH$aVmZm gd©gmYmaU Mm§Jbm dmMH$ J¥hrV Yabm Amho, Ho$di Cƒ XOm©MoZdgm[hË` dmMUmam dmMH$ BWo J¥hrV Yabm Zmhs AWdm Ho$di ahñ`H$Wm[H¨$dm doi Kmbdm`bm A[Vgm_mÝ` nwñVHo$ dmMUmamhs Zmhs Am[U eodQ>MoåhUOo BWo nwñVHo$ AmoisZo [Xbs Agbs Var Ë`mV H$moUVmhs JwUdÎmmH«$_A[^àoV Zmhs.

C

g§O` ^mñH$a Omoer

A.H«$. nwñVH$mMo Zmd boIH$mMo Zmd gm[hË`àH$ma1 nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo? h.Zm. AmnQo> gm.$H$mX§~ar2. [M_UamdmMo MèhmQ> qMVm_U [dZm`H$ Omoes [dZmoXs H$Wm3. gwXmå`mMo nmoho lsnmX H¥$îU H$moëhQ>H$a boIg§J«h4. EH$M ß`mbm am_ JUoe JS>H$ar ZmQ>H$5. _mPs OÝ_Ro>n [dZm`H$ Xm_moXa gmdaH$a AZw^dH$WZ6. Xm¡bV Zm.gs. \$S>Ho$ H$mX§~ar7. ~«m÷UH$Ý`m lsYa ì`§H$Qo>e Ho$VH$a8. _mPm àdmg AWdm [dîUw^Q> JmoS>go àdmgdU©Z

1857À`m ~§S>mMs h{H$H$V9. í`m_Ms AmB© gmZo JwéOs AmË_. H$mX§~ar10. ñ_¥{V[MÌo bú_s~mB© [Q>iH$ AmË_M[aÌ11. ``mVs [d.g. Im§So>H$a H$mX§~ar12. H$ù`m§Mo [Z…ûdmg [d^mdar [eê$aH$a H$Wm

(_mbVs~mB© ~oSo>H$a)13. [XdmH$am§À`m ZmQ>çN>Q>m e§H$a H$m{eZmW JJ} ZmQ>çN>Q>m14. g§nyU© AmJaH$a [Z~§Yg§J«h Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a boIg§J«h15. aUm§JU [dlm_ ~oSo>H$a H$mX§~ar16. nmUH$im a.dm. [XKo H$mX§~ar17. H$mhs åhmVmao d EH$ åhmVmar [d.X. KmQo> ì`{º$[MÌo18. J^©aoes_ B§[Xam g§V H$[dVm19. Ano[jVm§Mo A§Va§J ls._. _mQo> H$Wm20. _mUXoes _mUg§ ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a H$Wm21. gVamdo df© nw.^m. ^mdo H$Wm22. H$m|Sw>am qM.Í`§. ImZmobH$a23. Jma§~sMm ~mny ls.Zm. n|S>go H$mX§~ar24. EH$ hmoVm H$mìh©a dsUm JdmUH$a M[aÌ25. J§JmYa JmS>Jsi J§JmYma JmS>Jsi H$Wm

`m§Ms [ZdS>H$ H$Wm26. _¥Ê_`s Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a H$mX§~ar

27. F$VwMH«$ XwJm© ^mJdV b[bV boI28. EH$ PmS> Am[U XmoZ njs [dlm_ ~oSo>H$a AmË_M[aÌ29. YJ CÕd O. eoiHo$ H$mX§~ar30. gømÐsMs Mmoar a_oe _§Ìs H$Wm31. AZm[_H$mMs [M¨V[ZH$m nw.`. Xoenm§So> qMVZ32. gm[dÌs nw.[e. aoJo H$mX§~ar33. ì`º$s Am[U d„s nw.b. Xoenm§So> H$mën[ZH$ ì`{º$[MÌo34. H$mogbm ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> H$mX§~ar35. am`JS>mbm Ooìhm OmJ òVo dg§V H$mZoQ>H$a ZmQ>H$36. ñdm_s aU[OV XogmB© Eo[Vhm[gH$ H$mX§~ar37. MH«$ O`d§V Xids H$mX§~ar38. `wJm§V BamdVs H$d} _hm^maVmdarb boI39. [ZdS>H$ R>UR>Unmi O`d§V Xids [dZmoXs boIg§J«h40. Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo JmoXmdar nê$ioH$a AZw^dH$WZ41. JmoVmdim AmZ§X `mXd H$mX§~ar42. ZQ>g_«mQ> [d.dm. [eadmS>H$a ZmQ>H$43. H$mOi_m`m Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu H$Wm44. ~bwV§ X`m ndma AmË_M[aÌ45. [ZdS>H$ [dkmZH$Wm g§nmXH$:[Za§OZ KmQo> [dkmZH$Wm46. Jmob[nR>m Zm_Xod T>gmi H$[dVm47. _¥Ë`§wO` [edmOs gmd§V H$mX§~ar48. Cnam bú_U _mZo AmË_M[aÌ49. dsaYdb ZmW_mYd H$mX§~ar50. _s H$gm Pmbmo? AmMm`© à.Ho$. AÌo AmË_M[aÌ51. ~ZJadmS>s ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a H$mX§~ar52. [H$_`m _mYd AmMdb b[bV boIZ53. AmZ§Xs Jmonmi ls.O. Omoes H$mX§~ar54. _w§~B© [XZm§H$ AéU gmYy H$mX§~ar55. ag AZm¡ag amOZ ImZ H$mX§~ar56. ñWbm§Va gm[Z`m H$mX§~ar

102 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

57. ~mamo_mg gXmZ§X Xoe_wI H$mX§~ar58. VUH$Q> amOZ Jdg H$mX§~ar59. â Mm¡H$mVsb AaÊ`ê$XZ a§JZmW nR>mao H$mX§~ar60. CËgwH$VoZo _s Pmonbmo í`m_ _Zmoha H$mX§~ar61. am_ZJar am_ ZJaH$a AmË_M[aÌ62. OmJa Zaha Hw$ê§$XH$a boIg§J«h63. gdm}Îm_ [n¨Jo adtÐ [n¨Jo [ZdS>H$ b[bV boI64. gImam_ ~mB§S>a [dO` V|Sw>>bH$a ZmQ>H$65. `wJm§V _hoe EbHw$§Mdma ZmQ>H$66. EHo$H$ nmZ Jimd`m Jm¡ar XoInm§So> H$Wm67. h§g AHo$bm _oKZm noRo> H$Wm68. ~« H$[dVm _hmOZ H$mX§~ar69. [MaXmh ^maV gmgUo H$Wm70. _madm Amem ~Jo H$Wm71. emim [_qbX ~moH$sb H$mX§~ar72. _hmnwéfm§À`m ZOaoVyZ ós _§Jbm AmR>ëòH$a gm_m[OH$ [M¨VZ73. EH$m Z¥Ë`mMm OÝ_ ls.Xm. nmZdbH$a H$Wm74. nmQ©>Za d.nw. H$mio H$mX§~ar75. [Xdg|[Xdg e§.Zm. Zdao H$mX§~ar76. ~°. A[Zê$Õ YmonoûdaH$a ^mD$ nmÜò H$mX§~ar77. PmS>mPS>Vs [dûdmg nmQ>sb H$mX§~ar78. AmdS>bobs _mUgo [dÚmYa nw§S>[bH$ ì`{º$[MÌo79. ZmJsU Mmê$Vm gmJa H$Wm80. Ooìhm _s OmV Mmoabs hmoVs ~m~wamd ~mJwb H$Wm

81. _bm CX²ÜdñV ìhm`M§` _{„H$m A_aeoI AmË_M[aÌ82. Amho _Zmoha Var gwZrVm Xoenm§So> AmË_M[aÌ83. Ádmbm Am[U \w$bo ~m~m Am_Qo> H$[dVm84. ZjÌm§Mo XoUo AmaVs à^y H$[dVm85. g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m H$[dVm J«og H$[dVm86. amZmVë`m H$[dVm Zm.Ymo§. _hmZmoa H$[dVm87. ag`mÌm Hw$gw_mJ«O H$[dVm88. g§[hVm qdXm H$a§[XH$a H$[dVm89. [MÌ{bns dg§V Am. S>hmHo$ H$[dVm90. [Oßgs _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a H$[dVm91. Am°[\©$`g [Xbsn [MÌo H$Wm92. [ZemUs S>mdm A§JR>m a_oe B§Jio CÌmXH$a H$mX§~ar93. H$mim gy`© Am[U H$_b XogmB© H$Wm

h°Q> KmbUmar ~mB©94. [ZOYm_ aËZmH$a _VH$ar JyT>H$Wm95. [_amgXmar X._m. [_amgXma H$Wm96. H°$[bS>moñH$mon AÀ`wV ~d} H$mX§~ar97. W±H$ `y [_ñQ>a ½bmS> A[Zb ~d} H$mX§~ar98. [ZînU© d¥jmda â Xwnmar h._mo. _amRo> H$mX§~ar99. n§MVmam§[H$V [à`m V|Sw>bH$a AmË_H$WZ100. OmhsaZm_m ZmamÙ gwd} H$[dVm


1. Pluther’s Lives

2. Meditations of Marcus

Aurelius

3. Chaucer

4. Imitation of Christ

(Thomas a Kempis)

5. Holy Living and Holy

Dying (Jeremy Taylor)

6. Pilgrim’s Progress

7. Macaulay’s Essays

8. Bacon’s Essays

9. Addison’s Essays

10. Essays of Elia (Charles

Lamb)

11. Les Miserables (Hugo)

12. Heroes and Hero Worship

(Carlyle)

13. Palgrave’s Golden

Treasury

14. Wordsworth

15. Vicar of Wakefiled

16. Adam Bede (George Eliot)

17. Vanity Fair (Thackeray)

18. Ivanhoe (Scott)

19. On the Heights (Auerbach)

20. Eugenie Grandet (Balzac)

21. Scarlet Letter (Hawthrone)

22. Emerson’s Essays

23. Boswell’s Life of Johnson

24. History of English people

(Green)

25. Outlines of Universal

History

26. Origin of Species

27. Montaigne’s Essays

28. Longfellow

29. Tennyson

30. Browning

31. Whittier

32. Ruskin

33. Herbert Spencer

A_o[aH$Z gm[hË`mMo _mZX§S>1. Scarlet Letter

2. Parkman’s Histories

3. Motley’s Dutch Republic

4. Grant’s Memoirs

5. Franklin’s Autobiography

6. Webster’s Speeches

7. Lowell’s Bigelow Papers

8. Lowell’s Critical Essays

9. Thoreau’s Walden

10. Leaves of Grass

(Whitman)

11. Leather-stocking Tales

(Cooper)

12. Autocrat of the Breakfast

Table

13. Ben Hur

14. Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A_o[aHo$Vsb _hmZ H$ds1. Bryant

2. Poe

3. Whittier

4. Longfello

5. Lowell

6. Emerson

7. Whitman

8. Lanier

9. Aldrich

10. Stoddard

B§J«Os_Ysb _moRo> H$ds1. Chaucer

2. Spenser

3. Shakespeare

4. Milton

5. Burns

6. Wordsworth

7. Keats

8. Shelley

9. Tennyson

10. Browning

[d»`mV B§J«Os [Z~§YH$ma1. Bacon

2. Addison

3. Steele

4. Macaulay

5. Lamb

6. Jeffrey

7. De Quincey

8. Carlyle

9. Thackeray

10. Matthew Arnold

Amnë`m J«§Wmb`mV ho gm[hË` Amho H$m ?

103OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

1. EbHw$§Mdma _hoe : n{íM_à^m, Mjy àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX2. JmoJQ>o eaX : _amR>s J«§WàH$meZmMs 200 df}, amOh§g, nwUo, 20083. Omoes ls.~m. : g§H$bZ, ào{ñQ>O n{ãbHo$eÝg, nwUo, 19854. Omoes ls.~m. : J§JmOis 2, _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 20045. Omoes ls.~m. : J§JmOis 2, _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 20066. Omoes ls.~m. : J§JmOis 3, _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 20077. Omoes ls.~m. : J§JmOis 4, _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 20098. Omoes ls.~m. : CÎm_ _Ü`_, nÙJ§Ym àH$meZ, nwUo, 20109. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU : Aja[ZîR>m§Ms _m§[X`mis : J«§WemoY Am[U dmMZ~moY,

[S>ånb n{ãbHo$eÝg, _w§~B©, 2005 g§d[Y©V Xwgar Amd¥Îms : amohZ àH$meZ, nwUo, 27 _mM© 2011

10. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU : VmaVå`, I§S> 4, H$mb[ZU©` àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 199711. R>mbo-nmQ>sb : dmMZdoY, _amR>dmS>m gm[hË` H$m¡[VH$amd Am[U n[afX, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 2008

Zm§XoS>H$a lsYa (g§nm.)12. Vwinwio e§.Jmo. : _amR>s J«§W[Z[_©VsMs dmQ>Mmb,

_hmamîQ´> J«§WmoÎmoOH$ g^m, nwUo, 197413. Xe©Zo gma§J (g§nm.) : J«§Wm§À`m ghdmgmV, _Oo{ñQ>H$, _w§~B©, 200914. ZmB©H$ ~mnyamd : ^maVs` J«§W_wÐU, H°$. Jmo.J§. [b_ò Q´>ñQ>, nwUo, 198015. [à`moiH$a : [à` Am[U A[à`,

AZ§V H$mH$~m [dX^©-_amR>dmS>m ~wH$ H§$nZs, nwUo, 196516. [à`moiH$a : _amR>s J«§Wm§Mo AmXe© g§J«hmb`, _w§~B© _amR>s gm[hË`

AZ§V H$mH$~m g§K, _w§~B©, 196917. ^mdo ls._m. : OsUm}Õma, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, _w§~B©, 200918. _mbeo g.J§. : AmJi§doJi§, gwnU© àH$meZ, nwUo, 198619. _mbeo g.J§. : VmaVå`, naMwao àH$meZ _§[Xa, _w§~B©, 198720. [b_ò A.h. : J«§Wì`dhma, ìhsZg àH$meZ, nwUo, 195221. [b_ò A.h. : _amR>s J«§WàH$meZm§Mo ñdê$n

: [dH$mg Am[U ñdê$n, àgmX àH$meZ, nwUo22. d¡Ú gamo[OZs : g§H«$_U, ls[dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo, 198523. [eaYZH$a ^mZy : nwñVH$m§Ms Xw[Z`m, A[^Zd àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 196824. ghò~wÕo A[dZme : Xw_ui AjaYZ, daXm àH$meZ, nwUo, 199325. gm_§V ~mi : J«§Wm`Z, AmZ§X~Z àH$meZ, _w§~B©26. gmd§V e[eH$m§V : Am¡Xw§~a : nwñVH$m§À`m ghdmgmV,

Am¡Xw§~a àH$meZ, _w§~B©27. nwñVH$m§Ms AO~ Xw[Z`m : g°å`wAb Bóm`b, AZwdmX Z[bZs ZmB©H$,

àH$meH$- EZ. ~s. Q>s.28. dmMZ g§ñH$ma : gVse nmoao29. Omdo J«§Wm§À`m Jmdm : àXsn H$[U©H$ 30. _amR>s J«§W [Z[_©VsMs dmQ>Mmb : e§.Jmo. Vwinwio31. nwñVH$m§Ms `mXs : _amR>s J«§W g§J«hmb`, R>mUo (31-3-1950 AIoa)32. nwñVH$ Am¡a _¡ : [Z_©b d_m©, a_oeM§Ð ehm, èXod eë`, dmJse ewŠb, Oè§H$a,Y«wd ewŠb (g§nmXZ - amHo$e ls_mb)

1. Basbanes, Nicholas : Among the Gently Mad

2. Basbanes, Nicholas : Editions and Impressions

3. Basbanes, Nicholas : Every Book Its Reader

4. Basbanes, Nicholas : A Gentle Madness

5. Basbanes, Nicholas : Patience and Fortitude

6. Baxter John : A Pound of Paper : Confessions of A Book Adict

7. Birkerts, Sven : The Gutenberg Elegies - The Fate of Reading in

an Electronic Age

8. Brooks, Marshall (Ed.) : The Romance of the Books

9. Buzbee, Lewis : The Yellow-lighted Bookshop

10. Dale, Warren (Ed.) : What is A Book

11. Dorris, Michael & : The Most Wonderful Books Buchwald Emilie (Ed.)

12. Estelle, Ellis & Others : At Home with Books

13. Fadiman, Anne: Ex Libris : Confessions of a Common Reader

14. Gekoski, Rick : Nabokov"s Butterfly & Other Stores of Great

Authors and Rare Books

15. Gekoski, Rick : Outside of a Dog

16. Gladstone, W.E. : On Books and the Housing of Them

17. Goldstone, Lawrence : Bookworld

18. Goldstone, Lawrence : Slightly Chipped

19. Goldstone, Nancy : Used and Rare

20. Hamilton, John Maxwell : Casanova was a Book Lover

21. Hanff, Helen : 84, Charing Crossroad

22. Hitchings, Henry : Defining the World : The Extra ordinary Story of

Dr. JohnsonL>s Dictionary

23. Kelly, Stuart : The Book of Lost Books

24. Kilgour Fredrick : The Evolution of The Book

25. Maclean, Malcolm : Men & Books

& Holmes, Elisabeth (Ed.)

26. Manguel, Alberto : History of Reading

27. Manguel, Alberto : HomerL>s The Iliad and The Odyssey

28. Manguel, Alberto : Into the Looking Giasswood

29. Manguel, Alberto : Library at Night

30. Manguel, Alberto : Reading Diary

31. Manguel, Alberto : With Borges

32. McMurthy, Larry : Books : A Memoir

33. Miler, Henry : Books in My Life

34. Orcutt, William : The Kingdom of Books

35. Osho : The Books I Loved

36. Petroski, Henry : The Book On the Book-Shelf

37. Pettegree, Andrew : The Book In the Renaissance

38. Powers, Alan : Living with Books

39. Robinowitz, Harold : Passion for Books

& Kaplan Rob (Ed.)

40. Roy, M.N. : Library of a Revolutionary

41. Starrett, Vincet : Penny Wise and Book Foolish

42. Steffens, Jo (Ed.) : Unpacking My Library

43. Wiles, Margaret : Reading Matters

44. Wolfe, Linda : The Literary Gourmet45. Woolf, Virginia : The Common Reader46. The Groaning Shelf & other instances of book love :Pradeep Sebastian47. Why Read the Classics ?: Italo Calvino48. The Romance of book Collecting :Aroon Tikekar49. The new life time reading plan: Clifton Fadiman & John S. Major50. The Club Dumas: Arturo Perez Reverte

("dmMUmè`mMr amoO{Zer' `m "bmoH$dmL²>‘`J¥hm'À`m nwñVH$mVyZ gm^ma.)

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CÁÁdb na§nam : VoOñdr ^{dî`

105OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

`m_Üò ImÝXoe [S>{ñQ´>ŠQ> J°Po[Q>Aa (1880) daËZm[Jar A°ÊS> gmd§VdmS>s [S>ñQ´>sŠQ> J°Po[Q>AaàH$m[eV (gZ 1880) Pmbo Va _m[bHo$VsbeodQ>Mo J°Po[Q>Aa ~m°å~o gsQ>s A°ÊS> Am`b§ÊS> hoVsZ I§S>mV 1909_Üò àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.VËH$mbsZ g|Q´>b àmo{ìhÝgog A°ÊS> ~oamaÀ`m[Z`§ÌUmImbs dèhmS> d [dX^m©Mm ^mJ òVAgë`mZo `mVsb AmR> [Oëøm§gmR>sMo J°Po[Q>Aa1906 Vo 1911 `m H$mbmdYsV àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mVAmbo. dYm© [S>ñQ´>sŠQ> J°Po[Q>Aa 1906_Üò VaZmJnya d A_amdVs [Oëhm J°Po[Q>Aa 1911_ÜòàH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ~m°å~o ào[gSo>ÝgsÀ`m J«§W[Z[_©VsMs na§nam H$mhses ì`mnH$ d A[YH$Vnerb nwadUmar Aes hmoVs. `mV ~m°å~o, R>mUm,nwUo hs [Oëhm J°Po[Q>Aa àËòH$s 3 I§S>mV àH$m[eVH$aÊ`mV Ambs hmoVs; Va _Ü` àXoe Am[U dèhmS>([dX^m©gh) `m ^mJmMs J°Po[Q>Aa VwbZoZo AmQ>mon-esa d WmoS>s bhmZ AmH$mamV hmoVs. `mMm "A'^mJ hm dU©ZmË_H$ Vnesb nwadUmam AgyZ, "~'^mJ hm Ho$di gm§{»`H$s` _m[hVs XoUmam AgmhmoVm. àË`j [~«[Q>em§À`m [Z`§ÌUmImbs Zgbobm_amR>dmS>çmMm àXoe hm [ZOm_ S>mo[_[ZAÝgMm EH$^mJ hmoVm. Ë`m§ZsgwÕm Ago J°Po[Q>Aa V`ma H$amdo,Agm [~«[Q>e àemgH$m§Mm AmJ«h Agm`Mm. AgoAgbo Var gdªH$f gd}jU [H¨$dm [Oëhme:J«§W[Z[_©Vs [ZOm_mZo Ho$bs Zmhs. VWm[n, "J°Po[Q>AaAm°\$ X h¡Ðm~mX A°ÊS> AgmB©ÝS> [S>ñQ´>sŠQ>' hm[ZOm_mÀ`m Vmã`mVsb H$mhs [Oëøm§Ms ÌmoQ>H$_m[hVs XoUmam J«§W àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. AgoAgbo Var _wZsa Zdma O§J `mZo d Ë`mÀ`mghH$mè`m§Zs Am¡a§Jm~mX [S>ñQ´>sŠQ> J°Po[Q>AaMm EH$_moR>m I§S> 1884bm àH$m[eV Ho$bm. 18ì`m,19ì`m eVH$mMo _amR>dmS>çmMo Vnerb nwadUmamAgm hm I§S> d `m _m[bHo$Vsb EHy$UM gd© J«§W[d^mJmZo nwZ_w©[ÐV H$ê$Z Aä`mgH$m§Zm CnbãYH$ê$Z [Xbo AmhoV. [~«{Q>e J°Po[Q>Aa [Z[_©Vs ~m°å~oào[gSo>ÝgsnwaVs Var 1909_Üò nyU© Pmbs hoAmYmadf© à_mU _mZyZ `mMm eVH$nyVu gmohimåhUyZ "~m°å~o [gQ>s A°ÊS> Am`b§S>' ho J°Po[Q>Aa[d^mJmZo ZwH$VoM _m. _w»`_§Í`m§Mo hñVo àH$m[eVHo$bo Amho.

"~m°å~o [gQ>s A°ÊS> Am`b§S>' ho EHy$UVsZ I§S>mV àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mMo gd}jU[df`H$ ~hwVm§e H$m_ Ooåg E_. H°$å~ob `m§Zs nyU©Ho$bo hmoVo. àË`j J«§W àH$meZmMo H$m_ _mÌEg.E_. ES>dS©>g `m§Zs Ho$bo. `m J«§Wm_Üò _w§~B©n[agamÀ`m [dH$mgmMm g§nyU© AmboI 1661nmgyZ1909n`ªV [Xbm Amho. gd©gmYmaU dU©Z òWsb

CËnmXZ, CËnmXH$ OmVs O_mVsMo Vnerb, CÚmoJ,ì`dgm`, ì`mnma d XiUdiU, B[Vhmg, Ý`m`ì`dñWm, _hgwbs àemgZ, ~m°å~o _w{ÝgnmbQ>s, nmoQ©>Q´>ñQ>, ehamMo Amamo½`, àojUs` ñWio d _hÎdmÀ`mg§ñWm `m§Mo g[dñVa Vnerb `m§Mo AmaoIZo dN>m`m[MÌo [Xbs AmhoV. EH$ _hÎdnyU© g§X^©J«§WåhUyZ AmOhs ho J°Po[Q>Aa Cn`wº$ Amho. [~«{Q>eH$mimV J°Po[Q>Aa H$aVmZm _hgyb [d^mJ, dZ[d^mJ, H¥$fr [d^mJ `mVsb A[YH$mar àm_w»`mZo

boIZ H$aV. Ë`m_wio VËH$mbsZ dZg§nXm dàmUsg¥îQ>s[df`H$ Vnerb nmhm`bm [_iVmV.[edm` ho J«§W [Z_m©U H$aV AgVmZm VËH$mbsZAä`mgH$m§Mm `m_Üò gh^mJ OmUsdnyd©H$H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. _w§~B© J°Po[Q>Aa_Üò ls.S>s.Ama. d¡Ú, ls. Ama.Eg. Q>mH$s, ls. amdgmho~,ns.~s. Omoes, ls. ~s.Ho$. Ywa§Ya `m§Mm gh^mJhmoVm Ago [XgVo. BVa J°Po[Q>AaÀ`m [Z[_©Vs_ÜòhshsM ~m~ AmT>iVo.

VWm[n, [~«{Q>e J°Po[Q>Aa dmMVmZm Ë`m§MmdgmhVdmXs ÑpîQ>H$moZ d EVÚo[e`m§[df`s H$mhsnyd©J«h hmoVo ho bjmV òVo. _w§~B©_Üò [dH$[gVPmboë`m dmñVy d g§ñWm§Mm _yi B[Vhmg g_OmdyZKoÊ`mgmR>s _mÌ "~m°å~o [gQ>s A°ÊS> Am`b§S>'Cn`wº$ Amho.

ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va amOH$Ë`mªMm ~Xbbobm ÑpîQ>H$moZbjmV KoD$Z VËH$mbsZ ^maVmÀ`m 300[Oëøm§gmR>s Zì`mZo J°Po[Q>Aa J«§W [bhmdoV AgoR>abo `mgmR>s _m¡bmZm AãXwb H$bm_ AmPmXVËH$mbsZ [ejU_§Ìs `m§Zs g§gXo_Üò R>amd_m§S>bm. `mV H|$Ðr` ñVamda ^maVmes g§~§[YV AgoMma I§S>…- 1. Xoe d bmoH$, 2. B[Vhmg Am[Ug§ñH¥$Vs, 3. Am[W©H$ aMZm d KS>m_moS>s, 4)àemgZ d gmd©O[ZH$ H$ë`mU BË`mXs Zwgma V`maH$aÊ`mMo R>abo. Va àËòH$ amÁ`mZo Amnë`mamÁ`mgmR>s gwYm[aV [Oëhm J°Po[Q>Aa V`maH$amd`mMo hmoVo. OmZodmar 1958_Üò g|Q´>bJ°Po[Q>Aa `w[ZQ> d \o$~«wdmarV g|Q´>b A°S>dm`Par

~moS©> ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. àm. hw_m`yZ H$~sa ho`mMo AÜ`j hmoVo. EHy$U [dë`_ [dëgZ h§Q>aMmAmH¥$Vs~§Y hmM nm`m^yV _mZbm Jobm. B§[n[aAbJ°Po[Q>Aa Am°\$ B§[S>`m ho AmVm "J°Po[Q>Aa Am°\$B§[S>`m B§[S>`Z `w[Z`Z' `m ZmdmZo àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mVAmbo d `mM dois `mg amîQ´>s` nmVisda"Xe©[ZH$m' hm eãX ñdrH$mabm Jobm. 15 Am°JñQ>1965bm àH$m[eV Pmbobm "Xoe d bmoH$' hm I§S>"^maV H$s Xe©[ZH$m' `mM erf©H$mImbs [h¨XsVhsàH$m[eV Pmbm.

AWm©V, VËH$mbsZ _w§~B© àm§VmZo 1949bm[Oëhmdma J°Po[Q>Aa [Z[_©VsMo H$m_ hmVs KoVbo hmoVod nwUo [Oëhm J°Po[Q>Aa ho 1952bm àH$m[eVH$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m _m[bHo$Mo d¡[eîQ>ç åhUOoVËH$mbsZ _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m 26 [Oëøm§Ms J«§W[Z[_©Vs1987bm nyU© H$aÊ`mV Ambs. ^maVmVsb BVaamÁ`m§À`m VwbZoV ho H$m_ gdmªV àW_ nyU© H$aÊ`mVAmbo. `m dois ñdrH$mabobm AmH¥$Vs~§Y hm EHy$U19 àH$aUm§VyZ [Oëøm§Ms _m[hVs XoUmam hmoVm.àËòH$ [OëømMs ^m¡Jmo[bH$ d¡[eîQ>çoo, B[Vhmg,bmoH$ d H¥$fr d Ob[g¨MZ, ~±H$, dm[UÁ`, CÚmoJ,ì`mnma, ñWm[ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm, e¡j[UH$ g§ñWm,àemgZ, _hgyb, H$m`Xm, gwì`dñWm d Ý`m``mM~amo~a ñWm[ZH$ ì`dgm`, Amamo½`, godm^mdsg§ñWm Am[U àojUs` ñWio `m§Ms _m[hVs `mV [XbsAmho. [OëømVsb ehao d IoS>s `m§Ms [dñV¥V gyMsho `m [Oëhm J°Po[Q>AaMo d¡[eîQç hmoVo. àËòH$ I§S>gamgar 1000 n¥îR>m§Mm Amho. g§nyU© XoemgmR>såhUyZ EH$M AmH¥$Vs~§Y `mV am~dbm Jobm ho[deof. ho gd© J«§W Xe©[ZH$m [d^mJmZo B©-~yH$ñdê$nmV Zì`mZo CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbo Amho.

amÁ` J°Po[Q>Aa _m[bH$mXe©[ZH$m [d^mJmMo doJionU Ogo [Oëhm

J°Po[Q>AaÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ñnîQ> hmoVo VgoM Vo amÁ`J°Po[Q>AaÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZhs ñnîQ> hmoVo. [~«[Q>eJ°Po[Q>AaMm J°Po[Q>Aa Am°\$ ~m°å~o ào[gSo>Ýgs hmàW_ I§S> (1894) XmoZ ^mJm§V àH$m[eV Pmbm.`mn¡H$s n[hbm ^mJ "Abu [hñQ´>s Am°\$ [XJwOamV'es g§~§[YV hmoVm, Va Xwgam ^mJ "[hñQ´>sAm°\$ [X H$m|H$U', "Abu [hñQ´>s Am\$ [X So>¸$ZS>mD$Z Qy> [X _mohå_So>Z H$m°Ý¹$oñQ>' d BVa `mesf©H$mMm hmoVm. `mV Ama.Os. ^m§S>maH$a,^JdmZbmb B§ÐOs, AboŠPmÝS>a Zoa `m§Mo d BVam§Mo`moJXmZ hmoVo; Va [d^mJmZo 1967_Üò "[hñQ´>sEe§ÝQ> [n[a`S>' hm J«§W àH$m[eV Ho$bm. `mM_m[bHo$_Üò _Ü``wJsZ d _amR>m H$mbI§S>mesg§~§[YV J«§Whs àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mMdois_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m ~m°Q>Zses g§~§[YV 3 I§S>, _hmamîQ´>

106 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

b±½doO A°ÊS> [bQ>aoMa, \$m¡Zm Ago EHy$U 10 J«§WàH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mV S>m°. AmS>maH$a, S>m°.BamdVs H$d}, S>m°. _hm~io `m§Mo `moJXmZ hmoVo.

kmZH$mof qH$dm J°Po[Q>Aa J«§W gmVË`mZoAÚm`mdV H$aÊ`mMs JaO AgVo, ^maVmÀ`m AÝàmÁ`m§Mm [dMma H$aVm _hmamîQ´>mMo ho H$m_ [Z{íMVMC„oIZs` Amho. amÁ` J°Po[Q>Aa _m[bHo$V B[VhmgàmMsZH$mi (I§S> 1) hm S>m°. A.e§. nmR>H$ `m§Zsg§nm[XV Ho$bobm J«§W AgyZ `m_Üò àW_M_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m g§nyU© àmJ¡[Vhm[gH$ H$mimnmgyZ `mXdH$mimn`ªVMm amOH$s` d gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgEH$[ÌVnUo XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. 797 n¥îR>m§Mm hmJ«§W 2002_Üò àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm AgyZ,`m_Üò _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m B[Vhmgmda àH$me Q>mH$Umè`mg§nyU© g§emoYZ d CËIZZ `m§Mm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mVAmbm Amho. _hmamîQ´>mMm àmJ¡[Vhm[gH$ H$mi VaàW_M EH$[ÌVnUo Aä`mgH$m§Zm CnbãY PmbmAgyZ, Ë`mV _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m Aí_`wJ, Vm_«nmfmU`wJ, _hmnmfmU `wJ `m§Mo d¡[eîQ>ç ñnîQ> Ho$bo JoboAmho. `mVyZ AZoH$ ~m~s àW_M Aä`mgH$m§Zm d_amR>s g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m d¡[eîQ>>çm§Zm AYmoao[IVH$aUmè`m AmhoV. `m J«§W [Z[_©VsgmR>s S>m°. _.Ho$.T>disH$a, S>m°. am.ls. _moad§MsH$a d S>m°. A.à.Om_IoS>H$a `m VÁk Aä`mgH$m§Zs _moRo> `moJXmZ[Xbo Amho. `mM _m[bHo$V ñWmnË` Am[U H$bm hm(I§S> 1Mm Xwgam ^mJ) àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV AmbmAgyZ, `mMo boIZ S>m°. A.à. Om_IoS>H$a d S>m°.A.e§. nmR>H$ `m§Zs Ho$bo. _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m EHy$U b`ZñWmnË`mMm EH$[ÌV AmT>mdm KoUmam hm J«§W AgyZ~m¡Õ, O¡Z d [h¨Xy b`Z ñWmnË`mÀ`m H$mbmZwH«$_[Z{íMV H$aUmam Agm hm J«§W Amho. Va_hmamîQ´>mVsb EHy$U _§[Xa ñWmnË`mMm àma§[^H$H$mimnmgyZ `mXdH$mimn`ªVMm [dñV¥V n[aM`H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. àW_M _hmamîQ´>mVsb_§[Xao d àmgmX_§S>Z `m _yi J«§WmAmYmaoñWmnËè¡bsMm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV AmbmAgë`mZo ho J«§W _yimVyZ Aä`mgm`bm hdo.

"_hmamîQ´>mVsb dZñnVsemó Am[U dZg§nXm'hm S>m°. dm.Zm. ZmB©H$ `m§Zs [b[hbobm J«§W 609n¥îR>m§Mm AgyZ, _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m dZg§nXoMo d¡[eîQ>ç dd¡[dÜ` `mV ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Va Am¡fYsdZñnVs `m _yi ls. e§.nw. AmKmaH$a `m§À`m"_o[S>[gZb ßbmÝQ>' `m B§J«Os J°Po[Q>AaMs gwYm[aV_amR>s Amd¥Îms AgyZ, `m J«§Wmbm d¡ÚH$ ls[ZdmgOiyH$a `m§Ms [dñV¥V àñVmdZm bm^bs Amho.AMyH$ g§X^©_yë` d Cn`wº$Vm Agboë`m `m amÁ`J°Po[Q>AaMr Xwgar Amd¥Îmshs g§nbobs AgyZ, AÝ`J°Po[Q>Aaà_mUo ho XoIrb B©-~yH$ ñdê$nmV CnbãY

Amho. `mM _m[bHo$V "_hmamîQ´> : b°ÊS> A°ÊS> BQ>gnsnb' J«§WmMs gwYm[aV B§J«Os Amd¥Îms [d^mJmZo2009_Üò àH$m[eV Ho$bs AgyZ, `m_Üò _yi ^y_sAm[U bmoH$ `m _amR>s Amd¥ÎmsVsbOZOmVs[df`sÀ`m C{Udm Xya H$ê$Z _hmamîQ´>mVsb^m¡Jmo[bH$ d¡[eîQ>ço, à_wI OmVsO_mVs gm§ñH¥$[VH$Cn^mJ, gm_m[OH$ g§KQ>Zm `mM~amo~añWbm§VamÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Zì`mZo H$mhs Zm|XsñdV§ÌnUo Zm|X H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. _hmamîQ´>g§ñH¥$VsMm n[aM` A_amR>s ^m[fH$m§Zm ìhmdm`mÑîQ>sZo EH$ g§km gyMs `m J«§WmV [Xbs Amho.

amÁ` J°Po[Q>Aa _m[bHo$Vsb [ZdS>H$ J«§Wm§Ms hsHo$di Zm|X Amho.

ñdmV§Í` g¡[ZH$ M[aÌ H$moe^maVs` ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZm_Üò gh^mJs

Pmboë`m ñdmV§Í` g¡[ZH$m§Mm g§[já d AmQ>monesan[aM` H$ê$Z XoUmam M[aÌ H$moe `m [d^mJmZoàH$m[eV Ho$bm AgyZ, n{íM_ _hmamîQ´>mgmR>s 3I§S>, [dX^m©gmR>s 2 I§S>, _amR>dmS>çmgmR>s 1 AgoEHy$U 6 J«§W àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.[d^mJmZo ho H$m_ 1971 Vo 1980 `m XeH$mV nyU©Ho$bo AgyZ, VËH$mbsZ g§nmXH$ S>m°. ^.J. Hw$§Qo> `m§MsAä`mgnyU© àñVmdZm `m J«§Wmg bm^bs Amho.

`m J«§WmMs Amd¥Îms g§nbs AgyZ, Ë`mMo nwZ_w©ÐUgwê$ Amho. bdH$aM _amR>dmS>m ñdmV§Í` g¡[ZH$M[aÌ H$moe Zì`mZo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV òUmaAmho.

gmog© _Qo>[aAb \$m°a E [hñQ´>s Am°\$ [X [\«$S>__wìh_|Q>

^maVs` ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ B[Vhmg[df`H$AmYma gm[hË` Ago `m _m[bHo$Mo ñdê$n AgyZ`m_Üò ^maVs` ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZmÀ`m g§X^m©V Á`mZm|Xs VËH$mbsZ [~«[Q>e emgZmZo Ë`m§À`m JmonZsÀhdmbmV d X¡Z§[XZs_Üò H$ê$Z Ro>dë`m AmhoV,VgoM VËH$mbsZ d¥ÎmnÌm§VyZ Á`m§Mo g§H$bZnwam[^boI [d^mJmZo Ho$bo Amho Ë`mVsb Zm|Xs Á`màm_w»`mZo nmobsg Am`wº$ d amÁ` nwam[^boI[d^mJ `m_YyZ J¥h [d^mJmÀ`m [deof nadmZJsZols. Z.a. \$mQ>H$ `m§Zs CnbãY H$ê$Z KoVë`mhmoË`m. Ë`m AmYmao 1818nmgyZ 1941n`ªV EHy$U12 I§S> 19 ^mJm§V `m [d^mJmZo àH$m[eV Ho$boAmhoV. 1942À`m ^maV N>moS>mo Am§XmobZ [df`H$J«§WmMo H$m_ bdH$aM CnbãY hmoB©b. ho gd© H$m_AmYw[ZH$ _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zs nmhmdo AgoAmho. ho g§nyU© I§S> B©-~yH$ ñdê$nmV CnbãY H$ê$ZXoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

_hmË_m Jm§Ys g§H$[bV dmL²>_`ZdOsdZ Q´>ñQ> Abmhm~mX `m§Zs àH$m[eV

Ho$boë`m _hmË_m Jm§Ys g§H$[bV dmL²>_` `m J«§WmMo_amR>s AZwdmX Ho$bobo 61 I§S> `m [d^mJmZo 3XeH$m§nyduM àH$m[eV Ho$bo AmhoV.

[Oëhm Xe©[ZH$m_hmamîQ´> emgZmÀ`m _amR>s[df`H$ YmoaUmMm

n[aUm_ åhUyZ 1977Z§Va amÁ`mVsb àËòH$[OëømgmR>s _amR>s ^mfoVyZ [Oëhm d amÁ`J°Po[Q>AaMs gwYm[aV Amd¥Îms àH$m[eV H$amds Agm[ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambm. n[aUm_s, 1988bm naÛs[Oëhm J°Po[Q>Aa àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mZ§Va`m _m[bHo$V H$moëhmnya, dYm©, am`JS>, OiJmd,gmVmam, ZmJnya, bmVya `m [Oëøm§gmR>sMo _amR>s[Oëhm J°Po[Q>Aa àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ,Zm§XoS> [Oëhm J°Po[Q>Aa bdH$aM àH$m[eV hmoB©b._amR>s [Oëhm J°Po[Q>Aao hs g§nyU© ZdsZAmH¥$Vs~§YmZwgma Ho$bobs [Z[_©Vs Amho. _s BWoOmUsdnyd©H$ Z_yX H$aVmo H$s, [Oëhm [H¨$dm amÁ`Xe©[ZH$m [Z[_©VsMo H$m_ hs gm_y{hH$ n[al_mMs\$blwVs AgVo. _mÂ`mgmaIm g§nmXH$ AJ«^mJsAgbm Var g§nmXH$ _§S>i gXñ`, VÁk gh`moJH$V}boIH$ Am[U H$m`m©b`sZ ghH$mar `m gdmªMoM`moJXmZ gmaIoM _hÎdmMo AgVo.

Ho$di nwamdm Amho åhUyZ EImXs Zm|X H$aUoemgH$s` àH$meZm§_Üò jå` R>aV Zmhs Ë`mÑîQ>sZoOmJ¥V g§nmXH$ Agmdm bmJVmo.

gmVmam [Oëhm J°Po[Q>Aa_Üò `m [OëømMsd¡[eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$aV AgVmZm [OëømVsb H$_©dsa^mD$amd nmQ>bm§Mo H$m_, [dÇ>b am_Os qeXo `m§Mo`moJXmZ, ZmZm nmQ>bm§Mo à[VgaH$ma. VgoM

107OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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A. a. Hw$bH$Uu

108 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

[dûdH$moe [Z[_©VsMs _amR>sVbs na§namAìdb B§J«OsÀ`m H$mimnmgyZMs Amho. _amR>sVsbEH$ [dÛmZ J«§WH$ma H¥$îUemós [MniyUH$a øm§ZsV`ma Ho$bobm, AZoH$[dÚm_yiVÎdg§J«h (1861)hm J«§W øm g§X^m©V C„oIZs` Amho. Ë`mV `§Ìemó,agm`Zemó, earaH$, Á`mo[Vf Aem AZoH$[df`m§Vsb _w»` _w»` JmoîQ>tMo gmoß`m ^mfoV[ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. emós` [df` Ë`m§Zs _amR>sV_m§Sy>Z XmIdbo. 1906 d 1908 gmbs nwUo òWoâboë`m gm[hË`g§_obZmV EZgm`Šbmo[nS>s`m ømB§J«Os eãXmbm g_mZmW©H$ åhUyZ "[dûdH$moe' hsg§km dmnabs Jobs. [dûdH$moes` nÕVsMs H$mhs_m[gHo$hs H$mT>bs Jobs. CXm. [dÚmH$ënVê$(g§nmXH$ - amdOs Ho$ed gm§~mao), [dÚm_mbm(g§nmXH$ - OZmX©Z har AmR>ëò), N>moQo> N>moQo>[dûdH$moe aMbo Jobo.

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Reading makes a full man,

Conference a ready man,

And writing an exact man.

109OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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www.vishwakosh.org.in `m nÎ`mda[dûdH$moemMs do~gmB©Q> CnbãY Amho.[dûdH$moemÀ`m dmQ>MmbsVsb hm n[hbm V§ÌàdUQ>ßnm! _s [dûdH$moemMs n[hbs _[hbm AÜ`jhmoVo. Ë`m_wio 8 _mM© øm OmJ[VH$ _[hbm [XZsdo~gmB©Q>Mo CX²KmQ>Z ìhmdo hs _mPs BÀN>m hmoVs.VËH$mbsZ _w»`_§Ìs [dbmgamd Xoe_wI `m§Zs Vs_mÝ` Ho$bs. _mM© 2006 gmbr `m [Xdes dfm©~§Jë`mda [dûdH$moemMo _hmOmbH$ AdVabo.g§JUH$VÁk Am[U [dûdH$moemMo gXñ` _mYd[eadiH$a `m§Mo ghH$m`© `m H$m_s _mobmMo hmoVo._hmOmbH$mda [dûdH$moemg§~§Ys _m[hVs,AÜ`jm§Mo n[aM`, H$mhs Zm|Xs, KQ>ZmH«$_ `m§MsaobMob hmoVs. H$mhs {ìhSr>Amohs AmH$f©UmgmR>sKmVbo hmoVo. `m dodgmB©Q>Mo VéUmB©Zo ñdmJVHo$bo.

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emim [Z _hm[dÚmbò `m à_mUo ^[JZs_§S>io,dmMZmb` _§S>io, ÁòîR> ZmJ[aH$ g§K òWohsAmåhs OmVmo. H$maU, _mVm, AmOs, AmOmo~m hmJ«§W Kar ZoVsb Voìhm KamVsb Mma _mUgm§Zm Vargm§JVsb. J«§WdmMZ ñnY}Vsb àËòH$ ñnY©H$mbmhm J«§W ~jsg [_iVmo. [edm` emgZmbm Ë`mMsnyU© a¸$_ [_iVo. [dûdH$moedmMZ H$amd`mgAmåhs 2007_Üò _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m 20 [Oëøm§V[\$abmo. gmobmnya, H$moëhmnya, gm§Jbs, gmVmam,nwUo, _w§~B©, am`JS>, JS>[Mamobs, dYm©, M§Ðnya,

ZmJnya, VwiOmnya, A§~oOmoJmB©, dmB©, H$ë`mU,Zds _w§~B© AJXs Ho$di 5000 dñVs AgboboJmdgwÕm Amåhs gmoS>bo Zmhs. Am¡a§Jm~mX òWo VaAmåhs 17dm I§S> ñnY}gmR>s hagyb Oob_ÜògwÕmZobm. Sm°. gwYm H$miXmVo, XmXm Jmoao, XÎmm ^JV,Sm°. O`Hw$_ma _Ja ~amo~a hmoVo. VoWo Sm°. ho_M§ÐàYmZ, gXmZ§X _moao, àm. [dbmg Imobo, MméesbmAmoH$, dfm© [eaJmdH$a, _mYd [eadiH$a Sm°.ea`y Vm`dSo>, Sm°. emo^m qeXo ho gd© gXñ`ñnYmªÀ`m [Z`moOZmV Hw$Ro> Zm Hw$Ro> _O~amo~aAmË_s`VoZo hmoVo.

18ì`m I§S>mÀ`m ñnY}Vhs Amåhs 20[R>H$mUs [\$aV _hmamîQ´> [nÖyZ H$mT>bm. `mVAm¡a§Jm~mXoV Va nmobsg Am`wº$ lsH$m§VgmdaH$am§nmgyZ hoS> H$m°ÝñQo>~bn`ªV AZoH$ bmoH$Va _o[S>H$b H$m°boOMo S>sZ Vo E_.S>s.Mo [dÚmWuñnY}V CVabo hmoVo. éB©`m H°$mboOmV Va ~sEÀ`m[dÚmÏ`mªZshs ñnYm© Mm§JbsM JmOdbs. 20[OëømVbo 20 AqOŠ`dsa [dûdH$moe [XZs I§S>

17 d 18 `m J«§WdmMZ ñnY}gmR>s 1 [S>g|~a2007 Am[U 1 [S>g|~a 2010 amoOs ads§ÐZmQ>ç_§[XamV O_bo hmoVo. n[hë`m ñnY}bm _Yy_§Joe H$[U©H$ [Z ñZohb Xoe_wIm§Zs [dOoË`m§MoH$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo. Xwgè`m ñnY}Vsb [dOoË`m§Zm S>m°.VmË`mamd bhmZo [Z gwb^m Xoenm§So> `m§ZsgwdU©nXHo$ [Xbs.

Amåhs hs dmMZ Midi AJXsAm[Xdmgs ^mJmn`ªV nwTo> Zobs. ea`w Vm`dmSo> Va`m MidirgmR>r JS>[Mamobsn`ªV Joë`m. _bmdmQ>Vo [dûdH$moe, H$moemVyZ [dûdmV `mdm `mAm_À`m YS>nS>sbm OZgm_mÝ`m§Zs _moR>m à[VgmX[Xbm.

A§Y ì`º$tgmR>s Amåhs gmSo>nmM VmgH$mbmdYsMs Ho$di 100 é. [H$_VsMs gsS>sV`ma Ho$bs Amho. [VMo CX²KmQ>Z VËH$mbsZ_w»`_§Ìs AemoH$ MìhmU `m§Zs Ho$bo hmoVo.Hw$R>ë`mhs ì`º$sbm `m gsS>sMm bm^ KoVm òB©bAes Vs ~Zdbs Amho. I§S> 17_Ysb [ZdS>H$Zm|Xs (Á`m A§Y~m§Ydm§Zs [ZdS>ë`m) Ë`mV AmhoV.àXsn [^So>, [Z[eJ§Ym dmS>, Á`moVs Am§~oH$a, _sñdV:, Jmo¡ar Xoe_wI Am[U [dH«$_ JmoIbo `m§Zs `mgsS>sbm AmdmO [Xbm`. `m àH$ënmg "Z°~'Zog§nyU© ghH$m`© Ho$bo Amho.

[dûdH$moemÀ`m V§ÌàdUVoMm_hmAm[dîH$ma åhUOo hs _hmgsS>s. 20182 n¥îRo>ñH°$Z H$ê$Z Vs AmnU OZVog Ho$di 700 én`m§VCnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbs. g§JUH$VÁk _mYd[eadiH$a `m§Mm Ë`mV _moR>m dmQ>m Amho. à_wIg§nmXH$mbm H$ënZm ñ\w$abs Var Ë`mMo MsOhmoÊ`mgmR>s V§ÌàdU _mUgmMo ghH$m`© bmJVoMZm!

Osdg¥îQ>s Am[U n`m©daU ^mJ 1 hm"Hw$_maH$moem'Mm n[hbm I§S> AmVm ~mOmamVHo$di 350 én`m§V CnbãY Amho. AmQ©> nona,a§JsV [MÌo. `w[ZH$moS>Mm dmna, Am[U S>m°. ZmaisH$am§Mm A[^àm` Agm hm Hw$_maH$moehmo_s ^m^m [dkmZ [ejUg§ñWoMo g§MmbH$ S>m°.ho_M§Ð àYmZ `m§À`m g_Ýd`mZo V`ma Pmbm Amho.`mM H$moemMs B§Q>aZoQ> Amd¥Îms [dûdH$moemÀ`mg§Ho$VñWimda OZVog _mo\$V CnbãY Amho.~«ob H$moehs Z°~À`m ghH$m`m©Zo V`ma H$aÊ`mVAmbm Amho.

g§nH©$ : 9820316697

S>m°. {dO`m dmS>

ZAm_Ms dmMZ Midi

110 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

gZmMo _amR>s ^mfm[df`H$ YmoaUam~[dUo, _amR>sMm [dH$mg H$aUo Am[U_amR>s ^mfobm bmoH$emhs amOdQ>ses

gwg§JV Ago ñdê$n XoUo `m CÔoemZo [XZm§H$ 6 Owb¡,1960 amoOs ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mMs ñWmnZm Pmbs.`m_mJo AWm©VM VËH$mbsZ _w»`_§Ìs èd§VamdMìhmU `m§Ms àoaUm hmoVs.

^mfm g§MmbZmb`mZo AmOVmJm`V EHy$U 48àH$meZo à[gÕ Ho$bobs AmhoV. Ë`m_Üò, 29n[a^mfm H$moe, 3 H$moe, 6 eãXmdë`m d emgZì`dhmamV _amR>s dmnam[df`sMs 10 àH$meZo, Á`mV_amR>s bKwboIZ [df`H$ àH$meZo, _amR>s Q§>H$boIZ[df`H$ nw{ñVH$m, ewÕboIZ [Z`_nw{ñVH$m, g§H$sU©boI g§J«h Am[U ^maVmMo g§[dYmZ `m§Mm g_mdoeAmho. ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mÀ`m `m àH$meZm§ZmOZVoH$Sy>Z àM§S> _mJUs Agë`m_wio, hs àH$meZoOZVobm bdH$a CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVm `mdsV åhUyZ,AmVm Vs ñH°$Z H$ê$Z nwZ_w©ÐU H$aÊ`mV òV AmhoV.Ë`mM à_mUo Vs ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mÀ`mg§Ho$VñWimdahs CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV òV AmhoV.

1. nXZm_ H$moenXZm_ H$moe ho ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mMo n[hbo

àH$meZ AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m n[hë`m Amd¥ÎmsVsb ^mJ-1_Üò _§Ìmb`sZ [d^mJ d Ë`m A§VJ©VH$m`m©b`m§Vsb VgoM [dYmZ _§S>i, _hm_§S>io,Am`moJ d H|$Ðs` _hm_§S>io `m§_Üò [dÚ_mZAgboë`m nXm§Ms [d^mJ[Zhm` _amR>s Zmdo XoÊ`mVAmbs AmhoV. ^mJ-2_Üò B§J«Os dUm©ZwH«$_mZwgmaB§J«Os nXZm_o d Ë`mnwTo> _amR>s nXZm_m§Mm ^mJ-1_Ysb n¥îR> H«$_m§H$ XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. na§Vw, `mnXZm_ H$moemVsb _amR>s n`m©` {ŠbîQ> d Xw~m}YdmQ>ë`mZo d nXZm_m§Ms nwZamd¥Îms Q>miÊ`mgmR>s XwgargwYm[aV Amd¥Îms (1990) àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambs.

2. emgZ ì`dhma emgZ ì`dhma H$moemV gw_mao 30,000 B§J«Os

nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mVAmbo AmhoV. nm[a^m[fH$ eãXm§~amo~aM àemgZmV dAÝ` joÌm§V Cn`moJs Agboë`m AZoH$ gm_mÝ` dn[a[MV B§J«Os g§km§Zm ê$T> d àM[bV eãXm§À`mgmhmæ`mZo Zo_Ho$ d AW©dmhs _amR>s n`m©` [XboAmhoV. `m H$moemMo AZÝ`gmYmaU d¡[eîQ>ç åhUOo,gOmVs` d g_mZmWu eãXm§Ms Hw$io VgoMàemgZmVsb d H$m`ÚmÀ`m ^mfoÀ`m Zo_Š`mdmnamÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo AW©ÀN>Q>m§Vsb gyú_ ôX XoÊ`mVAmbo AmhoV.

3. Ý`m` ì`dhma H$moe Ý`m` ì`dhma H$moemV gw_mao 12,000 B§J«Os

g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.`m H$moemVsb _amR>s n`m©`m§Ms [Z{íMVs H$aVmZmn[a^mfm [Z[_©VsÀ`m VÎdm§Zm _waS> Z KmbVm n`m©À[YH$m[YH$ gmonm, gwb^ ìhmdm d Vmo ~moOS>,{ŠbîQ> hmoD$ Zò, Agm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm AgbmVar H$mhs [R>H$mUs H$_s {ŠbîQ> d Ë`mgh ZdsZ gmonon`m©`XoIsb XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. [dÚ_mZ [dYrAZwdmX d n[a^mfm g„mJma g[_VsZo AZoH$ B§J«Osg§km§Mm gImob [dMma H$ê$Z ZdsZ n`m©` [Z{íMVHo$bo AmhoV.

4. J§«Wmbèmó n[a^mfm H$moeJ«§Wmbèmó n[a^mfm H$moemMm _gwXm _hmamîQ´>

[dÚmnsR> J«§W [Z[_©Vs _§S>imZo V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm.Ë`mg ^mfm g„mJma _§S>imÛmao emgZ _mÝ`Vm [XbsJobs d 1974_Üò `m H$moemMs n[hbs Amd¥ÎmsàH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambs. na§Vw, J«§WmbèmómMmAmdmH$m [XdgmZw[Xdg dmT>V Amho. CXm. dJuH$aU,Vm[bH$sH$aU, g§X^©godm, J«§W [ZdS> `m Zoh_sÀ`mnmoQ> [df`m§IoarO àboIZ, _m[hVs [dkmZ nÕVs,A[Y[Z`_, ì`dñWmnZ, ewîH$N>m`m _wÐU g§KQ>Z,BË`mXs [df`m§Ms Ë`mV â nS>ë`m_wio gwYm[aVAmd¥Îms_Üò ZdsZ nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Ms â nS>bs. VanyduÀ`m Amd¥ÎmsVsb H$mhs n`m©`m§_Üò \o$a~XbH$ê$Z n[anyU© Agm hm gwYm[aV J«§Wmbèmón[a^mfm H$moe 1994 _Üò àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

5. J[UVemó n[a^mfm H$moeJ[UVemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 5,100 B§J«Os

nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mVAmbo AmhoV. J[UVemó ho _yb^yV emó AgyZ, Vogd© emóm§Zm AmYma^yV Agë`m_wio emós` OJVmVË`mbm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. Zì`m d¡km[ZH$g§H$ënZm, ZdZdsZ emoY `m§À`m _ybJm_s kmZmgmR>sJ[UVemómMo _yb^yV kmZ Amdí`H$ AgVo.Ë`m_wioM `m H$moemMs Xwgar gwYm[aV Amd¥ÎmsH$mT>VmZm Zì`mZo J[UVemómÀ`m ì`mg§Js [dÛmZm§Msg[_Vs ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambs hmoVs.

6. g_mOemó n[a^mfm H$moe g_mOemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 4500 B§J«Os

nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV

Ambo AmhoV. g_mOemós` J«§WboIZ H$aUmè`m§Zm d_mZd [dkmZmVsb [d[dY emIm§Mo AÜ``Z dAÜ`mnZ H$aUmè`m§Zm àñVwV H$moe Cn`wº$ R>aob.

7. VÎdkmZ d VH©$emó n[a^mfm H$moeVÎdkmZ d VH©$emó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 350

B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV AmboAmhoV. VÎdkmZ d VH©$emó `m [df`mÀ`mAä`mgH$m§Zm, boIH$m§Zm d àmÜ`mnH$m§Zm `mH$moemÛmao nm[a^m[fH$ g§kmMo n`m©` CnbãY H$ê$ZXoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. hm H$moe Vgm \$maM bhmZAgyZ, Ë`mV AmUIs n[a^m[fH$ g§km§Ms d n`m©`m§Msâ KmbyZ gwYm[aV Amd¥Îms H$mT>Uo Amdí`H$ Amho.

8. dm[UÁèmó n[a^mfm H$moedm[UÁèmó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 8000

B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMVH$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Cƒ [ejU _amR>sVyZ KoVm`mdo, `mgmR>s dm[UÁ` [df`mdarb hm H$moe [Z_m©UH$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m [df`mMo _amR>sVyZ AÜ``Zd AÜ`mnZ H$aUmè`m§Zm àñVwV H$moe Cn`wº$ Amho.

9 . agm`Zemó n[a^mfm H$moeagm`Zemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 13,500

B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMVH$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. agm`Zemó ho _yb^yV[dkmZm_Üò _moS>Vo. g¥îQ>sVsb nXmW© Á`m AUwaoUy§Zs~Zbobo AmhoV Ë`m§À`m aMZoMm, amgm`[ZH$JwUY_mªMm Aä`mg agm`ZemómV g_m[dîQ>Agë`mZo Ë`mMs ì`más IynM _moR>s Amho. [ZgJm©V_wimV V`ma Zgbobo H¥$[Ì_ a~a, ßb°{ñQ>H$, H¥$[Ì_YmJo, a§J, H$mM, Am¡fYo B. Cn`wº$ nXmW© ~Z[dÊ`mVagm`Z emókm§Zm è àmá Pmbo Amho. amgm`[ZH$à[H«$òÛmao dsO [Z[_©Vs VgoM àH$me, CîUVm Am[Uamgm`[ZH$ D$Om© `m§À`m EH$_oH$mVsb ê$nm§VamMmAä`mg, `m ~m~s agm`ZemómV òVmV. `m ÑîQ>sZoagm`ZemómÀ`m [d[dY emIm, nmoQ>emIm dCn`mo[OV emIm `m§_Ysb _hÎdmÀ`m g§km `mn[a^mfm H$moemV g_m[dîQ> Ho$ë`m AgyZ, g§km[ZdS>VmZm "Hackh's Chemical Dictionary' Mm_w»`Ëdo AmYma KoVbm Amho. `m H$moemÀ`m n[hë`mAmd¥Îms_Üò Ho$di B§Q>a[_[OEQ> ñVamn`ªVÀ`m g§kmMA§V^y©V Ho$ë`m hmoË`m; na§Vw, gwYm[aV Amd¥Îms_ÜònXds d nXì`wÎma ñVamn`ªVÀ`m n[a^mfoMm A§V^m©dH$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

10. ^yemó n[a^mfm H$moe^yemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 12,000 B§J«Os

nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV

^m{fH$ AmË_^mZmMr _wimjao...

Jm¡V_ qeXo

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111OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Ambo AmhoV. emós` n[a^mfm hs gVV [dH$[gVhmoV AgVo. `m ÑîQ>sZo ^yemó n[a^mfm Cng[_VsZoB§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aVmZmgdmªJsU ~mOy§Zs [dMma Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`m_wio"Am§VaamîQ´>s` g§km' `m Ë`m§À`m B§J«Os ñdê$nmVMRo>dÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`m§Mo \$º$ [bß`§VaU H$aÊ`mVAmbo Amho. Ë`m§Ms g§Ho$V [MÝhoXoIsb XoÊ`mVAmbs AmhoV.

11. emara n[a^mfm H$moeemara n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 14,000 B§J«Os

nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mVAmbo AmhoV. d¡ÚH$emóm_Üò àM[bV AgbobsOwZs n[a^mfm, nmíMmÎ` Xoem§§_Ysb ZdZdsZg§H$ënZm, g§km VgoM Am`wd}X d `wZmZs `m[df`m§À`m àmMsZ J«§Wm§_Üò CnbãY Agbobo eãX`m§Ms gm§JS> KmbyZ "emara' n[a^mfm H$moemMs[Z[_©Vs H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho

12. [ejUemó n[a^mfm H$moe[ejUemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 4000

B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§kmMo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMVH$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. [ejU ho _mV¥^mfoVyZ [XboJobo nm[hOo d Ë`mgmR>s _hmamîQ´>mV [ejUmMo_mÜ`_ _amR>s Agmdo, ho AmVm gd©gm_mÝ` PmboAmho. [ejUemó n[a^mfm H$moe àmW[_H$,_mÜ`[_H$, Cƒ _mÜ`[_H$ d [dÚmnsR> ñVam§darb[ejH$ d àmÜ`mnH$ VgoM AÜ`mnH$ [dÚmbò,[ejUemó _hm[dÚmbò `m§_Ysb àmÜ`mnH$ d^mds [ejH$ `m§À`m ÑîQ>sZo AË`§V Cn`moJs d_mJ©Xe©H$ Amho.

13. `§Ì A[^`m§[ÌH$s n[a^mfm H$moe`§Ì A[^`m§[ÌH$s n[a^mfm H$moemV, gw_mao

7,500 B§J«Os n[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©`[Z{íMV Ho$bo AmhoV. `m [df`mVsb AZoH$ VÁkm§Zsd _mÝ`dam§Zs V`ma Ho$boë`m `m H$moemV, àËòH$B§J«Os g§konwTo> [VMs eãXOmVs, [VMm [df`Xe©H$g§jon, [VMo n`m©` d [d[dY AW©ÀN>Q>m dñnîQ>sH$aUo [Xbobs AmhoV.

14. ñWmnË` A[^`m§[ÌH$s n[a^mfm H$moe`m n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 14,500 B§J«Os

nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV Ho$boboAmhoV. ñWmnË` A[^`m§[ÌH$s `m [df`mVsbVÁkm§Zs d _mÝ`dam§Zs `m g§km [Z{íMV Ho$boë`mAmhoV.

15. ^m¡[VH$emó n[a^mfm H$moe`m [dÚmemImVsb emós` g§H$ënZm§À`m d

Ë`mda AmYmaboë`m Cn`mo[OV kmZmÀ`m Zo_Š`mA[^ì`º$sgmR>s Ë`m [dÚmemIoMs EH$ ñdV§Ì AesemóewÕ EH$ê$n _amR>s n[a^mfm [Z_m©U ìhmds,

VgoM _hmamîQ´> amÁ`mÀ`m ^m[fH$ YmoaUmgAZwgê$Z amÁ`mVsb gd© [dÚmnsR>m§_Üò nXì`wÎmañVamn`ªV `m emómMo _mV¥^mfoVyZ [ejU XoVm`mdo, `m [dÚmemIoVsb VÁk ì`º$tZm `memómVsb [dÚmnsR> ñVamda [eH$dë`m OmUmè`mgd© [df`m§Ms _amR>sVyZ à_mU nmR>çnwñVHo$ [b[hVm`mdsV, VgoM amÁ`mÀ`m gd© ^mJm§_Üò EH$ê$nVoZodmnaVm òB©b Aes `m [dÚmemIoMs EH$ emós`n[a^mfm CnbãY ìhmds, `m CÔoemZo^m¡[VH$emómMs n[a^mfm V`ma H$aÊ`mV AmbsAmho.

16. [dÚwV A[^`m§[ÌH$s n[a^mfm H$moe[dÚwV A[^`m§[ÌH$s n[a^mfm H$moemV, gw_mao

9100 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§kmMo _amR>s n`m©`[Z{íMV Ho$bo AmhoV. `m H$moemVsb nm[a^m[fH$B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [ZdS>VmZm, H|$ÐgaH$maÀ`m "[dkmZ eãXmdbs'Mm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mVAmbm AgyZ, gÜ`m [dÚwV[df`H$ ê$T> Pmboë`mg§km§Mo n`m©` OgoÀ`m Vgo ñdsH$maÊ`mV AmboboAmhoV.

17. H¥$[femó n[a^mfm H$moe`m H$moemV gw_mao 10,500 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$

g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.`m H$moemV dmnaboë`m gd© g§jonm§Ms gyMshs[Xbobs Amho. _hmamîQ´>mVsb H¥$fr [dÚmnsRo> d_amR>s [dkmZ n[afX `m§À`m [e\$maesZwgma ñWmnZH$aÊ`mV Amboë`m H¥$[femó n[a^mfm g[_VsZo ømn[a^mfm H$moemMs [Z[_©Vs Ho$bs Amho.

18. Osdemó n[a^mfm H$moeOsdemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 25,500

B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV Ho$boAmhoV. dZñn[Vemó d àm[Uemó n[a^mfm[Z[_©Vs H$ê$Z, XmoZ doJdoJio H$moe V`ma Z H$aVm,Ë`m nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo EH$[ÌV g§H$bZ H$ê$ZOsdemómMm hm EH$M EH$ H$moe V`ma Ho$bm Amho.

^maVs` d¡ÚH$mV dZñnVtZm A[Ve` _hÎdAmho. dZñn[VemómÀ`m n[a^mfm [Z[_©VsV g§ñH¥$VJ«§Wm§Mm Amdí`H$ VoWo Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV AmbmAmho.

19. eara[H«$`memó n[a^mfm H$moeeara[H«$`memó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao

10,500 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©`[Xbobo AmhoV. `m n[a^mfm H$moemV Am`wd}X d`wZmZs `m d¡ÚH$ nÕVsdarb àmMsZ J«§WmVAgbobo eãX [dMmamV KoVbo AmhoV. VgoM,g§X^m©gmR>s H|$Ð gaH$maZo V`ma Ho$boë`meãXg§J«hmMmXoIsb dmna Ho$bm Amho.

20. amÁèmó n[a^mfm H$moe

amÁèmó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 5000 B§J«Osnm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mVAmbo AmhoV. hm n[a^mfm H$moe V`ma H$aVmZmg[_VsZo, `m [df`mVsb [dÚmnsR>s` ñVamdarbnm[a^m[fH$ g§km [dMmamV KoVë`m AmhoV, VgoMg§X^m©XmIb H|$Ð gaH$maZo V`ma Ho$boë`meãXg§J«hmMmXoIsb dmna Ho$bm Amho.

àñVwV H$moemV [d[dY H$amam§Ms d Eo[Vhm[gH$KQ>Zm§Ms _m[hVshs WmoS>Š`mV [Xbobs Amho.

21. gm[hË` g_sjm n[a^mfm H$moegm[hË` g_sjm n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 2,000

B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV AmboAgyZ, hm H$moe V`ma H$aVmZm `m [df`mVsb[dÚmnsR>s` ñVamdarb nm[a^m[fH$ g§km [dMmamVKoD$Z VgoM g§X^m©XmIb H|$Ð gaH$maZo V`maHo$boë`m eãXg§J«hmMmXoIsb dmna H$aÊ`mV AmbmAmho.

22. bmoH$ àemgZ n[a^mfm H$moebmoH$ àemgZ n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 4000

B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV AmboAgyZ, hm H$moe V`ma H$aVmZm "Robbins' `m§À`m"Administrative Process' `m J«§WmMm VgoM"R. J. S. Baker', "Paul C.

Partholomew'À`m AZwH«$_o "Administrative

theory and Public administration' d "An

outline of Public administration' `m J«§Wm§Mm,VgoM AÝ` J«§Wm§Mm AmYma KoVbm Amho.

23. AW©emó n[a^mfm H$moeAW©emó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 7,000 B§J«Os

g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV AmboAmhoV. AW©emó `m [df`mV H¥$fr AW©emó,Am¡Úmo[JH$ AW©emó, [dH$mg AW©emó,g¡ÕmpÝVH$ AW©emómMo nmoQ>[d^mJ, MbZ[df`H$AW©emó [H¨$dm _yë` d [dVaU[df`H$ [gÕmÝVAem AZoH$ [df`m§Mm g_mdoe H$ê$Z AW©emómesg§~§Y òUmè`m g§»`memó, J[UV, amÁèmó,BË`mXs emóm§VJ©V dmnaÊ`mV òUmè`m g§km dg§H$ënZm `mVsb Zo_Š`m AWm©Mm, AW©emómMmAmYw[ZH$ [dñVma d [dH$mg bjmV KoD$Z dZdZdsZ g§H$ënZm§Mm [dMma H$ê$Z `m n[a^mfmeãXH$moemMs [Z[_©Vs H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho.

24. YmVwemó n[a^mfm H$moeYmVwemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 4000 B§J«Os

g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ,hm H$moe V`ma H$aVmZm YmVwemóm§VJ©V emóm§_Ysbnm[a^m[fH$ g§kmMo g§H$bZ H$ê$Z Aä`mJV VÁkì`º$tH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zs nwadboë`m gyÀ`m§_Ysbnm[a^m[fH$ g§km§da [dMma H$ê$Z n`m©` [Z{íMV

112 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. hm H$moe AZoH$ VÁk d_mÝ`da ì`º$tÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo V`ma H$aÊ`mV AmbmAmho.

25. _mZgemó n[a^mfm H$moe_mZgemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 10,000

B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV AmboAmhoV. _mZgemó hm [d[dY ^m¡[VH$ emóo Am[U_mZ[dH$s d gm_m[OH$ emóo `m§Zm OmoS>Umam EH$_hÎdmMm Xwdm Amho. _mZgemó ho _mZds _Z,Ë`mMs H$m`©nÕVs d _mZds ì`dhma `m§da àH$meQ>mHy$ eHo$b Ago _hÎdmMo emó Amho. Cº$ H$moemV_mZgemómÀ`m [d[dY emIm§_Üò dmnamVAgboë`m àm[V[Z[YH$ d [ZdS>H$ g§km§Mm A§V^m©dH$aVmZm M°ßboZ `m§À`m H$moemVsb B§J«Os g§km§Zm_amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

26. ì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZ n[a^mfm H$moeì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZ n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao

7,200 B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mVAmbo AmhoV. _moR>çm à_mUmVsb ì`dgm`m§ZmM nydu\$º$ ì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZm~m~VsVM Amdí`H$kmZmMs JaO hmoVs. na§Vw, AmVm bKy CÚmoJm§nmgyZgd©M CÚmoJm§Zm ì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZ emómMs JaO^mgV Amho. CÚmoJ [dH$[gV H$aÊ`mgmR>s d `mñnYm©Ë_H$ `wJmV bKy d _Ü`_ ì`dgm`m§Zmhs AmnboCËnmXZ A[YH$m[YH$ XO}Xma H$aÊ`mgmR>s `memómMs Amdí`H$Vm [Z_m©U Pmbs Amho. Ë`m_wio `mn[a^mfm H$moembm A[YH$ _hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho.

27. g§»`memó n[a^mfm H$moeg§»`memó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 5,100 B§J«Os

nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mVAmbo AmhoV.

g§»`memó ho EH$ ñdV§Ì Cn`mo[OV emó Amho.Á`mV g§»`memómMm Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhs, AgoAmnë`m OsdZmMo EH$hs A§J Zmhs. AW©emó,_mZgemó, g_mOemó, Osdemó, BË`mXs AZoH$[dÚmemIm§V Ë`mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Aem Cn`mo[OV[df`m§Zm AW©[_Vs (Econometrics), _mZg[_Vs(Psychometry), g_mO[_Vs (Sociometry) dOsd[_Vs (Biometry) Aes ñdV§Ì Zmdohs AmhoV.`mV nm[a^m[fH$ eãXm§Mm AW© A[YH$ gwb^VoZobjmV `mdm, `m hoVyZo H$mhs eãXm§gmR>sñnîQ>sH$aUmË_H$ Q>snmhs XoÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.

28. Am¡fYemó n[a^mfm H$moeAm¡fYemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 5,300

B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` XoÊ`mV AmboAmhoV. E_.~s.~s.Eg. Aä`mgH«$_mVsb g¡ÕmpÝVH$d Cn`mo[OV Am¡fYemó, àm`mo[JH$ Am¡fYemó,[M[H$Ëgmb`sZ Cn`moOZm§À`m CnemIm `m§_Ysb

J«§WmVsb g§km `mV [ZdS>boë`m AgyZ, Am¡fY[Z_m©UemómVsb nXds d nX[dH$m Aä`mgH«$_mVsb[dVaUs Am[U ^m¡[VH$s Am¡fY[Z_m©U, Am¡fY-A[^kmZ, Am¡fY[Z_m©U agm`Z, Am¡fY[Z_m©U[dûbofU, Am¡fY[Z_m©U-[dÚm, é½Umb`sZAm¡fY[Z_m©Uemó, Am¡Úmo[JH$ d Ý`m`mb`sZAm¡fY[Z_m©Uemó, O¡d Am¡fY[Z_m©U-[dÚm Am[UAm¡fY ~bJ[VH$s `m gd© emIm§_Ysb g§km§Mm`mVsb n[a^mfogmR>s [dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

29. ^mfm [dkmZ d dmL>²_`[dÚm n[a^mfm H$moe

^mfm [dkmZ d dmL>²_`[dÚm n[a^mfm H$moemVgw_mao 3,225 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©`[Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `mV ^mfm[dkmZmÀ`m nm[a^m[fH$ g§km [Z{íMV H$aVmZmdmL>²_`[dÚm (Philology) d g§[hVm [M[H$Ëgm(Textual Criticism) `m joÌm§Vsb H$mhsnm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mm A§V^m©d Agbobo dmL>²_`[dÚoMon[a[eîQ>hs (n[a[eîQ> EH$, gw_mao 360 g§km) `mH$moemÀ`m eodQ>s [Xbobo Amho.

30. ^yJmobemó n[a^mfm H$moe^yJmobemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 8,600

B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMVH$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. ^yJmobemó d ^yemó `mXmoÝhs [df`m§V AZoH$ g§km g_mZ Agë`m_wio Ë`mXmoÝhs emóm§Vsb g§km§À`m n`m©`m§_Üò EH$ê$nVmAgbs nm[hOo `mÑîQ>sZo g§km n`m©` [Z{íMVsH$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. VgoM ^yJmobemó n[a^mfmH$moe V`ma H$aVmZm hs n[a^mfm Ho$di àmXo[eH$ñVamnwaVsM _`m©[XV Z Ro>dVm AÝ` ^maVs`^mfm§Zmhs Vs OdiMs dmQo>b, `mMo ^mZ Ro>dbo Amho.

31. d¥ÎmnÌ[dÚm n[a^mfm H$moed¥ÎmnÌ[dÚm n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao 6,000

B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV AmboAmhoV. nÌH$m[aVobm bmoH$emhsMm Mm¡Wm ñV§^ AgoåhUVmV. Ë`m ÑîQ>sZo _amR>s d¥ÎmnÌmgmR>s EH$ê$nemós` n[a^mfoMs JaO hmoVs. Vs d¥ÎmnÌ[dÚmn[a^mfm H$moemZo nyU© Ho$bs Amho.

32. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ d [dfemó n[a^mfm H$moeÝ`m`d¡ÚH$ d [dfemó n[a^mfm H$moemV gw_mao

3,300 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©`[Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ d[dfemó øm [df`mbm XmoZ n¡by AmhoV. EH$ åhUOod¡ÚH$ emómVsb EH$ emIm Am[U Xwgam åhUOo,d¡ÚH$ emómÀ`m AmYmao, nr[S>V ì`º$tda Pmboë`mAÝ`m`mMo [ZamH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m ì`º$sbm `mo½` Ý`m`[_imdm `m hoVyZo àË`j ì`dhmamV Am[U [deofV:Ý`m`mb`mV gd©gm_mÝ` OZVogmR>s hmoUmam Ë`m

emómMm dmna g_n©H$ Agboë`m d _yi H$ënZmñnîQ> H$ê$Z XoUmè`m _amR>s n`m©`s g§km `m H$moemV[Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.

33. àemgZ dmŠà`moJàemgZ dmŠà`moJ `m nwñVH$mV [Za[Zamù`m

emgH$s` [d^mJm§À`m d Ë`m§À`m A§VJ©V Agboë`mH$m`m©b`m§À`m X¡Z§[XZ H$m_H$mOmV dmnamV AgboboB§J«Os dmŠà`moJ d eãXg_wƒ` `m§Mo g§H$bZH$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m dmŠà`moJm§Zm H$m`m©b`sZì`dhmamV EH$m [d[eîQ> ^m[fH$ n[anmR>mMo ñdê$nàmá Pmbo Amho. _amR>sVhs `m dmŠà`moJm§Ms VesMn[anmR>s R>adyZ XoUo d Ë`m§À`m dmnamV EH$ê$nVmAmUUo `mo½` hmoB©b, `m H$ënZoZo darb B§J«OsdmŠà`moJm§Mo _amR>s n`m©` ^mfm g„mJma _§S>imÀ`mgmhmæ`mZo [Z{íMV H$ê$Z `m H$moemÀ`m ê$nmZo à[gÕH$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

34. [dÎms` eãXmdbs[dÎms` eãXmdbsV ^mfm g„mJma _§S>imZo gw_mao

4,000 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ eãXm§Zm _amR>s n`m©`[Z{íMV Ho$bo AmhoV. VgoM Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmsVAW©g§H$ënmÀ`m àYmZ d Jm¡U boImesfm©Ms ñdV§ÌgyMs eãXmdbsÀ`m eodQ>s [Xbs Amho. boImesfm©V_moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> Pmbs d H$mhs ~Xb PmboAgë`mZo Vs AmVm gwYmaÊ`mV òV Amho.

35. H$m`©X[e©H$m"H$m`©X[e©H$m' `m nw{ñVHo$V X¡Z§[XZ H$m`m©b`sZ

ì`dhmamV [ZXm}f _amR>sMm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>s gd©ñVam§darb A[YH$mè`m§Zs d H$_©Mmè`m§Zs hmVmesRo>dmds Aes hs _mJ©Xe©H$ nw{ñVH$m Amho. Zoh_sÀ`mH$m_H$mOmV Á`m B§J«Os eãXm§Mm, nXZm_m§Mm,dmŠà`moJm§Mm [H¨$dm dmŠÌ§S>m§Mm dma§dma dmnaH$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`m§À`m gwb^ _amR>s AZwdmXmghHo$bobo EH$ g§H$bZ, Ago `m nw{ñVHo$Mo ñdê$n Amho.

36. [dH¥$[Vemó nm[a^m[fH$ eãXmdbs[dH¥$[Vemó nm[a^m[fH$ eãXmdbsV gw_mao

12,000 B§J«Os nm[a^m[fH$ g§km§Mo _amR>s n`m©`[Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `mV gmoß`m na§VwAW©dmhs n`m©`s _amR>s g§km [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZHo$bm Amho. d¡ÚH$emó A[VàmMsZ Agë`m_wioH$mbmZwê$n `m emómV Pmboë`m g§emoYZmZwgma ê$T>Pmboë`m B§J«Os g§km§Zm _amR>s n`m©` [Z{íMV H$ê$Z`m H$moemMs aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho.

37. emgZ ì`dhma eãXmdbs _yi emgZ ì`dhma H$moe (B§J«Os, _amR>s)

ñdê$nmV AgyZ, emgZ ì`dhma eãXmdbs (_amR>s,B§J«Os) ñdê$nmV Amho. `m eãXmdbsVsb _amR>sg§km§Mo dU©boIZ _yi emgZ ì`dhma H$moemVsbdU©boIZmZwgma H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo

113OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

_amR>s g§km§Mo Zm_ åhUyZ Agbobo B§J«Os n`m©`[H¨$dm [H«$`mnX dm [deofU åhUyZ Agbobo B§J«Osn`m©` Ë`m§Ms ñdV§Ì Zm|X KoÊ`mV Ambobs Zmhs,ñdën[dam_ XoD$Z Vo Xe©[dÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

38. ^m¡[VH$emó eãXmdbs _yi ^m¡[VH$emó n[a^mfm H$moe (B§J«Os-

_amR>s) ñdê$nmV AgyZ, ^m¡[VH$emó nm[a^m[fH$eãXmdbs (_amR>s-B§J«Os) ñdê$nmV Amho.^m¡[VH$emó `m [dÚmemIoVsb emós`g§H$ënZm§À`m d Ë`mda AmYmaboë`m Cn`mo[OVkmZmÀ`m Zo_Š`m A[^ì`º$sgmR>s Ë`m [dÚmemIoMs emóewÕ EH$ê$n _amR>s n[a^mfm [Z_m©Uìhmds, `m ÑîQ>sZo ^m¡[VH$emómMs n[a^mfm V`maH$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. `m eãXmdbsMs aMZm,_amR>s n`m©` d Vmo Á`m B§J«Os g§koMm n`m©` åhUyZ[Xbobm Amho Vs B§J«Os g§km Aem ñdê$nmMs Amho.

39. _amR>s bKwboIZB§J«Os bKwboIZ nÕVs d _amR>s bKwboIZ

nÕVs `m§_Üò Iyn \$aH$ Agë`m_wio Am[U _amR>sbKwboIZ nÕVs hs B§J«Os bKwboIZ nÕVshyZH$R>sU Agë`m_wio d _amR>s bKwboIZmVsb[Za[Zamù`m àUmbs [Z_m©Ë`mÀ`m nÕVsVsb[d[^ÞVm `m ~m~s [dMmamV KoD$Z, EH$M EH$bKwboIZ àUmbs emgZ_mÝ` H$aÊ`mV `mds Am[UemgZ godoVsb gd© bKwboIH$m§À`m bKwboIZmVEH$g§KVm amhmds, `m hoVyZo g[_VsZo [Xboë`m[ZXoemZwgma, ls. d.dm. BZm_Xma d ls. X.Am.H$[U©H$ `m§Zs _amR>s bKwboIZ nÕVsMs nwZa©MZmHo$bs d Ë`mbm `m àH$meZmÛmao nwñVH$ê$n XoÊ`mVAmbo.

40. _amR>s bKwboIZ _mJ©X[e©H$m_hmamîQ´> emgZmZo 1963 _Üò àW_V: _amR>s

bKwboIZ ho nwñVH$ àH$m[eV Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§VaVËg§~§YmVsb _mJ©Xe©Zna nw{ñVH$m H$mT>Ê`m~m~V_mJUs hmoD$ bmJbs. Ë`mZwgma "_mJ©X[e©H$m'1965 _Üò àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambs. `mnw{ñVHo$À`m Cn`wº$VoZwgma AmVmn`ªV VsZ Amd¥Î`mà[gÕ Pmë`m AmhoV.

41. _amR>s Q§>H$boIZ àdo[eH$memgZ_mÝ` ZdsZ H$i\$bH$mMs _amR>s

Q§>H$boIZ `§Ìo emgZm§VJ©V H$m`m©b`m§Zm nwa[dÊ`mVAmë`mZ§Va Ë`m ZdsZ H$i\$bH$mg§~§YmVAmdí`H$ _mJ©Xe©Z hmoÊ`m~m~V _mJUs hmoD$bmJë`mZo Cº$ _amR>s Q§>H$boIZ àdo[eH$m nw{ñVH$màW_V: 1968 _Üò à[gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambs.

42. emgZ ì`dhmamV _amR>s amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m ^mfoMo ñdê$n H$go Agmdo,

`m~m~V nXZm_ H$moe à[gÕ Pmë`mda Ë`mVsb

_amR>s n`m©`mg§~§YmV CbQ>gwbQ> à[V[H«$`m ì`º$H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. åhUyZ Q>sH$mH$mam§Mog_mYmZ hmoB©b, Ë`m§Zs Cn{ñWV Ho$boë`m e§H$m§Mo[ZagZ hmoB©b, Aem nÕVsZo emgZ ì`dhmamÀ`m^mfo~m~VMs emós` d ì`mdhm[aH$ ^y[_H$m ñnîQ>H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma Eo[Vhm[gH$nmûd©^y_s, Ë`m_mJsb emós` ^y[_H$m d AmOMm^maVs` g§X^© ñnîQ> hmoB©b, Aem arVsZo emgZì`dhmamVsb _amR>s ^mfoÀ`m ñdê$nmg§~§YsMog[dñVa [ddoMZ `m nwñVH$mV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

43. àemg[ZH$ boIZàemg[ZH$ H$m_H$mO Á`m à_wI nÕVsVyZ Ho$bo

OmVo, Ë`m§Mo _amR>s Z_wZo `m nwñVH$mV [Xbo AmhoV.Z_wÝ`m§À`m ñdê$nmV [Xbobs _m[hVs _§Ìmb`mÀ`m[H¨$dm [d^mJs` H$m`m©b`m§À`m \$m`bt_YyZg§H$[bV H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. VgoM R>amdrH$_m`Zo Agbobo [d[dY boIZàH$mahs `mV [XboAmhoV. àemgH$s` boIZ H$go Agmdo Am[U H$goZgmdo `mMo VwbZmË_H$ Z_wZoXoIsb `mV g_m[dîQ>Ho$bobo AmhoV.

44. amO^mfm n[aMÀ_amR>s ^m[fH$ H$_©Mmè`m§Zm _amR>s amO^mfoMs

Ro>dU, [VMs d¡[eîQ>ço, `m§Mo àmW[_H$ kmZ H$ê$ZXoUo _hÎdmMo hmoVo. `mH$[aVm _amR>s à[ejU dJ©gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. ho à[ejU XoVmZm Á`mAS>MUs Amë`m Ë`m§Mm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg H$ê$ZA_amR>s ^m[fH$m§Zm Cn`wº$ hmoB©b Aem arVsZo"amO^mfm n[aM`' `m nwñVH$mMs aMZm H$aÊ`mVAmbs Amho.

45. amO^mfm n[aM` H$m`©ê$n ì`mH$aUemgZ ì`dhma OgOgm gd©ñneu hmoD$ bmJbm

VgVgo _amR>s ^mfoMo OwO~s kmZ VmoH$So> nSy> bmJbo.åhUyZ _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo, Amnë`m godoV Agboë`mA_amR>s ^m[fH$ gd© amOn[ÌV A[YH$mè`m§gmR>s dAamOn[ÌV H$_©Mmè`m§gmR>s _amR>s ^mfm narjm[d[hV Ho$ë`m. `m narjm§_Ysb H$m`©ê$nì`mH$aUmÀ`m àíZn[ÌHo$gmR>s `m nwñVH$mMs aMZmH$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho.

46. ewÕboIZ [Z`_mdbsamO^mfm _amR>sMs A{ñ_Vm d à[VîR>m

OnÊ`mgmR>s emgH$s` H$_©Mmè`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m X¡Z§[XZH$m_H$mOmV _amR>s ewÕboIZmÀ`m ~m~VsV `mo½`_mJ©Xe©Z ìhmdo `m hoVyZo "ewÕboIZ [Z`_mdbs' hsnw{ñVH$m V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. ewÕboIZ hmAmJ«h Z amhVm Vs gd` Pmbs nm[hOo, AesË`m_mJMs ^y[_H$m Amho. _amR>s gm[hË`_hm_§S>imZo V`ma Ho$boë`m _amR>s boIZ [df`H$[Z`_m§Zm _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo 1962 `m dfu _mÝ`Vm

[Xbs hmoVs. Ë`mV 1972 `m dfu 4 ZdsZ [Z`_m§Msâ KmbÊ`mV òD$Z AmYsÀ`m _mÝ` nmdboë`m[Z`_m§Vsb H$mhs ÌwQ>s Xya H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. AemàH$mao, _amR>s gm[hË` _hm_§S>imÀ`m 18 [Z`_g_m[dîQ> Agboë`m "boIZ[df`H$ [Z`_' ømnw{ñVHo$bm _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo _mÝ`Vm [Xbs.

47. _§WZbmoH$emhs èñds hmoÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo OZVoÀ`m

^mfoV amÁ`H$ma^ma MmbUo hs AË`mdí`H$ ~m~Amho. _amR>s ^mfobm amO^mfoMm ZwgVm XOm© XoD$ZCn`moJmMo Zmhs, Va emgZ ì`dhma 100%_amR>sVyZ ìhmdm `mgmR>s Vs bmoH$m§À`m _ZmVéOÊ`mBVnV gmons, gwQ>gwQ>sV VgoM AW©dmhsAgm`bm hds; VgoM gd©ñneu Pmboë`m emgZì`dhmamMs ^mfmhs [VVH$sM gj_ Agmds, `mOm{UdoVyZ [Za[Zamù`m joÌm§Vsb _mÝ`dam§Zs[b[hboë`m boIm§Mo Ho$bobo g§H$bZ Ago "_§WZ' `mnwñVH$mMo ñdê$n Amho. `mV àm. Zaha Hw$ê§$XH$a,Ý`m`_yVu M§ÐeoIa Y_m©[YH$mar, S>m°. O`§VZmaisH$a, àm. gËà§OZ gmRo>, S>m°. AemoH$Ho$iH$a, S>m°. J§JmYa nmZVmdUo, àm. ^mbM§ÐZo_mSo>, àm. ^m.b. ^moio, àm. M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>sb,ls_Vs [dO`m [MQ>Usg, ls. `.e§. H$m[ZQ>H$a,ls. g.Am. gào, S>m°. Z.~. nmQ>sb `m§gma»`m[Za[Zamù`m joÌmVsb _mÝ`da boIH$m§À`m boIm§Mmg_mdoe Amho.

48. ^maVmMo g§[dYmZ^maVmMo g§[dYmZ `mMs _amR>s ^mfoVsb n[hbs

Amd¥Îms 1979 _Üò H$mT>Ê`mV Ambs Am[Udoimodois Ë`m_Üò Pmboë`m gwYmaUm§Mm g_mdoeH$ê$Z ZdsZ Amd¥Î`m H$mT>Ê`mV Amboë`m AmhoV.VgoM 1996 _Üò Mm¡Ï`m Amd¥ÎmsMo nwZ_w©ÐUH$aÊ`mV Ambo Va 2006 _Üò ghmì`m Amd¥ÎmsMoàH$meZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ^maVmÀ`m g§[dYmZmVEHy$U 395 AZwÀNo>X AgyZ, EHy$U 22 ^mJm§VË`m§Ms _m§S>Us H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. `m[edm` 12AZwgyÀ`m `mV OmoS>Ê`mV Amë`m AmhoV. eodQ>s[Xboë`m n[a[eîQ>m§_Üò gwYmaUm A[Y[Z`_m§Mmgmam§e XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho Am[U AIoarg B§J«Os-_amR>s eãXgyMs d _amR>s-B§J«Os eãXgyMs XoÊ`mVAmbs Amho.

g§nH©$ : Jm¡V‘ qeXo - ‘mo. 9869287870^mfm g§MmbZmb`,[Oëhm _Ü`dVu B_maV, 5 dm _Obm,MoVZm H$m°boO ~mOybm,Am§~oS>H$a CÚmZ, dm§Ðo (ny.), _§w~B©- 400 051.

114 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

hmamîQ´>mMs ñWmnZm 1 _o, 1960 amoOsPmë`mZ§Va èd§Vamd MìhmU `m§ZsbJoM gm{hË` g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>imMs ñWmnZm

Ho$bs. gm[hË` Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs[df`H$ CnH«$_m§ZmemgH$s` nmVisdê$Z àmoËgmhZ Am[U gd© àH$maMogmhmæ` XoÊ`mgmR>s ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobo hoXoemVsb n[hbo _§S>i R>abo.

èd§VamdOtZs ì`º$ Ho$boë`m AnojoZwgma_§S>imZo Amnbo H$m_ VH©$VsW© bú_Uemós Omoes`m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbs gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zs AmIyZ[Xboë`m _mJm©dê$Z H$mbmZwê$n [d[dY ~Xb H$arV_§S>imZo Joë`m 50 dfmªV amÁ`mÀ`m gm[hË`g§ñH¥$VsMm Mm¡\o$a [dH$mg ìhmdm d gd© KQ>H$m§Zm `mVgm_mdyZ KoUo eŠ` ìhmdo Am[U _hmamîQ´>mMs A[^éMsg§nÞVm dmT>mds `mgmR>s èñdsnUo à`ËZ Ho$boAmhoV.

_§S>imZo 2010n`ªV 500À`m Amgnmg J«§Wg§nXm[gÕ Ho$bs Amho. ho gd© J«§W dmMH$m§Zm nadS>VsbAem Aën {H$_VsV CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbo AmhoV. hoJ«§§W g§~§[YV joÌmVsb VÁkm§Zs n[al_nyd©H$ [b[hboAmhoV. H$moe dmL>²_`

_amR>s_Üò H$moe dmL>²_`mMs \$ma _moR>s na§namAmho. EH$m A§XmOmZwgma _hmamîQ´>mV 820À`mdaH$moem§Ms g§»`m Amho. hs g§»`m XoemV gdm©[YH$g_Obs OmVo. `m g_¥Õ na§nao_Üò _§S>imÀ`m nwT>sbH$moem§Zs bjUs` â KmVbs Amho.

1. [dkmZ Am[U V§ÌkmZ H$moe2. dmL>²_` H$moe3. eãXH$moe4. Am`wd}Xs` eãXH$moe5. JwOamVs-_amR>s eãXH$moe6. CXy©-_amR>s eãXH$moe7. H$ÞS>-_amR>s eãXH$moe8. B§J«Os _amR>s ñWmnË` [eënH$moe9. V_si-_amR>s eãXH$moe10. _amR>s-[gŸs eãXH$moe11. nmbs-_amR>s eãXH$moe_§S>imZo dmL>²_` H$moemMm àH$ën 1969nmgyZ

am~[dÊ`mg KoVbm. àËòH$s 250 n¥îR>m§Mo 4 I§S>AmVmn`ªV àH$m[eV Pmbo AmhoV. n[hë`mV I§S>mV1050 Vo 1857n`ªVÀ`m _amR>s J«§WH$mam§Mm(g§nmXH$ - J§.Xo. ImZmobH$a), I§S> Xwgam (^mJ 1)(g§nmXH$ - S>m°. Jmo._m. Hw$bH$Uu)_Üò 1858 Vo30 E[àb, 1960n`ªVÀ`m [Xd§JV _amR>sJ«§WH$mam§Mm, I§S> [Vgè`mV 1885 Vo 1960n`ªVÀ`m

J«§W n[aM`mMm (g§nmXH$ - àm. _m.X.hmVH$U§JboH$a) Am[U I§S> Mm¡Ï`mV g_sjm g§km§Mm(g§nmXH$ - [dO`m amOmÜ`j) g_mdoe H$aÊ`mVAmbm Amho. `m Mmahs H$moem§Vsb Zm|Xs, Aä`mgH$,

g§emoYH$, nÌH$ma, gm_mÝ` dmMH$ `m§À`mgmR>s dmMZAmZ§XmMs AZw^yVs XoUmè`m Va AmhoVM nU ho H$moe_amR>s J«§Wào_tÀ`m Kam§Mo d¡^d dmT>[dUmaogwÕmAmhoV. dmL>²_` H$moemÀ`m Xwgè`m ^mJmÀ`m Xwgè`mI§S>mMo àH$meZ bdH$aM Ano[jV Amho.

`m H$moem§_Üò J«§WH$mam§À`m ì`{º$JV OsdZn[aM`mnojm Ë`m§À`m dmL>²_`sZ H$m`m©Ms _m[hVsA§V^y©V H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. "X Am°Šg\$S©>H§$no[Z`Z B§{½be [bQ>aoMa', "E [S>ŠeZar Am°\$

[bQ>aoMa BZ X B§{½be b±½doO', "EÝgm`ŠbmonsS>s`mAm°\$ nmoEQ´>s A±S> nmoE[Q>Šg', "[S>ŠeZar Am°\$ dëS©>[bQ>aar Q>åg©', "Eìhar_°Ýg [S>ŠeZar Am°\$ [bQ>aar~m`moJ«m\$s' `m g§X^© J«§Wm§gmaIo `m dmL>²_`H$moemMoñdê$n Amho. `m H$moe [Z[_©VsgmR>s 200 VÁkm§Mogmhmæ` KoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

_§S>imMm A[Ve` _hÎdmH$m§js àH$ën åhUOoeãXH$moe. Odinmg XsS> bmI _amR>s eãXm§Mo[d[dY AW© XoUmè`m eãXH$moemMo Xhm I§S> àH$m[eVhmoUma AmhoV. _§S>imÀ`m nwUo òWsb H$m`m©b`mV àm.am_Xmg S>m§Jo `m§À`m g§nmXH$ËdmImbs hm àH$ën gwê$

Amho. 1970 gmbs `m àH$ënmMm àma§^ Pmbm.AmVmn`ªV 3 I§S> àH$m[eV Pmbo AmhoV, 4Ï`mI§S>mMo H$m_ nyU© Pmbo Amho. eãXH$moe àH$ënmbmAm§VaamîQ´>s` H$sVuMo H$moeVÁk S>m°. à_moX VbJar`m§Mo _mJ©Xe©Z [_imbo Amho.

_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gwdU©_hmoËgds dfm©[Z[_Îm _§S>imZo[dkmZ Am[U V§ÌkmZ H$moe V`ma H$aÊ`mMm g§H$ënHo$bm. _amR>s dmMH$m§Zm Á`m d¡km[ZH$ g§km Am[Ug§H$ënZm g_Om`bm H$R>sU OmVmV Ë`m§Mo ñnîQ>sH$aUgmoß`m _amR>sV d Amdí`H$ Ë`m [R>H$mUs aoIm[MÌo,N>m`m[MÌo `m§À`mgh XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho._hmamîQ´>mÀ`m [d[dY H$moem§_Üò _§S>imÀ`m [dkmZAm[U V§ÌkmZ H$moemZo d¡[eîQ>çnyU© ñWmZ àmá Ho$boAmho. `m H$moemV ^m¡[VH$emó, agm`Zemó,Osdemó, n`m©daU, A[^`m§[ÌH$s, d¡[XH$emó,H¥$fs, IJmob, [dkmZ, J[UV, ^mfmemó, ^yJ^©,^yJmob `m [df`m§À`m Zm|Xs AmhoV. `m H$moemÀ`m 15hOma àVs _w[ÐV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m gd©àVtMs [dH«$s Pmbs Amho. hm H$moe V`ma H$aÊ`mMo[edYZwî` _amR>s [dkmZ n[afXoZo èñdsnUoCMbbo.

_§S>imMs J«§Wg§nXm hs _amR>s ^mfoVsb A[ÔmVJ«§Wg§nXoÀ`m loUsV _moS>Vo. `m J«§Wg§nXoMs [Z[_©VsH$aÊ`mV Á`m à[V^md§§Vm§Mm g_mdoe Amho Ë`m_Üòàm. Z.a. nmR>H$, Zm.h. JÐo, S>m°. dm.am. Mm¡~i,à.am. H$mH$moS>H$a, àm. am.[d. gmodZs, n§.doUs_mYdemós Omoes, S>m°. Omo.Ho$. ^Q>, àm.AemoH$ Xm. amZSo>, ls.h. Xoenm§So>, S>m°. nm.dm. H$mUo,`.Am. ^Q>, ì`§.J. JmoIbo, ì`§.^. H$[U©H$ , g[aVmnËH$s, S>m°.[d. [_ames, amo{hUs ^mQo>, S>m°. Ho$.b.Xáar, ls.[d. gmo[hZs, _mYd [b_ò, S>m°. _m.H¥$.Kmamnwao, Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s, AOw©Z S>m§Jio, goVy_mYdamd nJS>s, S>m°. [d.[^. H$mobVo., S>m°. eaXM§Ð[dîUy JmoIbo, am.[^.Omoes, YZ§O` H$sa, `.Xs.\$S>Ho$, S>m°. O`§V ZmaisH$a, a.J. [dÛm§g, S>m°. _.J.Hw$§Qo>, àm. H$_b XogmB©, S>m°. gamo[OZs ~m~a, [edmOs^mdo, Jmo[d¨Xamd Q|>~o, ~mi gm_§V, n§. dm_Zemós^mJdV, dm_Zamd MmoanSo>, ^m.H¥$. Ho$iH$a, à. ls. ZoéaH$a, S>m°. O`§Vamd nmQ>sb, em§Vm d¡Ú,e¡bOm J«~, _méVs [MV_n„s, ~mi \$m|S>Ho$ AmXs_mÝ`dam§Mm g_mdoe Amho.

_§S>imMs J«§W g§nXm 1. CËH¥$îQ> B§J«Os d BVa ^mfmVsb J«§Wm§Ms

^mfm§Vao2. emós` ([dkmZ) J«§W_mbm3. _hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg d Ë`mÀ`mes g§~§[YV

_g§nÝZ J«§Wg§nXm

gwaoe dm§{Xbo

115OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Eo[Vhm[gH$ H$mJXnÌm§Mo g§nmXZ, 4. àH$meZ, g§emoYZ5. M[aÌo6. g_J« dmL>²_`7. g_sjmË_H$ -Aem àH$mam§V òVo._§S>imZo _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m B[Vhmgmda Zdm àH$me

Q>mH$Umar g§emoYZmË_H$ J«§W _m[bHo$Ms [Z[_©VsHo$bs. `mgmR>s doimodois CnbãY Pmbobs ZdsEo[Vhm[gH$ H$mJXnÌo, gmYZgm_J«s `m§Mm Cn`moJHo$bm. VgoM AmYw[ZH$ B[Vhmg aMZoÀ`m VÎdm§MmCn`moJhs Ho$bm Amho.

gmYmaUV: nmM àH$mao `m Eo[Vhm[gH$ J«§Wg§nXoMs[Z[_©Vs Pmbs Amho. hm H$mbmdYs àmJEo[Vhm[gH$H$mb Vo AmYw[ZH$ H$mb Agm Amho. `m_Üò

1. àmMsZ H$mbI§S>2. _Ü``wJsZ H$mbI§S>3. _amR>m H$mbI§S>-^mJ 1 (Omo [edmOs

_hmamOm§À`m H$mimes g§~§[YV Amho.)4. _amR>m H$mbI§S> - ^mJ 2 ( Omo noeì`m§À`m

H$mimes g§~§[YV Amho.) 5. 1891 Vo 1947 Am[U 1948 Vo 2010 `m

XmoZ H$mbI§S>m§Mm g_mdoe AmYw[ZH$ B[VhmgmVH$aÊ`mV Ambm AgyZ, `mÀ`m boIZ/g§nmXZmMoH$m`© gÜ`m gwê$ Amho.

`m ì`[V[aº$ _§S>imZo nwT>sb H$mhs _hÎdmMoEo[Vhm[gH$ J«§W àH$m[eV Ho$bo AmhoV. `m_Üò 1.am`JS>Ms OsdZH$Wm, 2. _amRçm§À`m B[VhmgmMsgmYZo (nmoVw©JsO Xáa I§S>-2 Am[U I§S> 3(ñd.S>m°. nm§Sw>a§J g. [ngwb}H$a g§nm[XV nmoVw©JsOH$mJXnÌm§Mo ^mfm§Va, 3. _amR>s gÎmoMm CËH$f©, 4.ZmZmgmho~ noedo Am[U ñdmV§Í``wÕ, 5. Ago hmoVo_moJb, 6) CÎmaH$mbsZ _wKb-Am¡a§JOo~mMmB[Vhmg (bo. ga OXwZmW gaH$ma), 7. _moJbXa~mamMs ~mV_snÌo ^mJ-1, ^mJ-2 Am[U ^mJ-3, 8. gmVdmhZ Am[U n{íM_s jmÌn `m§MmB[Vhmg d H$moard boI, 9. _moJb gm_«mÁ`mMmèhmg, 10. nmoVw©JsO - _amRo> g§~§Y, 11. _hmamîQ´>d Jmodm `m§À`m B[Vhmgmes g§~§[YV [ebmboI,Vm_«nQ>m§Ms dU©ZmË_H$ g§X^©gyMs, 12. g_«mQ>AH$~a, 13. _hmamîQ´>mVsb H$m±J«ogMm ñdmV§Í`bT>m,14. _hmamîQ´>mVsb H$mhs Vm_«nQ> d [ebmboI, 15.gmVmaMo à[VgaH$ma ñdmV§Í`bTçmMs ñ_¥Vs, 16._hmamîQ´>mVsb XáaImZo, 17. nm[H$ñVmZMoOÝ_ahñ`, 18. ^maVs` _wgb_mZm§Mm B[Vhmg,19. nmoVw©JsO - _amR>m g§~§Y, 20. MboOmdAm§XmobZ, 21. KmoanSo> KamÊ`mMm B[Vhmg, 22.AemoH$ Am[U _m¡`mªMm èhmg, 23. [X„sÀ`mehmOZmMm B[Vhmg, 24. _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm èhmg

^mJ-1, 25. h¡Xam~mX ñdmV§Í`g§J«m_, 26._hmamîQ´>mVsb ñdmV§Í` bTo>, 27. CÎmaH$mbsZ _wKb,28. ^maVmMm ñdmV§Í`bT>m, 29. N>ÌnVs [edmOs_hmamO `m[edm` 1. \«o$¨M aoH$m°S©>²g ([aboqQ>J Qy> X[hñQ´>s Am°\$ _amR>m I§S> 1 Vo 9), 2. ñQ>[S>O² BZA°Z[gE§Q>, 3. X [hñQ´>s A±S> B§ñH«$sßeZ Am°\$gmVdmhZ A±S> doñQ>Z© jÌmn, 4. goH§$S> dëS©> dm°a,5. [hñQ´>s Am°\$ _amR>m Zoìhs, 6. X nmoVw©JsO A±S>_amR>mO, 7. dYm© BZ B§[S>`mO [\«$S>_ ñQ´>Jb, 8.~m°å~o A±S> H$m±J«og _wìh_|Q>, 9. B§[S>`mO \$mB©Q> \$m°a\«$sS>_ ho B§J«Os J«§Whs _§S>imZo àH$m[eV Ho$bo AmhoV.

_hmamîQ´>mVsb Wmoa ì`{º$_Îdo/ boIH$/[dMmad§V `m§Zs [b[hboë`m g§nyU© gm[hË`mMsg§nm[XV J«§Wg§nXm _§S>imZo doimodois àH$m[eV Ho$brAmho. Vmo _hmamîQ´>mMm A_mob Ro>dm Amho.

am.J. JS>H$ar `m§À`m g_J« dmL>²_` I§S>mbmAmMm`© à.Ho$. AÌo `m§Ms [dñV¥V àñVmdZm Amho. `màñVmdZoV Vo åhUVmV, "_amR>s gm[hË`mV am_ JUoeJS>H$ar øm§Zm OodT>s H$sVu Am[U bmoH$[à`Vm[_imbs, VodT>s _hmamîQ´>mVë`m `m eVH$mVë`m\$maM WmoS>çm boIH$m§À`m dmQçmbm Ambs Agob._hmamîQ´>mZo Ë`m§À`m JwUm§Mo OodTo> H$moSH$m¡VwH$ Ho$boVodTo> H$moUË`mhs _amR>s boIH$mMo Ho$bobo Zmhs.H$mì`, ZmQç Am[U [dZmoX `m VsZhs joÌm§V Vogma»`mM d¡^dmZo Am[U VoOmZo Vinbo, Ë`m§À`mH$mì`mZo, ZmQçmZo Am[U [dZmoXmZo _hmamîQ´>mbmAjae: doS> bmdbo.

JS>H$è`m§À`m gm[hË` g¥îQ>sMm g§nyU© Abm¡{H$H$I[OZm hm _§S>imZo àH$m{eV Ho$boë`m "g_J« JS>H$ar^mJ 1 d 2' `m 1000 n¥îR>m§À`m _hmJ«§WmZo _amR>s

gm[hË` a[gH$m§À`m godoV gmXa Pmbm Amho.g_J« gm[hË`mÀ`m EH$[ÌV dmMZmMm AgmM

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g§JsV/Z¥Ë`/A[^Z` H$bm_§S>imZo Joë`m nÞmg dfmªV g§JsV, Z¥Ë`,

A[^Z` H$bm§es [ZJ{S>V AZoH$ J«§Wm§Ms [Z[_©VsHo$bs. `mn¡H$s H$mhs J«§W ^mfm§VarV AmhoV. Va H$mhsJ«§W ñdV§ÌnUo [b[hÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `m J«§Wm§_Üò1. A[^Z` gmYZm (ñVm[ZñbmdñH$sÀ`m "A°ZA°ŠQ>a [ànoAg©', `m J«§WmMm AZwdmX), 2. ag^md[dMma (âV ZmQçemó ag[gÕmÝV AÜ`m` 6 d7Mo ^mfm§Va) 3. Xeê$nH$ [dYmZ (âVZmQ>çemó-ZmQç[df`H$ AÜ`m` 18 d 19Mo ^mfm§Va),4. _wÐmamjg ([demImXÎmÀ`m g§ñH¥$V"_wÐmamjgm'Mo ^mfm§Va.

5. g§JsV aËZmH$a ^mJ - 1 Am[U ^mJ - 2(ls[Zm:ema§JXod [da[MV g§JsV aËZmH$a ^mJ 1 d 2`m g§ñH¥$V J«§WmMo "H$bm{ZYs' Q>sHo$gh ^mfm§Va), 6.ñQ´>°[dgsH$sMo gm§Jr{VH$ gm¢X`©emó, 7. g§JsVAm[U H$ënH$Vm (H$monb±S> [b[IV å`w[PH$ A±S>B_°[OZoeZMm AZwdmX), 8. _hmamîQ´>mMo g§JsVmVsbH$m`©, 9. amJ dJuH$aU, 10. ^maVs` g§JsV dg§JsVemó , 11. ^maVs` dmÚo, 12. V§Omda Z¥Ë`à~§Y, 13. _mPm g§JsV ì`mg§J (boIH$ dm_ZamdXoenm§So>), 14. g§JsVmMm`© n§. [dîUw ZmamÙ^mVI§So> `m§Mo M[aÌ, 15. Jm`Z _hfu A„m[X`mIm±`m§Mo M[aÌ, 16. g§JsV Xn©U, 17. _wgb_mZsAm_XZsV g§JsV, 18. _amR>s ZmQ>H$m§Ms J§JmoÌs,19. JmZ[ham, 20. J«sH$ emoH$ZmQ>ço, 21.âVZmQ>ç emómMm AÇ>mdsgmdm AÜ`m`, 22.ñda`moJsZs, 23. ZmQ>ç_§S>n_, 24. b`Vmb [dMma`m§Mm R>iH$nUo C„oI H$amdm bmJVmo.

A[ÛVs` H$m_[Jar_§S>imZo A[ÔmV B§J«Os dmL>²_` _amR>s ^mfoV

AmUÊ`mMo A[ÛVs` ñdê$nmMo H$m`© H$ê$Z Ro>dboAmho. ^mfm§Va/AZwdmXmÀ`m g§H$ënZo[df`s_§S>imMo VËH$mbsZ ^mfm§Va `moOZoMm _hÎdmH$m§jsH$m`©H«$_ _§S>imMo n[hbo AÜ`j VH©$VsW© bú_Uemós Omoes `m§À`m H$m`©H$mimV AmIbm Jobm.Ë`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbsb g[_VsZo A[ÔmV B§J«Os

116 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

dmL>²_`mMm AJH«$_ R>adyZ AZoH$ nwñVHo$ {ZdS>bs.`m_Üò hmo_a, ìh[O©b, E{ñH$bg, A°[añQ>mo\o${Zg,`war[nS>sg, ßboQ>mo, A°[añQ>m°Q>b, Wm°_g A°¹$mBÝg,Ý`yQ>Z, S>m[d©Z, égmo, H$m§Q>, hoJb, Om°Z ñQw>AQ©> [_b,JQo>, eoŠg[nAa, Q>m°bñQ>m`, XmoñVEdñH$s,ñVm{ZgbmdñH$s, ~Q>mªS©> agob, éW ~oZo[S>ŠQ>,amèoZ~mI, ìhmB©Q>hoS>, H«$moMo, _m[bZdñH$s,H°$[gaoa, Jm°S©>Z ìhs MmB©ëS> `mgma»`m nmíMmÎ`à[V^md§VmÀ`m gm[hË`H¥$VtMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mVAmbm. `m[edm` g§ñH¥$V_Ysb "doX', "Cn{ZfXoo',"_hm^maV', "am_mÙ', "âVmMo ZmQ>çemó',"g§JsV aËZmH$a', "ÜdÝ`mbmoH$', àmH¥$VmVsb "JmWmgáeVs', [Ì[nQ>sH$mVsb {ZdS>H$ ^mJ `m§Mmhs^mfm§VamÀ`m `moOZoV g_mdoe Ho$bm Jobm.Z

_§S>imMs ^mfm§Va _m[bH$m Mm§JbsM dmMH$[à`R>abs AmhoV. `m `moOZoA§VJ©V àH$m[eV H$mhs [Ma§VZJ«§W nwT>sbà_mUo AmhoV - 1. Am[W©H$ [gÕmÝV dAY© [dH$[gV àXoe (JÞa [_aXmb-BH$moZm°[_H$WoAar A±S> A§S>aSo>ìhbßS> [aOÝg), 2.~wÕs àoaUm dH«$m§Vs ^mJ - 1 d ^mJ-2 (S>m°. E_.EZ. am°`-[aPZ, amo_±[Q>[gP_, [aìhmoë`weZ), 3. gm_m[OH$H$ama (égmo-gmo[eEb H$m±Q´>°ŠQ>), 4. ñdmV§Í`[df`s(Oo.Eg. [_b - Am°Z [b~Q>u), 5. g_mOdmX [déÕ^m§S>dbemhs (E.gs. [nJy -gmo[eE[bP_ ìhg}gH°$nsQ>[bP_), 6. [dgmdo eVH$ Am[U g_mOdmX(gmo[eE[bñQ> `w{Z`Z -ìQ|>[Q>EW g|À`wargmo[eE[bP_), 7. [nVm-nwÌ (VwJ}Zoìh - \$mXg© A±S>gÝg), 8. Vwé§JmVsb nÌo (S>m°. E_.EZ. am°` - boQ>g©\«$m°_ Oob), 9. ~moñVmZ (eoI gmXs-~moñVm), 10.~«m÷U (S>m°. E\$.E_. Jmo_se - AmoEg ~«m÷UmO²),11. Jm§Ys H$m`© d [dMmaàUmbs ({Z_©bHw$_ma ~mog -_m` So>O dwB©W Jm§YsOs), 12. _wñbs_ ì`{º$JVH$m`ÚmV gwYmaUm (Amg\$ E.E. - X [a\$m_© Am°\$ng©Zb bm°), 13. J[UVs VËdkmZmMm n[aM`(~Q´>mÝS> agob - B§Q´>moS>ŠeZ Qy> _°Wo_°[Q>H$b[\$bm°gm°\$s), 14. d¡km{ZH$ VÎd - kmZmMm CX`(hmÝg amèo~mI - amB©O Am°\$ gm`§[Q>[\$H$[\$bm°gm°\$s), 15. XoH$mV©Ms [M¨VZo (XoH$mV© -_o[S>Qo>eZ), 16. S>m°Z {¹$Pm°Q> (gaìh°ÝQ>sg), 17._s BPmS>moam

(BPmS>moam S§>H$H°$Z-_m` bmB©\$), 18. Bñbm_Msgm_m[OH$ aMZm (é~oZ boìhs-gmo[eAb ñQ´>ŠMaAm°\$ Bñbm_), 19. Bñbm_Ms OsdZnÕVs (O\$aear\$-H$mZyZ-E-Bñbm_), 20. IS>²J hñV H$sg§Ý`ñV (ñVm§Xmb-ñH$mb}Q> A±S> ãb°H$), 21. ^y[_H$m[eën (ñVm{ZñbmdñH$s [~{ëS¨>J A H°$aoŠQ>a), 22.`wÕ Am[U em§Vs (Q>m°bñQ>m°`- dm°a A±S> [ng), 23.g_mOdmXmMo ^[dVì` (gs.E.Ama. H«$m°gb±S>-â`wMaAm°\$ gmo[eE[bP_), 24. VÎdkmZmVsb g_ñ`m

(~Q>mªS> agob-àm°ãboåg Am°\$ [\$bm°gm°\$s), 25.AmH«$_U (H$moZamS> bm°aoÝP-AmZu A°J«oeZ) , 26.H$mìò Am[U [dkmZ (Am`.E. [aMS©>²g-nmoòQ´>sO A±S>gm`Ýg), 27. [bAmoZmX© Xm [ìh¨Ms (Eg. \«o$¨S>-[bAmoZmX© Xm {ìh¨Ms), Amo[Xgs (hmo_a X AmoXsgs),29. d§e Am[U d§edmX (éW ~oZo[S>ŠQ>-aog A±S>ao[gP_), 30. S>m°Z g§W dmhV Amho (emobmoImod-AZu ¹$mBQ> âbmoO X S>m°Z), 31. B[b`X (hmo_a -B[b`X), 32. Pw§S>emhsMo ~§S> (Amo.dm`. J°goQ>-[aìhmoëQ> Am°\$ _mgog), 33. [Vgar bmQ>, 34. OmVsCX²J_ (Mmëg© S>m[d©Z - X Amoar[OZ Am°\$ ñno[gO)

gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m OsdZmV AË`§V _hÎdmMs ^y[_H$m~OmdUmè`m [df`m§darb [d[dY J«§W _§S>imZoOmUrdnyd©H$ àH$m[eV Ho$bo AmhoV. "hmo[_Amon°[WH$Am¡fYm§À`m bú_U ^mdZmH$moe' Am[U "hmo[_Amon°WsAm¡fYm§Mm {ZK§Qy' hs XmoZ hmo[_Amon°Ws emómes{ZJ{S>V _hÎdmMs nwñVHo$ AmhoV. hmo[_Amon°WsMsà°ŠQ>sg H$aUmè`m S>m°ŠQ>am§gmR>s Cn`wº$ AgUmao ho J«§W`m emómMm Aà[V_ Ro>dm R>abm Amho. `m J«§Wm§[edm`1. _mZds AZwd§[eH$Vm, 2. Amamo½` Am[UAmhmaemó, 3. _Yw_oh, 4. _mUgmMm _|Xy Am[UË`mMo H$m`©, 5. _mZds Xoh ^mJ 1, I§S> 1 Am[U 2,6. _mZds Xoh ^mJ 2, 7. _mZds eara [dkmZ, 8.àm[UOÝ` _mZds amoJ, 9. àmUsg¥îQ>s ^mJ 1 d 2,10. dZls g¥îQ>s I§So> 1 d 2, 11. [_îQ> ImÚo,12. \$io d ^mÁ`m§nmgyZ [Q>H$mdy nXmW©, 13. ós amoJ[M[H$Ëgm, 14. XyY Am[U XwYmMo nXmW©, 15.earaVÎd Xe©Z (Xmof-YmVy _bm§Mo ñdê$n d H$m`©),16. eara EH$ g_am§JU, 17. AUw`yJ, 18. J«hJ[UV _m[bH$m, 19. J«hJVs [gÕmÝV, 20. A§V[ajXe©Z, 21. d¡km{ZH$ n[a^m[fH$ g§km, 22.

Qo>[b{ìhOZMs _ybVÎdo, 23. A§H$s` g§JUH$mMmn[aM`, 24. Vob d _oX, ^mJ 1, 2, 3, 25. àgyVs[dÚm.

^mfm Am[U gm[hË`mÀ`m g_¥ÕsÀ`m ÑîQ>sZoCn`wº$ R>aVsb Aem J«§W{Z[_©Vsbm _§S>imÀ`mñWmnZonmgyZM àmoËgmhZ [Xbo Jobo. "gm[hË`[gÕmÝV' hm aoZdoboH$ Am[U Am°{ñQZ dm°aZ `m§Zs[b[hbobm J«§W hm _amR>sMo Aä`mgH$,boIH$/àmÜ`mnH$, nÌH$ma, g§emoYH$ `m§Mm"AË`mdí`H$ dmMZ' loUsVbm Cƒ XOm©Mm J«§§W hmo`.1982 gmbs `m J«§WmMs {Z[_©Vs Pmbs. VoìhmnmgyZhm J«§W AmH$f©UmMm H|$Ð[~¨Xy am[hbm Amho.

S>m°. g.J§. _mbeo `m§Zs AË`§V CËH¥$îQ>nUo Ho$boë`m`m ^mfm§VarV J«§Wm_wio gm[hË`m§À`m àH¥$Vs d à`moOZ,gm[hËò[Vhmg Am[U gm[hË` g_sjm, _Zmo[dkmZ,g_mO[dkmZ d VÎdkmZ `m§Mo A§Va§J g_Om`bmg¡Õm§[VH$ ñdê$nmMs _XV hmoVo. gm[hË`mVsb [d[dYg_ñ`m§Zm `m J«§WmV à^mdsnUo _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bmJobm`.

`m[edm` _§S>imZo ^mfm Am[Ug_mOemó/Y_©emómes {ZJ{S>V {Z[_©Vs Ho$boë`m_hÎdmÀ`m J«§Wm§Ms `mXs nwT>sb à_mUo Amho…

1. Y_©emómMm B[Vhmg, 2. Y_© Am[U [dkmZ,3. H$ÞS> ^mfm àdoe, 4. H$mZS>s gm[hË` n[aM`, 5.~§Jmbs ^mfm àdoe I§S>, 6. ~§Jmbs gm[hË` n[aM`,7. Y_© ahñ`, 8. Xm[bV gm[hË` EH$ Aä`mg, 9.Ag§ñH¥$V g_mOmVsb b¢[JH$Vm, 10. ^mfm ewÕs,11. gm¡§X`©emómdarb VsZ ì`m»`mZo, 12. nm[UZs`ì`mH$aU Am[U ^mfm VÎdkmZ, 13. àdmgdU©Z EH$dmL>²_` àH$ma, 14. kmZmoX` boIZ gma gyMs, 15.Y_m©Mo g_mOemó, 16. gm_m[OH$ dmX, 17.JS>H$è`m§Ms ZmQ>Ho$-[M¨VZ Am[U AmH$bZ, 18._m[S>`m Jm|S>m§Ms ~mobs, 19.Am^mg Am[U dmñVdVm,20. Y_© {ZanojVm Zìho BhdmX BË`mXs.

_hmamîQ´> Am[U Xoembm [d[dY joÌmV Jm¡ad àmáH$ê$Z XoUmè`m H$V¥©Ëdembs Wmoa nwéfm§À`m g_J«ì`{º$_Îdm§da AmYm[aV J«§W {Z[_©Vs H$ê$Z _§S>imZoZì`m [nT>sgmR>s `m Wmoa nwéfm§Mm OsdZàdmh H$m`_Mm[Od§V H$ê$Z Ro>dbm Amho. _hmamîQ´>mMo n[hbo _w»`_§Ìsèd§Vamd MìhmU `m§Zm "_hmamîQ´>mMo [eënH$ma'åhUVmV. ho AmnU gd© OUM OmUVmo. nU, Ë`mMogw`mo½` Am[U à^mds {dûcofU "èd§Vamd MìhmU-amîQ´>s` ì`{º$_Îd' `m J«§WmV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.^m.H¥$. Ho$iH$a `m§Zs g§nm[XV Ho$boë`m `m J«§WmMsZwH$VsM Xwgar Amd¥Îms àH$m{eV Pmbs Amho. `mJ«§WmV, M[aÌ Am{U g§nÞ ì`{º$_Îd, èd§Vamdm§MmamOH$s` àdmg, _§Ìmb`mVsb df}, gwg§ñH¥$V a[gH$ì`{º$_Îd, H$m¡Qw>§[~H$ OsdZ Am[U eodQ>Mm àdmg, AaoAa Z°eZb [bS>a Aem ghm [d^mJm§_Üò

117OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

èd§VamdOtÀ`m H$V¥©ËdmMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV AmbmAmho.

AemM àH$mao Wmoa ì`{º$_Îdm§Mm g_J« AmT>mdmnwT>sb J«§Wg§nXo_YyZ KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. 1. Jm§YsH$m`© d [dMma àUmbs, 2. Jm§YsOtÀ`m OsdZmMoAIoaMo nd©, 3. [dR>mo~m OsdZXe©Z, 4. S>m°.^s_amd am_Os Am§~oS>H$a M[aÌ J«§W, 5. Jm§Ysnd©,6. _hmË_m Jm§Ys (boIH$-adrÝÐZmW Q>mJmoa), 7.g§V JmS>Jo _hmamO - H$mb Am[U H$V¥©Ëd, 8.H$_©dsa ^mD$amd nmQ>sb - H$mb Am[U H$V¥©Ëd, 9.gm[dÌs~mB© \w$bo - H$mb Am[U H$V¥©Ëd, 10.XoeJm¡ad - gw^mfM§Ð ~mog, 11. bmoH$_hfu -^mD$gmho~ Xoe_wI, 12. J.Í`§. _mS>ImobH$a -ì`º$s Am[U H$V¥©Ëd, 13. n§[S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$,14. H$_©dsa XmXmgmho~ Jm`H$dmS>, 15. N>ÌnVs[edmOs _hmamO, 16. goZmnVs ~mnQ>, 17. ~m~mnÙOs - H$mb Am[U H$V¥©Ëd, 18. ào_M§X ì`º$sAm[U dmL>²_` `m§Mm R>iH$nUo C„oI H$amdm bmJob.

_hmamîQ´>mMo [eënH$ma_§S>imMs hs d¡[eîQ>çnyU© `moOZm AgyZ Ë`m

A§VJ©V _hmamîQ´> KS>[dUmè`m [d[dY joÌm§Vsb Wmoanwéfm§Ms g§[já M[aÌo àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV AmbsAmhoV. 100 Vo 125 n¥îR>m§Ms hs nwñVHo$ Aën{H$_VsMs AgyZ, "kmZ-à~moYZ-g§ñH$ma-àmoËgmhZ' `m JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§Zs Ë`m§Mo dmL>²_`sZ _yë`dmT>bo Amho. Zì`m [nT>sbm àoaUm XoUmar dË`m§À`mVyZ _hmamîQ´>mMo [eënH$ma KS>[dÊ`mgmR>sgmhmæ`^yV R>aUmè`m `m _m[bHo$_Üò AmVmnmdoVmo32 M[aÌo àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. AmUIs40-45 nwñVH$m§Mo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

_hmamîQ´>mMo [eënH$ma1. Eg.E_. Omoes, 2. gmZo JwéOs, 3. AmMm`©

Y_m©[YH$mar, 4. ZmZm nmQ>sb, 5. S>m°. [dÇ>bamd

[dIo nmQ>sb, 6. e§H$aamd [H$bm}ñH$a, 7._m_mgmho~ OJXmio, 8. V§Q>çm [^„, 9. èd§VamdMìhmU, 10. XmXmgmho~ \$miHo$, 11. Vmam~mB©[e¨Xo, 12. VoOpñdZs A[hë`m~mB© hmoiH$a, 13.VH©$VsW© bú_Uemós Omoes, 14. ñdmV§Í`dsagmdaH$a, 15. ~°. amOm^mD$ Imo~«mJSo>, 16. ñdm_sam_mZ§X VsW©, 17. nÇo> ~mnyamd, 18. ^mB© CÕdamdnmQ>sb, 19. _hfu Ymo§S>mo Ho$ed H$d}, 20.bmoH$[hVdmXs, 21. `XwZmW WÎmo, 22. Jmo[d¨X^mB©lm°\$, 23. am_Omoes, 24. dg§Vamd ZmB©H$, 25._hmË_m Omo[V~m \w$bo, 26. VwiesXmg OmYd, 27.e§H$aamd MìhmU, 28. n§[S>Vm a_m~mB©, 29. Zm.J.Jmoao, 30. ~°. ZmW n¡, 31. [dZmo~m ^mdo, 32.e§H$aamd _mo[hVo nmQ>sb

gm§ñH¥$[VH$ _hmamîQ´>_§S>imÀ`m AmVmn`ªVÀ`m gd© J«§Wg§nXoMm

_wHw$Q>_Us emoôb Agm "gm§ñH¥$[VH$ _hmamîQ´>1960-2011' hm XmoZ I§S>mVbm ~¥hVJ«§W_§S>imÀ`m gwdU©_hmoËgdm{Z[_Îm _w»`_§Ìs ls.n¥ÏdsamO MìhmU `m§À`m hñVo àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mVAmbm.

Odinmg 1000 n¥îR>m§Mm hm J«§W åhUOo Joë`m50 dfmªVsb _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m àJVsMm VgoM am[hboë`mÌwQ>tMm Am[U ^[dî`mgmR>s _mJ©Xe©ZmMm _hÎdmMmXñVEodO R>abm Amho. `m J«§WmMs [d^mJUs…- 1.H$bm, 2. ^mfm Am[U gm[hË`, 3. _mÜ`_o, 4.[dkmZ, 5. AW©H$maU, 6. amOH$maU-àemgZ, 7.ñWmnË`, 8. Obg§ñH¥$Vs, 9. n`m©daU, 10.VÎdkmZ, 11. [ejU, 12. B[Vhmg, 13.l_g§ñH¥$Vs, 14. OsdZ Aem 14 [d^mJm§_ÜòH$aÊ`mV òD$Z 35 joÌm§Mm Ë`mV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mVAmbm Amho.

`m J«§WmgmR>s S>m°. _mYd [MVio, S>m°. _mYd

JmoS>~mobo, S>m°. AéU [Q>Ho$H$a, S>m°. ñd. gw^mf ^|So>,S>m°. èd§V amamdsH$a, S>m°. [d.^m. Xoenm§So>, S>m°.[dbmg Imobo, S>m°. àXsn H$[U©H$, S>m°. Za|ÐMniJmdH$a, S>m°. dfm© Omoes, S>m°. AemoH$Mm¡gmiH$a, dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$, gwYsaZm§XJmdH$a, AemoH$ amUo, AemoH$ amZSo>, gwhmg~hwbH$a, g§O` ^mñH$a Omoes, AOw©Z S>m§Jio,ls_Vs _mohgsZm _wH$mX_, {Z[eH$m§V [_aOH$a, ^mZyH$mio, AVwb XoD$iJmdH$a AmXs _mÝ`dam§Zsg§emoYZmË_H$ boI [b[hbo AmhoV.

gm§ñH¥$[VH$ÑîQçm _hmamîQ´>mMm g§nÞ dmagm_hmZw^dm§À`m H$mimnmgyZ Joë`m 50 dfmªV Zì`m_hmamîQ´>mZo A[YH$ à^mdembs nÜXVsZo nwTo> ZobobmAmho. `m H$mimV amÁ`mMs Os ^m¡[VH$ àJVs Pmbs[VMo à[V[~¨~ àJQ> H$aUmam hm ~¥hX J«§W Amho, Ago`m J«§WmMo g§nmXH$ Am[U _§S>imMo AÜ`j ls _Yw_§Joe H$[U©H$ `m§Zs Z_yX Ho$bo Amho

`m boImMm eodQ> H$aVmZm ÁòîR> [dXwfs BamdVsH$d} `m§Mo EH$ dmŠ` CX²Y¥V H$amdogo dmQ>Vo. Ë`m§ZsåhQ>bo Amho, "_hmamîQ´>s`ËdmÀ`m Om[UdoMo _hËH$m`©XoemdaÀ`m _amR>sZo Ho$bo. `mXdm§À`m amÁ`mV VsamO^mfm åhUyZ [_a[dbs. _hmZw^dm§Zs Y_©^mfmåhUyZ [Vbm EH$ doJioM ñWmZ XoD$Z H$m~yb-H§$Xhman`ªV nmoMdbo. g§Vm§Ms ^mfm åhUyZ Vs gd©bmoH$m§À`m Vm|S>mV Ioidbs. g§Vm§À`m dmUs_wio _Ü`_hmamîQ´>mMs _amR>s hs loîR>V_ Aes ÑT>^mdZm hmoD$ZJobs. hs ^mfm gdmªMs ^mfm hmoVs. "_amR>sbmoH$g§ñH¥$Vs' `m gdmªÀ`m ^mfobm g_¥Õ Am[U g§nÞH$aÊ`mgmR>s _§S>imÀ`m J«§Wg§nXoZo bmdbobm hmV^ma{Z{íMVM Eo[Vhm[gH$ R>aVmo.g§nH©$ : 9324973907B©-‘ob : [email protected]

_§S>imZ {Z[_©Vs Ho$bobs hs J«§Wg§nXm _hmamîQ´>mVsb 5emgH$s` _wÐUmb`m§À`m n[agamV Agboë`m ~wH$em°ns_Üò[dH«$sgmR>s Ro>dbs Amho.

_w§~B© òWsb MZuamoS> òWo AgUmè`m ~wH$em°ns _YyZXaamoO 18 Vo 20 hOma én`m§À`m Amgnmg emgH$s` J«§WmMs[dH«$s hmoVo, Aes _m[hVs emgH$s` _wÐUmb`mMo g§MmbH$ls. n.O. Jmogmds `m§Zs [Xbs. A[Ib ^maVs` gm[hË`g§_obZmÀ`m [R>H$mUs Am`mo[OV J«§W àXe©Zs_Üò emgH$s`_wÐUmb`m_m\©$V ñQ>m°b bmdbm OmVmo. Ë`mg J«§Wào_s CÎm_à[VgmX XoVmV Ago [XgyZ Ambo Amho. R>mUo òWsb A[Ib^maVs` _amR>s gm[hË` g§_obZmÀ`m J«§WàXe©ZmV 80 Vo 90hOma én`m§Ms J«§W[dH«$s Pmbs.

1. g§MmbH$ emgZ _wÐU, boIZgm_J«s, àH$meZ g§MmbZmb`, ZoVmOs gw^mf _mJ©, _w§~B© - 400004.XyaÜdZs H«$.23631433, 23631799.

3. ì`dñWmnH$,emgH$s` _wÐUmb` dJ«§WmJma, [gpìhb bmB©Ýg, ZmJnya - 440001. XyaÜdZs H«$. 2562615.

4. ghm`H$ g§MmbH$,emgH$s` _wÐUmb`,Am¡a§Jm~mX-431001XyaÜdZs H«$.2331525.

5. ì`dñWmnH$,emgH$s` _wÐUmb` d boIZgm_J«s^m§S>ma, Vmam~mB© nmH©$, H$moëhmnya -416003. XyaÜdZs H«$. 2650395/2650402.

2. ì`dñWmnH$,emgH$s` \$moQ>mo[P¨H$mo _wÐUmb`,d J«§WmJma, \$moQ>mo[P¨H$mo _wÐUmb` Amdma,Os.ns.Amo.ZOsH$, nwUo 411001.XyaÜdZs H«$. 26125808/ 26124759.

J«§W[dH«$s

118 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

amR>s ^mfm Am[U _hmamîQ´>mMs g§ñH¥$Vs`m§Mo g§ajU, g§JmonZ d g§dY©ZH$aÊ`mMm ì`mnH$ CÔoe _Zmes ~miJyZ

_hmamîQ´> emgZmZo [XZm§H$ 1 _o 1992 amoOr amÁ`_amR>s [dH$mg g§ñWoMs ñWmnZm Ho$bs. _hmamîQ´>mMo_w»`_§Ìs `m g§ñWoMo nX[gÕ AÜ`j AgVmV.g§ñWoMs ñWmnZm Pmë`mda n[hë`m g§MmbH$ åhUyZS>m°. gamo[OZs d¡Ú `m§Mo gwOmU d H$ënH$ ZoV¥Ëdg§ñWobm bm^bo hmoVo Va AmOKS>sbm ÁòîR>gm[h{Ë`H$ nÙls ls. _Yy _§Joe H$[U©H$ g§ñWoMog§MmbH$ AmhoV.

[d[dY joÌm§V hmoUmam _amR>sMm dmnaA[YH$m[YH$ JwUdÎmmnyU© hmoV Omdm `mgmR>sà`ËZesb amhmdo d _amR>s ^mfoÀ`m A[^d¥ÕsMsà[H«$`m [Z`moOZnyd©H$ J[V_mZ H$amds hs `m g§ñWoÀ`mñWmnZo_mJMs XmoZ à_wI C[ÔîQ>ço AmhoV. "_amR>sMm[dH$mg : _hmamîQ´>mMm [dH$mg' ho g§ñWoMo ~moYdmŠÀmho. Ë`mdê$Z g§ñWoÀ`m ì`mnH$ H$m`©H$joMs H$ënZmòD$ eHo$b. gd© ñVam§da _amR>sMm [dH$mggmYÊ`mgmR>s g§ñWm ñdV§ÌnUo VgoM ^mfm dg§ñH¥$VsÀ`m joÌmV _amR>s ^mfoÀ`m A[^d¥ÕrgmR>sH$m_ H$aUmao [d[dY emgH$s` VgoM AemgH$s`g§ñWm§_Üò g_Ýd` amIyZ Ë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZohs AZoH$CnH«$_ èñdsarË`m nma nmS>V Amho.

e¡j[UH$ d ^mfm[df`H$ àH$meZo_amR>s hs kmZ^mfm ìhmds `mgmR>s [Z`moOZnyd©H$

nmdbo CMbV AgVmZm [d[dY joÌm§Vsb kmZ_amR>sV AmUÊ`mgmR>s g§ñWoZo [deof nwñVHo$ àH$m[eVHo$bs AmhoV. embo`-_hm[dÚmb`sZ [dÚmWu,[ejH$ Am[U emgZmÀ`m [d[dY [d^mJm§_Üò H$m_H$aUmè`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zm, Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgH«$_mVCn`moJs R>aVsb Aem, _amR>s boIZ _mJ©X[e©H$m,àemg[ZH$m _amR>s ^mfoMm [dH$mg, H$moe d gyMsdmL>²_`: ñdê$n Am[U gmÜ`, BË`mXs g§X^©J«§Wm§MsVgoM embo` _amR>s eãXH$moe, [dkmZ g§H$ënZmH$moe, _amR>s bKwboIZ eãXH$moe Aem [d[dYH$moem§Ms [Z[_©Vs g§ñWoZo AmOda Ho$bs Amho.^mfoÀ`m g¡Õm§[VH$ Am[U ì`mdhm[aH$ A§JmMm [dMmaH$aUmè`m, _amR>s ^mfm : dmT> Am[U [~KmS>, d¥Õr :^mfoMo d ^mfmä`mgmMo [dH$gZ, ~ob^mfm,[ejUmMo A§Va§J BË`mXr nwñVH$m§MmXoIsb `mVg_mdoe Amho.

nwadUs nwñVH$_mbm - dmMy AmZ§Xo _mÜ`[_H$ emim§Vsb _wbm_wbtH$[aVm

Aä`mgH«$_mVsb nmR>çnwñVH$m§Io[aO nyaH$dmMZmgmR>s Amdí`H$ AgUmar, CÎm_ gm[h{Ë`H$JwUdÎmm AgUmar, b[bV H$bm§Ms OmU hiyhiydmTo>b Aem nÕVsZo V`ma Ho$bobs nwñVHo$ _amR>sV\$maes CnbãY ZmhsV. hs ÌwQ>s Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>sg§ñWoZo "dmMy AmZ§Xo' hs nwadUs dmMZ_mbm V`maHo$bs AgyZ, _mYwar nwa§Xao `m§Zs Ë`mMo g§nmXZ Ho$boAmho. ~mb d Hw$_ma JQ>mVsb àËòH$s XmoZ Aem MmanwñVH$m§À`m `m g§Mmbm [d[dY joÌmVsb VÁkm§MmVgoM [ejH$, nmbH$m§Mm A[Ve` CÎm_ à[VgmX[_imbm Amho.

Adm©MsZ _hmamîQ´>mMs OS>UKS>U gm[hË`, [ejU, H$bm, g_mOH$maU, CÚmoJ B.

[d[dY Adm©MsZ _hmamîQ´>mMs OS>UKS>U Zo_H$sH$es Pmbs d Vs hmoÊ`m_mJo H$moUË`m _hÎdmÀ`mì`º$s, g§ñWm d [dMmaYmam H$maUs^yV R>aë`m hmoË`m

`mMm gd©gm_mÝ` gw[e[jV dmMH$m§Zm n[aM` H$ê$ZXoUmè`m `m _m[bHo$V ZD$ nwñVHo$ àH$m[eV PmbsAmhoV.

X[jU ^maVmVsb _amR>s dmL>²_`mMm B[Vhmg d gyMs

[edH$mbmnmgyZ _hmamîQ´>m~mhoa X[jU ^maVmV_amR>s g§ñH¥$Vs éOë`mda [VWo _amR>s ^mfm Oes~mobbs OmD$ bmJbs VgoM dmL>²_`hs [Z_m©U hmoD$bmJbo. _hmamîQ´>mVë`m _amR>s dmL>²_`mnojm hodmL>²_` [Zamio Amho; Ë`mMm emoY KoD$Z Vo EH$[ÌVH$amdo d Vo dmL>²_` B[VhgmÀ`m ñdê$nmVAä`mgH$m§nwTo> _m§S>mdo `m hoVyZo amÁ` _amR>s [dH$mgg§ñWoZo gm[hË` d ^mfm joÌmVsb VÁkm§À`m _XVsZoXhm _hÎdnyU© g§X^©J«§WmMo àH$meZ Ho$bo Amho.H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y« àXoe, Vm[_iZmSy>, Ho$ai `mamÁ`m§_Üò Agboë`m _amR>s hñV[b[IVm§VyZ[_imbobo A_yë` Ago ho eãXYZ `m_wio _amR>sdmMH$m§Zm, Aä`mgH$m§Zm Iwbo Pmbo Amho. `mIoarOV§Omdya òWsb gañdVs _hmb J«§Wmb` d V_ri[dÚmnsR> òWo AZoH$ _moS>s hñV[b[IVo CnbãYAmhoV. `m hñV[b[IVm§Mo XodZmJarH$aU H$aÊ`mMmàH$ën g§ñWm bdH$a hmVs KoUma Amho. `mhñV[b[IVm§Mo XodZmJarH$aU Pmë`mZo AmVmn`ªVAZwnbãY Agboë`m dmL>²_`mMm _moR>m gmR>mAä`mgH$m§Zm CnbãY hmoB©b.

\$mgu- _amR>s - ì`wËn[ÎmH$moe_Ü`_`wJsZ d dV©_mZH$mbsZ _amR>s_Üò Ag§»`

Aa~s, VwH$u, \$mags eãX AmhoV. 14ì`meVH$mnmgyZ `m eãXm§Mm _amR>sV g_mdoe Pmbm.VoìhmnmgyZ AmOn`ªV ho eãX _amR>s ^mfoV éObo,{ñWamdbo. Vo AmVm _amR>s g§ñH¥$Vses EH$ê$n,EH$Osd Pmbo AgyZ, Ë`m§Mo EH$narZo _amR>sH$aUPmbobo Amho. _amR>s dmL>²_`mMmM [dMma Ho$bm Vag§V dmL>²_`, Eo[Vhm[gH$ nÌmË_H$ JÚ, ~IadmL>²_`, em[har dmL>²_` Vo AmOÀ`m d¥ÎmnÌs`boIZ, H$m`Xm, emgZì`dhma `m gd©M ~m~VsV `meãXm§Mo A{ñVËd OmUdÊ`mgmaIo Amho. _amR>s,\$mguMo ÁòîR> Aä`mgH$ S>m°. `y._. nR>mU `m§Zs `mì`wËn[ÎmH$moemMo g§nmXZ Ho$bo Amho. `mì`wËn[ÎmH$moemV Ë`m eãXm§Ms ì`wËnÎms, CƒmaUH$mb_mZmZwgma Ë`m§Zm àmá Pmbobm Zdm AW© B.AZoH$ ~m~tMm D$hmnmoh Ho$bobm Amho. Á`m§Zm_Ü``wJsZ \$_m©Zo, gZXm, Eo[Vhm[gH$ nÌo, ~IarB.Mo AÜ``Z-g§emoYZ H$amd`mMo Amho Ë`m§Zm Va hmH$moe Cn`wº$ dmQo>bM; na§Vw, AmOÀ`m _amR>sÀ`m[d[dY ~mobtÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zmhs Ë`mMm Cn`moJhmoB©b.

_amR>s J«§WgyMs_amR>s_Üò AmOda Ho$bo Jobobo gyMrH$m`©

A[^_mZmñnX d _hÎdmMo _mZbo Jobo Amho. H¡$.e§.J. XmVo `m§Zs 1950n`ªVÀ`m _amR>s J«§Wm§Ms XmoZI§S>m§V Ho$bobs gyMs AZoH$ df} AZwnbãY hmoVs.amÁ` _amR>s [dH$mg g§ñWoZo [VMo nwZ_w©ÐU H$ê$Z, VsAä`mgH$m§Zm CnbãY Va H$ê$Z [XbsM [edm`1951 Vo 2000 `m H$mbI§S>mVsb J«§Wm§Ms [df`dmagyMs ls. eaX gmRo> `m§Zs V`ma Ho$bs AgyZ, Vs VsZI§S>m§V àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambs Amho. Cd©[aVH$mbI§S>mVsb gyMs H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ls. eaX gmRo>`m§À`mgh gyMsH$m`m©V H$m`©aV AgUmè`m VÁkì`º$s H$arV AmhoV. bdH$aM Vo àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mVòB©b.

`§Ìmb`mMm kmZH$moe[dkmZ V§ÌkmZmMs ^mfm gw~moY amhmds, OmJ[VH$

ñVamdarb AÚ`mdV V§ÌkmZ _amR>s ^mfoVyZ CnbãYhmoD$Z Vs kmZ^mfm ìhmds `mgmR>s [Z`moOZnyd©H$H$m_ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ho AmoiIyZ `§Ìmb`mVH$m_ H$aUmè`m H$_©Mmar d H$m_Jmam§gmR>s, ls.e§.Jmo. [^So> `m§Zs [b[hbobm `§Ìmb`mMm kmZH$moeg§ñWoZo àH$m[eV Ho$bm Amho. A[Ve` gw~moY ^mfoV

[Jare nVHo$

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_amR>sMm [dH$mg : _hmamîQ´>mMm [dH$mg

119OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

g§ñWoMs àH$meZo

e¡j[UH$ d ^mfm[df`H$1. H$moe d gyMs dmL>²_`: - g§nm. gamo[OZs d¡Ú,ñdê$n Am[U gmÜ` gwf_m nm¡S>dmb,

A[ZVm Omoes, H$[dVm _hmOZ

2. _amR>s boIZ _mJ©X[e©H$m - `m{ñ_Z eoI3. _amR>s bKwboIZ eãXH$moe - d.dm. BZm_Xma4. embo` _amR>s eãXH$moe - g§nm. dg§V Am~mOs

S>hmHo$, [Jare nVHo$5. [dkmZ g§H$ënZm H$moe - g§nm. àm. am.[d.

gmodZs 6. [ejH$m§gmR>s AÜ``Z nw{ñVH$m - g§nm. amÁ`

_amR>s [dH$mg g§ñWm7. [ejU, [ejH$ d Aä`mgH«$_ - dm.~. nQ>dY©Z-

g§nm.- a_oe nmZgo8. _amR>s ^mfm : dmT> Am[U [~KmS> - ls.Ho$. jsagmJa9. d¥Õs : ^mfoMo d ^mfmä`mgmMo [dH$gZ - [XZoe X. _mhybH$a10. ~ob^mfm - gw_Z ~obdbH$a11. ^mfm - Amnbs gdmªMsM - A[dZme [~Zrdmbo12. dmMy AmZ§Xo (~mb JQ>, Hw$_ma JQ>) - g§nmXH$ - _mYwar nwa§Xao,

Z§[XVm dmJio13. nmbKa VmbwH$m - ~mobs, g_mO d

g§ñH¥$Vs - g§nm. S>m°. à[V^m H$UoH$a

14. [ejUmMo A§Va§J - bsbm nmQ>sb

Adm©MsZ _hmamîQ´>mMs OS>UKS>U

15. _hmamîQ´> gm[hË` n[afX (Xwgar Amd¥Vs) - _.ls. Xs[jV16. ì`mH$aUH$ma _moamo Ho$ed Xm_bo :ì`º$s Am[U H$m`© (Amd¥Îms Xwgar) - H¥$îU ls. AOw©ZdmS>H$a

17. H$mH$mgmho~ H$mbobH$a : ì`º$s Am[U H$m`© - _¥Um[bZs OmoJioH$a18. J§JmYa ~miH¥$îU gaXma : ì`º$s Am[U H$m`© - ho_§V [d. BZm‘Xma19. ~mbJ§Yd© : ì`º$s Am[U H$m`© - _mo[hZs dX}20. _mV¥godm g§K - [dZ`m IS>noH$a21. "gH$mi' d¥ÎmnÌ Am[U d¥Îmg_yh - ñdmVs gwhmg H$d}22. e§VZwamd [H$bm}ñH$a : ì`º$s Am[U H$m`© - S>m°. ^m.a. gm~So>23. S>m°. A.H$m. [à`moiH$a : ì`º$s Am[U H$m`© - S>m°. [d.~m. à^wXogmB©24. Í`§~H$ e§H$a eodbH$a `m§À`m - g§nm. gwf_m nm¡S>dmbgm[hË`mMs dU©ZmË_H$ gyMs

qhXs AZwdmX35. H$éUmîQ>H$ - ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a

- AZw. [dZm`H$ ZmamÙ gào36. amO_mMs H$m ~wYm - Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a - AZw. _sam Zm§XJmdH$a

37. q~[X`m [OVZs Psb - [Z_©bm Xoenm§So> - AZw. gwZsVm nam§Ono38. H$ë`mUs - Á`moËñZm XodYa

- AZw. - Á`moËñZm XodYa39. _w¸$m_ nmoñQ> - _mYd H$m|S>[dbH$a AZw.XodmMo JmoR>Uo - A[dZme [~Zsdmbo40. [XZ ~ [XZ - e§.Zm. Zdao - AZw. - gw^mf aU[Xdo41. gm§g â H$m \$mgbm - A§[~H$m gaXma - AZw.- ea`w noS>UoH$a42. ls_Vs a_m~mB© amZSo> - _m. ls. [dÜXm§g AZw.- dmg§[VH$m43. _¡ H¥$VmW© hwB© - _ohé[Þgm XbdmB© - AZw.- S>m°. [dO`m44. amo[hUs - Ho$ed Ho$iH$a - AZw. [dbmg JrVo

H$moe d gyMs dmL>²_`

45. _amR>s J«§WgyMs ^mJ 1 d 2 (1800- 1950) - g§nm.(H¡$.) e§H$a JUoe XmVo46. _amR>s J«§WgyMs ^mJ 3 (1951-1962) - g§nm. eaX gmRo>47. _amR>s J«§WgyMs ^mJ 4 (1963-1970) - g§nm. eaX gmRo>48. _amR>s J«§WgyMs ^mJ 5 (1951-1962) - g§nm. eaX gmRo>49. _amR>s [dkmZ J«§WgyMs - g§nm. am.[d. gmodZs,

g§OsdZs [e¨Ìo 50. _amR>s d¡ÚH$ J«§WgyMs - g§nm. S>m°. gwaoe ZmS>H$Uu,

H$[dVm _hmOZ51. `§Ìmb`mMm kmZH$moe - g§nm. e§H$a Jmonmi [^So>52. \$mgu-_amR>s ì`wËn[ÎmH$moe - g§nm. S>m°. `w._. nR>mU53. dó[Z[_©Vs _m[hVsH$moe I§S> 1 - g§nm. S>m°. M§ÐH$mV H$mUo, V§Vy[Z_m©U d V§Vy[dkmZ àm. gwaoe _hmOZ54. dó[Z[_©Vs _m[hVsH$moe I§S> 2 - g§nm. AemoH$ JX}, gyV[Z_m©U ls. èd§V Xoenm§So>55. _amR>s H$moe d g§X^© gmYZo `m§Ms g_J« gyMs - g§nm. d.[d. Hw$bH$Uu56. ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nÎms A[YH$ma - àm. [demb H$Q>m[a`m

25. _ÐmgMs _amR>s hñV[b[IVo - g§nm. S>m°. dg§V Omoes26. h¡Ðm~mXMs _amR>s hñV[b[IVo - g§nm. S>m°. ls.a§. Hw$bH$Uu,

(H¡$.) S>m°. d.Xm. Hw$bH$Uu, àm. X.n§. Omoes27. H$Zm©Q>H$mVsb _amR>s hñV[b[IVo - S>m°. ^s_me§H$a Xoenm§So>28. [Ìd|Ð_Ms _amR>s hñV[b[IVo - g§nm. S>m°. dg§V Omoes29. V§Omda gyMs (I§S> ghmdm) - g§nm. ^m_amd Ho$gH$a 30. X[jU ^maVmVsb _amR>s - V§Omda I§S> - g§nm.dmL>²_`mMm B[Vhmg - S>m°. dg§V Omoes31. X[jU ^maVmVsb - Am§Y«-H$Zm©Q>H$ I§S> _amR>s dmL>²_`mMm B[Vhmg - g§nm. S>m°. dg§V Omoes d S>m°. X.[X. nw§So>32. X[jUmË` gm[hË` g§ñH¥$VsMm _amR>ses AZw~§Y - S>m°. _m[UH$ YZnbdma33. gm[hË`goVy - ls.a§. Hw$bH$Uu34. XIZs ^mfm : _amR>s g§ñH¥$VsMm - ls.a§. Hw$bH$UuEH$ Am[dîH$ma

X[jU ^maVmVsb _amR>s dmL>²_`mMm B[Vhmg

120 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

gXa kmZH$moe hm `m [df`mdarb Ho$di_amR>sVbmM Zìho, Va EHy$UM ^maVs` ^mfm§_Ybmn[hbmM à`ËZ AgyZ, `§Ìmb` `m joÌmVsb amîQ´>s`d Am§VaamîQ´>s` ñVamdarb VÁkm§Zs `m H$moem[df`sA[Ve` AZwHy$b _Vo Zm|X[dbs AmhoV.

dó[Z[_©Vs _m[hVsH$moe[d[dY ì`dgm`m§Mo [ejU ghOnUo _amR>sVyZ

CnbãY Pmë`mg ^m[fH$ Am[U gm_m[OH$ ÑîQ>sZo\$ma Cn`wº$ hmoB©b Ago g§ñWobm dmQ>Vo. _amR>sÀ`mAm[U _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m g§X^m©V dómoÚmoJmbm àmMsZH$mimnmgyZ _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho ho bjmV KoD$Zg§ñWoZo `m [df`mMm _amR>sVyZ Aä`mg H$ê$B{ÀN>Umè`m§gmR>s VgoM `m [df`mMo _amR>sVyZ [ejUKoUmè`m§gmR>s d Ë`mda _amR>sVyZ boIZH$aUmè`m§gmR>s Cn`wº$ R>aob Agm dó[Z[_©Vs_m[hVsH$moe V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ XÎmmOsamd H$X_Vm§[ÌH$ [ejU g§ñWoÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo hmVs KoVboAmho. ^maVs` ^mfm§_Üò AmO[_Vsg Var AemàH$maMm H$moe Zmhs. Ë`m_wio _amR>s_Üò Vmo V`maPmë`mg _amR>sÀ`m VgoM _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m B[VhmgmVhs EH$ AOmoS> H$m_[Jar R>aob. AmR> I§S>m§_YyZàH$m[eV hmoUmè`m `m _m[hVs H$moemMo 1. V§Vw[Z_m©Ud V§Vw[dkmZ, 2. gyV[Z_m©U ho n[hbo XmoZ I§S>\o$~«wdmar 2007_Üò àH$m[eV Pmbo AgyZ, Cd©[aVI§S> bdH$aM àH$m[eV hmoVsb.

AZwdmX àH$ën_amR>sVsb CÎm_moÎm_ b[bV gm[hË`mMm n[aM`

^maVmVsb BVa àm§VmVsb dmMH$m§Zmhs ìhmdm `mhoVyZo _amR>sVsb H$mhs [ZdS>H$ H$mX§~è`m, M[aÌo,AmË_M[aÌo [ZdSy>Z Ë`m§Mo [h¨Xs ^mfoV VÁkì`º$tH$Sy>Z AZwdmX H$ê$Z KoVbo AmhoV. `màH$ënmV 10 nwñVHo$ àH$m[eV Pmbs AmhoV.

nmbKa VmbwH$m - ~mobs, g_mO d g§ñH¥$Vs _w§~B©Odisb nmbKa VmbwŠ`m_Üò AZoH$[dY

~mobs ~mobë`m OmVmV. `m_Üò àm_w»`mZoAm[Xdmgs, AmJar, Hw$U~s, ^§S>mar, dmS>di d_ÀNr>_ma `m ~mobs d Ë`m§Mo BVa [^Þ àH$ma ~mobVAgboë`m g_mOm[df`sMm g[dñVag_mO^mfmd¡km[ZH$ Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mMo^mfmemós` Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ [ZîH$f© Aä`mgyZ hmg§X^©J«§W V`ma Ho$bm Amho. `m g_mOmMs AmS>Zmdo,Ë`m§Mo gU, eoVs, [eH$marMs nÕV OsdZe¡bs,g§ñH$ma, JsVo, eãX-dmŠò-åhUs, g_OwVs,A§YlÕm, Jmd n[aga BË`mXs AZoH$ _wÔçmdarb_m[hVs `mV dmMH$m§Zm amoMH$ nÕVsZo dmMd`mg[_iob. gmoZmon§V Xm§So>H$a _hm[dÚmb`mVsbàmÜ`m[nH$m ls_Vs à[V^m H$UoH$a `m§Zs `m J«§WmMog§nmXZ Ho$bo Amho.

~m¡{ÕH$ g§nÎmsMm A[YH$ma (Intellectual Property Right)

`m Zì`mZo nwTo> òUmè`m _hÎdmÀ`m[df`mg§~§YsMs AÚ`mdV _m[hVs _amR>s dmMH$m§nwTo>AmUÊ`mgmR>s, nwUo [dÚmnsR>mVsb ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nÎmsA[YH$ma AÜ`mgZmÀ`m à_wI àm. [demb H$Q>m[a`m`m§Zs `m nw{ñVHo$Mo boIZ Ho$bo Amho.

H$H©$amoJ nw{ñVH$m_amR>sVyZ d¡ÚH$[df`H$ boIZ H$aUmè`m Am[U

_yb^yV ñdê$nmMo g§emoYZ à[gÕ H$ê$ B{ÀN>Umè`mVÁk _§S>itZm EH$Ì AmUyZ Ë`mÛmao d¡ÚH$s` _amR>s^mfm g_mOmV ê$T> H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo g§ñWoZo"bmoH$d¡ÚH$ àH$ën' hmVs KoVbm hmoVm. Ë`mVH$m`©emim, d¡ÚH$s` [Xdmis A§H$mMs ñnYm© AgoAZoH$ CnH«$_ am~[dbo Jobo hmoVo. Ë`mVyZMOZgm_mÝ`m§Zm gmÜ`m gmoß`m _amR>sV H$H©$amoJ[df`H$_m[hVs CnbãY ìhmds `m hoVyZo OmgH±$n d _amR>s[dkmZ n[afXoÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo EHy$U 38H$H©$amoJnw{ñVH$m V`ma Ho$ë`m AmhoV. A[Ve`_m\$H$ XamVsb `m nw{ñVH$m§Zm dmMH$m§Mm _moR>mà[VgmX bm^bm Amho.

[dÚmÏ`mªgmR>s Ho$bo OmUmao H$m`© _Ü` àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y« àXoe BË`mXs

àm§Vm§Vsb _amR>sÀ`m {ñW[VJVsMm [dMma g§ñWmH$arV AgVo. 1994nmgyZ g§ñWoZo Am§Y« àXoemVsbd _Ü` àXoemVsb _amR>s nmR>çnwñVH$m§À`màíZm§_Üò bj KmVbo AgyZ, VoWsb [dÚmÏ`mªZmnwñVHo$ CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbs AmhoV. `mM àH$maMoH$m_ JwOamV amÁ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V g§ñWmAmdí`H$VoZwgma H$arV Amho. ~¥hÝ_hmamîQ´>mVsb_amR>s dmMH$m§Zm XO}Xma _amR>s nwñVHo$ dmMZmgmR>sCnbãY ìhmdsV `m CÔoemZo g§ñWoZo 2003nmgyZ"J«§Wmb`m§Zm nwñVH$ ôQ>' hm CnH«$_ hmVs KoVbmAmho. AmOn`ªV h¡Ðm~mX, ~oiJmd, ^monmi, gwaV,O`nya, Ah_Xm~mX, ~S>moXm, amOñWmZ, am`nya,B§Xya, amOH$moQ>, O~bnya AmXs [R>H$mUÀ`m 23J«§Wmb`m§Zm àËòH$s nmM hOma én`m§Ms nwñVHo$ ôQ>åhUyZ nmR>[dÊ`mV Ambs AmhoV.

emgH$s` àH$meZm§Mo àXe©ZemgH$s` [d^mJ VgoM emgZnwañH¥$V g§ñWm

CÎm_, XO}Xma nwñVHo$ àH$m[eV H$aV AgVmV.VWm[n, Vs gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMV ZmhsV.`mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>s g§ñWm à`ËZesb Amho.gZ 2002 ho df© `wZmoZo Am§VaamîQ´>s` nwñVH$df©åhUyZ Omhsa Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mMo [Z[_Îm gmYyZ g§ñWoZon[hë`m§Xm emgH$s` [d^mJm§Zs d emgZnwañH¥$Vg§ñWm§Zs à[gÕ Ho$boë`m nwñVH$m§Mo àXe©Z _w§~B©VAm`mo[OV Ho$boo. Ë`mZ§Va Aem àH$maMs Mma àXe©Zo

_w§~B©, R>mUo, dmes d nwUo òWo Am`mo[OV H$aÊ`mVAmbs. `m àXe©Zm§Zm bmoH$m§Mm A[Ve` CÎm_à[VgmX [_iV Agë`mZo _hmamîQ´>mVsb AZoH$[R>H$mUs Aes àXe©Zo Am`mo[OV H$aÊ`mMm g§ñWoMm[dMma Amho.

AmJm_s àH$meZo X[bV-J«m_sU gm[hË` eãXH$moe d gyMs X[bV Am[U J«m_sU gm[hË` ho AmOÀ`m _amR>s

gm[hË`mVsb _hÎdmMo Ago XmoZ àdmh AmhoV.An[a[MV eãX, g§km, g§H$ënZm, åhUs,dmŠ`à`moJ `m§_wio ho gm[hË` H$mhs à_mUmV ZmJadmMH$m§À`m ÑîQ>sZo Xw~m}Yhs am[hbo Amho.

`m eãXH$moemÀ`m ~amo~arZo X[bV d J«m_sUgm[hË`mÀ`m gyMsMo H$m_hs g§ñWo_Üò Mmby Amho.`m_Üò X[bV-J«m_sU dmL>²_`mVsb 6 hOmanwñVH$m§Ms dmL>²_`àH$mamZwê$n dU©ZmË_H$ gyMsàmW[_H$ ñdê$nmV V`ma hmoV Ambobs Amho. hsgyMsXoIsb `WmH$mb à[gÕ H$aÊ`mV òB©b.

[dkmZ d g_mOemós` nwñVH$m§Mo ^mfm§Va _amR>sVsb gm[hË` Ogo BVa ^mfm§_Üò OmÊ`mMs

JaO Amho VgoM BVa ^mfm§_Ysb, [d[dYkmZemIm§_Ysb kmZ _amR>s_Üò òÊ`mMs JaOAmho. [d[dY kmZemIm§Mm CÎm_arË`m n[aM` H$ê$ZXoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo [dkmZ àgma `m [X„s òWsbg§ñWoZo _yi B§J«OsVyZ àH$m[eV Ho$boë`m[dkmZmVsb g§H$ënZm gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm gmoß`m H$ê$Zgm§JUmè`m nwñVH$m§Mo gw~moY _amR>sV ^mfm§Va H$ê$ZVs nwñVHo$ bdH$aM dmMH$m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z [XbsOmUma AmhoV. `mIoarO amîQ´>s` e¡j[UH$ g§emoYZAm[U à[ejU n[afXoZo (NCERT) _yi B§J«OsVyZàH$m[eV Ho$boë`m amÁèmó VgoM B[Vhmg [df`H$nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mo ^mfm§Vahs Ë`m Ë`m [df`mVsbZm_d§V VÁkm§H$Sy>Z g§ñWm H$ê$Z KoV AgyZ Ë`m§MohsàH$meZ ZOrH$À`m H$mimV Ano[jV Amho. g§nH©$ : amÁ` _amR>s g§ñWm - 3 _hmnm[bH$m _mJ©,E{ë\$ÝñQ>Z Vm§[ÌH$ [dÚmb`, Ymo~sVbmd, _w§~B© - 400 001. XyaÜdZs : 022- 22653966, \°$Šg : 022 -22631325.Email- rmvs [email protected]

website- http://rmvs.maharastra.gov.in

Books are carriers of civilization.

Without books, history silent,

Literature dumb, science crippled,

Thought and speculation at a standstill.

They are engines of change,

windows of the world

Lighthouses erected in the sea of time.

121OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

ñVH$m§Mo Am[U J«§Wmb`m§Mo ì`º$s,g_mO Am[U amîQ´> KS>UsVsb _hÎdOmUyZ OJâ J«§Wmb` [df`H$ H$m`Xo

Pmbo. OJmVsb n[hbm gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb` H$m`Xm1850 gmbs [~«{Q>e nmb©_|Q>Zo g§_V Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va1876 gmbs A_o[aHo$_Üò, 1899 gmbsOnmZ_Üò Am[U 1921 gmbs a[e`m_Üò AgoH$m`Xo Pmbo.

òZwñH$moZo 1949 gmbs àW_ "gmd©O[ZH$J«§Wmb` gZX' (PUBLIC LIBRARY CHAR-

TER) Omhsa Ho$br, Ë`mV 1972 d 1994_ÜògwYmaUmhs Ho$ë`m. 1972 ho "Am§VaamîQ´>s` J«§Wdf©' gmOao Ho$bo, 1982 gmbs b§S>Z_Üò "dëS©>H$m±J«og Am°Z ~wŠg' â[dbs. 23 E[àb hmeoŠg[nAaMm ñ_¥[V{XZ "OmJ[VH$ J«§W[XZ'(WORLD BOOK DAY).

Amnë`m XoemVhs J«§Wmb`m§Zm ghmì`meVH$mnmgyZ B[Vhmg bm^bm Amho. Zmb§Xm,Vj[ebm, [dH«$_[ebm Aem [dÚmnsR>m§Ms J«§WmbòË`m H$mis hmoVs. Ë`m_Üò [d[dY [df`m§À`mhñV[b[IVm§Mm _moR>m g§J«h hmoVm. _wñbs_à^mdmÀ`m H$mimV Voamì`m eVH$mV, _wKbH$mimV, ~m~a, hw_m`yZ d AH$~amÀ`m H$mimVJ«§Wm§Mm àgma ~è`mn¡H$s Pmbm. 17ì`m eVH$mVàñWm[nV V§Omda àm§VmVsb "gañdVs _hmb'J«§Wmb` AmOhs gwà[gÕ Amho. [~«{Q>e H$mimVXoemV gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmbò Mm§Jbm AmH$ma KoD$bmJbs. Zo{Q>ìh n{ãbH$ bm`~«arO A{ñVËdmVAmë`m. na§Vw, Ë`m H$mis J«§Wmbò _`m©[XVm§gmR>sMCnbãY AgV.

ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maV gaH$maZohs J«§Wmb`m§g§~§YsAZoH$ g[_Ë`m, Am`moJ, Aä`mg JQ> Zo_bo.1867À`m [~«{Q>eH$mbsZ "àog A°ÊS> a[OñQ´>oeZAm°\$ ~wŠg A°ŠQ>'_wio J«§W à[gÕ hmoVmM_wÐH$m§H$Sy>Z WoQ> gaH$maH$So> (1 àV àm§[VH$ d 2àVs H|$Ð gaH$maH$So>) nmR>[dbo OmV. H|$ÐgaH$maH$So> OmV Agboë`m àVtn¡H$s H$mhs àVsB§½b§S>À`m B§[S>`m Am°[\$g d [~«{Q>e å`w[P`_J«§Wmb`mH$So> OmV. àm§[VH$ gaH$maÀ`m XáaImÝ`mVhs OmV. 1948Z§Va Vo J«§W àmXo[eH$J«§Wmb`m§_Üò nwUo d ZmJnya òWohs nmR>[dbo OmD$bmJbo. Vs nÕV AmOhs gwê$ Amho. Vmo A°ŠQ>AgyZhs 1954 gmbs "[S>[bìhar Am°\$ ~wŠgA°ŠQ>' Ho$bm; 1957_Üò "B§[S>`Z H$m°nsamB©Q> A°ŠQ>'bmJy Ho$bm Jobm. n[hë`m n§Mdm[f©H$ `moOZonmgyZ

_Ü`dVu d [Oëhm J«§Wmbò gd© Xoeâ ñWmnÊ`mVAmbs.

1930 gmbs ~Zmag òWo âboë`m[ejU[df`H$ Am{e`m`s n[afXoV ^maVmVsbJ«§Wmb` emómMo OZH$ S>m°. [e`mbs am_m_¥Va§JZmWZ `m§Zs AmXe© J«§Wmb` [dYo`H$mÀ`m_gwÚmMo àW_ Omhsa dmMZ Ho$bo. Ë`mMo nS>gmXXoeâ C_Q>bo. n[aUm_s, 1948_Üò _Ðmg"gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb` A[Y[Z`_' hm XoemVsbn[hbm gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb` H$m`Xm g§_V Pmbm.Ë`mZ§Va 1960 gmbr H$Zm©Q>H$ d 1965 gmbrAm§Y« àXoe A[U 1967 gmbs gmd©O[ZH$ J«§WmbÀ[Y[Z`_ H$aUmao _hmamîQ´> ho XoemVsb Mm¡Wo amÁ`R>abo. AmO AIoa gw_mao 18 amÁ`m§V gmd©O[ZH$J«§Wmb` H$m`Xo g§_V Pmbo AmhoV.

1955 gmbs [X„s òWo "g_mO[ejUmVJ«§Wmb`m§Ms ^y[_H$m' `m [df`mda n[afX âbshmoVs. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ^maV gaH$maZo1959_Üò "J«§Wmb` [df`H$ g„mJma g[_Vs'Ho$.ns. [g¨hm§À`m AÜ`jVoImbs Zo_bs. 1972_Üò^maV gaH$maZo XoemVsb gd© gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§ZmgdmªJsU [dH$mgmgmR>s gmhmæ` H$aÊ`mH$[aVm amOm"am__mohZ am°` J«§Wmb` à[VîR>mZ'Ms ñWmnZmHo$bs. 1986 gmbs XoemMo ZdsZ e¡j[UH$YmoaU A{ñVËdmV Amë`mZ§Va "J«§Wmb` d _m[hVs[df`H$ amîQ´>s` YmoaU' [Z{íMV H$aÊ`mgmR>sS>s.ns. MÅ>monmÜ`m` `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbs g[_VsZo_bs. Z§Va [Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo Ë`m~m~V S>m°. amd`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbs Aä`mgJQ> Zo_bm. ^maVgaH$maZo Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ> (NBT) hs g§ñWmàH$meZ d J«§W àgmamgmR>s Am°JñQ> 1957_ÜòñWmnZ Ho$bs. Ë`m§À`mV\}$ 1995nmgyZ XoemMon[hbo n§VàYmZ n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§À`mO`§Vs[Z[_Îm 14 Vo 21 Zmoìh|~a `m H$mimV "amîQ´>s`J«§Wmb` gámh' gmOam H$aÊ`mMm CnH«$_ gwê$H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ^maV gaH$maZo 2001 ho "amîQ´>s`J«§W df©' Kmo[fV Ho$bo d dmMZ àMma-àgmamgMmbZm àmá Pmbs. 2005_Üò XoemVsbkmZm[YîR>sV g_mO[Z[_©VsgmR>s "amîQ´>s` kmZAm`moJ' S>m°. g°_ [nÌmoXm `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbsZo_Ê`mV Ambm hmoVm. `m Am`moJmZo 10 [e\$magsHo$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`mMs A§_b~OmdUshs gwê$ Amho.

~S>moÚmMo Zaoe g`mOsamd _hmamO Jm`H$dmS>`m§Zs 1906_Üò A_o[aHo$hyZ S>ãë`y.gs. ~m°S}>Z `m[à[e[jV J«§Wnmbm§Zm Img BH$S>sb bmoH$m§ZmJ«§WnmbZ emómMo à[ejU XoÊ`mgmR>s nmMmaUHo$bo. Ë`m dois ~S>moXm g§ñWmZmV 300 _mo\$Vgmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmbò hmoVs. g§ñWmZmV [\$aVsJ«§Wmbòhs _hmamOm§Zs gwê$ Ho$bs hmoVs. 1945_ÜòH$adsa g§ñWmZmVsb OZVoÀ`m bmoH$[ejUmgmR>sñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVsb n[hbm gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb`H$m`Xm N>ÌnVtZs Ho$bm hmoVm. na§Vw, Ë`mMm \$magmJmOmdmOm Pmbm Zmhs.

26 Zmoìh|~a 1804 amoOs ñWmnZ Pmbobo am°`bE[e`m[Q>H$ gmogm`Q>sMo ZJa^dZmVsb (Q>mD$Zhm°b)_Ysb J«§Wmb` ho amÁ`mVsb n[hbogmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb` Amho. na§Vw, ^maVs`m§Zm Vo IynC{eam åhUOo 1940_Üò Iwbo Pmbo. Ë`m_wioIè`m AWm©Zo 1828_Üò amÁ`mVsb n[hbogmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb` aËZm[Jar òWo A{ñVËdmVAmbo. Ë`mZ§Va 1838_Üò Ah_XZJa d Z§Va nwUo,R>mUo, H$ë`mU, H$moëhmnya, JmaJmoQ>s, gmobmnya AesamÁ`mV AmO amoOs 100 Vo 150 dfmªnojm A[YH$godmH$m`© Ho$bobs 83 À`m da J«§Wmbò[R>H$[R>H$mUs H$m`©aV AmhoV. 25, 50, 75 df}nyU© Ho$bobs 1 hOmaÀ`m da J«§Wmbò amÁ`mV AmhoVd amÁ`mVsb AZwXmZ àmá gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Msg§»`m AmO 11,799 BVH$s Amho.

amÁ`mVsb _amR>s J«§Wmb`m§Ms n[hbs n[afX nwUoòWo 1921_Üò S>m°. O`H$a `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbsâbs hmoVs. 1930À`m ~Zmag òWsb A[IbAm[e`m [d^mJmÀ`m [ejU [df`H$ n[afXo_Üò^maVmVsb J«§Wmb` emómMo OZH$ S>m°. Eg.Ama.a§JZmWZ `m§Zs AmXe© J«§Wmb` H$m`ÚmÀ`m _gwÚmModmMZ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mMo nS>gmX Xoeâ C_Q>bo hmoVo.1936_Üò Ë`m doiÀ`m _w§~B© amÁ` H$m`Xo _§S>imVamd~hmXya gs.Ho$. ~moboo `m§Zs n[hbo gmd©O[ZH$J«§Wmb` A[Y[Z`_mg§~§Ys AemgH$s` [dYo`H$_m§S>bo hmoVo.

1939_Üò VËH$mbsZ _w»`_§Ìs ~s.Os. Ioa`m§Zs _w§~B© òWsb emgH$s` [dYs _hm[dÚmb`mMoàmMm`©, Ao.Ao.Ao. \$m¡Os `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbs_w§~B© àm§Vm_Ysb J«§Wmb`m§Mm [dñVmaH$aÊ`mgmR>sMs `moOZm gwM[dÊ`mgmR>s "_w§~B©J«§Wmb` [dH$mg g[_Vs' Zo_bs hmoVs. \$m¡Os H$[_Q>såhUyZ Vs AmoiIbs OmVo. gmè`m Xoeâ `mg[_VsÀ`m [e\$magtZm _hÎd [Xbo Jobo. amÁ`mÀ`m

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J«§Wmb` MidisÀ`m B[VhmgmVsb hm _¡bmMmXJS> Amho.

1958_Üò [dYmZ n[afXo_Üò AmMm`© _mo.dm.Xm|Xo `m§Zshs gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb` A[Y[Z`_mg§~§YsAemgH$s` [dYo`H$ _m§S>bo hmoVo. J«§Wmb`MidisVsb H$m`©H$V} d J«§Wmb` g§Km§Zs gVVà`ËZ Ho$ë`mZo H¡$. _YwH$aamd Mm¡Yar `m VËH$mbsZ[ejU_§Í`m§À`m H$mimV, \$m¡Os g[_VsZo Ho$boë`mAZwXmZm[df`H$ [e\$magtÀ`m AmYmamdaMamÁ`mMm 1967 gmbs g§_V Pmbobm _hmamîQ´>gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb` H$m`Xm d Ë`m_YsbVaVwXsZwgma 1970_Üò Ho$bobo AZwXmZ[df`H$[Z`_ ~oVbobo AmhoV.

amÁ`mVsb J«§Wmb` nÕVsV gd©Ì EH$gyÌVmAmUÊ`mgmR>s hm H$m`Xm A{ñVËdmV Ambm d AÝ`H$m`Xo aÔ Pmbo. _hmamîQ´> J«§Wmb` H$m`Xm hm XoemVVwbZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm ZmdsÝ`nyU© Amho. AÝ`H$moUË`mhs amÁ`m_Üò ZgUmar gmd©O[ZH$J«§Wmb`m§Ms dJ©dmar, [Oëhm, VmbwH$m, BVa dË`m_Üò A, ~, H$ Am[U eodQ>s S> Aes dJ©dmar dXOm©~Xb Am[U `m dJm©Zwgma AZwXmZ àXmZH$aÊ`mMs nÕVs ^maVmVsb AÝ` H$moUË`mhsamÁ`m_Üò Zmhs.

_hmamîQ´> emgZ g_mO à~moYZ H$aUmè`m `mJ«§Wmb`m§Zm Ho$di n[aajU AZwXmZM XoV Zmhs, VaË`m[edm` BVahs AZwXmZm§Mm bm^ XoVo. Ë`m_Üò -

gmYZgm_J«s AZwXmZ- H$nmQo>, a°Šg, Qo>~b,IwÀ`m© B.gmR>s àñVmdmÀ`m 50% AWdmJ«§Wmb`mÀ`m XOm©g AZwko` AZwXmZmÀ`m_`m©XoBVHo$. B_maV ~m§YH$m_/ [dñVma AZwXmZ-gÜ`m B_maV AZwXmZ A dJ© - 75,000, ~ dJ©- 48,000, d H$ dJ© - 24,000 Ago Amho. `mXamV dmT> H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd emgZmÀ`m [dMmamYsZAmho. [deof _hmoËgds AZwXmZ- godmH$m`m©À`mam¡ß`, gwdU©, hsaH$, A_¥V, eVmãXs B._hmoËgdmgmR>s é. 10,000 BVHo$ AZwXmZ [XboOmVo. àmoËgmhH$ AZwXmZo- Ogo dJ©UsXma g^mgX,A[YH$ à_mUmdarb J«§W IaoXs B. AWm©V hoAZwXmZ _moR>çm à_mUmda Oar Zgbo Var XoÊ`mVòVo. ^[dî`mV `mo½` à_mUmV Ë`mV dmT> hmoD$eH$Vo. Ves emgZmMs ^y[_H$m Amho. `m[edm` _m.[dYmZ _§S>i d g§gX gXñ`m§À`m ñWm[ZH$ [dH$mg[ZYsVyZ gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§gmR>s AZoH$ `moOZm§ZmAZwXmZ [Xbo OmVo. Ë`m_Üò B_maVtgmR>s, g§JUH$gm_J«sgmR>s J«§W, \$[Z©Ma BË`mXs IaoXsgmR>sXoÊ`mV òVo.

amOm am__mohZ am°` J«§Wmb` à[VîR>mZÀ`m`moOZm :- H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ ImË`m§VJ©V

ho à[VîR>mZ amÁ` emgZmÀ`m [híímmBVHo$ A§eXmZXoVo. amÁ` emgZmMo é.2.50 H$moQ>s d à[VîR>mZMoé. 2.50 H$moQ>s Ago é. 5 H$moQ>sÀ`mAW©gmhmæ`mÀ`m `moOZm àËòH$ dfu amÁ`mVgÜ`m am~[dÊ`mV òVmV. Ë`m_Üò J«§W,\$[Z©Ma, g§JUH$, Poam°Šg _esZ, B_maV ~m§YH$m_,[dñVma J«§Wmb`m§Zm H$m`©emim, MMm©gÌo, n[ag§dmXAm`mo[OV H$aÊ`mgmR>s AZwXmZ, [deof ~mb dmMZH$j, _[hbm, ÁòîR> ZmJ[aH$, An§J `m§À`mgmR>s[d[dY `moOZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gmhmæ` Ho$bo OmVo.Xadfu gw_mao 2,500 J«§Wmb`m§Zm `m `moOZm§Mmbm^ [Xbm OmVmo.

J«§Wmb` MidisÀ`m [dH$mgmgmR>s nwañH$ma: -CËH¥$îQ> gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmbò VgoM `m joÌmV[ZabgnUo, amîQ´>s` ^mdZoZo H$m_ H$aUmao H$m`©H$V}d H$_©Mmar `m§Zm àmoËgmhZ [_imdo, Ë`m§À`mVAgVrb Va Vo Xmof Xya hmoD$Z JwUmË_H$Vm dmT>mdsd `m joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m AÝ` OUm§ZmhsË`mnmgyZ ñ\y$Vu [_imds åhUyZ J«§Wào_s S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a CËH¥$îQ> J«§Wmb` nwañH$ma d^maVmVsb J«§Wmb` emómMo OZH$ S>m°. Eg.Ama.a§JZmWZ `m§À`m ZmdmZo CËH¥$îQ> H$m`©H$Vm© d CËH¥$îQ>godH$ "J«§W[_Ì' nwañH$ma 1992-93nmgyZ gwê$H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. ehar d J«m_sU ^mJmVsbJ«§Wmb`m§Zm dJ©[Zhm` nwañH$ma d H$m`©H$V},H$_©Mmar `m§Zm amÁ`ñVar` d [d^mJñVar` nwañH$maXadfu g_ma§^nyd©H$ XoÊ`mV òVmV.

amÁ`mVsb 83 eVm`w J«§Wmb`m§Zm àËòH$s é.5.00 bj [deof gmhmæ`- 2006nmgyZ hs`moOZm gwê$ Amho. J«§Wmb` godoMs eVmãXs nyU©H$aUmè`m amÁ`mVsb 83 J«§Wmb`m§Zm àËòH$s é. 5bj [deof [dH$mg AZwXmZ emgZmZo [Xbobo Amho.

J«§W [ZdS> g[_Vs- amÁ`mVsb emgZ_mÝ`gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Zm ZdsZ ZdsZ J«§Wm§Ms doiÀ`mdois _m[hVs ìhmds åhUyZ amÁ`ñVar` J«§W [ZdS>

g[_Vs emgZ Kmo[fV H$aVo. Xa VsZ dfmªZs hsg[_Vs Zì`mZo ñWmnZ Ho$bs OmVo. amÁ`mV Xadfugw_mao 3 hOmaÀ`m da _amR>s J«§W àH$m[eV hmoVmV.Ë`mn¡H$s Cn`wº$ J«§Wm§Ms `mXs Xadfu à[gÕ Ho$bsOmVo. Ë`m_Ysb IaoXsn¡H$s 25 Q>¸o$ a¸$_oMs J«§WIaoXs H$aÊ`mV `mds Ago nm[hbo OmVo.

hñV[b[IV g„mJma g[_Vs - amÁ`mV [d[dY[R>H$mUs Agbobs Xw_ui d Cn`wº$ hñV[b[IVo,nwñVHo$ àmá H$ê$Z Amnë`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ YZmMo OVZH$aÊ`mgmR>s VÁkm§Ms g[_Vshs emgZ Kmo[fV H$ê$ZAem Xw_ui gm[hË`mMm g§J«h H$aÊ`mV òVmo.

J«§Wmb` g§KmZm AZwXmZ d [d[dY g[_Ë`m§VH$m`ÚmZo gh^mJ - amÁ`mV [Oëhm, [d^mJ damÁ` J«§Wmb` g§Km§Zm emgZ Xadfu narajUAZwXmZ XoVo. J«§Wmb` MidisÀ`m àMmaàgmamgmR>s Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ åhUyZ ho gmhmæ` Ho$boOmVo. amÁ` J«§Wmb` g§K- é. 1,50,000, [d^mJJ«§§Wmb` g§K- é. 50,000 d [Oëhm J«§Wmb`g§K-é. 25,000 Ago AZwXmZ [Xbo OmVo. gm[hË`d g§emoYZ g§ñWm§À`m J«§Wmb`m§Zm - àËòH$s 15hOma dm[f©H$ AZwXmZ [Xbo OmVo.

g§MmbZmb`m§VJ©V emgZmMs 43 J«§Wmbò-AZwXmZ àmá gmd©O[ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§~amo~aM amÁ`_Ü`dVu J«§Wmb`, ghm [d^mJs` J«§Wmbò, EH$[deof g§X^© J«§Wmb` d 35 emgH$s` [OëhmJ«§Wmbò Ë`mgmR>s EH$ _w»`mb` d ghm [d^mJs`gmhmæ`H$ J«§Wmb` g§MmbH$ H$m`m©bò Aes EHy$U50 H$m`m©bò d 481 A[YH$mar d H$_©MmaramÁ`mV H$m`©aV AmhoV. emgZ amÁ`mVsbJ«§Wmb`m§gmR>s EHy$U gw_mao 80 H$moQ>s én`m§MrVaVyX H$arV Amho. Xadfu hOma-~mameoÀ`m daZdsZ J«§Wmb`m§Zm _mÝ`Vm d 500 Vo 600J«§Wmb`m§Zm XOm}ÞVs [Xbs OmVo. `m gd©J«§Wmb`m§À`m g§JUH$sH$aU d AmYw[ZH$sH$aUmMmàH$ën H$m`m©{ÝdV H$aÊ`mMs H$m`©dmhs gwê$ Amho.

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123OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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Catalogue CnbãY ìhmdm. gd© J«§Wmbò [_iyZ

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AmnU ho boIH$ dmMboV H$m ?

1. Homer

2. Dante

3. Cervantes

4. Shakespeare

5. Goethe

1. Hamlet

2. King Lear

3. Othello

4. Antony and

Cleopatra

5. Macbeth

6. Merchant of

Venice

7. Henry IV

8. As You Like

It

9. Winter’s Tale

10. Romeo &

Juliet

11. Midsummer

Night’s Dream

12. Twelfth Night

13. Tempest

eoŠg[nAaMs gdm}Îm_ ZmQ>Ho$

124 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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‘m. à[V^mVmB© nmQ>rbamîQ´>nVs

lr. Ho$. e§H$aZmamÙZ - ‘m. amÁ`nmb

Through the Corridors of Power

(Malayalam version) - Dr. P C Alexander

Pearls of Wisdom - Swami Vivekananda

Universal Message of Bhagvad Gita - Swami Ranganathananda

Raagam Neelambari - Kamla Das (Malayalam)

Haimavatha Bhoovil, Malayalam travelogue - M P Veerendra Kumar

Tatvamasi - Sukumar Azhikode

The Story of My Experiements with Truth - Mahatma Gandhi

{dbmgamd Xoe‘wI H|$Ðr` J«m‘{dH$mg ‘§Ìr

PmS>mPS>Vs - [dûdmg nmQ>sbVmË`m Q>mono - N>mdm - [edmOs gmd§Vls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§XaoZmPs ^ñ_mgwamMm CX`mñV - [d.J. H$m[ZQ>H$a^maVs` B[VhmgmVsb ghm gmoZoar nmZo- [d.Xm. gmdaH$aAm[U S´>°JZ OmJm Pmbm - AéU gmYy_mP§ b§S>Z - _sZm à^yDiary of Anne Frank -Anne Frank

Thoughts on Pakistan -Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

{edmOramd Xoe‘wIg^mnVs, [dYmZ n[afX

gømÐrMo dmao èd§Vamd MìhmU``m{V {d.g. Im§S>oH$anm{ZnV {dídmg nmQ>rbN>mdm {edmOr gmd§Vls_mZ `moJs aU[OV XogmB© X ‘§H$ hÿ gmoëS> {hO ’o$amar am°~rZ e‘m©X Jm°S> Am°’$ ñ‘m°b qW½O Aé§YVr am°`H$èhoMo nmUr à.Ho$. AÌoH¥$îUmH$mR> èd§Vamd MìhmU~±H$a Qy> X nwAa ‘mohå‘X `wZyg

{Xbrn digo-nmQ>rbAÜ`j, [dYmZg^m

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dg§V S>mdIao- Cng^mnVs, [dYmZ n[afX

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àm. dg§V nwaHo$ -CnmÜ`j, {dYmZg^m

^maVmMm emoY - n§. Zohê$

``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a

ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©

ñdm_s - aU[OV XogmB©

_¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V

ì`º$s Am[U d„s - nw.b. Xoenm§So>

gbm_ - _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a

[demIm - Hw$gw‘mJ«O

a§J _mPm doJim - gwaoe ^Q>

nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb

125OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

_wËæm§wO` -[edmOs gmd§VamOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§XaoN>mdm - [edmOs gmd§V``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$aamOo g§^mOs - [dûdmg nmQ>sb ì`º$s Am[U d„s - nw.b. Xoenm§So>AmnU gmao ^mD$ ^mD$ - gmZo JwéOsí`m_Ms AmB© - gmZo JwéOs _oar H$[dVm`| - AQ>b[~hmar dmOno`sAp½Zn§I - S>m°. AãXwb H$bm_

EH$ZmW IS>go[damoYs njZoVm, {dYmZg^m

í`m_Ms AmB© - gmZo JwéOs_¥Ë`§wO` - [edmOs gmd§V``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$anm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb

S>m°. nV§Jamd H$X_dZo, _XV d nwZd©gZ Am[U ^yH§$n nwZd©gZ _§Ìs

N>mdm - [edmOs gmd§Vls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©gømÐsMo dmao - èd§Vamd MìhmU

O`§V nmQ>sb - J«m‘{dH$mg _§Ìs

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The Spirit of India Vol.-I, Vol-II

Indira gandhi Abhinandan Granth

vols. presented to Smt. Indira Gandhi

We the People of India

- Nani palkhivala

Who Moved my Cheese

- Spencer Johnson

lr. {edmOramd _moKogm_m{OH$ Ý`m` _§Ìr

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EH$ hmoVm H$mìh©a - drUm JdmUH$als_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©nm{ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb_¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§VbT>V - [edmOs gmd§V

amYmH¥$îU [dIo nmQ>sb{dYr d Ý`m` ‘§Ìr

_¥Ë`§wO` - [edmOs gmd§Vâ`wMa Am°\$ B§[S>`m - [~_b OmbmZ_oar 51 H$[dVmò§ - AQ>b[~hmar dmOno`sdmimMm _im - am_ eodmiH$a_hmZm`H$ - [dûdmg nmQ>sbñdXoes - [~¨Xy _mYd

nm§Sw>a§J \w§$S>H$a[damoYs njZoVo, [dYmZ n[afX

gømÐsMo dmao - èd§Vamd MìhmUOmJa - àm. [edmOsamd ^mogboH$èhoMo nmUs - à.Ho$. AÌo[hQ>ba - [d.g. dm[i¨~o_hmZm`H$ - [dûdmg nmQ>sb

ZmamÙ amUoCÚmoJ ‘§Ìr _hmË_m \w$bo g_J« dmL²>_` -

Annihilation of Caste - Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

ñdamÁ`_mbm d _amR>çm§Mm AmË_`k - ZmW_mYd``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$aJ~Z - _wÝes ào_M§XMother - Maxim Gorky

N>JZ ^wO~i - gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m‘ ‘§Ìr Ama.Ama. nmQ>rb - J¥h‘§Ìr

~mimgmho~ WmoamV_hgyb _§Ìs

ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©_hmZm`H$ - [dûdmg nmQ>sbemhy Jm¡ad J«§W - EZ.S>s. nmQ>sb (g§nmXH$)_m` bmB©\$ - [~b {Šb¨Q>ZamoOog BZ [S>g§o~a - E_.gs. N>mJbm``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a Shantaram - Gregory David Roberts

àm. bú_U T>mo~ionmUrnwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm ‘§Ìr

Not for Food Alone - Maluschitra Konusu

Lacocca An Autobiography - Lee Lacocca with

Willam Novak

Corporate Chanakya - Radhakrishnan Pillai

A Better India, A Better World -N R Narayana Murthy

H¥$îUmH$mR> - èd§Vamd MìhmU

amOoe Q>mono Cƒ d V§Ì[ejU _§Ìs

kmZoûdar - g§V kmZoûda``m[V -[d.g. Im§So>H$anm§[Jam - [dûdmg nmQ>sb amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§XaoXmg~moY - g§V am_XmgVwH$mam_JmWm - g§V VwH$mam__s Eg.E_. - Eg.E_. Omoesñdm_s - aU[OV XogmB©

~~Zamd nmMnwVo-A[Xdmgs [dH$mg _§Ìs

í`m‘Mr AmB© -gmZo JwéOr‘¥Ë`w§O` -{edmOr gmd§VH¥$îUmH$mR> -èd§Vamd MìhmU~bwV§ -X`m ndmaJ«m‘JrVm -VwH$S>moOr ‘hmamOApñ‘Vm Am{U qhgmMma -A‘Ë`© goZ

126 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

í`m_Ms AmB© - gmZo JwéOsVw§~mS>Mo ImoV - ls.Zm. n|S>gonm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sbls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©_¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V

g§O` XodVio_§Ìs, gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©

Pride and Prejudice - Jane Austen

David Copperfield - Charles Dickens

Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte

War and Peace - Leo Tolstoy

The Guide - R. K. Narayan

The Kite Runner - Khaled Hosseini

Wings Of Fire - A.P. J. Abdul Kalam

Gulliver's Travels - Jonathan Swift

àm. \$m¡[O`m ImZgm_mÝ` àemgZ, _m[hVr d OZg§nH©$ amÁ`_§Ìs

_s Am[U _mPm ~mn - S>m°. Za|Ð OmYd``m{V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a`wJ§Ya - [edmOs gmd§Vls_mZ `moJs - aU{OV XogmB© ewÐ nydu H$moU hmoVo? - S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a~bwV§ - X`m ndmaCnam - bú_U _mZoH$moëhmQ>çmM§ nmoa - S>m°. [H$emoa em§Vm~mB© H$mionm§Jsam - [dûdmg nmQ>sbOoìhm _s OmV Mmoabs hmoVs - ~m~wamd ~mJwb

amO§oÐ Jm[dVAm[Xdmgs [dH$mg amÁ`_§Ìs

_mPo [dÚmnsR> - ZmamÙ gwd}nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb[S>ñH$ìhar Am°\$ B§[S>`m - n§.Odmhabmb Zohê$[demIm - [d.dm. [eadmS>H$akmZoûdar - g§V kmZoídaVwH$mam_ JmWm - g§V VwH$mam‘

amO|Ð _wiH$ - {dÎm d {Z`moOZ amÁ`_§Ìs

N>mdm - [edmOs gmd§Vls_mZ `moJs - [edmOs gmd§V_mPm gmjmVH$mar öXàmoJ - S>m°. A^` ~§Jnm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb_mPo gË`mMo à`moJ - _hmË_m Jm§Ys

Jwbm~amd XodH$a - H¥$fr amÁ`_§Ìs

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g[MZ A[haJ¥h[Z_m©U amÁ`_§Ìs

The Great Divide India and Pakistan - Ira

Pande

Shah Jahan - The Rise and fall of the Mughal

Emperor - Fergus Nicoll

Glimpses of World History - Jawaharlal Nehru

India - Patrick French

A Journey - Tony Blair

For the Love of a Son : One Afghan Woman"s

quest for Her stolen Child - Jean Sasson

Freedom at Midnight - Dominique La Pierre

The Finkler Question - Howard Jacobson

gwaoe eoÅ>s - d¡ÚH$s` [ejU _§Ìs

The Buddha and His Dhamma - Dr. B. R.

Ambedkar

The Annihilation of Caste - Dr. B. R.

Ambedkar

Who Were the Shudras - Dr. B. R.

Ambedkar

The Arctic Home In The Vedas -

Lokamanya Tilak

Discovery of India - Pandit Jawaharlal

Nehru

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[ZVsZ amD$V amoh`mo d Obg§YmaU _§Ìs

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hgZ _wls\$H$m_Jma d [deof gmhmæ` _§Ìs

amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§XaoS>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo M[aÌ - YZ§O` H$sa``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$agømÐsMo dmao - èd§Vamd MìhmU\w$bo `m§Mo g_J« dmL>²_` - `.[X. \$S>Ho$amOfu ls emhy N>ÌnVs `m§Mo A§Va§J - `.X. Vmo\$ImZoH¥$îUmH$mR> - èd§Vamd MìhmUeoVH$è`m§Mm AgyS> - Omo[V~m \w$bo

_YwH$aamd MìhmUnewg§dY©Z, Xw½Y[dH$mg d _Ëñ`ì`dgm` _§Ìs

amO|Ð XS>m© embo`{ejU _§Ìs

gømÐsMo dmao - èd§Vamd MìhmUPmS>mPS>Vs - [dûdmg nmQ>sbñdm_s - aU[OV XogmB©ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$aImagining India - Nandan Nilekani

àH$me gmoi§Ho$ ‘hgwb d ghH$ma amÁ`_§Ìs

í`m_Ms AmB© - gmZo JwéOsVw§~mS>Mo ImoV - ls.Zm. n|S>gonm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sbls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB©_¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V

^mñH$a OmYdZJa{dH$mg amÁ`_§Ìs

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Five Point Someone - Chetan Bhagat

127OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Discovery of India - Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

My Experiments with Truth - Mahatma Gandhi

Essays On The Gita - Aurobindo Ghosh

The Six Systems Of Indian Philosophy - Prof. Max Muller

The Buddha and His Dhamma - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

aËZmH$a Jm`H$dmS>_m. _w»` g[Md

History of Man - L. ron Hubbard

C_oeM§Ð ga§JsAna _w»` g[Md, J¥h

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Jeeves - P.G. Wodehouse

Fountainhead - Ayn Rand

The Monk Who

Sold His Ferrari - Robin Sharma

Nicholas Nickleby - Charles Dickens

The Adventure of

Sherlock Holmes - Arthur Conan Doyle

dëgm Zmà (n`m©daU g[Md)

Pride and Prejudice -Jane Austin

An Autobiography of a Yogi - Paramahansa Yogananda

Jane Eyre - Charles Bronte

Conversations with God - Neale Donald Walsch

The Power of Now - Eckhart Tolle

Illusions - Richard Bach

A Town like Alice - Nevil Shute

Death on the Nile - Agatha Christhie

d§XZm H¥$îUm àYmZ g[Md, _[hbm d ~mb [dH$mg

qnJimdoi - Os.E. Hw$bH$UuH$mogbm - ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>To kill a mockingbird - Harper Lee

The Castle - Franz Kafka

Hundred years of solitude - Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Power of Now - Eckhart Tolle

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H$mOi_m`m - Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu~mamo_mg - gXmZ§X Xoe_wI_¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§VJmob[nR>m - Zm_Xod T>gmi[ZînU© d¥jmda â Xwnmar - h._mo. _amRo>Lord of The Flies - William Golding

Clash of Civilizations

Remaking of World Order - Samuel Huttington

The World-Hot, Flat and

Crowded - Thomas Friedman

Manufacturing Consent - Noam chomsky and Herman

Discovery of India - Pandit Jawarlal Nehru

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An Interpretation - Irawati Karve

Doctor Zhivago - Boris Pasternak

Man’s Search for

Meaning - Victor Frakel

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Empire - Naill Ferguson

Ascent of Money - Naill Ferguson

Two States - Chetan Bhagat

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Alchemist - Paulo Coelho

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The Story of Civilization : Will DurantA Study of History : Arnold ToynbeeThe Social History of Art : Arnold Hauser Faust : Johann GoetheThe Sorrows of Young Werther : Johann Goethe

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128 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

The Fountainhead - Ayn Rand

A Farewell to Arms - Ernest Hemingway

Fidel And Che - Simon Reid-Henry

The World is Flat -Thomas L. Friedmanhigh

Stakes and Desperate

men six condensed Books - Readers Digest

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`moJs H$Wm_¥V - na_h§g `moJmZ§XThe Swam With Sharks

For An Ice Cream - Dhaval Bhatia

The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari - Robin Sharma

Oh, Mind! Relax Please - Swami Sukhbodhanand

Man’s Eternal Quest - Paramahansa Yogananda

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Of Human Bondage -Somerset Maugham

The Good Earth - Pearl Buck

Doctor Zhivago - Boris Pasternak

Malgudi Days - R.K. Narayan

Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte

Geetanjali - Ravindranath Tagore

David Copperfield - Charles Dicken

Animal Farm - George Orwell

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- Gabriel Garcia Marquez

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Form Third World to

The Final, Success

Story of Saigon - Lynn Mcconne

The World is Flat - Thomas

Fridmaon

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Discovery of India - pamdit Nehru

The Prince - Niccolo

Machiavelli

Love Story - Erich Segal

Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas

premchand ki sarvashreshta kahaniya

Oo. H$o$. ~m§{R>`mAna ‘w»` g[Md, gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½`

129OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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AéU Imoao - X¡. à^mV-nwUo

130 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

gwaoe ÛmXerdma - X¡. bmoH$‘V, ZmJnya

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AZwf ‘mboH$a - ‘raa, nwUoA Short History of the World - H.G. Wells

A Bend in the River - V.S. Naipaul

In Cold Blood - Truman Capote

True History of the Kelly Gang - Peter Carey

Savaging the Civlised - Ramchandra Guha

An End to Suffering - Pankaj Mishra

Vanprastha - Ganesh Devy

Vyaktighadatar (Gujarati) - Father Valles

Cry, the Beloved Country - Alan Paton

The Granta Book

of Reportage - Edited by lan jack

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nwñVH§$ _mUgmbm g_¥Õ H$aVmV. Am`wî` g_OÊ`mg J«§Wm§Ms _XV hmoVo.J«§W OJÊ`mM§ ~i XoVmV, OJÊ`mMm AW© g_OmdyZ gm§JVmV Ag§ _s _mZVo.nwñVH$m§Ms _¡Ìs A~m[YV AgVo. AZ² Vs [MaH$mb [Q>H$Vo. Á`m§Zm AmnU"Šbm[gŠg' (Classics) åhUVmo Aem loîR> J«§Wm§Ms gmW _bm Am`wî`âbm^bsò; na§Vw, ~m~wamd AZm©iH$am§À`m ahñ`H$Wmhs _bm Iyn AmdS>ë`m.H$mim nhmS>, YZ§O` Am[U N>moQy> `m AZm©iH$am§À`m ì`{º$aoIm§Zs EHo$ H$mis_Zmbm Iyn ^wai KmVbs hmoVs ho _s AmZXm§Zo _mÝ` H$aVo. dmMZ åhUOoH$mhsVar J§^sa Am[U ^`§H$a éj JmoîQ> Amho Ag§ _s _mZV Zmhs. EImÚm

JboJÇ> J«§WamOmbm Oo gm§JVm òUma Zmhs Vo Am`wî`mM§ MaMarV gË` EImÚmbmoH$H$WoV [H¨$dm ~moYH$WoV gmnS>V§. åhUyZ "Mm§Xmo~m'hs _bm [à` hmoVm.^maV hm [d[dYVoZ§ ZQ>bobm Xoe Amho. Amnë`mH$So> OodT>s \w$b§ VodT>çm ^mfm- ~mobs^mfm AmhoV. _hmamîQ´>mM§ CXmhaU ¿`m`M§ Va H$moëhmnya - gmVmam -gm§JbsH$S>M§ _amR>s PUPUsV Am[U R>gHo$~mO. H$mois - AmJar~m§Ydm§Ms ñdV:Ms doJis e¡bs. A[hamUs, dèhmS>s, _mbdUs, Jmoì`mM§

H$moH$Us `m ~mobs^mfm§M§ doJi§, R>gR>esV gm¢X`©. [¼ñVs Am[UH$moH$Us _wgb_mZ ~m§Ydm§À`m _amR>sMs doJis e¡bs. Am[Xdmgs~m§Ydm§Ms ñdV:Ms Ý`mar e¡bs. hm gJim gm§ñH¥$[VH$ EodO

AmnU Zì`m [nT>sg_moa Ro>dbm nm[hOo. åhUs, dmŠàMma, CImUo ho g§[MVAmnU Onb§ nm[hOo. Ë`mgmR>s ^mfoH$So> [Oìhmù`mZ§, AmñWoZ§ nmhm`bm hd§.

_mV¥^mfoda ào_ H$aU§ `mMm AW© BVa ^mfm§Mm Xwñdmg H$aU§ Agm Zmhs.Ë`mMà_mUo _mV¥^mfoda ào_ H$aU§ åhUOo g§Hw$[MV àm§Vs`dmXmMm nwañH$ma H$aU§Ag§hs Zmhs. kmZ - [dkmZ - V§ÌkmZmMo àdmh OJâ KoD$Z OmÊ`mM§ H$m_B§J«Os H$aVo`. Ë`m_wio B§J«Os ^mfm AmnU AmË_gmV Ho$bsM nm[hOo. na§Vw,_amR>sMs Cnojm AmnU H$ê$ Zò. Ë`mMà_mUo ^maVmVë`m BVa ^mfm§Mmhs -[H$_mZ EH$m ^mfoMm Var AmnU Aä`mg Ho$bm nm[hOo. H$maU, ^mfm hs"__©~§YmVbs Ro>d' Amho. dmMZmÀ`m AmZ§XmV H$Yshs I§S> nSy> Zò hs"bmoH$amÁ`'À`m Ag§»` dmMH$m§Zm _mPs ewôÀN>m.

(eãXm§H$Z : A§~are [_l)

__©~§YmVbs Ro>d...

bVm _§JoeH$a

131OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

AmXaUs` g§nmXH$,EH$Va dmMZmMo g§ñH$ma [H¨$dm dmL>²_`sZ d[hdmQ>sÀ`m dmQo>Zo nwTo>

Ambobm _s gwwX¡ds _mUyg Zmhs. Hw$R>ë`mhs gm§Ho$[VH$, AmIsd-aoIsd doioV _bm _mPm N>moQ>mgm

Osd@@ ~m§YyZ Ro>dVmM Ambobm Zmhs. Infact; I was always in search

of an instantaneous immortality in the area of my so called

creativity!

_J, AmÎmmM, `mM jUs hs Zmdo; hs nwñVHo$ _mÂ`mnwTo> AmbobsAmhoV. (Ë`m§Zm àM§S> ^yVH$mi Am[U [Xì` ^[dî`H$mi, H¥$nm H$ê$Z OmoSy>ZH$m. dmñV[dH$, ~mhoaMo Hw$R>bohs àjonU [H¨$dm àXyfU _mÂ`mV Oo [eaVoVo Zo[UdoÀ`m _mJm©ZoM. VmËn`©, AmV-~mhoaMo XmoZ _mJ© _mÂ`mH$So> ZmhsV.Ë`m_wio nwñVH$m§Mm H«$_ hm _mÂ`m Zo[UdoMmM H«$_ R>aVmo.)

� J«og

1. ÑîQ>m§VnmR>2. XodXmg3. Withuring Heights

4. H$~sa5. Jm[b~6. AmH$m§V H$[dVoVsb VwH$mam_7. lskmZoûda 8. Ana karenina

9. Rilke and the man I met :_mZd|ÐZmW am°`10 Above all; Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu `m§Mo JÚ Am{U J«ogMo nÚ !

1. lskmZoûdar 2. lsVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Ms JmWm 3. Cf:H$mb - h.Zm. AmnQo> 4. amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§Xao5. ñdm_s, ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB© 6. ndZmH$mR>Mm Ym|S>s - Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a 7. _mPs OÝ_Ro>n - ñdmV§Í`dsa

gmdaH$a

8. ~Q>mQ>çmMs Mmi - nw.b. Xoenm§So> 9. [dàXmg, lsH$m§V - eaX²M§Ð MÅ>monmÜ`m` 10. [Z_©bm - ào_M§X11. gmHo$V - _¡[WbseaU Jwá 12. Am§gy - Oè§H$a àgmX 13. H$mim nhmS> - ~m~wamd AZm©iH$a 14. EH$m§V g§JsV - h[ad§eam` ~ƒZ

15. ZjÌm§Mo XoUo - AmaVs à^y16. EëJma - gwaoe ^Q> 17. eoa - Amo - gwIZ - CXy© aMZm§Mm g§J«h 18. [demIm - Hw$gw_mJ«O 19. ``mVs - [d.g. Im§So>H$a 20. H$[dd`© ^m.am.Vm§~o, ~mbH$ds R>m|~ao, H$dr ~s `m§À`m Ag§»` H$[dVm.

_mÂ`m AmdS>sMs nwñVHo$

_mÂ`m Zo{UdoMm H«$_

132 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

`mMm EH$ _moR>m Q>ßnm nma Ho$ë`mZ§Va _s_mÂ`m AZoH$ ~è`m-dmB©Q> gd`tH$S§>VQ>ñWnUo nmhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo`. ~a§

dmQ>V§... H$Ys-H$Ys ñdV:bm CgdÊ`mMmŠboeXm`H$ Ioihs AmZ§X_` dmQ>m`bm bmJVmo.Agmo.

...h§, Va _s _mÂ`m dmMZmÀ`m gd`sH$S§>hsAg§M nmhm`bm bmJVmo. hs gd` _bm H$mbmJbs, H$es bmJbs, H$es [Q>Hy$Z am[hbs, `mgd`sZ§ _bm g_¥Õ Ho$b§ ho Og§ Ia§, Vg§ _bmAm[W©H$ÑîQ>çm H§$Jmb Am[U H$O©~mOmar ~Zdb§hohs Ia§... _s Am`wî`â AZoH$ doim hßË`mda,CYmarda nwñVH§$ KoV Ambmo. EH$m nwñVH$mMm hámg§non`ªV Xwgè`m nwñVH$mMm hám V`ma Agm`Mm.AZoH$ dfª hm Ioi a§Jbm hmoVm... AbsH$S§> _mÌVmo Wm§~bm`... _mPs ñdV:Ms Am[W©H$ {ñWVsgwYmabs` Am[U _bm H$mhsVar H$maU§ H$mTy>Z J«§WôQ> XoUmè`m _mÂ`m [_Ìm§Ms g§»`mhs dmT>bs`...gbm_ `m [_Ìm§Zm Am[U `m AW©ì`dñWobmhs!

...h§, Va _s `m gd`t[df`s ~mobV hmoVmo. _sAem ì`dñWoV OÝ_mbm Ambmo, H$s Vs [df_VoZ§~a~Q>bs hmoVs. Xw:I, Xm[aÐç, ^yH$, AS>mUsnUm`m gmè`m JmoîQ>s AmngyH$M _bm [MH$Q>ë`mhmoË`m-ì`dñWoMm AôÚ ^mJ ~ZyZ...

Xm[aÐç H$g§ g§ndm`M§, ^yH$ H$es ^mJdm`Mshm gdmªV _moR>m àíZ _mÂ`mg_moa hmoVm... Xw:I[ZdmaUmMo _mJ© _s emoYy bmJbmo... Hw$UsVargm§[JVb§, H$s hm _mJ© OmXy-Q>moÊ`mVyZ, Xod-XodH$sVyZ, [Xìèº$sVyZ OmVmo... _s Iyn Ym[_©H$hmoVmo. KamVë`m gmè`m XodXodVm§Zm _sM Am§KmoiKmbm`Mmo... Ë`m§Zm âdm`Mmohs. Kw_Umè`m ~m`m-~mnS>çm§À`m Odinmg ~gm`Mmo. H$YsVar _mÂ`mXw:ImMs, ^wHo$Ms \$moS> hmoB©b Am[U "Iwb Om[g_[g_'gmaIm gwImMm _mJ© [Xgob, Ag§dmQ>m`M§... J§S>m-Xmoamhs ~m§Ym`Mmo... añË`mdê$ZOmUmè`m ~H$è`m-_|T>çm§Ms Ho$g§ CnQy>ZH$aXmoS>çmbm ~m§Ym`Mmo... `„_m-I§S>mo~mMm^§S>mam H$nmiâ Agm`Mm... H$Ys-H$Ys bmbJù`mMo gaSo> _mê$Z PmS>mImbs nwam`Mmo... S>mì`mnm`mZ§ IÈ>çmV T>H$bm`Mmo... Ë`mda bKdsH$am`Mmo... A_mdñ`m nmhyZ IÈ>m CH$am`bmOm`Mmo... IÈ>çmV n¡go V`ma hmoVmV... gmoZ§-ZmU§ V`ma hmoV§, Ag§ gm§[JVb§ Om`M§... nU,_mÂ`m hmVmbm gmnS>m`Ms Vs gaS>çmMs hmS§>,H$mQo>... _bm _mP§ Xm[aÐç Ë`mV [Xgm`M§...^sVs dmQ>m`Ms... Hw$UsVar gm§[JVb§, "OmXy H$ê$Z

Xw:I g§ndVm òV§... _s n[hë`m§Xm nwñVH$ KoVb§ Vo"OmXyMm amjg'... H$moëhmnyaOdi XÎmmÀ`mdmS>sVyZ Vo AmUb§ hmoV§... nwZ:nwÝhm dmMb§; OmXyH$mhs Ambs Zmhs... _J, Hw$UsVar gm§[JVb§, eZs_mJ§ bmJbm, H$s Xm[aÐç òV§ "_m`bm Amnë`mM_mJ§ hm H$m bmJbm?, Agm [dMma H$aV Ë`mbmhwgH$mdyZ bmdÊ`mgmR>s "e{Z_mhmËå`' AmUb§.XmoZ Vm§ã`m§Zs Am§Kmoi H$ê$Z "e{Z_mhmËå`'nmQ>mda Ro>db§ Am[U H$mT>b§ dmMyZ... Xm[aÐçH$mhs g§n§Zm... Hw$Qw>§~mVsb ^mH$arMm àíZ H$mhs[_Q§>Zm... Ë`m H$mimV _bm nmoQ>â Ood, Ag§ Hw$Usgm§[JVb§ AgV§, Va _s hmVmdaÀ`m S>PZâ^mH$è`m Am[U [H$bmoâ _Q>U EH$Q>çmZ§M g§ndb§AgV§... ^wHo$Mm ~°H$bm°J gmMV-gmMV Iyn _moR>mdmT>bm hmoVm...

`m gmè`m n[a{ñWVshs AmnU ì`º$ Pmb§nm[hOo Ag§ _bm dmQ>m`M§... nU, ì`º$ H$gmhmoUma? JmdmV Am[U n[agamV ZmQ>H§$ ~Km`Mmo.V_meo ~Km`Mmo. Xod-XodVm§Mo [gZo_o ~Km`Mmo._bmhs H$mhsVar [bhmd§-~mobmd§ Ag§ dmQ>m`bmbmJb§... emioÀ`m dhsV Ag§ H$m`-~m`[bhm`Mmo. hm`ñHy$bbm Joë`mda "ZmamÙamdnoeì`m§Mm dY' Aes EH$m§[H$H$m [bhyZ H$mT>bs.H«$[_H$ nwñVH$m§Vsb YS>çm§dê$Z Vs [b[hbs hmoVs.`m gmè`m ^mZJS>tVyZ EH$ JmoîQ> bjmV òV hmoVsAm[U Vs åhUOo ì`º$ hmoÊ`mgmR>s eãX bmJVmVAm[U Vo _mÂ`mH$S§> ZìhVo... H$moRy>Z AmUm`Mo VoH$iV ZìhV§?... AemVM hm`ñHy$bM§ [ejUg§nb§. OmXyÀ`m Am[U ahñ`_` nwñVH$m§VM _sAS>H$bmo hmoVmo... Ë`mVyZ ì`º$ hmoVm òV ZìhV§Am[U H$moUVs eº$shs bm^V ZìhVs. gm§JbsV_mP§ H$m°boO gwê$ Pmb§ Am[U ì`º$ hmoÊ`mMsVsd«Vmhs dmT>V Jobs. _bm Iyn [bhm`M§ hmoV§...~mobm`M§ hmoV§... nU, Vo H$aÊ`mgmR>s eãX [_iVZìhVo...

H$Zm©Q>H$-_hmamîQ´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ Ag§ H$aV ^mfoMsdmQ> bmJbs hmoVs... em§[V[ZHo$VZ_hm[dÚmb`mVsb ^ì` J«§Wmb` ZOaog_moa Amb§Am[U dmMZmMs EH$ _hmbT>mB© gwê$ Pmbs. hmVmVnS>ob Vo dmMm`M§ R>adb§. H$Wm, H$[dVm, ZmQ>H§$,H$mX§~è`m, g_sjm, d¡Mm[aH$ boIZ,~mbgm[hË`... amoO EH$ nwñVH$ dmMÊ`mMm g§H$ën

Ho$bm. narjm H$mimVhs Vmo nma nmS>bm..._mÂ`m_Üò EH$ AZm[_H$ eº$s [Z_m©U hmoVo`...D$O}Mo hOma Pao \w$Q>VmhoV... _mPs C§Ms dmT>VoAmho... OmS>s dmT>Vo Amho Ag§ H$mhsVar dmQ>m`bmbmJb§... [deof åhUOo Adm§Va dmMZm_wio _yiAä`mghs gmonm dmQy> bmJbm... JwU Mm§Jbo [_iybmJbo... dmMZmMs JmoS>s dmT>V Jobs... ~mhoaJmdsàdmgmV OmVmZm nwñVH$ Odi Ro>dy bmJbmo..._og_Üò, ~gÀ`m Wm§ã`mda, Eg.Q>s. àdmgmVMmodsg Vmg nwñVH$ KoD$Z [\$ê$ bmJbmo.nwñVH$mVb§ gd©M dmMV hmoVmo Ag§ Zmhs; nU,hmVmV nwñVH$ Agë`mZ§ BÁOVhs dmT>Vo` AgmH$mhsVar ^«_hs V`ma ìhm`Mm... Vmo gwIdm`Mm,EìhmZm _s ^mfU§ H$ê$ bmJbmo, H$Wm-H$[dVm[bhy bmJbmo, bmdÊ`mhs [bhy bmJbmo. ho gma§dmMZm_wio KS>V§ Amho `mMs ImÌs hmoV hmoVs.dmMZ dmT>V hmoV§. H$moëhmnwamV Ambmo. doJdoJù`mMidites g§~§Y Ambm. AZoH$ àíZm§Ms CÎma§[_iV hmoVs. dmMZ ~XbV Mmbb§ hmoV§. _hmË_m\w$b|M§ "AI§S>' dmMb§ hmoV§...

[dÚo[dZm _Vs Jobs_Vs[dZm JVs JobsJVs[dZm [dÎm Jobo[dÎm[dZm ewÐ IMboBVHo$ gmao AZW©EH$m A[dÚoZo Ho$bo.EH$ JmoîQ> ñnîQ> Pmbs Am[U Vs åhUOo OmXy-

Q>moÊ`mMm dmna H$ê$Z Xw:I_wº$ hmoVm òV Zmhs, Va[dÚm [eHy$ZM _wº$ hmoVm òV§. ~m~mgmho~ Va[ejUmbm dm[KUsM§ XyY åhUmbo hmoVo. \w$bo gmaodmMyZ H$mT>bo. [_iob VodTo> Am§~oS>H$a dmMyZH$mT>bo. H«$m§Vs bdH$a ìhm`bm hds Ag§ dmQ>VhmoV§. S>mì`m§À`m gm[ÝZÜ`mV Joë`mZ§Va gJim_mŠg© dmMyZ H$mT>bm. g.am. JmS>Jsim§M§"bmoH$m`V' dmMb§. amOdmSo> dmMbm. \$S>Ho$,Im§So>H$a, Hw$gw_mJ«O, ~mJwb, IamV, gwd}, AÊUm^mD$ Ag§ ~a§M dmMV hmoVmo. MidisÀ`mgm[ÝZÜ`mV Joë`m_wio Ë`m [df`m§Ms nwñVH§$ O_dyZdmMy bmJbmo. emhy _hmamO dmMbo. no[a`madmMbo. "~is' dmMbs. ^Q>Š`m§Ms Am[UX[bVm§Ms AmË_M[aÌ§ dmMbs. XodXmgs àíZm§MsCH$b H$aÊ`mgmR>s XodsH$mof dmMbo-naewam_-aoUwH$m nwamU dmMb§. bmoH$gm[hË`mVhs a_V hmoVmo._yi gm[hË`mbm VoWyZM IVnmUs [_iV§ `m[df`s_bm ImÌs hmoVs. Ë`m H$mimV añË`mda Hw$Us~m`~b, JsVm \w$H$Q> dmQ>m`M§. Vs nwñVH§$hs _s

J«§Wm§ZsM KS>db§ _bm d

CÎm_ H$m§~io

133OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

dmMbs. am_mÙ, _hm^maV dmMb§ Am[UË`mdaMs Q>rH$mhs dmMbs. "am_mÙmda ZdmàH$me' (^mñH$aamd OmYd) "[aS>ëg Am°\$ am_mAm[U H¥$îUm' (S>m°. ~m~mgmho~) dmMbo. H$moUVmhs[df` ZsQ> g_OyZ ¿`m`Mm Agob Va Ë`mÀ`mXmoÝhshr ~mOy dmMë`m nm[hOoV, Agm [Z`_ _sñdV:M ñdV:gmR>s H$ê$Z KoVbm hmoVm. _Zwñ_¥VsdmMbs Am[U Vs _hmS>_Üò H$m Omibs Jobs`m_mJMs H$maU_s_m§gmhs dmMbs. _. Jm§Ys VadmMboM; nU, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am[U Jm§Ys`m§À`mVsb H$bhmMs H$maU§hs dmMbs. J§.~m.gaXma `m§M§ à~moYZ H$aUma§ gm[hË` dmMb§. am.J.OmYd, S>m°. ^mbM§Ð \$S>Ho$ ho Voìhm X[bVgm[hË`mMo _moRo> dH$sb hmoVo. Ë`m§Ms ^y[_H$mg_OmdyZ KoUma§ boIZhs dmMb§. ânya dmMZhmoV hmoV§. `mM H$mimV _bm ñdV:bm ~è`mn¡H$s[b[hVm òD$ bmJb§. ~mobVm òD$ bmJb§.ì`dñWoZ§ _bm _wH§$ ~Zdb§ hmoV§. nwñVH$mZ§ _bm[b[hV§, ~mobV§ Am[U bT>V§ Ho$b§. _s nwñVH$m§Zm[_Ì ~Zdb§. Jm°S>\$mXa ~Zdb§. _mJ©Xe©H$ ~Zdb§.

hiyhiy _s dmMZmMs [ZdS> H$am`bmbmJbmo. g_mOmV [Z_m©U hmoUmè`m Ádb§V àíZm§dadmMy bmJbmo. B[Vhmg, VÎdkmZ, g_mOemó,AZwdm[XV gm[hË` _mPo AmdS>Vo ~Zy bmJbo,Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s VH©$VsW©, eaX nmQ>sb, amdgmho~H$g~o, ^mñH$a ^moio AmXs AZoH$ [dMmad§V,[M¨VH$ _bm AmdSy> bmJbo, H$moëhmnyaÀ`m JmoadboH$m°boO_Ysb J«§Wmb`mV J«§W dmMV AgVmZm "hsn¥Ïds eofmÀ`m _ñVH$mda C^s ZgyZ l[_H$m§À`m

VihmVmda C^s Amho', ho AÊUm ^mD§$M§H«$m§[VH$mar dmŠ` dmMb§ Am[U hmXê$Z Jobmo. `mdmŠ`m_wio _bm _mÂ`m VihmVmMm Am[U Ë`mVyZ\w$Q>Umè`m Km_mÀ`m Pè`mMm Jd© dmQ>bm. _sgJim AÊUm ^mD$ dmMbm. "S>moio _moS>sV amYmMmbo' `m AmJù`mdoJù`m [df`mgh dmMbm.EìhmZm _s ~|Ðo [edam_ H$ma§W, ~m~m ZmJmOw©Z_hmídoVmXods, Zaoe _ohVm, _w»`monmÜ`m` AmXsAZoH$ A_amR>s boIH$m§Mm MmhVm Pmbmo hmoVmo.

S>mo§JamEdT>m, Mmo_m _hma hs H$ma§Wm§Ms nwñVH§$_ZmV Ka H$ê$Z Jobs. `y.Ama. AZ§V_yVu `m§Ms"g§ñH$ma' hs H$mX§~ar S>moŠ`mda KoD$Z ZmMmd§ Ag§dmQ>b§. "_mŠg© Am[U Am§~oS>H$a', "_mZd Am[UY_© [M¨VZ' `m H$g~o `m§À`m nwñVH$m§Zs ÑîQ>s [Xbs."ãbmB§S>Zog' `m S>m°. ^moio `m§À`m AZwdm[XVnwñVH$mZ§ hmXadyZ Q>mH$b§ hmoV§. Zmo~ob qH$dmkmZnsR> [_imboë`m nwñVH$m§Mo AZwdmX O_dVhmoVmo. h§Ja, ãb°H$ bmB©H$ _s, X S>m°Q>a Am°\$ S>mH©$,S>màr Am°\$ A°Z \«°$ÝH$, X [a~b, _Xa AmXsAZoH$ nwñVH$m§Zs _mÂ`mda [dbjU n[aUm_ Ho$bmAmho. _mÂ`m boIZmÀ`m AZoH$ àoaUm `m OJà[gÕgm[hË`mVyZhs [_imë`m AmhoV. ~hwVoH$ gmarnwñVHo$ _s [dH$V KoVmo. Am[W©H$ÑîQ>çm H§$JmbhmoVmo; nU, hs nwñVH§$ _bm doJim Moham XoVmV._mPs OJÊ`mMs H$maU§ R>a[dÊ`mgmR>s _XVH$aVmV. [dMma H$am`bm bmdVmV, [dMmaVnmgm`bm bmdVmV, [dMma KoD$Z bT>m`bmbmdVmV. [dkmZH$moe, ^mfmH$moe, n{jH$moe,g_J« g§V dmL²>_`, _hm^maVmMo, am_mÙmMo gmao

I§S> [dH$V KoD$Z g§J«hs Ro>dbo AmhoV. nwñVH$m§À`mOJmV _bm Iyn gwa[jV Am[U g_¥Õ dmQ>V§`...

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_mS>m`è`m§Ms nwñVH§$

138 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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S>m°. èd§V _Zmoha

PmnwñVH$m§ZrM bT>m`bm {eH$dbo

139OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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nX²>‘Om ’$mQ>H$Xrnm JmodmarH$a{dÚm {dX²>dm§g

CÎmaamÌ - am°` {H$UrH$a

140 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Zsb _ohVm `m§Zs n{ãb[e¨J hmD$g `mZì`m àH$meZ g§ñWoMs _whyV©_oT> amodbsVs 1976 À`m [XdmisV. "_mimdaMs

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Am_Ms èñds nwñVHo$

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- AZw. bsZm gmohmoZs

gwZrb ‘ohVm

gwdmMH$m§Ms ng§Vs _hÎdmMs

141OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

H$mT>ë`mda Ad¿`m VsZ _[hÝ`m§V dmMH$m§Zs Ë`mnwñVH$m§Ms Zm|X KoVbs. AmOhs dmMH$ Ë`m§MsnwñVHo$ [dH$V KoD$Z dmMVmZm _s nmhmV Amho.

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gwYm _yVu - "dmB©O A±S> AXadmB©O'

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CnbãY. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a : AZw^d Am[U

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loîR> ^maVs` ~mbH$Wm : ^maVs` ~mbgm[hË`mMs g_¥Õ na§nam Amho. gd© ^maVs`

^mfm§§Vsb ~mbH$Wm§Mm 600 nmZs J«§W ~m~m ^m§S>`m§Zs g§nm[XV Ho$bm. ~mbgm[hË` dmMH$m§gmR>s hsCËH¥$îQ> _oOdmZsM Amho. _yi 300 én`m§À`mJ«§WmMs OZAmd¥Vs 250/- én`m§V CnbãY.

Am_Xma gm¡^m½`dVs - am.a§. ~moamSo> :_amR>sV J«m_sU OsdZmMo g_W©nUo boIZ H$aUmè`m_hÎdmÀ`m H$mX§~arH$mam§Ms hs H$m§X~ar. amOH$maU,Ë`mMm H$m¡Qw>§[~H$ gÎmmg§Kf© boIH$mZo g_W©nUo_m§S>bm`. gmVì`m Amd¥Vsbm dmMH$m§Mm à§MS>à[VgmX {‘iVmo`.

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_mbJwS>s So>O - Ama.Ho$. ZmamÙ : ^maVs`gm[hË`mVsb AJ«Us Ama.Ho$. ZmamÙ `m§Mo honwñVH$ _amR>s dmMH$m§Zs gd© àH$mao S>moŠ`mda KoVb§.AZwdmXH$ ls. _YwH$a Y_m©nwarH$am§Mm AZwdmX _yi_amR>s dmQ>mdm BVH$m gag CVabm Amho. Amd¥ÎmsgdmMH$m§Mm à[VgmX [_iVmo`.

ãbmBªS>Zmog - Á`wPo gmam^mJw : Zmo~obnm[aVmo[fH$ [dOoVs H$mX§~ar. dmMH$m§Zm hmXadyZQ>mH$Umè`m H$mX§~arMm AZwdmX Ho$bm Amho ^m.b.^moio `m§Zs. H$mX§~ar H$es Agmds Ë`mMm dñVwnmR>ho nwñVH$ XoD$Z OmVo.

`y H°$Z hsb `wda bmB©\$ - bwB©g Eb.Ho$. :ho nwñVH$ dmMyZ OJâmVsb bmImo bmoH$m§À`mAm`wî`mV Am_ybmJ« n[adV©Z Pmbo. AmVmn`ªVOJmV VrZ H$moQ>thyZ A[YH$ [dH«$s Pmbobo ho nwñVH$.S>m°. AéU _m§S>çm§Zs Ho$bobm AZwdmXhs _amR>sV~oñQ> goba R>abm Amho.

Joë`m 31 dfmªV Vodsg Amd¥Ë`m Am[U XsS> bjàVsn|jm OmñV [dH«$s Pmbobs ~m~m ^m§S> `m§À`m"Y_m©' `m [H$emoa H$mX§~arbm gmZo JwéOtÀ`m"í`m_Ms AmB©'Z§Va [dH«$_s dmMH$ à[VgmX[_imbobm Amho .

g§nH©$ : 0240-2332692

~m~m ^m§S>

gwg§dmXmMm gmHo$Vgm

142 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Â`m "à[V_m' àH$meZmMs gwédmV _s1983 gmbs Ho$bs. AmO `màH$meZmbm 28 df} Pmbs AmhoV.

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‘hoe EbHw§$Mdma,ZmQ>H$H$ma d b{bVboIH$ ‘hm^maVkmZoídarg‘J« VwH$mam‘dm°a A°ÝS> nrg - Leo Tolstoy

~«Xg© H$ma‘m°Pm°d - Dostoevsky

X AmoëS> ‘°Z A°ÝS> X gr - Ernest Hemingway

J«oßg Am°’$ amW - John Steinbeck

hmQ>© Am°’$ X ‘°Q>a - Graham Greene

àmB©S> A±S> àoÁ`wS>rg - Jan Austen

Qy> {H$b A ‘mqH$J~S>© - Harper lee

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143OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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144 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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ZmoH$aemB©Mo a§J : kmZoûda _wion¥îRo> : 256, [H¨$_V : 250 é.Jobs 25 df} ^maVs` [dXoe godoV H$m`©aV

Agbobo kmZoûda _wio gÜ`m _mb{Xd XoemV ^maVmMoCƒm`wº$ AmhoV. ls. _wio `m§Zm OnmZ, a[e`m d^maV `m VsZ Xoem§V H$m_ H$aVmZm Ambobo AZw^dAm[U VoWsb g_mOOsdZ `m g§X^m©Vsb boIZAgbobo ho nwñVH$ Amho.

_Ýd§Va : g_yhmH$Sy>Z ñdV:H$So> - gwaoeÛmXesdma

n¥îRo> : 136, [H¨$_V : 100 é.20 df} amÁèmómMo àmÜ`mnH$ am[hbobo Am[U

Jobs 20 df} nÌH$m[aVoV g§nmXH$nX ^yf[dboë`mgwaoe ÛmXesdmam§À`m gm_m[OH$-amOH$s` [M¨VZmMmJm^m `m nwñVH$mV Ambm Amho. 1960Z§Va g§nyU©OJmMm àdmg g_yJ«VoH$Sy>Z ì`{º$JVVoH$So> H$gm hmoVAmho, `mMo A[Ve` CX²~moYH$ [dûcofU `mnwñVH$mVsb 16 boIm§V Ambo Amho.

H¡$[\$`V - amOZ Jdg n¥îRo> : 152, [H¨$_V : 150 é.

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n¥îRo> : 136, [H¨$_V : 100 é.àmÜ`mnH$, H$m`©H$Vm©, nÌH$ma Aes [Vhoar

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Z noQ>bobo [Xdo - amOm [eaJwßnon¥îRo> : 108, [H¨$_V : 100 é.amOm [eaJwßno `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Am`wî`mV ôQ>boë`m

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_mPs H$mQo>_w§T>arMs emim - Jmo.Zm. _wZKmQo>n¥îRo> : 136, [H¨$_V : 100 é.JS>[Mamobs [OëømVsb Aml_emioV 30 df}

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n¥îRo> : 308 + 280, [H¨$_V : 300+300 é.A[Ve` doJdoJio [df` Amnë`m H$Wm-

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n¥îRo> : 264, [H¨$_V : 250 é.^maVs` ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m gwdU©_hmoËgdmÀ`m

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PnmQ>bonU Vo OmUVonU - g§nmXZ : Za|ÐXm^mobH$a d [dZmoX [eagmR>

n¥îRo> : 248, [H¨$_V : 250 é.ZmQ>H$-[MÌnQ>, gm[hË`, nÌH$m[aVm, àemgZ,

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145OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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Joë`m 42 dfmªnmgyZ gm[hË` àgma H|$Ð Aesd¡[eîQ>çnyU© d XO}Xma nwñVHo$ Aì`mhVnUoàH$m[eV H$arV Amho d `mnwTo>hs EH$mnojm EH$ gagnwñVHo$ àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mgmR>s dMZ~Õ Amho.a[gH$ dmMH$m§H$Sy>Z nwTo>hs AgmÀm [dûdmg d CX§S>ào_ [_iob, `mV e§H$m Zmhs.g§nH©$ : 0712-2523702

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Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$ : AéU H$mioZì`m Om[UdoÀ`m Am[U _amR>s H$[dVo_Üò

_mobmMs â KmbUmè`m H$dtÀ`m H$[dVmnwñVH$ê$nmZo àH$m[eV H$aUo ho "bmoH$dmL>²_`J¥hm'ì`dÀNo>XH$ bjU Amho. OmJ[VH$sH$aUmÀ`mH$mobmhbmV ^m§~mdyZ Z OmVm Am[U Ý`yZËdmMs^mdZm Z ~miJVm gÎdmÀ`m Am[U Z¡[VH$VoÀ`mAh_h[_Ho$~Ôb ñnîQ> Ñ{îQ>H$moZ XoUmar, _yë`^mZOnUmar H$[dVm AéU H$mio `m§À`m "Z§Va Ambobo

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[edmOs H$moU hmoVm? : Jmo[d¨X nmZgaoAbsH$S>À`m H$mimV _amR>s_Üò gdm©[YH$

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éOdmV : S>m°. AemoH$ Ho$iH$a hm `m dfuMm "gm[hË` AH$mX_s' nwañH$ma àmá

J«§W. S>m°. AemoH$ Ho$iH$a ho ^mfmemómVsbamîQ´>s` Am§VaamîQ´>s` nmVisda ì`wËnÞ n§[S>VAmhoV. _wimV ^mfmemó hm VÎdkmZ, _mZgemó,g_mOemó, Osdemó Am[U gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgAem AZoH$ emIm§_Üò [dñVmabobm [df` Amho.Ë`m_wio ^mfmemó hm A[Ve` [H$MH$Q> [df`g_Obm OmVmo. na§Vw, S>m°. AemoH$ Ho$iH$a `m§ZsA[Ve` gw~moY Am[U gwJ_nUo hm [df` `m J«§WmV_m§S>bm Amho. AmñdmXmH$Sy>Z g_sjoH$So> Am[Ug_sjoH$Sy>Z _s_m§goH$So> Ago Ë`mMo ñdê$n Amho."éOdmV'_Ysb àËòH$ boI dmMVmZm dmMH$mMmhs`m àJë^ [XeoZo àdmg gwê$ hmoVmo [H¨$dm Vgm Vmoìhmdm, `m ÑîQ>sZo Ho$iH$am§Zs Ë`mMs _m§S>Us Ho$bsAmho.

_hfu [dÇ>b am_Os qeXo : OsdZ d H$m`© :Jmo._m. ndma

Jmo._m. ndma `m§Zs Am`wî`â _hfu qeXo `m§À`mboIZmMm H$gmoesZo Am[U [Za§VanUo Aä`mgHo$bm; _hfu qeÚm§À`m [dMmam§Ms nwZñWm©nZm Ho$bs.

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147OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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AmB© - _°{ŠP_ Jm°H$u / _amR>sAZwdmX : à^mH$a D$Üd©aofo

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g§»`m ~arM Amho, "àmg àH$meZm'_m\©$VH$mT>boë`m d¡[eîQ>çnyU© nwñVH$m§Ms _moOXmXhs _moR>sAmho. Ë`m_mZmZo ehmÊ`m§Zs [b[hbo H$_s. Ë`mVbo[ZdS>H$ boIZ `m nwñVH$mV g§J«[hV Ho$bo Amho. hoehmÊ`m§Mo Vgo EH$_od ñdV§Ì nwñVH$. `mV ehmÊmoì`mg§JmMm AmdmH$m Am[U [Z[d©dmX [ZarjUo_m§S>VmV, Vr A[Ve` ~moMar AgyZ dmMUmè`mbmhbdyZ Q>mH$VmV, AñdñW H$aVmV. nU, VarhsehmÊ`m§Mm hm j-[H$aUm§Mm _mam dmMH$ gmogVamhVmo. H$maU, Ë`mbm Ë`m[edm` JË`§VaM ZgVo.

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Ë`m§À`m [dMmam§Mm n„m Ñ½JmoMa hmoVmo.Ë`m_wio Zo_mSo> g_OyZ ¿`m`MoAgVsb, Ë`m§Mo gm[hË` g_OyZ¿`m`Mo Agob Va `m nwñVH$m§Mo dmMZA[Zdm`© R>aVo.

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S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a … g§nmXZ - dg§VAm~mOs S>hmHo$

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo ho n[hbo [MÌ_`M[aÌ Amho. hm J«§W EH$mM dois _amR>s, [h¨Xs Am[UB§J«Os_Üò àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mbm CÎm_à[VgmX [_imbm. ZwH$VmM `mMm JwOamVsAZwdmXhs àH$m[eV Pmbm Amho. Am§~oS>H$am§MoOsdZ, H$m`© Am[U [dMma `m§Ms [dgmì`m eVH$mda_moR>s Zm__wÐm Amho. nÌH$ma, [dÛmZ, g§emoYH$,Y_©[ddoMH$, [d[Yk, AW©VÁk, amOH$s` _wËgÔs,ZoVm, g_mOgwYmaH$, Y_©àdV©H$ Aem S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§À`m [d[dY n¡by§Mo Xe©Z `m M[aÌmVyZXñVEodO, d¥ÎmnÌo Am[U J«§W `m§Vsb _OHy$a Am[UXw_ui N>m`m[MÌo `m§À`m _mÜ`_m§VyZ KS>Vo. ÁòîR>boIH$ dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$ `m§MmAm§~oS>H$am§[df`sMm XsK© [Z~§Y hohs `m J«§WmMo_hÎdmMo d¡[eîQ>ç Amho. `m J«§WmMs [Z[_©VshsbmoH$dmL>²_` J¥hmÀ`m na§naobm gmOoesM Amho.g§nH©$ : 022- 22873768/24362474B©-‘ob : [email protected]

148 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

Wmbs'Mm OÝ_ Pmbm- EH$ à`moJåhUyZ! nwñVH$mÀ`m [H$_Vs Am[U In`m§M§ XwîQ>MH«$ ôXÊ`mMm EH$ à`ËZ!

J«§Wì`dhmamÀ`m Jßnm§_Ysb nmUs [H$Vs Imob AmhoVo nmhÊ`mMm à`ËZ!

"J«§Wmbs'Zo Ë`mZ§Va df©âmV n[hb§ nwñVH$à[gÕ Ho$b§- XwJm© ^mJdV `m§M§ "Sy>~'. Vo H$amS>gm[hË` g§_obZmV à[gÕ Pmb§. Vo gmb hmoV§1975. XwJm©~mBªZs AmUs~mUs[déÕ P|S>m C^mabmhmoVm Am[U ~KVm ~KVm Ë`mbm àVsH$mË_H$ ê$nàmá hmoV Job§.

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hs CX²>~moYH$ Am[U amo_hf©H$ èmoH$hmUs.Am`XmZ - D$[_©bm ndma, Vs EH$ IoS>çmVdmT>bobs _wbJs hmoVs. àW_ [Vbm Vs X[bVAgë`mMs OmUsd Pmbs, Ë`m_wio Vs ehmUs hmoVo,Va [Vbm Vs ós Agë`mMs OmUsd àmá Pmbs.....hm gmam ^moJ d Ë`mVyZ VmdyZgwbmIyZ [ZKmbobon[an¹$, àJë^ ì`{º$_Îd..... [VMoM hoAmË_H$WZ. [ZemUs S>mdm A§JR>m - a_oe B§Jio -CÌmXH$a, Amnë`m gmd©O[ZH$ OsdZmVsb EH$m\$mg©Ms H$mX§~ar..... [dZmoX, Cnhmg, CnamoY,[dg§JVs Am[U AZoH$ J_VsO_Vs `m§Zs AmoVàmoVâbobs. VmB© _s H$boŠQ>a ìh`Zy! - amOoe nmQ>sb,J«m_sU nmûd©^y_sda Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~mV OÝ_ KoVbobmEH$ _wbJm, n[a{ñWVses PJSy>Z ^maVs`àemgH$s` godogma»`m à[V{îR>V ZmoH$arV nmD$bRo>dVmo. VéUm§gmR>s H$mhs A§es _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aob AgoAmË_H$WZ. gmoÝ`mÀ`m YwamMo R>gHo$ - S>m°.C‚dbm Xids, gm¡Xs Aao[~`mgma»`m AË`§Và[VHy$b hdm_mZmÀ`m, H$Å>a Bñbm_s amÁ`mVCnojm, AÝ`m` [Z hmbAnoîQ>m ghZ H$aV,Am`wî`mVsb C_oXsMs 25 df} dmñVì` H$aUmè`mS>m°. C‚dbm Xids `m§Zs Ë`m XoemÀ`m A§Va§JmV[eê$Z, Vo CH$byZ Amnë`mnwTo> Ro>dbo Amho. g§nH©$ : 9869398934B©-‘ob :

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149OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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151OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

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B[Vhmg 1935 gmbs àW_ à[gÕ Pmbm. Ë`mZ§Va1988-89 Vo 1993 `m Mma-nmM dfmªÀ`mH$mbI§S>mV `m I§S>m§Mo nwZgªnmXZ H$ê$Z Zì`mñdê$nmV Ë`m§Mo àH$meZ nm°ß`wbaZo Ho$bo. gwà[gÕB[VhmgH$ma g._m. JJ} `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbsbg§nmXZ g[_VsZo `m I§S>m§Mo g§nmXZ H$ê$Z _yi ~mamN>moQ>çm nwñVH$m§Mo AmR> I§S>m§V g§H$bZ Ho$bo.[a`mgVH$mam§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va CnbãY Pmbobo AZoH$Zdo g§X^©, Zdo ZH$meo, N>m`m[MÌo `m§Mm g_mdoeË`m§V H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

_yi _OHw$ambm Oamhs Y¸$m Z bmdVm Zdm_OHy$a Q>snm, n[a[eîQo> `mÛmao XoV ho g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mVAmbo. 1988 gmbs `m g§MmMs àH$meZnyd©gdbVsV Omhsa Ho$bobs [H¨$_V hmoVs EH$ hOmaénò Am[U Xa ghm _[hÝ`m§Zs EH$ `mà_mUo I§S>m§MoàH$meZ hmoUma hmoVo. Ago AgyZhs Odinmg hOmaì`º$tZs `m g§MmgmR>s Am_À`mH$So> AmJmD$ n¡go^ê$Z Am_À`mda [dûdmg XmIdbm. 1993 _Üòà[gÕ `m g§MmMoM nwZ_w©ÐU Amåhs [S>g|~a 2010_Üò Ho$bo Voìhmhs bmoH$m§Zm `m g§MmMo [H$Vs _hÎdAmho `mMm àË`` nwÝhm EH$Xm Ambm. dsg dfmªZ§VagmSo>nmM hOma énò [H¨$_V Pmboë`m `m g§MmgmR>snwÝhm EH$Xm hOmamhyZ A[YH$ a[gH$m§Zs àH$meZnyd©gdbVsV Mma hOma énò ^ê$Z Zm|XUs Ho$bs.

_amR>s àH$meZ ì`dgm`mÀ`m Am[UbmoH$[à`VoÀ`m gd© _`m©Xm nma H$ê$Z Zdo [dH«$_[Z_m©U H$aUmar H$mX§~ar åhUOo ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>`m§Ms ~hwM[M©V "[h¨Xy : OJÊ`mMs g_¥Õ AS>Ji'.WmoS>sWmoS>H$s Zìho, Va Vã~b VohVsg df} `mH$mX§~arMs dmMH$m§Zs dmQ> nm[hbs hmoVs Am[UË`m§À`m gd© Anojm§Zm Iao CVaV Zo_mSo> `m§Zs `mH$mX§~arMo boIZ Ho$bo. EHy$U Mma H$mX§~è`m§n¡H$sn[hbs H$mX§~ar 2010 gmbs àH$m[eV Pmbs Ë`mdois [VMs n[hbs Amd¥Îms àH$meZnyd© gdbVsVMg§nbs hmoVs. Ho$di a[gH$m§ZsM Zìho, Vaà[gÕs_mÜ`_m§ZsXoIsb Zo_mSo> Am[U hs H$mX§~ar`m§Zm A_mn à[gÕs [Xbs. Zo_mSo> `m§À`m ñdmjarMsàV [_idÊ`mgmR>s dmMH$m§_Üò ñnYm© bmJbsAm[U Odinmg Xhm hOma àVtda Zo_mSo> `m§Zmñdmjar H$amds bmJbs. CÎm_ nwñVHo$, CÎm_[Z[_©Vs_yë`m§gh [dMmanyd©H$ àH$m[eV Ho$bs VadmMH$m§Mm VodT>mM Mm§Jbm à[VgmX [_iVmo `mMmAZw^d 60> dfmªV nm°ß`wbaZo AZoH$Xm KoVbm Amho.g§nH©$ : 022- 23530303

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152 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

[hÊ`mMs _bm bhmZnUmnmgyZMAmdS> hmoVs. hs _mPs AmdS> _mÂ`md[S>bm§À`m_wio Omonmgbs Jobs hmoVs.

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`m H$mimVM _s "AmZ§X' ho _wbm§Mo à[gÕ_m[gH$ [Z`[_V dmMV hmoVmo. "ZmZm' `m ZmdmImbsàËòH$ A§H$mV "AmZ§X'Mo g§nmXH$ JmonsZmWVidbH$a _wbm§Zm CÔoeyZ [bhm`Mo. Vo _sCËgwH$VoZo dmMV Ago. EH$Xm "AmZ§X' _m[gH$mZoEH$ JÚ CVmam [Xbm hmoVm. Ë`mMo nÚmV ê$nm§VaH$aÊ`mgmR>s _s Ë`mV ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. "MbmC^mam [eSo> JS>çm§Zmo, gmJa n¡bWS>s / Z [XgoåhUwZs H$m` Vwåhs Va [h¨_VdmZ JS>s' Aes gwédmVAgbobs nÚaMZm ‘s nmR>[dbs hmoVs. Ë`mda _bmJmonsZmW VidbH$a `m§Mo nÌ Ambo hmoVo. "[ZXm}fN§>XaMZm Am[U ewÕboIZ `m~Ôb A[^Z§XZ.'_amR>s nmMdsVbm hm àg§J. H$mbm§VamZo `mnÚaMZo_Üò àma§^mMo n[hbo VsZ eãXHw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m H$[dVoVyZ OgoÀ`m Vgo CÈ>mU H$ê$Z_mÂ`m aMZoV òD$Z ~gbo AmhoV, ho bjmV Ambo.

Z§Vahs _s H$mhs Zm H$mhs [bhrVM hmoVmoIoS>çmVbo àmW[_H$ [ejU g§në`mda _s[eH$m`bm gm§Jbsbm Jobmo. [VWo AmadmSo>hm`ñHy$b_Üò [eH$V AgVmZm, gm[hË`, g§JsV,H$bmào_s nwîH$i [ejH$ _bm ôQ>bo. Am_Mo_w»`mÜ`mnH$ XÎm AmnQo> ho boIH$M hmoVo. Vo _mÂ`mboIZm[df`s gVV Mm¡H$es H$aV. dS©>²gdW©À`m,"X gm°[bQ>ar [ana' `m H$[dVoMo _s Ho$boë`m_amR>sVbo N§>Xmo~Õ ê$nm§Va Ë`m§Zs H$mMnoQ>sV bmdboAm[U emioÀ`m "[dH$mg' `m Ì¡_m[gH$mV N>mnbo._bm Vo [bhm`bm gVV àmoËgmhZ XoV Am[U"Zmo@ƒmW} [d\$bmo@[nXyfUnX§ Xyî`ñVw H$m_mo bKw:'ho dMZ Zoh_s gm§JV. boIZ H$aUo ho _moRo>M H$m_Amho, Ago åhUV. Xwgao gm§JbsMo _mPo AmdS>Vog§ñH¥$VMo [ejH$ åhUOo Oàm_ nwéfmoÎm_ Omoes. VoOUy H$mì` OJVmhoV AgoM dmQo>.

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AgoM _bm dmQ>V am[hbo. EdT>çmV Xm§So>H$am§Mo _bmnÌ Ambo. "VwPo g§nyU© Zmd _s _wÔm_M Jwá Ro>dbo.Vwbm Jwá amhyZ boIZ H$aÊ`mV H$m` AmZ§X AgVmoVo H$iob' dJ¡ao. _bm Vmo AmZ§X H$YsM H$ibmZmhs. _mPo Zmd nañna Xm§So>H$am§Zs H$m XS>dmdo VoH$ibo Zmhs. _mÌ Xm§So>H$a ñdV:À`m nyU© ZmdmZo H$mAmnbo boIZ à[gÕ H$aV AmhoV, Ago _bmdmQ>bo.

`m boIZmAmYs _s AmUIs EH$ boIZ H$ê$ZRo>dbo hmoVo. Vo åhUOo "_¥JOimVë`m `jKambm' `mboIZm[df`s WmoSo> gm§JÊ`mgmaIo Amho. _s H$[dVm[bhsV hmoVmo. "_¥JOimVë`m `jKambm' `mZmdmMs ghm AmoitMs _mPs H$[dVm em§Vmam_am_M§Ðm§Zm _s XmIdbs. Vo åhUmbo, "H$[dVm'Mm§Jbs Amho. H$[dVoMm AW© H$dsbm [dMmê$ Zò hoIa§ Amho. nU Varhs _bm Ag§ gwMdmd§ dmQ>V§ H$sVwåhmbm `m H$[dVoV Omo AZw^d A[^àoV Amho VmoVwåhs àmoO_Üò CVê$Z H$mTy>Z nhm. `m H$[dVoÀ`meodQ>À`m XmoZ Amois Aem AmhoV:[H$Vs hadë`m [OdbJ JmoîQ>s A[eM OwZs JmoîQ> :_¥JOimVë`m `jKambm hmoVs BWw[ZM dmQ> . . .

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Zm_d§V Am[U AkmV ì`º$tMs nwîH$i nÌo doimodois òV am[hbs. "Amåhs dmZam§À`m \$m¡Om'AmdS>ë`mMo nÌ [dÚmYa n§wS>[bH$m§Zs _bmgË`H$WoÀ`m H$MoarVyZM [b[hbo hmoVo.

"Amåhs dmZam§À`m \$m¡Om' `m boImV"Kw§Jwadmbm' dmZa nmUs ß`m`bm ZXsda EH$Q>mOmVmo. "Ë`mbm gwgarZo ZoD$ Zò' Aes g[XÀN>m [VWoì`º$ hmoVo. Ë`m [R>H$mUs, "gwgatMo [Xdg' hm g_J«boI _mÂ`m S>moù`m§g_moa C^m am[hbm. Am[U _s VmoboI bJoM [b[hbm. Ago, EH$m boImV AmboboYmdVo g§X^© nwTo> nyU© boImV [dH$[gV hmoV Jobo.Am[U EH$mVyZ EH$ CbJS>V "S>moh'Mo boIZ nyU©Pmbo. ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a Am¡Xw§~abm ZXsnmes CôAgVmZm _bm åhUmbo, ""Vw_À`m boIZmH$So>AmÊUm§Zs (J.[X._m§.Zs) _mP§ bj doYb§. "gwgatMo[Xdg' ho boIZ Ë`m§ZsM dmMm`bm gwMdb§. hmH$moUs ZXsH$mR>s OJbobm IoS>çmVbm boIH$ Amho.Ë`mÀ`mH$So> bj Úm, Ag§ åhUmbo.''

1961 gmbs Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a Am[U JVdfuMoAmåhs gJio OU nwÝhm [g¨hJS>mda VsZ AmR>dSo>amhm`bm Jobmo hmoVmo. Z§Va Imbs CVaë`mda Xm§So>H$aAm[U ìhsZg ~wH$ ñQ>m°bÀ`m AZ§Vamd [b_ò`m§À`mH$So> amÌs _w¸$m_mbm Jobmo. Ë`m§Zs Iyn AJË`Ho$bo. amÌs JƒsV [Xdo bmdyZ gwbmoMZm~mBªÀ`m"nÞmXmB©' `m lw[VHo$Mo dmMZ Pmbo. Ë`m§Ms JƒsJwbm~m§À`m [d[dY a§Jm§À`m \w$bm§Zs \w$bbobs hmoVs.gH$mis Mhm KoVmZm, AZ§Vamd [b_ò _bmåhUmbo, ""Amåhs dmZam§À`m \$m¡Om hm boI Vw_MmMH$m`?'' _s hmo åhQ>ë`mda åhUmbo, ""_bm VmoAmdS>bm`.'' _s H$m` ~mobUma? Ë`mda Xm§So>H$aAZ§Vamdm§Zm åhUmbo, ""Vwåhs H$mT>Vm H$m` `mÀ`mb[bV boIm§Mm g§J«h?'' AZ§Vamd åhUmbo, ""R>ab§_s H$mT>Uma `m§Mm g§J«h.'' Xm§So>H$a åhUmbo,""[Xbm.'' Xm§So>H$am§Zs nañna _mPm g§J«h Ë`m§ZmXoD$Zhs Q>mH$bm. nwè`m Z Pmboë`m boIZm§Mm g§J«hH$mT>m`Ms BÀN>m hm AZ§Vamdm§À`m Mm§JwbnUmMm^mJ hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm Vgm [ZU©` ¿`m`bm CÚwº$ H$aUmaoXm§So>H$a `m§Mmhs Vmo _mÂ`mdaë`m ào_mMm ^mJ hmoVm.nU _bm _mP§ boIZ "gË`H$Wm, _m¡O'_ÜòM `mdodmQ>V hmoVo Am[U H$YsH$mis [bhyZ PmboM Va Vmog§J«h hs ls.nw. ^mJdV `m§Zs à[gÕ H$amdm AgodmQ>V hmoVo. AZ§Vamd _mPm g§J«h H$mT>Vsb H$s H$m``m gyú_ ^sVsZo _mÂ`m _ZmV H$mhses AñdñWVm[Z_m©U Pmbs.

nwTo> H$mhs [Xdgm§Zs ls.nw. ^mJdV (AemoH$,[d_bm~mB©, [d_bm~mB©À`m AmB© `m§À`mg_doV)Amnbs _moR>s eodamoboQ> JmS>s (O`d§V XidtÀ`meãXmV, _m¡OoMm aW) KoD$Z H$amS>bm Ambo.

Am_À`mH$So> Wm§~bo. Amåhs ^md§So> Am[U Am_MsAmB© H$amS>bm hmoVmo. ^mJdV Ambo åhUyZ AmB©ZogUmgmaIo OodU Ho$bo hmoVo. OodVmZm ^mJdV _bmåhUmbo, ""Vw_À`m b[bV boImM§ nwñVH$ H$mT>m`M§Zm?'' Vo EoHy$Z _s M[H$VM Pmbmo. _s H$mhsM~mobbmo Zmhs. _J Am_À`m AmB©bm Vo åhUmbo,""_s Ë`mM§ nwñVH$ H$mTy>`m åhUVmo` Va boIH$ H$mhs~mobVM ZmhsòV.'' _s åhQ>b§, ""Vwåhs nwñVH$àH$m[eV Ho$b§ Va boIH$mbm AmUIs H$m` hd§`?nU boI Va Mma-nmMM PmboV AmUIs H$Ys[bhyZ hmoUma? Am[U nwñVH$ H$g§ [ZKUma?''Ë`mda ^mJdV åhUmbo, ""boI [bhyZ hmoVsb.Ë`mMs H$miOs H$ê$ ZH$m.'' Am[U Vo nwñVH$H$mT>m`Mo [Z{íMV Pmbo. ^mJdVm§Ms JmS>s H$moëhmnya, H$mJb, ~oiJmd Aes OmUma hmoVs. _sË`m§À`m~amo~a H$moëhmnyabm Jobmo. d.h. [nQ>Ho$,àëhmX dSo>a à^¥Vs ôQ>bo. "goaoH$m°Z'_Üò gImH$bmbm§Ms ôQ> Pmbs. Xwgè`m [Xdes AmZ§X `mXd`m§À`mH$So> H$mJbbm _w¸$m_mbm Jobmo. [VWyZ _snaV [\$abmo Am[U ^mJdV ~oiJmdH$So>.

Z§Va ls.nw. ^mJdVm§Zs dma§dma _mÂ`m boIZmMs[dMmanyg Ho$bs. gVV àoaH$ nÌo [bhsbs. am_nQ>dY©Zm§Zs _mÂ`m boIZmV gVV ag KoVbm Am[U"S>moh'Ms OwiUs Pmbs. gd© boIm§À`m A§[V_[dMmamgmR>s Mma [Xdg _s ls.nw. ^mJdV `m§À`mKar am[hbmo. nwñVH$mÀ`m n[anyU©VoH$So> ZoUmarË`m§À`mH$S>bs MMm©, Mma [Xdgm§Mm _w¸$m_ bjmVam[hbm. ^mJdVm§H$So> [d_bm~mB© [MÌo `m§Ms ôQ>Pmbs. "_m¡O'M§ H$mhs H$m_ Ë`m nmhV hmoË`m. hs"S>moh' àH$m[eV hmoB©n`ªVMs nmûd©^y_s.

"S>moh'_YyZ _bm H$mhs åhUm`M§ ZìhV§M. nU,Oo _m§S>b§` Ë`m AZw^dmMm Iyn _moR>m [dñVma AOyZ_ZmVM am[hbm Amho.

"S>moh' [d[eîQ> [b[hVmZm _s OmUsdnyd©H$H$moUVm [d[eîQ> dmL²>_` àH$ma (\$m°_©) [ZdS>bmZìhVm. Omo AZw^d _Zmes òD$Z Ro>nbm Amho VmoghOnUo eãXm§V `mdm Ag§ dmQ>m`M§ Am[U VgVgoeãX _bm gmhmæ` H$am`Mo. Ë`m_wio "S>moh' Ooìhmn[hë`m§Xm _amR>dmS>m [dÚmnsR>mV ~s.E.gmR>s [Z`wº$Pmbo Voìhm S>moh H$moUË`m dmL²>_` àH$mamV _moS>V§Am[U Ë`mVb§ [eH$dm`M§ H$m`, Agm àíZ ~hwg§»`àmÜ`mnH$m§Zm nS>bm hmoVm Am[U Ë`mgmR>sàmÜ`mnH$m§Mo EH$ Img gÌ ~mobmdë`mMo,VËH$mbsZ [dÚmnsR>mÀ`m _amR>s [d^mJmMo à_wIZm_d§V g_sjH$ dm.b. Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zs _bmgm§[JVbo hmoVo.

Amnë`m `m nwñVH$mZ§ _amR>sV Zdm àdmh [Z_m©UHo$bm H$m`, Agm Amnbm àíZ Amho. _bm dmQ>Vo `m

àíZmMo CÎma `m nwñVH$mÀ`m dmMH$m§Zs,Aä`mgH$m§Zs Am[U g_sjH$m§Zs XoUo C[MV R>aob._amR>s [dûdH$mofmÀ`m 32ì`m I§S>mV "_amR>sgm[hË`' `m [d^mJmV "S>moh'da S>m°. AmZ§X `mXd`m§Zs Oo [Q>nU [b[hbo Amho [H¨$dm em§Vm O. eoiHo$`m§Zs _amR>sVsb b[bV boIZmMm Omo [dñV¥VAmT>mdm "b[bV'_Üò KoVbm Amho, Ë`mV "S>moh'Zo_amR>sV Zdm àdmh [Z_m©U Ho$ë`mMo åhQ>bo Amho,VgoM _m.Zm. AmMm`© `m§Zs "AZwf§J' `m Ë`m§À`mnwñVH$m_Üò Vgm C„oI Ho$bm Amho.

Zì`m [nT>sVë`m boIH$m§Zm àoaUm XoÊ`mV `mnwñVH$mZo H$m` ^y[_H$m [Z^mdbs, Agm CnàíZAmho. `mhs àíZmMo CÎma, Á`m§Zm Vgm AZw^dAmbm Agob Ë`m Zì`m boIH$m§Zs dm Aä`mgH$m§ZsÚm`bm hdo. AmOÀ`m EH$m AmKmS>sÀ`m boIH$mZo,"S>moh' hm Amåhm boIH$ [_Ìm§Mm "nadbsMm eãX'Pmbm Amho Ago _bm [b[hbo hmoVo. AZoH$ Zì`mboIH$m§Zs "S>moh' Amnë`mbm àoaH$ Pmë`mMo nÌ[bhyZ _bm H$idbo hmoVo [H¨$dm AJXs AmOhs VesnÌo òV AgVmV.

"S>moh'_Ysb ^mfm AZw^dmbm ghOnUo bJQy>ZAmbs Agmds. ^mfobm H$gbs AmâUo MT>dUoåhUOo Vs Ab§H¥$V H$aUo, H¥$[Ì_ H$aUo. "S>moh'Zo^m[fH$ A§JmZo [Xbobs g_¥Õs hmhs Ë`m nwñVH$mÀ`mAä`mgH$mMmM [df` Amho.

"S>moh' à[gÕ Pmë`mZ§Va, IwÔ _mÂ`mJmds Am¢Xw~abm, H$mhs boIZ H$aUmè`m ì`º$tÀ`m_Vo, Vo nwñVH$ åhUOo Am¡Xw§~a JmdmMo dU©Z Amho.Ë`mV Am¡Xw§~aÀ`m ~mhoaÀ`m dmMH$m§Zm ñdmañ`dmQ>Uma Zmhs. Ë`m dfuÀ`m "b[bV' _m[gH$mÀ`mMmoI§Xi dmMmH$m§À`m [ZdS>sV "S>moh' AmdS>ë`mMo~hwg§»` dmMH$m§Zs H$idbo hmoVo. Ë`mV [d.X. KmQo>`m§À`mgma»`m ÁòîR> gm[h{Ë`H$mMmhs g_mdoehmoVm. AZoH$ dmMH$m§Zs "S>moh' CMbyZ Yabo.nwîH$i dmMH$m§Zs nÌm§Zs Vo AmdS>ë`mMo H$i[dbo."S>moh'Mm n[aga nmhÊ`mMs nwîH$im§Zm BÀN>m Pmbs.OwÝ`m [nT>sVbo [d»`mV g_sjH$ àm. am.ls. OmoJ`m§Zs, "S>moh'Mm [df` Pmbobm n[aga nmhm`MsBÀN>m Amho Ago _bm nÌmZo H$idbo hmoVo."AmbmoMZm' _m[gH$mÀ`m g§nmXH$m§n¡H$s àm. gwhmg^mbM§Ð ~mnQ> ho "S>moh'Mm n[aga nmhÊ`mgmR>s_wÔm_ Am¡Xw§~abm òD$Z Am_À`mH$So> Wm§~yZ _mÂ`mHw$Qw>§~s`m§Zm ôQy>Z Jobo. Ë`m§Zs _bm _moRo> nÌ [b[hboAm[U "AmbmoMZm' _m[gH$mV "S>moh'_Yë`m"Amåhs dmZam§À`m \$m¡Om' `m EH$m boImda [dñV¥V,_m[_©H$ narjU [b[hbo Am[U "S>moh'_Yë`m àËòH$boImda Ago narjU [bhm`bm hdo Ago åhQ>bo,"S>moh' à[gÕ Pmë`mZ§Va bJoMM ôQ>m`bm Zm.Ym§o._hmZmoa Ambo hmoVo. _s Ë`m§À`m H$[dVm AmdS>sZo

dmMV hmoVmo nU Ë`m§Ms AmoiI ZìhVs. Vo H$mhsH$m_mgmR>s [H$bm}ñH$admS>sbm Ambo hmoVo. Am¡Xw§~aOdi Amho _s [VWo amhVmo ho Ë`m§Zm H$ië`mda[VWyZ Vo MmbV Am¡Xw§~abm Ambo. nmM-ghm _¡bm§MoA§Va nm`m§Zs VwS>dV. _s Voìhm H$amS>bm hmoVmo. nU_mÂ`m AmB© - d{S>bm§Zm, ^md§S>m§Zm _hmZmoa ôQ>bo.Am_À`mH$So> am[hbo Am[U "S>moh'AmdS>ë`m[df`sMo nÌ [bhyZ Ro>dyZ Vo naVbo. VmoË`m§Mm IoS>çmVë`m _mUgmMm gainUm, [Zì`m©OñZoh^md _mÂ`m AOyZ bjmV Amho.

"S>moh' à[gÕ Pmë`mZ§Va nw.b. Xoenm§So>H$amS>À`m amoQ>ar Šb~À`m EH$m g_ma§^mgmR>s à_wInmhwUo åhUyZ Ambo hmoVo. [VWo Ë`m§Zs _mPs Mm¡H$esHo$bs. Ë`mbm ôQ>m`Mo Amho. Ë`mbm KoD$Z `m Agogm§[JVbo. _J _mPm nÎmm emoYVm emoYVm Ë`m ls_§V_§S>itMs ~arM YmdmYmd Pmbs. Ë`m amoQ>arÀ`mgôV nw.b§.Zs _mPs gdmªZm AmoiI H$ê$Z [XbsAm[U [MZs ^mfoVsb à[gÕ åhU gm§[JVbs. EImXoXw§So> ZmUo gmnS>bo Va [MZs ^mfoV åhU Amho H$s,Ë`mVë`m EH$m ZmÊ`mMo Vm§Xyi ¿`m Am[U Xwgè`mZmÊ`mMo \y$b. \y$b ho Amnë`m a[gH$VoMo àVsH$."S>moh' AmdS>bo ho AmoJbodmS>sÀ`m H$mMH$maImÝ`mÀ`m H±$Q>sZ_Üò òD$Z AmdOy©Z _bmgm§[JVbo Vo [dO` V|Sw>bH$a `m§Zs. _bm Voìhm ~aodmQ>V ZìhVo Am[U V|Sw>H$am§Zs CnMmamgmR>sAmnë`m~amo~a _w§~B©bm `m`Mm AmJ«h Ho$bm hmoVm.hs Ë`m§Ms göX`Vm [dgaVm òV Zmhs. "S>moh' dmMyZ_bm nUOshyZ _wÔm_ ôQ>m`bm H$[dd`© e§H$aam_mUs Ambo hmoVo. "S>moh' à[gÕ Pmë`mda Á`m§Zs_bm Vo AmdS>ë`mMo AmdOy©Z H$idbo hmoVo Ë`mVXwJm© ^mJdV, _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a, dg§V ~mnQ>,em§Vm~mB© eoiHo$, AZ§V ^mboamd, _mYd AmMdb,_.X. hmVH$U§JboH$a, nÙm ghò~wÕo, ZmamÙ gwd}hs Zmdo R>iH$nUo AmR>dVmV. "S>moh' AmdS>ë`mMoB§[Xam g§Vm§Zs _bm [b[hbo hmoVo, ""Vw_M§ boIZdmMVmZm S>moù`m§Zm nmUs òVo Am[U H$m Hw$UmgR>mD$H$ eaƒ§Ðm§Ms AmR>dU òVo.'' "S>moh'dmMë`mda [dÇ>bamd KmQ|>Zs, _s nwÊ`mbm ls.nw.^mJdV `m§À`m~amo~a _hmamîQ´> gm[hË` n[afXoÀ`mEH$m g_ma§^mbm Jobmo AgVm _bm ~mobmdyZH$S>H$Sy>Z [_R>s _mabs. åhUmbo, "S>moh' [b[hbogAm[U Am_Mm Img _amR>_moim "[Xdis' hm eãXdmnabmg. "emã~mg!' Z§Va ""S>mohbm AH$mX_snm[aVmo[fH$ [_imdo åhUyZ _s à`ËZ H$aV hmoVmo.''Ago Ë`m§Zs nÌ [bhyZ _bm H$idbo hmoVo. _mPo honwñVH$ _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m KamKam§VyZ Om`bm hdo, AgohsnÌmV åhQ>bo hmoVo.

"S>moh'À`m EHy$U Mma Amd¥Î`m [ZKmë`m, Ë`mVH$moUVo ~Xb H$aÊ`mMs Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>bs Zmhs.

"S>moh'Mo _w»`n¥îR> Am[U AmVbs [MÌo à[gÕ[MÌH$ma nÙm ghò~wÕo `m§Zs Ho$bs. doJù`me¡bsVë`m Ë`m§À`m [MÌm§Zs nwñVH$mMo gm¢X`©dmT>dbo. nw.b. Xoenm§So> `m§Zm "S>moh'Mo _wIn¥îR>BVHo$ AmdS>bo H$s, Ë`mMs V¡ba§JmVsb gw§Xaà[VH¥$Vs Ë`m§Zm nÙm ghò~wÕ|Zs ôQ> [Xbs. Vsnw.b§.Zs Amnë`m ~¡R>H$sÀ`m ImobsV bmdbobsAmho.

"S>moh'bm _hmamîQ´> emgZmMo CËH¥$îQ>gm[hË`H¥$VsMo nm[aVmo[fH$ [_imbo. Ë`mamO_mÝ`VoMm AmZ§X dmQ>bmM, nU a[gH$m§Zs Ë`mnwñVH$mg§~§Ys doimodois Ag§»` nÌo [b[hbs,g_rjH$m§Zs [dñV¥V narjUo [b[hbs._hmamîQ´>mVë`m gJù`m [dÚmnsR>m§Zs Am[U H$Zm©Q>H$[dÚmnsR>mZo "S>moh' nXds Am[U nXì`wÎmaAä`mgmgmR>s [Z`wº$ Ho$bo. JwOamVÀ`m Cƒ_mÜ`[_H$ [ejU _§S>imZo "S>moh'_Ybo boIZAmnë`m doÀ`mgmR>s [ZdS>bo. ho gJio _bm[_imbobo _moRo> nm[aVmo[fH$ Amho Ago dmQ>Vo.

dmMH$ / g_rjH$m§da "S>moh'Ms AÚmn _mo[hZsAmho. `mMo H$maU Ë`mVë`m AZw^dm§MmQ>dQ>dsVnUm ho Agmdo Ago _bm dmQ>Vo.

("S>moh'g§~§Ys EH$ àíZn[ÌH$m nÙJ§YmÀ`mg§nmXH$m§Zs [Xbs hmoVs. Ë`m AZwamoYmZo hm boI[b[hbm Amho.)g§nH©$ : 9890918438

154 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011

`m A§H$mÀ`m [Z[_©Vs_Üò nwT>sbA[YH$mar/H$_©Mmè`m§Mm hmV^mabmJbm Amho. boIH$m§es g§nH©$ gmYUo,_OHy$a àmá H$ê$Z KoUo, _OHw$amMon[adV©Z H$aUo, Q§>H$boIZ H$aUo, _w[ÐVoVnmgUo B. àH$maMs H$m_o Ë`m§ZsAmnmnbs Zoh_sMs H$m_o gm§^miyZ Ho$bsAmhoV.

[^._. H$m¡eb, JUoe am‘Xmgr, dfm© eoS>Jo, _mohZ amR>moS>, _`wam Xoenm§So>,X`mZ§X H$m§~io, à^mH$a ‘wami>H$a, A[Zb R>mH$ao, gw._m. H$mMmdma, gImam_ _mZo, aU[OV[g¨h amOnwV,gwZ§Xm ^moa, H¥$Vs bmbm, g§àXm ~sS>H$a,H$m[e~mB© WmoamV, ê$nmbs Jmoao.

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