Lojik Devreler - Mersin Üniversitesi Ders Notları

8/21/2019 Lojik Devreler - Mersin niversitesi Ders Notlar

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SFYISFH LHLGTRA@G Dlri`


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Bu bhedl ffdgi gaù bfhghfri`clhl`lclgtir.

Tlelh lhlgtraìg gfvrfehfr

Sfysfh lhlgtraìg,F`fhak lhlgtraìg

Si`yfh,Sfysfh llhgtraìg dfhkf oarehfrvl slviylhlri

Zazitio Ef`tg,@lkftio Ef`tg

BHE 6


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6.6.SFYISFH (DMTFH) LHLGTRA@G

Kèz Lhlgtraìi F`fhak vl Sfysfh ahefg zlrl igi tlelh trdl i`clhl`lbihir.F`fhak byghghlr sa`suz sfydf dllri ilrelsi`l rfel` Sfysfh byghghlrsfdlcl igi dllr fhfbihirhlr. F`fhak byghghlrl r`lg ahfrfg Bfs`,Scfghg kibi birag oizigslh bygh r`lg ahfrfg vlrlbihiriz. lgih6.6 dlgi Lhlgtrig dlvrlsi`dl gklrihiei fyfrhdirl`ci` dlitirihelsi ihl birhigtl : ihl 62 _aht frfs`df sa`suz sfydfdllr fhfbihir. lgih 2.2dlgi dlvrlì` g klrihiei sfdlcl igi klrihie slviylsi`dltfèhf`fbihir. Llr f`fntfr fgsf : _aht, f`fntfr gfpfh isl 62 _aht dlvrlì` gklrihieiì` fhfbihlcli dllrhlrdir.

S

62_+

-Rp

_aut

62_+

-R _aut

lgih.6.6 lgih.6.2.

Sfysfh bir sistledl bihkihlr si`yfh fdvlrihl` oizigslh ìclhighlrhl tlesih ldihir. SfysfhSistlehlri` au sfdlcl igi dllri ahf` si`yfhhlrhl fhyarsf bir nlsfp efgi`lsiì`sfdlcl igi vahtfm slviylsiì guhhf`frfg `fsh 69;4 kibi bir sfyy `fshtfèhfyfbihelgtldir. Byhl bir saruù` clvfb isl Sfysfh Sistlehlri` àrefhnfyfttf guhhf`dez Dlciefh (A`hug) sfy sistleiì dlih Bi`fry (gihig) tfbf`dfgadhfèsfysistleiì guhhf`ddr.

6.2. SFYISFH EF@TIG SL_YLHLR_L DFHKF OAREHFRI

Bir Sfysfh Sistle igi klrihie slviylsi`l krl fhr. Bu `ldl`hl nlr Sfysfh

Sistlei` bu igi klrihie slviylsi`l gfrhg klhl` bir biiei ahefhdr. Bu `ldl`hlSfysfh Dlvrlhlr Bi`fry (gihig) Sfysistlei`dl guhhf`hf` 6 vl : ihl tfèhfèfgzaru`dfdr. Bu Sfysfh Sistlei` kirdihlriì` igihig gadf dèlsiì sfhfr.

Ffdfgi Zazitio Ef`tg iofdlhlriì guhhf`frfg Sfysfh gfvrfehfrtfèhfyfbihlcliz.r`li` bir f`fntfr` gfpfhahefssfysfh sistledl 6 vlyf


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Zazitio Ef`tg

Ygslg Fhfg6 :Daru Yf`h+


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sfys762>56x6: + 2x6: + >x6:62>56x6:: + 2x6: + >x662>56:: + 2: + >

lghi`dl yfzhfcfgtr. r`lgtl` krhd kibi Dlciefh(A`hu) bir sfydf nlr bfsfefgofrgh stlh iofdlhlrhl kstlriheitir. Bu stlh iofdl a bfsfef` frh ahfrfgfdhf`drhr. A nfhdl Dlciefh(A`hu) bir sfyyf`fhiz ldlrgl` bfsfefghfrdfgi rfgfe ihlbfsfefg frh` frpefez klrlgiyar. r`lgtl 3. bfsfefgtfgi 6sfys6:: ihl, 2.bfsfefgtfgi 2 sfys6: ihl vl 6. Bfsfefgtfgi > sfys6 ihl frphr. Nlr bfsfefgtfgifrpe saùcu taphf`frfg f`fhiz sa`hf`drhr.

@at= 6:56 ahduu uùtuhefefh.

`. bfsfefg ..... 4. bfsfefg 3. bfsfefg 2. bfsfefg 6. bfsfefgstlh dllr 6:`-6 ........ 6:3 6:2 6:6 6::

Frhg 6:`-6 ........ 6::: 6:: 6: 6

r`lg=

Dlciefh(A`hu) 2;>4 sfys`` f`fhiziì yfpfhe72;>45 2x6:+;x6:+>x6:+4x6:2;>452x6:::+3x6::+>x6:+4x62;>452:::+;::+>:+42;>452;>4

lghi`dl tfèhfyfbihiriz.

2.6.6.A@DFHIGHI DLCEFH(A@H\) SFYIHFR

Llr vlrihl` Dlciefh(A`hu) sfya`dfhgh isl bu duruedf àrefh f`fhiz ihlei dlvfeldlr yfh`z a`dfhghiofdlyi :tfgip ldl` `lkftio sfyhfrhf tfèhfrz.


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r`lg=

,2< sfys`` f`fhizi`i yfp`z.

,2,2


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r`lg=

(6:6:)2 5 ( 1 )6:(6:6:)2 5 6 x 2

3+ : x 22+ 6 x 26+ : x 2:(6:6:)2 5 > + : + 2 + :(6:6:)2 5 6:

r`lg=

(66::6)25 ( 1 )6:(66::6)25 6x 2

4+6x 23+:x 22+:x 26+6x 2:(66::6)25 6? + > + : + : + 6

(66::6)25 2 :>2 4 :42 2 :22 6 :62 : 6 ESB (6::::6)2

(33)6:5 (6::::6 )2


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r`lg=

(6;2)6:5 ( 1 )2

(6;2)6:5 (6:6666::)2 sa`ucu lhdl ldihir.

Ffdf Tfbha 2.6dl :df` 6? :>?2 43 :432 26 6262 6: 66:2 < 6 6:::9 6::66: 6:6:66 6:6662 66::63 66:664 666:6< 6666


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r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` Dlciefh(A`hu) sfyhfr` Bi`fry (gihig ) gfrhghfr`buhu`uz.f-(63)6: 5 ( )2b-(;>)6: 5 ( )2c-(239)6: 5 ( )2d-(2


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r`lg=

Ffdfgi A`dfhghDlciefh sfyhfrBi`fry Sfyhfrf d`tr`7f-(:,62


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L` sfdfgi stu` 6 + 6 5 : 6 ahuf` lhdl bir st bfsfefghf

taphf`rArtfdfgi st` 6 + 6 + : 5 : 6 ahuf` lhdl bir st bfsfefghftaphf`rL` sahdfgi stu` 6 +: + : 5 6 :

@at=

Llr l` ygslg dllrhighi bfsfefghfr` taphfe`df bir lhdl ahueu ahsfyd, butaphfe saùcuù` l` ygslg dllrhighi biti ahfrfg gfrezf gfrd.

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` taphfef ihlehlriì klrlghltiri`.

f- (66)2 3 b- (6::)2 c- (666)2 d- (:66:)2 c- (666:6)2+ (66)2 + 3 + (66)2 + (66)2 + (6666)2 (6::6)2

(66:)2 ? (666)2 (6:6:)2 (6:6:6)2 + (666)2(6:66:6)2

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` taphfef ihlehlriì klrlghltiri`

f- (6:6)2 b- (66:)2 c- (6666)2 d- (6666)2 c- (6:666)2+ ( 66)2 + (6:)2 + (666)2 + (6666)2 (66:6)2

( )2 ( )2 ( )2 ( )2 + (6:6)2( )2

2.2.


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r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` igi Bi`fry(gihig) Sfyygfr`.

(:66)2 3 >2 >6 >:

Frhg >`-6 >

r`lg=

( 4; )> 5 (1)6: d`e` klrlghltiri`1( 4; )> 5 4x>+;x>( 4; )> 5 4x>+;x6( 4; )> 5 32+;( 4; )> 5 (39)6:

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` Actfh(Slgizhi) sfyhfr` Dlciefh(A`hug) gfrhghfr`buhu`uz.f-(63)> 5 ( )6:b-(;>)> 5 ( )6:c-(639)> 5 ( )6:d-( 5 ( )6:

l-(69;6)> 5 ( )6:


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2.3.2.A@DFHIGHI ACTFH(SLG]H) SFYIHFRI@ DLCEFH(A@H\G) SFYIHFRF

L_RHELS

A`dfhghActfh(Slgizhi) sfyhfrDlciefh (a`hug) sfyhfrf d`trelg ii` izhlìhlclgyah frpe > eltadudur. A`dfhghgsef gfdfr ahf` gseàrefh f`fhiz y`tleiìguhhf`frfg d`trrgl` a`dfhghgse` bfsfefg frh:tfgip ldl` `lkftiosfyhfr ahfrfg blhirhlìr.

r`lg=

( 6++6x>( 6


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r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` Dlciefh(A`hug) sfyhfr` Actfh(Slgizhi) gfrhghfr`buhu`uz.

f-(63)6: 5 ( )>b-(;>)6: 5 ( )>c-(239)6: 5 ( )>d-(l-(69;6)6: 5 ( )>

2.3.4.A@DFHIGHI DLCEFH(A@H\) SFYIHFRI@ ACTFH(SLG]H) SFYIHFRFL_RHELS

A`dfhghDlciefh(A`hu) SfyhfrActfh(Slgizhi) sfyhfrf d`trrgl` a`dfhghgsefgfdfr ahf` bhe ii` `arefh lvirie y`tlei uykuhf`r. A`dfhghgse isl > ihlfrphr. Bu ihle glsirhi gse sorf vlyf yfg` bir dllrl uhf`cfyf gfdfr dlvfeldlr.

r`lg=

(6 2 3

3> : 2 ESB (236)>

4 : ? < 6

(:,


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r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` A`dfhgh Dlciefh(A`hug) sfyhfr` Actfh(Slgizhi) gfrhghfr`buhu`uz.

f-(63,632)6: 5 ( )>b-(69;6,


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Tfe vl glsirhi gseahf` bir Bi`fry sfynfhi`dl tfe gse ii`,virkhdl` bfhfyfrfg

sahf daru, glsirhi gse ii`sl virkhdl` bfhfyfrfg sff daru lrhi kruphfrnfzrhf`r.

r`lg=

(:6:666,6:6::6)25 ( 1 )>

Tfe gse sfdf` sahf daru, a`dfhgh gse sahdf` sff daru lrhikruphfrf fyrfhe

,

2 ; , < 6

(:6:666,6:6::6)25 ( 2;,

r`lg=

Ffdfgi Bi`fry(gihig) Actfh D`ehlri`i klrlghltiri`

f-(66)2 5 ( )>b-(66:66)2 5 ( )>c-(6:6666)2 5 ( )>d-(666,66)2 5 ( )>l-(666:,6:6)2 5 ( )>

2.3.?. ACTFH(SLG]H) SFYIHFRI@ B@FRY(GHG) SFYIHFRF L_RHELS

Actfh (Slgizhi) sfyhfrBi`fry(gihig) sfyhfrf 7 nlr Actfh (Slgizhi) sfy`` bithigBi`fry (gihig) gfrhyfzhefsihl lvirie klrlghltirihir.

:6: 666 6:6 ::6


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Nlr Actfh Sfyy bithig Bi`fry gfrhghfrihl iofdl ldlhie.

:6: :66 666

( 23;)> 5(:6::66666)2 lghi`dl buhuùr.

Ffdf Tfbha 2.3dl :df` 6 6::: 6:9 6::6 666: 6:6: 6266 6:66 6362 66:: 6463 66:6 6 5 ( )>b-(66:)> 5 ( )>c-(6;?3)> 5 ( )>d-(3;?6>)> 5 ( )>

2.3.;. ACTFH (SLG]H) SFYI SSTLEFRTELT

2.3.;.6. ACTFH (SLG]H) SFYIHFRDF TAZHFEF

Dlciefh sfysistlei`dlgi bt` taphfef gurfhhfrActfh sfysistlei`dl dl kllrhidir.

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` taphfef ihlehlriì klrlghltiri`.

f- (2?3)> hlei` 6. Nf`lhlr 3+;52 Lhdl 6+ (6 yfph 2. Nf`lhlr Lhdl6+?+ (6 < ;)> (:6:66::66)2 6:: 6:: :6:+ (::66:6666)2

:6: 66: :66 ::6 6:6 666 (6::6:::6:)2 4 4 2

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` taphfef ihlehlriì klrlghltiri`

f- (6;)> b- (2?:)> c- (6;3?)>+ (33)> + (26)> + (34( )> ( )> ( )>


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2.3.;.2 ACTFH (SLG]H) SFYIHFRDF IGFREF

Dlciefh sfysistlei`dlgi bt` gfref gurfhhfrActfh sfysistlei`dl kllrhidir.

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` gfref ihleiì klrlghltiri`.

f- ( hlei` 6. Nf`lhlr 4 -252- (4 yfph 2. Nf`lhlr (Bar>+6)- 3. Nf`lhlr Gfhf`4 -45:

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` gfref ihlehlriì klrlghltiri`

f- ( b- (634;)> c- (2?42)>- (43)> -(62;4)> - (?664)>

( )> ( )> ( )>

2.4.NL^FDLCIEFH (A@FHTIHI) SFYI SSTLE

Nlxfdlciefh (A`fhthg) sfysistleiì` tfbf`6? ahup,:-9f gfdfr rfgfehfr vl F-O ylgfdfr nfrohlr bu sfy sistlei`dl tfèhdr. Bu sfy sistlei`dl rfgfehfr buslebahhlri` yf` yf`f yfzhefs`df` lhdl ldihir. Nf`lhlri` bfsfefg frhghfrsfdf`sahf daru 6?`` frtf` guvvlthlri blhirtihir. Ffdfgi tfbha :-6< frfsDlciefh(A`hu)sfyhfr` Nlxfdlciefh gfrhghfr`vlrelgtldir.

Tfbha 2.4

Dlciefh Nlxfdlciefh Dlciefh Nlxfdlciefh: : > >6 6 9 92 2 6: F3 3 66 B4 4 62 C< < 63 D? ? 64 L; ; 6< O


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2.4.6.NL^FDLCEFH (A@FHTIHIG) SFYIHFRI@ YF]IHII _L DLCEFH(A@H\)

SFYIHFRF L_RHELS

Nlxfdlciefh (A`fhthg) sfyhfr Dlciefh(A`hu) sfyhfrf lvirelg ii` nlr sfybuhu`duu bfsfef` gaùe frh ihl frphr.Bu frpe saùhfr taphf`frfgsaù lhdl ldihir.

`.bfsfefg ..... 3.bfsfefg 2.bfsfefg 6.bfsfefgstlh dllr 6?`-6 ........ 6?2 6?6 6?:

Frhg 6?`-6 ........ 2


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2.


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2.


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@at=Drdlrhi kruphf`drefysfhfefg ii` l` sahf klrlgtii gfdfr : ihfvl ldihir.

r`lg=

(6:666:)25 ( 1 )6?

L` sahf lghl`l`gi sor drthKrup ahuefs`sfhfr

2 L

(6:66:)25 ( 2L )6? dè sfhf`r.

Tfe vl glsirhi gseahf` bir Bi`fry sfynfhi`dl tfe gse ii`,virkhdl` bfhfyfrfgsahf daru, glsirhi gse ii`sl virkhdl` bfhfyfrfg sff daru drdlrhi kruphfrnfzrhf`r.

r`lg=

(6:66:666,6:6::6)25 ( 1 )6?Tfe gse sfdf` sahf daru, a`dfhgh gse sahdf` sff daru drdlrhi

kruphfrf fyrfhe

,

B ; , F 4

(6:66:666,6:6::6)25 ( B;,F4 )6?

r`lg=

Ffdfgi Bi`fry(gihig) Nlxfdlciefh(A`fhthg) Dèhlriì klrlghltiri`f-(6;)2 5 ( )6?b-(6:6666)2 5 ( )6?c-(666:,6:6)2 5 ( )6?

::6: 666:

6:66 :666 6:6: :6::


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2.)6? 5 ( )2

Ffdf Tfbha 2.


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Tfbha 2.,`c bfsfefg (22) 4, igi`ci bfsfefg (26) 2 vl l` dg bfsfefg frh (2:) 6ahfrfg blhirhl`eitir. Bu`f krl nlr bir Dlciefh Sfy`` drt bithig gfrh yfzhfrfg

gadhfef tfefehf`r.

Ffdfgi Tfbha 2.?df Dlciefh rfgfehfr` >-4-2-6 BCD Gad gfrhvlriheitir.


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Tfbha 2.?

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` Dlciefh sfy`` >426 BCD gad gfrh`buhu`

(69)6: 5 ( )>426

D`trel ihlei nlr bir Dlciefh rfgfe` drt bithig >426 BCD gfrh yfzhfrfgbuhuùr7

6 9(69)6: 5 (:::66::6)>426

:::6 6::6

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` Dlciefh sfyhfr` >426 BCD gad gfrhghfr`buhuùz.f- (23,4)6: 5 ( )>426b- (;9)6: 5 ( )>426

c- (6)6: 5 ( )>426d-(?236)6: 5( )>426

2.?.6.6.B >4-2-6 BCD GAD\

Bu gadhfef tlelhi`dl >426 BCD gadu`f bl`zlelghl blrfblr bfsfefg frhghfr``bir bhe` `lkftiotir. L` ygslg bfsfefg frh (23) >, `c bfsfefg (22) 4,igi`ci bfsfefg (-26) -2 vl l` dg bfsfefg frh (-2:) -6 ahfrfg blhirhlèitir.Bu`f krl nlr bir Dlciefh Sfy`` drt bithig gfrhyfzhfrfg gadhfef tfefehf`r.

Dlciefh >426

: ::::6 :::62 ::6:3 ::664 :6::< :6:6? :66:; :666> 6:::9 6::6


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Ffdfgi tfbhadf Dlciefh rfgfehfr` >4-2-6 BCD Gad gfrhvlriheitir.

Dlciefh >4-2-6: ::::6 :6662 :66:3 :6:64 :6::< 6:66? 6:6:; 6::6> 6:::9 6666

Tfbha 2.;

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` Dlciefh sfy`` >4-2-6 BCD gad gfrh`buhu`(2;4-2-6

ze=

D`trel ihlei nlr bir Dlciefh rfgfe` drt bithig >4-2-6 BCD gfrhyfzhfrfgbuhu`ur7

2 ; 4-2-6 BCD gad gfrhghfr`buhu`uz.

f- (69,;)6: 5 ( )>4-2-6b- (4-2-6c- (?6>)6: 5 ( )>4-2-6d-(4239)6: 5( )>4-2-6


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2.?.6.6.B 2426 BCD GAD\

Bu gadhfefdf bfsfefg frhghfr l` ygslg bfsfefg frh (26) 2, `cbfsfefg (22) 4, igi`ci bfsfefg (26) 2 vl l` dg bfsfefg frh (2:) 6 ahfrfgblhirhlèitir. Dlciefh Sfy`` bu bfsfefg frhghfr`f krl drt bithig gfrhyfzhfrfg gadhfef tfefehf`r. Ffdf Tfbha 2.>dl Dlciefh rfgfehfr` 2426 BCDGad gfrhvlriheitir.

Dlciefh 2426: ::::6 :::62 ::6:3 ::664 :6::< 6:66? 66::; 66:6> 666:9 6666

Tfbha 2.>

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` Dlciefh sfy`` 2426 BCD gad gfrh`buhu`

(49)6: 5 ( )2426

D`trel ihlei nlr bir Dlciefh rfgfe` drt bithig 2426 BCD gfrh yfzhfrfgbuhuùr7

4 9

:6:: 6666

(49)6: 5 (:6::6666)2426

r`lg=

Ffdf vlrihl` Dlciefh sfyhfr` >426 BCD gad gfrhghfr`buhuùz.f- (6)6: 5 ( )2426d-(;369)6: 5( )2426


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2.?.6.2.FRTIG-3 (L^CLSS-3) GAD\

Dlciefh sfyhfr` >426 BCD gad gfrhghfr`f 3(::66) lghl`lrlg lhdl ldihir. Bugadhfef bfz friteltig ihlehlrdl gahfyhg sfhfefs`f rfel` tehlyl` fhefdfgikhghlri guhhf`edf fzfhfefyf yah fetr.Ffdf Tfbha 2.9df Dlciefhrfgfehfr` Frtg-3 gad gfrhghfrvlriheitir.

Dlciefh >426 ^s-3: :::: ::666 :::6 :6::2 ::6: :6:63 ::66 :66:4 :6:: :666< :6:6 6:::? :66: 6::6; :666 6:6:> 6::: 6:669 6::6 66::

Tfbha 2.9

r`lg=

Ffdfgi Dlciefh sfyhfrFrtg-3 gadu`f d`tr`.f-( :6::(


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2.?.6.3.KRFY GAD\

Yf`sefhgadhfr fdyhf f`hf` Krfy gadu`df sfyhfr frfs`dfgi klitl sfdlcl bir bitdliir. Bu gadhfef`` bfsfefg frh ahefd`df` friteltig ihlehlrdlguhhf`hefs eeg` dlihdir. F`cfg nftfy fzfht`df` zlhhighl F`fhak-Sfysfhd`trchlrdl, bihkisfyfr ga`trahh cinfzhfrdf ahdugf tlrcin ldihl` bir gadhfefdr.

2.?.6.3.6 B@FRY(GHG) SFYIHFRI@ KRFY GAD\@F D@TRHELS

Bi`fy(gihig) sfyhfrKrfy Gadu`f d`trrgl`7

f) L` ygslg dllrhighi (ESB) bit ffi`dirihir .b) Nlr bit sahu`dfgi bithl lhdl diggftl fhèfgsz` taphf`r.c) Bu ihle l` dg dllrhighi (HSB) bitl gfdfr dlvfe ldlr.d) Lhdl ldihl` sfy, Bi`fry sfy`` Krfy gad gfrhdr.

@at Dlciefh Sfyhfr` Krfy gadu`f d`trhelsi istlìrsl Dlciefh Sfy```clhighl Bi`fry gfrhbuhuùr.

r`lg=

Ffdfgi Dlciefh sfyhfrKrfy gadu`f d`tr`.

ze=

(4


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III. Fdetaphfef ihlei bir sa`rfgi bithlr ii` dlvfe ldlr

6 : + 6 6 : 6 Bi`fry

6 6 6 Krfy

I_. Fdetaphfef ihlei bir sa`rfgi bithlr ii` dlvfe ldlr6 : 6 + 6 : 6 Bi`fry

6 6 6 : Krfy

_. Fdetaphfef ihlei bir sa`rfgi bithlr ii` dlvfe ldlr6 : 6 6 + : 6 Bi`fry

6 6 6 : 6 Krfy

_I. Fdetaphfef ihlei l` dg dllrhighi bitl gfdfr dlvfe ldlr6 : 6 6 : + 6 Bi`fry

6 6 6 : 6 6 Krfy

D`e ihlei tfefehf`eahdu

(4


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2.?.6.3.2 KRFY GADH\ SFYIHFRI@ B@FY(GHG) SFYIHFRF

D@TRHELS

Krfy Gadhu SfyhfrBi`fy(gihig) Sfyhfrf d`trrgl`7

f) L` sahdfgi bit bir sa`rfgi bfsfefgtfgi sfy lhdl diggftl fhèfgsz`

taphf`r.

b) Taphfe saùcu ihl bir sa`rfgi bfsfefgtfgi sfy lhdl diggftl

fhèfgsz` taphf`r.

c) Bu ihlel l` sfdfgi bfsfeff gfdfr dlvfe ldihir.

r`lg=

Ffdfgi Dlciefh sfyhfrKrfy gadu`f d`tr`.f-(66:66)KRFY 5 ( )6:

I.FdeL` sahdfgi bfsfefg Bi`fry sfy`` l` ygslg dllrhighi bitiì ( ESB)ahuturur.

6 6 : 6 6 Krfy

6 Bi`fry

II.FdeL` sahdfgi bfsfefg bir sa`rfgi bithl lhdl diggftl fhèfgsz` taphf`r6 6 : 6 6 Krfy

+

6 : Bi`fry

III.FdeTaphfe saùcu bir sa`rfgi bithl lhdl diggftl fhèfgsz` taphf`r

6 6 : 6 6 Krfy+

6 : : Bi`fry

I_.FdeTaphfe saùcu bir sa`rfgi bithl lhdl diggftl fhèfgsz` taphf`r6 6 : 6 6 Krfy

+

6 : : 6 Bi`fry


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r`lg=

Ffdfgi Krfy gadhu sfyhfr` gfrhghfr`buhuùzf- (66:6)KRFY 5 ( )2b- (666:66:)KRFY 5 ( )6:c- (6:6:66:66)KRFY5 ( )6:

Ffdf Tfbha 2.6: df Dlciefh rfgfehfr` Krfy Gad gfrhvlriheitir

Dlciefh Bi`fry Krfy: :::: ::::6 :::6 :::62 ::6: ::663 ::66 ::6:4 :6:: :66:< :6:6 :666? :66: :6:6; :666 :6::> 6::: 66::9 6::6 66:6

Tfbha 2.6:

2.?.6.4.Zfrity Gadu (Nftf Tlsbit Gadu)

Sfysfh sistlehlr birbirhlri ihl nfblrhlirgl` bihkiì` dlielsi ahdugf sghghfgfrhfhf` bir gaùdur. Bihki dliiehlriì ga`trah ldlbihelg vl k`dlrihl` bihkiì`daruhuuù ga`trah ltelg fefc ihl Zfrity Gadu (Nftf Tlsbit ) gadhfr artfyfgetr.


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_lriyl zlh bir bit lghlel y`tlei ihl vlri tehltirel sfhf`fbihir. Ofzhfdf` lghl`l`

lhig biti (pfrity bit)i vlrihl` gad glhielsi`dlgi nftf`` buhuèfs` sfhfyfcfgtr.Bfsit bir lhig bitiì` gadhfèfs tlg yfdf iot tfbf` zlri`l yfphr. Tlg lhig biti`dlvlri ii`dlgi 6 hlri` sfystlg, iot lhig biti`dl isl 6hlri` sfysiottir.

Tfbha 2.66

@at=Tlg lhig biti ihl iot lhig bitiì` birbiriì` tehlylì ahduu tfbhadf` krhelhidir.

2.?.2.FHOF@ELRG GADHFR

Fhofèlrig gadhfr7 sfy

hfr, nfrohlr, àgtfhfef ifrlthlri vl ga`trah gfrlgtlrhlriì`tfèhf`fbihdii gadhfrdr.

Yfyk` ahfrfg guhhf`hf` igi tr fhofèlrig gadhfef tr vfrdr. Bu`hfr FSCII(Felricf` Stf`dfrt Cadl oar Iòareftia` I`tlrcnf`kl - Bihki fh vlrisi ii` stf`dfrtFelrigf` Gadu) vl LBCDIC (Lxtl`dld Bi`fry Cadld Dlciefh I`tlcnf`kl Cadl Klìhltiheiigihig gadhu a`hug fhvlrigadu) ahfrfg sfyhfbihir.

DlciefhSfy

K`dlrihlclgBihki

Tlg Lhig Biti iot Lhig Biti

: :::: 6 :6 :::6 : 62 ::6: : 63 ::66 6 :

4 :6:: : 6< :6:6 6 :? :66: 6 :; :666 : 6> 6::: : 69 6::6 6 :

6: 6:6: : 666 6:66 : 662 66:: 6 :63 66:6 : 664 666: : 66< 6666 6 :


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2.?.2.6.FSCII (FELRCF@ STF@DFRT CADL OAR I@OAREFTA@

I@TLRCNF@KL)

FSCII gadu ; bithig bir gaddur. Bt` byg vl gg nfrohlr, rfgfehfr, àgtfhfefifrlthlri vl ga`trah gfrfgtlrhlri bu gadhfefdf tfèhfètr. Sfdlcl byg nfrohlrrfgfehfr vl bfzga`trah gfrfgtlrhlri guhhf`hefg istlìrsl ihg fhtbiti` yltlrhi ahefsfefcyhf gad zlh ahfrfg dzl`hlèitir. Bfzduruehfrdf nftf ga`trah fefcyhf ;-bithig gadu` l` ygslg dllrhighi(ESB) biti`l bir lhig biti (pfrity biti) lghlìr. r`li` tlg lhig biti ihl ihltihlclg Fnfroiì` FSCII gad gfrh66:::::6 dir.

Ffdfgi tfbhadf FSCII gad gfrhghfrvlriheitir7

ESBHSB ::: : ::6 6 :6: 2 :66 3 6:: 4 6:6 < 66: ? 666 ;

:::: : @\H DHL SZ : J Z p:::6 6 SAN DC6 ! 6 F V f q::6: 2 ST^ DC2 " 2 B R b r::66 3 LT^ DC3 # 3 C S c s:6:: 4 LAT DC4 $ 4 D T d t:6:6 < L@V @FG % < L \ l u:66: ? FCG SY@ & ? O _ o v

:666 ; BLH LTB ; K [ k w6::: > BS CF@ ( > N ^ n x6::6 9 NT LE ) 9 I Y i y6:6: F HO S\B * = M ] m z6:66 B _T LSC + 7 G W g {66:: C OO OS , 8 H X h |66:6 D CR KS - 5 E U e }666: L S: RS 0 @ ` ~6666 O S6 \S / 1 A Q a DLH

Tfbha 2.62

FSCII gadhu bir elsfm` f`hfe` buhefg ii` 7 k`dlrihl` ;-bithig elsfm` ygslgdllrhighi ihg 3-biti ii` tfbhadf` ESB ihl kstlrihl` l` ygslg dllrhighi st`buhuùr.Dfnf sa`rf gfhf` 4-bit ii` HSB ihl kstlrihl` sftr buhuùr. Bu sftr vl st`bihliei`l fit tfbhadfgi dllr elsfm` FSCII gad gfrhdr.

r`lg=

Ffdf Bi`fry (gihig) oaredf k`dlrihl` FSCII gadhfè elsfm` gfrh`buhuùz

6:6::66 6:::6:6 6::66:: 6:::::6 6::66:6


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ze=

Tfbhadf` nlrbir ;-bithig bihki`i` gfrhbuhu`frfg elsfm` gfrhbuhu`ur.

6:6::66 6:::6:6 6::66:: 6:::::6 6::66:6


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FCG FHI@DI CF@ ZTFH

BLH ]H LE ARTFE SA@\BS BR GFRLGTLR KLR S\B DLTRNT YFTFY TFB LSC GFEFHO SFTIR BLSHLEL OS SFYOF FYIRICI_T DLY TFB KS KR\Z FYIRICIOO SFYOF BLSHLEL RS GFYIT FYIRICICR SFTIRBFI \S BRE FYIRICIS: DLGHIGFR DLH SFDFGGFRLGTLRSH

2.?.2.2. LBCDIC (L^TL@DLD B@FRY CADLD DLCEFH I@TLCNF@KL CADL)

IBE cinfzhfr`df sghghf gfrhfhf` bir dilr fhof`elrig gad Kl`ihltihei gihig-Gadhu A`hug fhvlrigadudur (LBCDIC Lxtl`dld Bi`fry Cadld Dlciefh I`tlcnf`klCadl). Lhig biti ahfyf` >-bithig bu gadf nftf tlsbiti fefcyhf 9. bir bit lghl`lbihir.

Ffdfgi tfbha df LBCDIC gad gfrhghfrvlriheitir.

Gfrfgtlr Nlxfdlciefh Bi`fry Gfrfgtlr Nlxfdlciefh Bi`fry@\H :: :::::::: &


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:::66::: ^ L; 666::666

LE 69 :::66::6 Y L> 666:6:::S\B 3O ::666666 ] L9 666:6::6BYZ 24 ::6::6:: W FD 6:6:66:6OHS 6C :::666:: @H 6< :::6:6:6KS 6D :::666:6 U DD 66:666:6

RDS 6L :::6666:


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-bithig bihki`i` gfrhbuhu`frfg elsfm` f`hfebuhu`ur.

66::6::: 66:::6:6 66:6::66 66:6:666

C>6? C


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ofrghdurue yfzhfbihir. Sfysfh dlvrlhlri tfsfrhfrgl` l` `lehi ihlrdl` birisi daruhugtfbhasuù` ahuturuhefsdr. Daruhug tfbhasu ahutururgl` blhhi bir fef ii`tfsfrhf`fcfg dlvrlì` kiri dligl` sfys buhu`dugtf` sa`rf bu kiridligl`hlriì` fhfcfahfsduruehfrdf dlvrl g`` `l ahefsklrlgtii tfbhayf

yfzhefhdr.

Ffdf lgih ;.6dl F vl B igi kiridliglì, V isl gkstlrelg zlrl igi kiridliglì ii` ahuturuheuahf` daruhug tfbhasu vlriheitir.

Kirihlr g

F B V

: : 6

: 6 :6 : 6

6 6 6

lgih ;.6 gi kiridligl`hi daruhug tfbhasu

3.6. EF@TIG GFZIHFRI (HAKIC KFTLS)

3.6.6 _L GFZISI(F@D KFTL)

_L gfps`` bir g, igi vlyf dfnf ofzhf kirinfttvfrdr. lgih 3.6dl igi kiri,birgh _L gfps`` slebah, daruhug tfbhasu vl lhlgtrig ldllr dlvrlsivlriheitir.


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55/211

ofrghdurueu`yfzhefsklrlgir.


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58/211


V

lgih 3.?gi kirihi _LYF Gfps

(b) Daruhug TfbhasuV

FB

(f) Slebah

+

-

F

B62_

(c) Dl`g f`fntfr dlvrlsi

F BKirihlr g

: :

: 6

6 :

6 6

:

6

6

6

V

R

Dl`g f`fntfr dlvrlsi ihl _LYF gfps`` fhefs`fghfyfhe

I-Llr F vl B f`fntfrhfr fg isl (F5:, B56) hfebf yf`efyfcfgtr (V5:) .

+

-

F

B62_

V

lgih 3.;

R

II-Llr F f`fntfrfg (F5:), B f`fntfrgfpfh(B56) isl, hfebf yf`fcfgtr (V56) .

+

-

F

B62_ V

lgih 3.>

R


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?:


V

t6t: t2 t3 t4 t< t?

:6 6

6F

B

FB

6 6

:

: : 6

6 6

ze=

f-Daruhug tfbhasu yfrdeihl gdfhkf lghi izihirsl7

VHamig-6

Hamig-6

Hamig-:

Hamig-:

Hamig-6

t6

t: t2 t3 t4t

>


F 5 :

: O 5 :

F 5 6:

O 5 :

F 5 :

6 O 5 :

F 5 66 O 5 6

f- F . : 5 : b- F . 6 5 F

F 5 :O 5 :

F 5 6 O 5 :

F 5 :O 5 :

F 5 6 O 5 6F 5 :

F 5 6 F 5 :

F 5 6

c- :5F..F d- F . F 5 F

lgih 4.;. _L zdlhighlri

Gurfh 3- iot tlrshlel gurfh

Bir Hamig iofdlì` vlyf dliglì` igi dlof dlihi fh`rsf (tlrshlìrsl) hamig iofdlì`vlyf dliglì` fshlhdl ldihir.

F5:6F 5

F:F 55

:F 5F6F 55F56

lgih 4.>. iot tlrshlel gurfh

Gurfh 4- Yutef gurfh

Bu gurfh dfhef gfùù vl _LYF, _L zdl highlri yfrde ihl f ghfyfhe. Llriofdlyi F artfg pfrf`tlzi`l fhrsfg ffdfgi dè sfhfè ahur.

F + F.B 5 F ( 6 + B ) Dfhef gfùù, _LYF zdlhighlri

5 F.6 _L zdlhighlri

5 F


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Tfbha 4.2 dl F + F.B iofdlsi`l fitdaruhug tfbhasu kstlriheitir. Kiri dligl`hlriì` durueu`f bfhahfrfg g iofdlsi yfzhfbihir. F+F.B g`` F kiri iofdlsi`l lit ahduu Tfbha 4.2dl`krhelhidir.

Tfbha 4.2

Gurfh Tlarle-6l fit gfp l ithiiì vl daruhug tfbhasuùkstlrelgtldir.

FB B.F

F

BBF +

BF B.F BF +

: ::

:: :

: 6 66 6

6 6 66 6

f-Gfpl ithii b-Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih 4.9 Tlarle-6l fit gfpl ithii vl daruhug tfbhasu

Tlarle-2

Baahlf` eftleftii`dl taphfef ihleiì` gaephlel`tlri frpef ihlei`l littir.F, B kibi igi dliglì` _LYF DLH gfps`f uykuhfèfsihl lhdl ldihl` iofdl buigi dliglì` dlihiì` fhèfs`df` sa`rf _L hlèfsi ihl lhdl ldihl` iofdlyl littir.

B.FBF 5+ ( Tlarle-2 )

Ffdf lgih 4.9 Tlarle-2yl fit gfp l ithiiì vl daruhug tfbhasuùkstlrelgtldir.

FB BF +

F

BB.F

BF

: ::

:: :

: : :6 6

6 : :6 6

BF + B.F

f-Gfpl ithii b-Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih 4.6: Tlarle-2yl fit gfpl ithii vl daruhug tfbhasu


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r`lg=

Ffdfgi Hamig iofdlhlrl DlEarkf` tlarlehlriì uykuhfy`z.

f- V5 C+B+F 5 C.B.F

b- V5 C.B.F 5 C+B+F

Llr vlrihl` hamig iofdl ofzhf sfydf dligl` vl ihle ilriyarsf bu duruedfiofdlì` bfsithltirihelsi ii` hamig iofdl ilrsi`dlgi ofrgh dl igl` tfèhfyfrfg

DlEarkf` tlarlehlri uykuhf`fbihir.

r`lg=

Ffdfgi Hamig iofdlyl DlEarkf` tlarleiì uykuhfy`z.

)L.D().C.B+F(5V

ze=

hlei fde fde f`hftfhe.

I. Fde= Hamig iofdl ii`dlgi i hlehlri ofrghbir dl igl` guhhf`frfg tfèhfyfhe

C.B+F5^ vl L.D5Y d` ehlri yfphr.

II.Fde= Bfsithl tirihei l ithig

Y.5V ahur.

III.Fde=Bu iofdlyl DlEarkf` tlarleiì uykuhfrsfg

Y+^5V ahfcfgt r. ^ vl Y dligl`hlriì oa`gsiya`f tlgrfr yfzfrsfg V lithii

L.D+)C.B+F(5V ahur.

I_.Fde= C.B+F iofdlsi`dl ]5F vl C.B5[ d` e yfphrsf

_. Fde= [+]5[.] ahfcfgt r.V iofdlsi isl7

L.D+)C+B.(F5V ahfcfgt r.


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r`lg=

Ffdfgi hamig iofdlhlrl DlEarkf` tlarleiì uykuhfy`z.

f- D).C+B+F(5V

b- O.L.D+C.B.F5V

ze=

f-F+B+C5^ vl D5Y d` ehlri yfphrsf7

Y+^5Y. ahfcfgt r.

D+)C+B+F(5D).C+B+F( ahur.

)C+B+F( iofdlsi`l DlEarkf` tlarlei uykuhf` rsf

D+C.B.F5D+)C+B+F( ahfcfgt r.

b- ^5C.B.F vl D.L.O5Y dèhlri yfphrsf.

Y+^5Y. ahfcfgt r.

)O+L+D).(C+B+F(5O.L.D+C.B.F

iofdlsi lhdl ldihir

4.< SFYISFH DL_RL TFSFRIEI

Baahlf` iofdlsi`dl` ef`tg gfphfrfrfs `df uyku` bfhf`thfr yfphefsihl sfy sfhdlvrlì` lhdl ldihelsi ihlei`l sfysfh dlvrl tfsfrefd vlrihir. Bu bhedl vlrihl`bir Baahlf` iofdlsi`dl` sfysfh dlvrlì` iziei vl sfysfh dlvrlhlrdl` Baahlfìofdlsiì` lhdl ldihelsi f`hfthfcfgtr.

4.


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srfs`df Baahlf` eftleftii ihle srfs tfgip ldihelhidir. hle srfs pfrf`tlz

,DLH,_L, _LYF lghi`dldir.

r`lg=

CB.FV +5 iofdlsiì klrlghl tirlclg sfysfh dlvrlyi tfsfrhfy`z.

ze=

CB.FV +5 iofdlsi`dl F,B,C kiri dl iglìì, V isl g dl iglìì

kstlrelgtldir. hlei` klrlghltirihelsi`l Baahlf` frpef ihl bfhf`r. Baahlf`frpef ihlei _L gfps ihl klrlghl lcli`dl`, ihg fdedf F ihl B dligl`hlriì`

_L gfps`f uykuhfèfsklrlgir. Baahlf` frpef i hlei ihl lhdl ldihl` iofdl (F. B),

dilr kiri dl iglì ihl Baahlf` taphfef ihlei`l tfbi tutuhur. Baahlf` taphfef ihlei

_LYF gfpsihl klrlghl lcli`dl` F.B iofdlsi C ihl _LYF gfps`f uykuhf`r.

BF

C V

lgih 4.6: V5F.B+C iofdlsi`l fit sfysfh dlvrl

_lrihl` CB.FV +5 baahlf` iofdlsi F _L B _LYF C lghi`dl aguùr.

r`lg=

C.B.FB.FV +5 iofdlsiì klrlghl tirlclg sfysfh dlvrlyi tfsfrhfy`z.


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F

B

)FB(C)FC.(BC.B ++++

C

FB

C F.B+C

lgih 4.63 ofdlì` sfdlhleldl` `cl (f) vl sfdlhltirihdigtl` (b)sa`rf tfsfre

4.;. BAAHLF@ OFDLHLR@@ LHDL LDHELS

Bir daruhug tfbhasu tfsfrec tfrfo `df` sfysfh dlvrlì` fhefs`f y`lhigahuturuheu vl kiri dl igl`hlriì` durueu`f bfh ahfrfg g` `l ahefsklrlgtii f`hftf` tfbhadur. Tfsfre ffefs`df l` `lehi ihlehlrdl` biri ahf`daruhug tfbhasuù ahuturdugtf` sa`rf iofdlì` ef`tg gfphfr vl bu gfp hfr`birbirhlriyhl ahf` bfhf`thfr`` lhdl ldihlbihelsi ii` tfbhadf` Baahlf` iofdlsiì`lhdl ldihelsi klrlgelgtldir. `clgi gsehfrdf bu iofdlhlri` sfdlhltirihelsi vldlvrlhlri` izihelsi f`hfthd. Bu bhedl Baahlf` iofdlhlriì` daruhug tfbhasu`df`lhdl ldihelsi gaùsu f`hfthfcfgtr.

4.;.6. BAAHLF@ FIHIEHFRI _L STF@DFRT OAREHFR

Baahlf` iofdlhlri oa`gsiyaù` daruhug tfbhasu`df` lhdl ldihl` igi tlelh fhedr.Bu iofdlhlr llr bir sfdlhltirel ihlei uykuhfèfzsf fz sfydf dligl` ilrelsil`dlr ahfrfg gfrhfhf` bir duruedur. Baahlf` iofdlhlriì` yfzhd igi tlelh f heei`tlriehlri` taphfevl efxtlriehlri` frp e ahfrfg kstlrihlbihirhlr.

4.;.6.6 E@TLRE _L EF^TLRE

gihi bir dligl` Baahlf` iofdlsi ahfrfg dliglì` gl`disi (F) vlyf dliglì` dlihi( F ) lghi`dl kstlrihlbihir. _L gfps`f uykuhf`f` F vl B dligl`hlriì` igi lgihdlBaahlf` iofdlsi yfzhfbihlcli`dl` bu dligl`hlri` fhfbihlcli drt durue szgaùsudur. Bu drt durue eiìeue tlrie vlyf stf`dfrt frpe fd ` fh r. Bl`zlrlgihdl ` sfydf dligl` ii` 2` gfdfr eiìeue tlrie yfz hfbihir.Tfbha 4.< dligl`l fit eiìeue tlriehlri kstlrelgtldir.


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Tfbha 4.DLCADLR

D:

D:D6D6

2D2D

D3

D3

D4

D4

D

D

D

BCD-DLCEFH DLCADLR

Ffdf BCD- Dlciefh Gad zc ahf` 4:2> l`tlkrlsi`i` daruhug tfbhasu vl Hamigslebah vlriheitir.


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644


BCD/Dlc

4:2>

6:

63

62

66

36426


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64 6 : : : 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

9 6 : : 6 6 6 6 6 : 6 6

DLCADLR

F

B

C

D

BCD- ; Slk

f

b

c

d

l

o

k

lgih ?.26 BCD/Slvl`slkel`t gad zc

lgih ?.2: Artfg F`at Disphfy lgih ?.26 Artfg gftat Disphfy


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Ffdf artfg gftathu disphfy ii` BCD- Slvl` Slkel`t Dlcadlr ahf` 4: 6 6 6 : : 6 6 6 6 : : 6 6 9: 6 6 6 : 6 : : : : : : : :

: 6 6 6 : 6 6 : : : : : : :: 6 6 6 6 : : : : : : : : :: 6 6 6 6 : 6 : : : : : : :: 6 6 6 6 6 : : : : : : : :: 6 6 6 6 6 6 : : : : : : :6 6 6 ^ ^ ^ ^ : : : : : : :

4


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E\HTZHL^LRS(DFTF SLHLCTARS-A\HHFYICIHFR)

auhhfef ag sfydfgi bihkiì`,dfnf fz sfydf gf`fh vlyf nft zlri`dl` ihltihelsif`hfe`f klhir. Sfysfh auhhfyc, birag kirinftt`` birisi`dl` klhl` igihig bihkihlrisll` vl tlgbir gnftt`f y`hl`dirl` birhlig bir dlvrldir. Blhhi bir kirii` slihelsibir dizi slel nftt ihl ga`trah ldihir. Bir auhfyc ii` 2` sfydf kirinfttvfrsfnf`ki kirii` slihlcliì blhirhlyl` ` gfdfr slel nfttvfrdr.

Dftf

Slel

DftfKirihlri

lgih ?.23

Bfz duruehfrdf gad zchlrdl ahduu kibi Euhtiphlxhlr ii`dl fhefy ga`trahldl` bir yltgihl`direl (l`fbhl) kirii buhu`fbihir. Euhtiphlx (auhhfyc) f`cfgyltgihl`dirihdii`dl auhhfef ihleiì klrlghltirir. Yltgihl`direl kirii, igi vlyfdfnf ofzhf sfydf Euhtiphlx i` birhltirihlrlg dfnf ag sfydf kirihi bir sfysfhauhhfyc`` lhdl ldihelsi`dl guhhf`hr.Ffdf yltgi kirihi bir Euhtihlx ahf` 4:


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?.< DLE\HTIZHL^HLR(BHKDFITICIHFR-DFTF DISTRIB\TARS)

Dleuhtiphlx (Bihki Dftc) tlg bir nfttf` bihki fhf` vl bu bihkiyi ahfs2`sfydf gnftt`df` birisi zlri`dl` ihltl` bir dlvrldir.Blhhi bir gnftt`` liei ` gfdfr gnftt`` duruehfrtfrfo`df` ga`trah ldihir.

Ffdf igi slel nfttvl drt gnfttahf` bir DLE\^ u` daruhug tfbhasu vlhamig slebah vlrihelgtldir.

S6 S: D: D6 D2 D3

: : Di` : : :

: 6 : Di` : :

6 : : : Di` :

6 6 : : : Di`

S6S:

Di`

lgih ?.2D9

lgih ?.2?

> 6 : : :

9 6 : : 6

ghfrHamig iofdl daruhug tfbhasu`df` yfzefg istlrslg7

F3 5 D> + D9F2 5 D4 + D< + D? + D;F6 5 D2+ D3 + D?+ D;F: 5 D6 + D3+ D


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D;

D?

D I@9 D C B F

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ : : 6 6 :

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ : 6 : 6 6 6^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ : 6 6 6 : : :

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ : 6 6 6 6 : : 6

^ ^ ^ ^ : 6 6 6 6 6 : 6 :

^ ^ ^ : 6 6 6 6 6 6 : 6 6

^ ^ : 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 : :

^ : 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 : 6

: 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 :


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6I@9

lgih ?.2>

Yugfrdfgi daruhug tfbhasu yfrdeyhf gadhfyc`` fhefs f`hfhfbihiìr. Llr`clhighi kirihlrdl` birisi`l Hamig-: klheissl dilr kirihlri` durueu`f bfghefgsz`kirii` dlihhlèiBCD gad gfrhkstlrihir. r`li` I@? kirii`l klhl` Hamig-: ihldfnf fz `clhighi kirihlri` duruehfr`lesiz ahur.

Ffdf Dlciefh- BCD `clhighi gadhfyc ihl yfphe bfsit bir a` tuhu ghfvyluykuhfefs vlriheitir. L`cadlri` bt` kirihlr puhh-up dirl`hlri ihl Hamig-6llgiheitir. Ghfvyldlgi nlrnf`ki bir tuf bfshefs ihl ihkihi kiri Hamig-:f lgihir vlkiritlgi Dlciefh dllri` tlrshlèiBCD gad gfrhBCD ghfr`df vlrihlclgtir.

@at=Ghfvyldlgi nibir tuf bfshefefsvlyf nibir kiril bfhahefyf` : àhu tuf

bfshefsihl kirihlrdl bir dliighig ahefyfcfg vl gtf : rfgfe`` tlrshlèiBCD gad gfrh vlrihlclgtir.


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I@6I@2I@3I@4I@I@9

F

B

C

D

BCD

IGIHFR

+_cc

Bfhdlih(@a Ca``lctia`)

;464;

lgih ?.29

?.; ZFRITY KL@FRFTARS/ CNLCGLRS

Sfysfh sistlehlri` birbirhlri ihl nfblrhlelsi srfs`df ihltihl` bihkiì` dlielsiahdugf sghghf gfrhfhf` bir gaùdur. Bihki dliiehlriì ga`trah ldlbihelg vlk`dlrihl` bihkiì` daruhuuù ga`trah ltelg fefc ihl Zfrity Gadu (Nftf Tlsbit )gadhfrartfyf getr.


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DlciefhSfy

K`dlrihlclgBihki

Tlg Lhig Biti iot Lhig Biti

: :::: 6 :6 :::6 : 62 ::6: : 63 ::66 6 :

4 :6:: : 6< :6:6 6 :? :66: 6 :; :666 : 6> 6::: : 69 6::6 6 :

6: 6:6: : 666 6:66 : 662 66:: 6 :63 66:6 : 664 666: : 66< 6666 6 :


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lgih ?.3:


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;.6.6. Eaàstfbhl Euhtivibrftar L`tlkrl Dlvrlhlri

Eaàstfbhl euhtivibrftrhlr l`tlkrl dlvrlhlri ylìdl` tltighl`lbihl` (rltrikklrfbhl)vl ylìdl` tltighlèlyl` (à`trikklrfbhl) ahefg zlrl igi tlelh trdldir. Bu igi tlelhtrdlgi fyre ihg tltighlel ihl bfhfyf` g dfhkf srlsi`cl klhl` bir sa`rfgitltighlel si`yfhi`l vlrihl` clvfphf ihkihidir. lgih ;.4 ylìdl` tltighlèlyl`(à`trikklrfbhl) trdlgi dlvrlhlrl fit gdfhkf lgihhlriì kstlrelgtldir. lgih ;.4.f klhl` ihg tltighlel si`yfhi ihl ylìdl` tltighlèlyl` (à`rltrikklrfbhl) eaàstfbhleuhtivibrftr` gdfhkf lghiì kstlrelgtldir.

T

V

gsi`yfhi dlvfe lttii`dl`,tltighlel si`yfhi gfbuh ldihelz

tw

tw

T

V

(f)

(b)

lgih ;.4

lgih ;.4. b isl ihg tltighlel si`yfhi ihl ahuf` g dlvfe ldlrgl` klhl` igi`ci birtltighlel si`yfhiì` ylì bir tltighlel si`yfhi ahfrfg gfbuh ldiheldiiì kstlrelgtldir.Bu duruedf ylì bir tltighlel klrlghlelz vl g ifrlti tw srlsi`cl dlvfeldlclgtir.

T

Vtw

T

tw

Ylìdl` tltighlel

(f)

(b)V

lgih ;.)

(?)

(3)

(4)

(


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r`lg=

g dfhkf kl`hii 6:s` ahf` ylìdl` tltighl`l` (rltrikklrfbhl) eaàstfbhleuhtivibrftaru ;4622 guhhf`frfg lhdl ldiìz.

ze=

;4622 ii` rltici vlri sfyofs`df G5:,32 ahfrfg vlrihdii`l krl7

+5

L^T

L^TL^Tw

R

;,:6.C.R.Gt

iofdlsi`dl CL^T5 2::pO slihirsl7

+5

L^TL^TL^Tw

R

;,:6.C.R.Gt

+5

L^T

L^TL^TL^TL^Tw

R

C.R.G;,:C.R.Gt

L^TL^TL^Tw C.G.;,:C.R.Gt +5

G2


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;.2.SLRBLST FHIF@ (FSTFBHL) E\HT_BRFTRHLR

Bir dilr tr euhtivibrftar dlvrlsi fstfbhl (slrblst fhf`) euhtivibrftar fd` fhr.fhef klrihiei uykuhf`d f`df` itibfrl` zfef`hfef lhlef`hfr`` blhirhldiisrlhlrdl durue dlitirl` dlvrlhlrdir. Fstfbhl euhtivibrftar zfef`hfef dlvrlhlri`dltltighlel si`yfhi fefhbir gfrl dfhkf asihftr ahfrfg guhhf`hrhfr.

lgih ;.6:Trf`sistarh Fstfbhl Euhtivibrftr

lgih ;.6: trf`sistarh fstfbhl euhtivibrftar dlvrlsi`i kstlrelgtldir. Dlvrldlbirbiri`l sieltrig bfh igi `p` trf`sistr vfrdr. Dlvrldlgi lhlef`hfr T65T2, C65C2,

Rc65Rc2 vl R65R2slihsl bihl , k uykuhf`dzfef` trf`sistarhlrdl` biri ihltiedldilri glsiedl ahfcfgtr.

(Dayuedf)(Glsiedl)

+-

C2

R2

RC2RC6

T2

T6

+_CC

C6

R6

V6 V2

+-

I6I2

(Dayuedf)(Glsiedl)

+ -

C2

R2

RC2RC6

T2

T6

+_CC

C6

R6

V6 V2

+ -

(f) (b)

lgih ;.66

Dlvrl`i` fhefs`fghfefg ii` k vlrihdii f`df T6trf`sistr`` glsie vl T2trf`sistr`` ihltiedl ahefs` (lgih ;.66 f) gfbuh ldlhie. Bu f`df C6

ga`df`sftr dlfrm vl C2ga`df`sftr sfrm aheuduruedfdr. Bu`df` sa`rf C6ga`df`sftr RC6dirl`ci zlri`dl` frmf, C2ga`df`sftr R2 dirl`ci zlri`dl`

C2

R6 RC2

RC6

T2

T6

+_CC

C6

R6

F

B CV6 V2


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dlfrmf bfhfyfcfgtr. Bir srl sa`rf C2 ga`df`sftr T6 trf`sistr` ihltiel

sagfcfg lgihdl dlfrm , C6ga`df`sftr T2trf`sistr` glsiel ktrlclg lgihdlfrm ahfcfgtr. lgih ;.66 b bu duruedf ga`df`sftrhlri` pahfritlhlriìkstlrelgtldir.

(Dayuedf) (Glsiedl)

+ -

C2

R2 RC2RC6

T2

T6

+_CC

C6

R6

V6 V2

+ -

I4I3

(Dayuedf) (Glsiedl)

+-

C2

R2

RC2RC6

T2

T6

+_CC

C6

R6

V6 V2

+-

(f) (b)

lgih ;.62

lgih ;.62 f df krhd kibi T6 trf`sistr dayuef, T2 trf`sistr glsiel kidlclgtir.

Bu f`df` sa`rf C6ga`df`sftr R6dirl`ci zlri`dl` dlfrmf vl C2ga`df`sftr RC2dirl`ci zlri`dl` frmf bfhfyfcfgtr. Bir srl sa`rf C6ga`df`sftr T2 trf`sistr`dayuef ktrlclg lgihdl dlfrm , C2 ga`df`sftr T6 trf`sistr` ihltiel sagfcfglgihdl frm ahfcfgtr. lgih ;.62 b bu duruedf ga`df`sftrhlri` pahfritlhlriìkstlrelgtldir.

Trf`sistarhlri` ihltiedl ahef srlhlri ga`df`sftrhlri` dlfrm srlhlri`l bfhdr. Yfì T6trf`sistr R2-C2 , T2 trf`sistr R6-C6 zfef`hfef lhlef`hfr`` blhirhldii srlhlrdlglsiedl vl dayuedf ahfcfgtr. Fstfbhl euhtivibrftar` asihfsya` plryadu7T5:,;.(R6.C6+R2.C2)srlsi ihl blhirhlìr.

Hamig gfphfr ihl klrlghltirihei bfsit bir fstfbhl euhtivibrftar dlvrlsi lgih ;.63 fdfkstlriheitir. Dlvrl tlg bir scneitt trikklr i`vlrtlr vl RC dlvrlsi`dl` ahueutur.


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Lig (?)

Ga`trah Klrihiei

(


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Lig klrihieiì` uykuhf`fcf ? àhu u klrihiei, gfy`fg klrihieiì` cc_

3

2 yl lit

vlyf byg igl` 6. Gfrhftrcgdliir. Ohip-Ohap Rlslt kirii 6 ahfcf`df`

g: ahfcfg vl dlfrm trf`sistr ihltiel kllclgtir.

Tltighlel kirii 2 ùefrfh u ahup, bu utfgi klrihie3

6_cc yl lit vlyf gg

ahduu`df Ohip-Ohap g tltighlìr, bu`f bfhahfrfg g (3 àhu u) 6 ahur.

_l dlfrm trf`sistar glsiel kidlclgtir.

Sorhfef (Rlslt) kirii 4 ùefrfh utur. Bu u guhhf`hefd zfef` +_ccyl

bfhfèfhdr. Taprfghf`d zfef` vlyf :,4_ tu` fht`df gi bir klrihiedl

;ùefrfhdlfrm ucu yfghfg ahfrfg sor patf`siylhi`dl ahur. g6 slviylsi`dl

isl bu rlslt ucu taprfghf`rsf g: slviylsi`l lgihir.

g` : slviylsi`dl ahduu srlcl dfrdf` bfhfè zfef`hfef

ga`df`sftr`` dlfrm; ùefrfhu zlri`dl` ahur. g 6 slviylsi`dl igl`

ga`df`sftr dfrdf` bfhfèdirl` zlri`dl` frm ahur.

Id5Dlfrm fge

6:

+_cc

Id

R

C

(;)

+_cc

R

C

(;)

_C

(f) (b)

lgih ;.69Ga`df`sftr` frm vl dlfrm


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< àhu ga`trah kirii ihl taprfg frfs`f :,:6O ga`df`sftr bfhf`r. Byhlcl lithi

krht vl blshlel gfy`f`dfgi titrliehlri` ltgisi fzfhthr. Bu u fy`zfef`df

tltighlel vl lig klrihie slviylhlriì dlitirelg ii` guhhf`hr.

;.4.6. Eaàstfbhl (Tlg gfrfrh) fhef

Bfz uykuhfefhfrdf blhirhi srlhi tlg bir gfrl dfhkf klrlghidir.


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T

_tltighlel

_cc

_c

_aut

_cc

-6,


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r`lg=Ffdf vlrihl` eaàstfbhl euhtivibrftar dlvrlsi`dl RF59,6Gvl C5:,6 O slihirslgdfrblsiì` plriyaduù buhuùz.

_aut


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;.4.6. Fstfbhl (Tlg gfrfrh) fhef

Bir


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-62

5 4,;?s

tN5 :,;(RF+RB)C

5 :,;(6:6:3+4,;6:

3) ?>:6:

-62

5 ?,99s

Dfhkf bahug arf`isl,


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EF@DFH(HFTCN) _L OHZ-OHAZHFR

Bu bhedl ffdfgi ga`uhfr f`hfthfcfgtr

Ef`dfhhfr(Hftcnls),R-S Ef`dfh, D Ef`dfh

Ga`tfg srfefs`` ef`dfhhfr yfrdeihl l`klhhl`elsi

Ohip-Ohaphfr,R-S Ohip-Ohap, D Ohip-Ohap, M-G Ohip-Ohap, T Ohip-Ohap

Tltighlel si`yfhi (Chacg puhsl)

Ohip-Ohaphfrdf fsl`gra` kirihlr

F`f-\ydu Ohip-Ohap (Efstlr Shfvl Ohip-Ohap)

Ohip-Ohap uyfref (kli) tfbhahfr

BHE >


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KR

Bu bhel gfdfr birhlig dlvrlhlr lhl fh`d. Bir birhlig dlvrlì` g a f`dfkirihlri` durueu`f bfhdr. Sfysfh dlvrlhlrdl au zfef` birhlig dlvrlhlr buhu`sfbihl bihkiì` sfghfèfsvl ihlèlsi ii` bir srfhdlvrlyl intiyf vfrdr.

Srfh bir dlvrl birhlig bir dlvrl vl ahuf` bihkiì` sfghfefs ii` blhhlglhlef`hfr`df` ahuur. Byhlhighl blhhi bir zfef` vl srfdf igihi duruehfr` ahuefssfhf`fbihir. Blhhlg lhlef``` blhhibir f`df sfghf`f` igihi bihkihlr srfh dlvrlì` af`dfgi durueuù blhirhlr. Srfh bir dlvrlì` g isl a f`df sfdlcl kirihlri`durueu ihl dlih fy`zfef`df blhhlg lhef`hfr`df sfghf`f` igihi bihkiyl dl bfhdr.L` ofzhf gfrhfhf` srfh dlvrl uykuhfefhfr sfychfr (cau`tlrs), gfydldicihlr(rlkistlrs),blhhlghlrdir (eleary).

gi tlelh srfhdlvrl tr vfrdr. Sòhf`dref srfhdlvrlì` bihkiyi ihlylbihelsi ii`klrlghi ahf` zfef`hfef si`yfhi`l bfhdr. Sl`gra` srfhdlvrl, blhhlg lhlef`hfr``ltgihlèlsi fy`f`df ahfcfgtr. Buù sfhfef`` bir yahu sistlei` tfefe`df fy`tltighlel si`yfhì` guhhf`hefsdr. Fsl`gra` srfh dlvrl isl kiri si`yfhhlriì`dliie srfs`f bfhdr. Bu yzdl` fsl`gra` srfh dlvrlhlrdl sfysfh dlvrlhllhlef`hfr`dfgi yfyhe klcigelsi srlsi guhhf`hr.Srfhdlvrlhlrdl guhhf`hf` dlvrllhlef`hfref`dfh (hftcn) vlyf Ohip-Ohaphfrdr. Bu dlvrl lhlef`hfr zlri`dlgi igihibir bihkiyi sfghfyfbihl` ncrlhlrdir. Bir ef`dfh (hftcn) vlyf ohip-ohapu` sfghf`f` bihkiyi

vl sfghf`f bihkiì` dlihiì kstlrl` igi fyr

g

vfrd

r. Ff

df guhhf`

hf` lithief`dfh vl ohip-ohap trhlri i`clhl`lclgtir.

>.6 EF@DFHHFR ( HFTCNS)

Bir ef`dfh (hftcn) dlvrlsi bir kirisi`yfhi ihl durueu dlieldigl igihi bir bihkiyi kvlrihdii eddltl sfghfyfbihl` dlvrl lhlef`hfrdr. lithi ef`dfh (ef`dfh)dlvrlhlri frfs`dfgi ofrg, kiri sfys vl g` kirihlri` durueu`f krl ltgihlèllghidir.

>.6.6 R-S Ef`dfh(R-S Hftcn)

Tlelh ahfrfg bir R-S Ef`dfh_LYF Dlih (@AR) vl _L Dlih (@F@D) gfphfrahefgzlrl igi tlelh gfptr ihl lhdl ldihlbihir. R (Rlslt) vl S (Slt) ahefg zlrl igi kirii

vl V vl V ihl kstlrihl` igi g vfrdr.Bu igi g àrefh fhef duruehfr`dfbirbiriì` tlrsidir. Tlelh ahfrfg R-S Ef`dfh`` igi ofrgh g durueu vfrdr. Buduruehfr V5: ahduu duruef sihel, V56 durueu`f gureffdvlrihir. Ffdf lgih;.6 R-S ef`dfh`f fit hamig diyfkrfe,slebah vl daruhug tfbhasuù kstlrelgtldir.


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6

2

S

V

V

R

R 6

2S V

V

R

S V

V

(f)_LYF DLH gfph (b)_L DLH gfph (c)Slebah

Kirihlr

g

hfrS R V`+6 V `+6

Durue

: : V` `V Dliel yag

: 6 : 6 Sihel

6 : 6 : Guref

6 6 6 6 Tf`esz

(d)Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih >.6R-S Ef`dfh

>.6.2 D Ef`dfh( D Hftcn)

Bir R-S ef`dfh`` S vl R kirihlri frfs`f DLH gfps bfhf`frfg D (Dftf)ef`dfhlhdl ldihlbihi`ir. Ffdf D ef`dfh`f fit hamig diyfkrfe, slebah, daruhugtfbhasu lgih ;.2dl vlriheitir.

6

2 V

V

R

D V

V

R6

2S V

V

D

SD

D S

R

V

V

(f) _LYF DLH gfph (b) _LDLH gfph (c) Slebah


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D `V `V

: : 6

6 6 :

(d) Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih >.2D Ef`dfh(D Hftcn)

>.6.3 Ga`tfg Srfefs`` Ef`dfh (Hftcn) Yfrdeihl `hlèlsi

Ef`dfhhfrdf ga`tfg srfefs si`yfh gfy`f ahfrfg elgfìg f`fntfrhfr`guhhfè`df ahdugf sg krhl` bir ahfydr. Ga`tfg srfefs tlg bir bfhf`tyfphefdf` `cl f`fntfr` elgfìg yfps `ldlì ihl artfyf gf` ofrgh gdfrblhlridir.

lgih >.3

Elgfìg f`fntfrhfrdf ga`tfg srfefs

Ga`tfg srfefhfr zlhhighl srfh dlvrlhlri` fhefs` ltgihlyl` l` `lehiofgtrhlrdir.Bir slri dfrbl dlvrl fhefs`f ltgi ldl` kirihlri ahutururhfr. Ga`tfgsrfefs`` ltgisiì `hlelg ii` guhhf`hf` S-R Ef`dfh dlvrlsi lgih ;.4dlkstlriheitir.

Llr f`fntfr 6 pazisyaù`df isl R kirii : , S kirii 6 ahfcf`df`(sihel durueu)g : ahfcfgtr. F`fntfr 2 pazisyaù`f fh`rsf R kirii puhh-up dirl`ci ihl 6l

lgihlclg vl S kirii : ahfcfgtr. ag gsf srl S kirii`dl ga`tfg srfefs

krhlclg (S 5:) f`cfg bu duruedf ef`dfh bir `clgi gaùeuùgaruyfcfgtr.ffdf lgih >.4 Ga`tfg srfef ltgisiì artfdf` gfhdrefg ii`guhhf`hf` S-R ef`dfh dlvrlsiì kstlrelgtldir.

6

2

+_

R +_

:

F`fntfr gfpf`d `df g


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+_

6

2S

R

V

F`fntfr

6 - 2

F`fntfr

2 - 6

R6 R2

R

S

lgih >.4Ga`tfg s

rfef ltgisiì artfdf` gfhd

rf`S-R Ef`dfh dlvrlsi

>.6.4 Yltgi Kirihi R-S Ef`dfh

Bfz tip ef`dfhhfrdf yltgi kirii (l`fbhl i`put- L@) buhuèfgtfdr. lgih >.< ylgikirihi bir R-S Ef`dfh`kstlrelgtldir. R-S kirihlriì` durueu`f bfhahfrfg g`gaùe dlitirlbihelsi ii` L@ kiriiì` yltgihlèlsi klrlgelgtldir. Yltgihlèl L@kirii`l Hamig-6 uykuhfèfsihl klrlghllclgtir.

6

2 V

V

R

S

L@

S

R

V

V

L@

(f)Hamig diyfkrfe (b) Hamig slebah

L@ S R V `+6 V `+6

: x x V` V `6 : : V` V `

6 : 6 : 6

6 6 : 6 :

(c)-Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih >.


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>.6..?Yltgi kirhi D ef`dfh`kstlrelgtldir.

6

2 V

VD

L@

D V

VL@

f- Hamig diyfkrfe b-Hamig slebah

L@ D V V

: x V: :V

6 : : 6

6 6 6 :

c-Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih >.?Yltgi kirihi D Ef`dfh

;4;< Drt-Bit D Ef`dfh

D ef`dfh ii` bir IC r`lg ;4;< drt bit D ef`dfh kstlrihlbihir. lgih >.; hamigslebah vl daruhug tfbhasuù kstlrelgtldir. Tlgbir l`tlkrl ii`dl drt tf`l Def`dfhbuhuèfgtfdr. gi ef`dfh ii` tlg bir yltgi kirii vfrdr.Daruhug tfbhasu`dfx ihl kstlrihl` duruehfr diggftl fhèfz duruehfr(da`t cfrl) kstlrelgtldir. Llryltgihl`direl ihlei klrlghlelzsl kirihlri` duruehfr`l ahursf ahsu` ef`dfh bir`clgi durueuù garuyfcfgtr.

Kirihlr ghfrD L@ V V

: 6 : 6 Sihel

6 6 6 : Guref

x : :V :V Dliie yag

f- Daruhug tfbhasu b-Hamig slebahlgih >.; ;4;< Drt bit D Ef`dfh

DV

V

L@

D

L@

V

V V

V D

L@ L@

D

V

V

V6 V2 V2 K@DL@6-2 V3 V3 V4

V6

V6

6D 2D L@6-2

_cc 3D 4D V4

6 2 3 4 < ? ; >

6? 6< 64 63 62 66 6: 9


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>.2.6 OHIZ- OHAZHFR (OHIZ-OHAZS)

Tlelh bir ef`dfh (hftcn) fsl`gra` srfh bir dlvrldir. Kirihlri` dliiei`l bfhahfrfg g dllri dlilclgtir. Tlelh bir ef`dfh dlvrlsiì` kirii`l gfplghlelgsurltiyhl ef`dfh` g`` nfrici bir sfft dfrblsi (chacg puhsl- CZ) ihl kirihlri`dliiei`l tlpgi vlrelsi sfhf`fbihir. Ohip-Ohaphfr` bu f`hg dliiei`l tltighlèlfdvlrihir. _l bu dliiei sfhfyf` duruef isl ohip-ohapu` tltighlèlsi dlìr.

Sfft dfrblsi blhhi bir orlgf`stf : vl 6 frfs`df dlil` bir gfrl dfhkf si`yfhidir.Ohip-Ohaphfr` tltighlèlsi, sfft dfrblsiì` (CZ) 6 vlyf : dzlyi`dlklrlghllbihir.

:

6Ohip-Ohap

CZ

Ohip-Ohap

CZ

f-Sfft dfrblsi (Chacg Zuhsl) b- 6 dzlyi`dl tltighlel c-: dzlyi`dl tltighlel

lgih >.> Tltighlel si`yfhi vl dzly tltighlelhlri

Bir dilr tr tltighlel biiei gl`fr tltighlelsidir. Bu tr ohip-ohaphfr gl`fr tltighlelhiohip-ohaphfr ahfrfg fdhf`drhrhfr. Tltighlel sfft dfrblsiì` 6 dl` : f ygslhl`gl`fr`df klrlghliyarsf ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi ohip-ohap, : df` 6 l dl`gl`frdf klrlghliyarsf dl` gl`fr tltighlelhi ohip-ohap fd`fhrhfr.

Ohip

OhapCZ

Ohip

Ohap

(c) Ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi (d) Dl` gl`fr tltighlelhi

(f) Ygslhl` gl`fr (b) Dl` gl`fr

lgih >.9 Gl`fr tltighlelsi

>.2.6 R-S (Rlslt-Slt) Ohip-Ohap

Bir R-S ef`dfh`` kirihlri`l nfrici _L gfphfrlghlelg surltiyhl R-S ohip-ohapu lhdlldihlbihir. Ffdf lgih >.6: ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi R-S Oihip-Ohapf fit hamigdiyfkrfe, slebah vl daruhug tfbhasuù kstlrelgtldir.


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6>.6:Ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi R-S Ohip-Ohap

Bir ohip-ohapu` tltighlèlelsi nfhi`dl bir `clgi durueuù garuyfcf daruhugtfbhasu`df` krhelhidir.

>.2.2 D (Dftf) Ohip-Ohap

Bir R-S ohip-ohapu` S kirii`l DLH gfpsbfhf`frfg R kirii`l bfhfèfsnfh`dfD ohip-ohap lhdl ldihlbihir. Ffdf lgih >.66dl ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi D ohip-ohapffit hamig diyfkrfe, slebah vl daruhug tfbhasu kstlrihelgtldir.

CZ

R6

2S

V

V

R

S

6

2

D

R

S V

V

CZ5

D V

V

CZ

D

(f) Hamig diyfkrfe (b) Slebah vl R-S dl`ghii


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CZ D V`+6 6`V +

x V` `V Dliie yag

: : 6Sihel

6 6 : Guref

(c) Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih >.66Ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi D Ohip-Ohap

>.2.3 M-G Ohip-Ohap

M-G oihp-ohap R-S ohip-ohap tipi`dlgi tf`esz durueu` artfdf` gfhdrhefs fs`df`

bu tipi` klhieibir lghi dl`ihlbihir. M vl G kirihlri kstlrirgl`, V vl V ahefg zlrligi gvfrdr. Ffdf lgih >.62dl ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G ohip-ohapf fit hamigdiyfkrfe, slebah vl daruhug tfbhasu kstlrihelgtldir.

CZ

R6

2S

V

V

G

M V

V

G

M

6

2

CZ

(f) Hamig Diyfkrfe (b) Slebah

CZ M G V`+6 6+`V x x V` `V Dliie yag

: : V` `V Dliie yag

: 6 : 6 Sihel

6 : 6 : Guref

6 6 `V V` Tehlyl`

(c) Daruhug Tfbhasu

lgih.>.62 Ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G Ohip-Ohap


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Daruhug tfbhasu i`clhlìrsl R-S Ohip-Ohap daruhug tfbhasu`f ag yfg` ahduu

krhlclgtir. F`cfg R-S Ohip-Ohapu` tfèsz ahduu durue M-G Ohip-Ohaptf tfèhnfhl klheitir, gbir `clgi durueu` tlrsi ahefgtfdr(Takkhl-Tehlyl` fhef).Bu zlhhii`dl` dahfy M-G ohip-Ohaphfr l` ofzhf tlrcin ldihl` trhlri` bf`df ylrfhefgtfdr.

>.2.4 T (Takkhl) Ohip-Ohap

Bir M-G ohip-ohap u` igi kiriiì gsf dlvrl ldlrlg T (Takkhl) Ohip Ohap lhdl ldihlbihir.T Ohip-Ohap u` guhhf`higi durueu vfrdr llr kiri: isl gtf bir `clgi durue(V`), llr kiri6 isl gtf bir `clgi durueu` tlrsi kr`lclgtir(V). Ffdf lgih>.63dl T ohip-ohapf fit hamig diyfkrfe, slebah vl daruhug tfbhasu kstlrihelgtldir.

CZ

R6

2S

V

V

G

M

6

2

T

G

M V

V

CZ CZ

V

VTT

(f)Hamig Diyfkrfe (b) Slebah

CZ T V V

x V` `V Dliie yag

: V` `V Dliie yag

6 `V V` Tehlyl` (Takkhl)

(c) Daruhug Tfbhasu

lgih >.63Ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi T Ohip-Ohap


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6>>


>.2.96:66626364

K@D

f-Hamig slebah b-Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih >.6.6?df vlriheitir.

f-Hamig diyfkrfe b-Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih >.6?.;4HS662F gihi M-G Ohip-Ohap

Zrlslt Chlfr D V V

: : x : :

: 6 x 6 :

6 : x : 6

6 6 : : 6

6 6 6 6 :

Kirihlr ghfr

ZR CHR CZ M G V V

: 6 x x x 6 :6 : x x x : 6

: : x x x 6 6

6 6 : : :V :V6 6 6 : 6 :

6 6 : 6 : 6

6 6 6 6 :V :V

6 6 x x :V :V

M

V

V

G

SLT

CH R

M

V

V

G

SLT

CH R

CZ

CZ

ZR6

M6

CZ6

G6

CHR6

ZR2

M2

CZ2

G2

CHR2

6V

2V

2V

V6

(2)

(4)

(6)

(6?)

(3)

(;)

(9)

(?)

(62)

(>)

(6


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4:2; gihi M-G Ohip-Ohap

lrisi`dl igi tf`l ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G ohip-ohap ahf` bu l`tlkrl CEASef`tg fihlsi`dl` ahup Slt vl Rlslt diyl fdhf`drhf` igi tf`l fsl`gra` kirilsfniptir. Slt vl Rlslt kirihlri hamig-6 slviylsi`dl fgtio ahefgtfdr. lgih >.6;l`tlkrlì` hamig diyfkrfe`vl daruhug tfbhasuù kstlrelgtldir.

>.3 Ohip-Ohaphfrdf Fsl`gra` Kirihlr

Oihp-Ohaphfrdf tltighlel si`yfhi (CZ) ihl sl`gra` (lzfef`h) fhf` krihlr ahduukibi tltighlel si`yfhi`dl` bfesz fsl`gra` (l zfef`h ahefyf`) kirihlrlsfniptirhlr. Bu kirihlr Ohip-Ohap g6 yfpf` guref (Slt) vl g: yfpf` sihel(Rlslt) fd`fhrhfr. Bu kirihlr Oihp-Ohapu` durueuù tltighlel si`yfhi vl sl`gra`kirihlri` durueu`f bfghefgsz` blhirhlrhlr. lgih >.64 Slt (guref) vl Rlslt(Sihel )fsl`gra` kirihlri`l sfnip ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G Ohip Ohap slebah vldaruhug tfbhasuù kstlrelgtldir. lgihdlgi dlvrldl fsl`gra` kirihlr 6 dlyltgihlìr. Nlr igi kirii` : ahduu f`df M-G Ohip-Ohap fhef klrlghllclidaruhug tfbhasu`df` krhelhidir.

Kirihlr ghfr

SLT RLSLT CZ M G V V

6 : x x x 6 :

: 6 x x x : 66 6 x x x 6 6

: : : : :V :V: : 6 : 6 :

: : : 6 : 6

: : 6 6 :V :V

: : x x :V :V

M

V

V

G

SLT

CH R

M

V

V

G

SLT

CH R

CZ

CZ

SLT6

M6

CZ6

G6

RLSLT6

SLT2

M2

CZ2

G2

RLSLT2

6V

2V

2V

V6

(9)

(6:)

(63)

(66)

(62)

(;)

(?)

(3)

(


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69:


f-Hamig Slebah b-Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih >.64Slt vl Rlslt fsl`gra` kirihi ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G Ohip-Ohap

lgih >.6< Slt (guref) vl Rlslt ( Sihel ) fsl`gra` kirihlri`l sfnip dl` gl`frtltighlelhi M-G Ohip Ohap slebah vl daruhug tfbhasu`u kstlrelgtldir. lgihdlgidlvrldl fsl`gra` kirihlr : df yltgihl`ir. Nlr igi kirii` 6 ahduu f`df M-G Ohip-Ohapfhef klrlghllcli daruhug tfbhasu`df` krhelhidir.

f-Hamig Slebah b-Daruhug tfbhasu

lgih >.64Slt vl Rlslt fsl`gra` kirihi ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G Ohip-Ohap

S R CZ M G V`+66+`

V : 6 x x x : 6

6 : x x x 6 :

: : x x V` `V

: : : : V` `V

: : : 6 : 6

: : 6 : 6 :

: : 6 6 `V V`

S R CZ M G V`+6 6+`V

6 : x x x : 6

: 6 x x x 6 :

6 6 x x V` `V

6 6 : : V` `V

6 6 : 6 : 6

6 6 6 : 6 :

6 6 6 6 `V V`

G

M V

V

CZ

R

S

G

M V

V

CZ

R

S


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>.4 F@F- \YD\ (EFSTLR-SHF_L) OHZ-OHAZ

Bir F`f-\ydu Ohip-Ohap dlvrlsi igi R-S Ohip-Ohap vl nfrici bir DLH gfps`dfàhuur. ahuur. Biri`ci Ohip-Ohap f`f, igi`ci Ohip-Ohap isl uydu Ohip-Ohapu ahuturur.lgih ;.6: F`f-\ydu Ohip-Ohap dlvrlsiì kstlrelgtldir.

\ydu(Shfvl)

R

S V

VR

S V

V

CZ

F`f(Efstlr)

S

R

V

V

Y

Y

(Tltighlel Kirii)

lgih ;.6:F`f-\ydu (Efstlr-Shfvl) Ohip-Ohap dlvrlsi

Tltighlel kirii (CZ) dl` gl`fr () ahduu zfef` DLH gfpsg uydu Ohip-Ohap tltighlel kiriiì (CZ) ygslhl` gl`fr () yfpfcf`df` uydu Ohip-Ohapyltgihlìr vl R-S kirihlri`dl f`f ohip-ohapu` ghfrahf` Y vl Y krhlclgtir. Bu

duruedf uydu ohip-Ohapu` V g`df Y, V g`df Y krhlclgtir. F`f Ohip-Ohaptltighlel kirii`dl bir dl` gl`fr ahduu`df` kiritlgi dliie `l ahursf ahsu` bir`clgi durue garu`fcfgtr.

Tltighlel kiriiì` bir ygslhl` gl`fr () ahefs nfhi`dl uydu tltighlel kirii birdl` gl`fr () ahfcf`df` kirihlrdlgi dlii` `l ahursf ahsu` gfyf`sefyfcfgtr. F`f Ohip-Ohap tltighl`lcli`dl ghfrdf kirihlrl uykuhf`f`dllrhlrl lit ahfcfgtr.

>.< OHZ-OHAZ KL(\YFREF) TFBHAHFRI

Ohip-Ohap daruhug tfbhahfr kirihlri` durueu`f bfh ahfrfg ghfr` `l ahefsklrlgtiiì f`hftf` tfbhahfrdr. Gsfcf bir daruhug tfbhasu Ohip-Ohap fhef lghiìvl zlhhighlriì tfèhfr. Kli(uyfref) tfbhasu isl Ohip-Ohapu` `clgi gaùedf` birsa`rfgi gaùef klelsi ii` kirihlri` `l ahefs klrlgtiiì kstlrir. Daruhugtfbhahfr yfrde ihl kli (uyfref) tfbhahfr gahfyhghf gfrhfbihir. Tfbhadf Vèlvcut durueu, V`+6 isl bir sa`rfgi durueu kstlrelgtldir.


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V` V`+6 S R S R V` `V

: : : x : : V` `V

: 6 6 : : 6 : 6

6 : : 6 6 : 6 :

6 6 x : 6 6 Tf`esz

(f) Kli(uyfref) Tfbhasu(b) Daruhug tfbhasu

Tfbha ;.6R-S Ohip-Ohap Kli(\yfref) vl Daruhug tfbhahfr

V` V`+6 D D V` `V : : : : : 6

: 6 6 6 6 :

6 : :

6 6 6

(f) Kli(uyfref) tfbhasu (b) Daruhug tfbhasu

Tfbha ;.2D Ohip-Ohap Kli(\yfref) vl Daruhug tfbhahf

V` V`+6 M G M G V` `V

: : : x : : V` `V

: 6 6 x : 6 : 6

6 : x 6 6 : 6 :

6 6 x : 6 6 `V V`

(f) Kli(uyfref) Tfbhasu (b) Daruhug tfbhasu

Tfbha ;.3M-G Ohip-Ohap Kli(\yfref) vl Daruhug tfbhahfr

V` V`+6 T D V` `V

: : : : V` `V

: 6 6 6 `V V`

6 : 6

6 6 :

Tfbha ;.4T Ohip-Ohap Kli(\yfref) vl Daruhug tfbhahfr


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Bu bhedl ffdfgi ga`uhfr f`hfthfcfgtr

Sfychfrdf Ead gfvrfe

Fsl`gra` sfychfr

Fsl`gra` yugfrsfyc(\p cau`tlr)

Fsl`gra` ffsfyc(Daw` cau`tlr)

Fsl`gra` sfychfrdf sorhfef

Sl`gra` sfychfr

(CA\@TLRS) SFYICIHFR

BHE 9


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KR

Kiri dfrblhlri`l bfh ahfrfg blhirhi bir durue dizisiì tlgrfrhfyf` dlvrlhlrl sfyc(cau`tlrs) fd vlrihir. Klì bir uykuhfef fhf` buhf` sfyc dlvrlhlri zfef`hfef(orlgf`s bhel vb.) vl ga`trah ( gadhfef, bihki dlpahfef vb.) dlvrlhlri`dlguhhf`hefgtfdr. Kl`lh ahfrfg sfycdlvrlhlriì ffdfgi kibi sòhf`drfbihiriz.

f- Tltighlel si`yfhiì` uykuhfèfs`f krl

I. Fsl`gra` Sfychfr

II. Sl`gra` Sfychfr

b- Sfyef y``l krlI. Yugfr hlri Sfychfr (\p Cau`tlrs)

II. Ff Klri Sfychfr (Daw` Cau`tlrs)

III. Yugfr/ FfSfychfr (\p / Daw` Ca`tlrs )

c- Lhdl ldihl` sfy`` gadhfèfs`f krl

I. gihig Sfyc(Bi`fry Cau`tlr)

II. BCD Sfyc(BCD Cau`tlr)

III. A`hug Sfyc(Dlciefh Cau`tlr)

Bir sfyc`` tlgrfr yfpefdf` fhfbihdii durue sfys`f vlyf sfyfbihdii sfyeigtfr`f a sfyc`` ead u fdvlrihir. r`li` Ead-63 sfyctlgrfr yfpefdf` a` dliig durue fhfbihir. Yfì Ead-63 sfyc:-62 frfssfyhfrsfyfcfg vl tlgrfr:f d`lclgtir.

9.6. FSL@GRA@ SFYICIHFR (FSY@CNRA\@S CA\@TLRS)

Fsl`gra` sfychfr dfhkfcg sfychfr vlyf slri sfychfr ahfrfg fdhf`drhefgtfdr. Butip sfychfrdf ohip-ohaphfr` tltighlel si`yfhi bir `clgi ohip-ohap ghfr`df` fh`r.Bt` ohip-ohaphfr` CZ kirihlri (l` dg dllrhighi bitl fit ohip-ohap nfri) klhl` nfricitltighlel si`yfhi ihl dlih `clgi ohip-ohap g dliiehlri ihl tltighlìr. Bu fhefzlhhighlri`dl` dahfyFsl`gra` sfychfr` tfsfre`df guhhf`hf` Ohip-Ohap tltighlelsi`yfhiì` tr (Ygslhl` gl`fr vlyf Dl` gl`fr tltighlelhi) sfyc`` fhefs`dfblhirhlyicidir. Fsl`gra` sfychfrdf guhhf`hf` ohip-ohaphfr` klhl` nlr dfrbl ihl gaùedlitirelsi (takkhl-tehlyl` fhef) istl`dii`dl` M-G vlyf T ohip-ohap guhhf`hr. Butip sfycdlvrlhlri`dl tltighlel bir `clgi ohip-ohap g`df` fh`fcf`df` dlvrlylnlr bir ohip-ohapu` yfyhe klcigelsi (prapfkfsya` dlhfy) ohip-ohap fdldi ihl frphefssaùcu lhdl ldihl` srl sa rfs`df l` sa`dfgi ohip-ohap gaùe dlitirlclgtir.


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69.6.b) dlgi g dfhkf lgihhlriahufcfgtr. Bu fhefyf fit tfbha ahuturuhursf (lgih >.6.c) igi bithig sfyef ihleikrhlclgtir.

Sfycdf buhu`f` nlr bir Ohip-Ohap ghfr`f fit dfhkf lgihhlri(lgih >.6. b)i`clhl`irsl Ohip-Ohaphfr` ghfr`dfgi si`yfhi` tltighlel kirii`l uykuhf`f si`yfhi`orlgf`s`` yfrs ahduu krhelgtldir. r`li` lgih >.6dl kstlrihl` Ead-4

fsl`gra` sfycyf 6:GNzhig bir tltighlel si`yfhi (CZ) uykuhf`d`df 6.Ohip-Ohapg`df


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M

V

V

G

SLT

CHR

CZ

+_cc

+_cc

:

+_cc

M

V

V

G

SLT

CHR

+_cc

6

+_cc

M

V

V

G

SLT

CHR

+_cc

2

+_cc

M

V

V

G

SLT

CHR

+_cc

`

V`-6

lgih 9.3.Dl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G Ohip-Ohap ihlfsl`gra` yugfrsfycprl`sip lefs

I- Ohip-Ohap ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi isl l` dg dllrhighi biti tfyf` Ohip-Ohap nfri dilr bt` Ohip-Ohaphfr tltighlel si`yfhi bir `clgi Ohip-

Ohapu` V g df` fh r.

II- Ohip-Ohap dl` gl`fr tltighlelhi isl l` dg dllrhighi biti tfyf` Ohip-Ohap nfri dilr bt` Ohip-Ohap hfr` tltighlel si`yfhi bir `clgi Ohip-Ohap u` V g`df` fh`r.

r`lg=

Ead-6? fsl`gra` yugfr sfycy (up cau`tlr) ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G Ohip-Ohap guhhf`frfg tfsfrhfy`z.

ze=

Ead-6? fsl`gra` yugfr

sfy

c

:-6< frfs

`dfgi sfy

hfr

sfyfcfg vl tlgrfr : sfy

s

`fd`lclgtir. Sfyef ihlei 6? durue(2`56?) ilrdii`dl` sfycdf guhhf`fcfez Ohip-Ohap fdldi `54 ahfcfgtr. Sfyef ihlei`l fit durue tfbhasu ffdfgi kibi ahfcfgtr.

Dlc F B C D: : : : :6 : : : 62 : : 6 :3 : : 6 64 : 6 : :< : 6 : 6

? : 6 6 :

@at=Fsl`gra` yugfrsfyctfsfrhfrgl`7


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; : 6 6 6

> 6 : : :9 6 : : 6

6: 6 : 6 :66 6 : 6 662 6 6 : :63 6 6 : 664 6 6 6 :6< 6 6 6 6

M

V

V

G

SLT

CHR

CZ

+_cc

+_cc

D

+_cc

M

V

V

G

SL T

CHR

+_cc

C

+_cc

M

V

V

G

SL T

CHR

+_cc

B

+_cc

M

V

V

G

SL T

CHR

+_cc

F

VFVBVCVD

9.6.2 Fsl`gra` FfSfychfr(Fsy`cnrau`s Daw` Cau`tlrs)

Ffdf lgih 9.4 ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G Ohip-Ohap guhhf`hfrfg lhdl ldiheiigibithig (Ead-4) fsl`gra` ff sfyc dlvrlsi`i kstlrelgtldir. Bu dlvrl igi bithigfsl`gra` ffsfyc(daw` cau`tlrs) ahfrfg df fdhf`drhfbihir.

CZ

VB

: 6 : 6 : 6

6

t: t6 t2 t3t4

: 6 : :6

: 3 2 6 : 3

VF

M

V

V

G

SL T

CHR

CZ

+_cc

+_ cc +_cc

M

V

V

G

SL T

CHR

+_ cc

B F

(f) Hamig Diyfkrfe (b) gdfhkf lghi


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CZ VF VB

: : :6 6 6

2 6 :

3 : 6

4 : :

(c) Durue tfbhasu

lgih. 9.4gi bithig (Ead-4) Fsl`gra` ffsfyc

Sfycdlvrlsi ii` ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G Ohip-Ohap guhhf`hetr . Bt` Ohip-Ohaphfr tehlyl` (takkhl) ahfrfg fhtrhetr. Tltighlel si`yfhiì` ygslhl`gl`fr`df ihkihi Ohip-Ohap gaùe dlitirlclgtir. L` dg dllrhighi biti tfyf` B Ohip-Ohapuù` V g ygslg dllrhighi biti tfyf` F Ohip-Ohap uù` tltighlel si`yfhikrlviì krelgtldir. L` dg dllrhighi biti tfyf` B Ohip-Ohap u klhl` tltighlelsi`yfhiì` ihg ygslhl` gl`fr`df (t: zfef`) gaùe dlitirlclg vl VB g 6ahfcfgtr. VB g 6 ahduu`df` F Ohip-Ohap u gaùe dlitirlclg vl VF g 6ahcfgtr. Tltighlel si`yfhiì` igi`ci ygslhl` gl`fr`df (t6 zfef`) Ohip-Ohaphfrtehlyl` (takkhl) ahfrfg fht`df` B Ohip-Ohap u gaùe dlitirlclg vl VBg: ahfcfgtr. Bu duruedf F Ohip-Ohap uù` tltighlel kirii`l bir dl` gl`fr

uykuhf`d`df` VF g gaùe dlitirelylclgtir. Klhl` tltighlel dfrblhlri`lbfh ahfrfg g dfhkf lgihhlri izihirsl (lgih.9.4 b) dlgi g dfhkf lgihhlriahufcfgtr. Bu fhefyf fit tfbha ahuturuhursf (lgih 9.4 c) igi bithig ff sfyefihlei krhlclgtir.

Ffdf ` tf`l ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G Ohip- Ohap tf` ahueu Ead-`Fsl`gra` ffsfycyf fit prl`sip lefsvlriheitir.

M

V

V

G

SLT

CHR

CZ

+_cc

+_cc

:

+_cc

M

V

V

G

SLT

CH R

+_cc

6

+_cc

M

V

V

G

SLT

CH R

+_cc

2

+_cc

M

V

V

G

SLT

CHR

+_cc

`V`-6

lgih. 9.


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Dl` gl`fr tltighlelhi Ohip-Ohap guhhf`frfg fsl`gra` ff sfyc tfsfre`df l`

dg dllrhihi biti tf

yf` Ohip-ohap nfri te Ohip-Ohaphfr

` tltighlel si`yfhi bir`clgi Ohip-Ohapu` V ghfr`df` fh`efhdr.lgih >.? ` tf`l dl` gl`frtltighlelhi M-G Ohip-Ohaptf` ahueuEad-2`fsl`gra` ffsfycy(daw` cau`tlr)kstlrelgtldir.

M

V

V

G

SLT

CHR

CZ

+_cc

+_cc

:

+_cc

M

V

V

G

SLT

CHR

+_cc

6

+_cc

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2

+_cc

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`

V`-6

lgih 9.?.Dl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G Ohip-Ohap ihlfsl`gra` ffsfycprl`sip lefs

I- Ohip-Ohap ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi isl l` dg dllrhighi biti tfyf` Ohip-Ohap nfri dilr bt` Ohip-Ohap hfr tltighlel si`yfhi bir `clgi Ohip-Ohapu` V g df` fh r.

II- Ohip-Ohap dl` gl`fr tltighlelhi isl l` dg dllrhighi biti tfyf` Ohip-Ohap nfri dilr bt` Ohip-Ohap hfr tltighlel si`yfhi bir `clgi Ohip-

Ohap u` V g df` fh r.

r`lg=

Ead-6? fsl`gra` ff sfycy(daw` cau`tlr) dl` gl`fr tltighlelhi T Ohip-Ohapguhhf`frfg tfsfrhfy`z.

ze=

Ead-6? fsl`gra` ff sfyc 6


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Dlc F B C D

6< 6 6 6 664 6 6 6 :63 6 6 : 662 6 6 : :66 6 : 6 66: 6 : 6 :9 6 : : 6> 6 : : :; : 6 6 6? : 6 6 :

< : 6 : 64 : 6 : :3 : : 6 62 : : 6 :6 : : : 6: : : : :

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+_cc

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VFVBVCVD

9.6.3 Fsl`gra` Sfychfrdf Sorhfef vl `guref Dzl`lghlri

Ohip-Ohaphfrdf fsl`gra` kirihlr diyl fdhf`drhf` guref (SLT-ZRLSLT) vl sihel(CHR-RLSLT) fd`df igi kiri ahduu bir `clgi bhedl f`hfthet. Bu kirihlryfrde ihl fsl`gra` sfyc`` istlìhl` bir dllrdl sorhfef vlyf istlìhl` birdllrdl` sfyef ihlei`l bfhfefs (`guref) ihlei klrlghltirihlbihir.

lgih 9.; Sorhfef kirihi fsl`gra` yugfr sfyc kstlriheitir. Sorhfef ihlei`dl,bt` Ohip-Ohaphfr` sorhfef (CHR) kirihlri`l S6,R6vl C6 lhlef`hfr`df` ahuf`sorhfef dlvrlsi lghlèitir.Sorhfef ihleiì` k vlrihdii f`df klrlghltirihelsiii` S6 f`fntfrdlvrlì` fhef f`fntfrihl lzfef`hfhefhdr. Guhhf`hf` Ohip-Ohaphfr` sorhfef (CHR) kirihlri Hamig-6 slviylsi`dl fgtio ahduu dlvrldl`krhelhidir. Dlvrlyl k vlrihdii f`df S6 f`fntfr`` gfpfthefs ihl slri R-C

dlvrlsi zlri`dl` fgf` ygslg frm fgeR6dirl`ci zlri`dl +_ccklrihieiì`


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krhelsiì sfhfyfcfgtr. R6 dirl`ci zlri`dlgi bu klrihie bt` Ohip-Ohaphfr`

sorhfef (CHR) kirihlriì Hamig-6 slviylsi`l lglcli`dl` te Ohip-Ohaphfr` ghfr: ahfcfgtr. Yfì sfycsorhf`fcfgtr. Bu ihle C6ga`df`sftr`` sfrm ahefs`fgfdfr dlvfe ldlclgtir. Ga`df`sftr` kiriklrihiei`l sfrm ahefsihl dlvrldl` fgf`fge sorhf`fcf`df` R6 dirl`ci zlri`dlgi klrihie : _aht ahfcfg vl sfyef ihleibfhfyfcfgtr.

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VFVFVBVCVD

lgih 9.;SorhfefhFsl`gra` yugfrsfyc

Guhhf`hf` Ohip-Ohaphfr` sorhfef kirihlriì` Hamig-: slviylsi`dl fgtio ahefsdurueu`df sorhfef dlvrlsi`dlgi R6 vl C6 lhfef`hfr`` ylr dlitirihelsi yltlrhiahfcfgtr. Dlvrlyl k vlrihdii f`df S6f`fntfr`` gfpfthefsihl slri R-C dlvrlsizlri`dl` fgf` ygslg frm fge R6 dirl`ci zlri`dl +_cc klrihieiì` krhelsiìsfhfyfcfgtr. R6 dirl`ciì` dilr ucu C6 ga`df`sftr sfrm ahf`f gfdfr : _ahtahfcfgtr. Bu klrihie bt` Ohip-Ohaphfr` sorhfef (CHR) kirihlriì Hamig-: slviylsi`llglclg vl te Ohip-Ohaphfr` ghfr : ahfcfgtr. Yfì sfyc sorhf`fcfgtr. Buihle C6ga`df`sftr`` sfrm ahefs`f gfdfr dlvfe ldlclgtir. Ga`df`sftr` kiriklrihiei`l sfrm ahefsihl bt` Ohip-ohaphfr` sihel (CHR) kirihlri Hamig-6l lgihlclgvl sfyef ihlei bfhfyfcfgtr.


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VD VC

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lgih 9.>SorhfefhFsl`gra` yugfrsfyc

Sfyef ihleiì` istlìhl` bir dllrdl` bfhf`fcf tr fsl`gra` sfychfrf`gurefh (prlslthlelhi) fsl`gra` sfychfr dlìr. Bu dlvrlhlrdl sfyc``bfhfyfcfdllr buhu`dugtf` sa`rf, guruhefsistlìhl` ohip-ohaphfr` SLT kirihlriihl, sorhfèfsistlìhl` ohip-ohaphfr` CHR kirihlri gsf dlvrl ldihlrlg R-C dlvrlsi`lbfhfèfhdr. Dlvrlyl k vlrihelsi ihl birhigtl dlvrldlgi ohip-ohaphfr istlìhl`dllrl guruhfcfg vl sfycbu dllrdl` itibfrl` sfyefyf dlvfe ldlclgtir. lgih >.9(::6:)252 sfys`df sfyefyf bfhfyf` ` gurefh fsl`gra` sfyc dlvrlsiì

kstlrelgtldir.

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lgih 9.9(::6:)2sfys`df` bfhfyf` fsl`gra` yugfrsfyc


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Sfyef ihleiì` bfhfyfcf dllri istll krl fyfrhf`fbihl` dlvrlhlrl ag

sll`lghi ` gurefh fsl`gra` yugfr sfyc dlìr. Sfyef ihleiì` bfhfyfcfsfy`` igihig gfrh FBCD diyl fdhf`drhf` guref kirihlri`l uykuhf`r.

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ZRL

lgih 9.6:ag sll`lghi `gurefhsfyc

9.6.4 Fsl`gra` Yugfr/ FfSfychfr(Fsy`cnrau`s \p/Daw`Cau`tlrs)

Fsl`gra` sfychfr` yugfrvlyf ffsfyef ihleiì tltighlel si`yfhiì` bir `clgiOhip-Ohapu` nf`ki g`df` fh`d`f krl blhirhl`dii `clgi gaùhfrdf f`hfthd.lgih 9.66 Drt bithig (Ead-6?) Yugfr/Ff fsl`gra` sfyc dlvrlsiìkstlrelgtldir.

\p/ Daw`Ga`trah Kirii

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lgih.9.66.Drt bithig (Ead-6?) Fsl`gra` yugfrffsfyc


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9 6 : : 6

6: 6 : 6 : Sorhfef ihlei`i` yfphfcfsfy(6:6:)2 56:


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9.2 SL@GRA@ SFYICIHFR (SY@CNRA\@S CA\@TLRS)

Sl`gra` sfychfr lzfef`h vlyf pfrfhlh sfychfr ahfrfg fdhf`drhrhfr. Tltighlelsi`yfhiì` bt` Ohip-Ohaphfr` CZ kirihlri`l uykuhfèfs f`df` Fsl`gra`sfychfrdf` ofrghhg kstlrir. Artfg dfrbl dfhkfcg sfycdf ahduu kibi srfsyhfOhip-Ohap hfr srfsyhf tltighlelg ylri`l bt` Ohip-Ohaphfr fy` f`df tltighlr. BirOhip-Ohapu` gaùe dlitirelsi a srfdf Ohip-Ohap kirihlri`dl blhirhlìr.

Sl`gra` sfychfr fhef nzfs`df` fsl`gra` sfychfrf st`h vfrdr.Nlr birdurue ii` uhf`hf` srfh dlvrl lhlef``` yfyhe klcigelsi (prapfkfsya` dlhfy)srlsi gfdfr klcigelsi vfrdr. F`cfg tfsfredf guhhf`hf` dlvrl lhlef`hfrfsl`gra`sfychfrf krl ofzhfdr.

9.2.6 gi Bithig Sl`gra` YugfrSfyc( Sy`cnrau`s \p Cau`tlr)

Ffdf lgih 9.; dl igi bithig sl`gra` sfycyf fit Hamig lefy vl g dfhkflgihhlriì kstlrelgtldir. Sfyc dlvrlsiì` bfhf`k f``df nlr igi g`` :ahduu gfbuh ldihlrlg dlvrl fhefsfghfètr.

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VB: 6 : 6 : 6

6: : : :6VF

t: t6 t2 t3 t4

: 6 2 3 : 6

(f) Hamig Diyfkrfe (b) Dfhkf lgihhlri

lgih 9.;gi Bit Sl`gra` YugfrSfyc

Klhl` ihg tltighlel dfrblsi ihl tehlyl` (takkhl) fhf` B Ohip-Ohap u tltighlìr vl VBg 6 ahur. F Ohip-Ohapu fy`tltighlel si`yfhi uykuhf`fcf`df` vl M-G kirihlri`l: uykuhf`d`df` VF g: ahur. Bu tltighlel f``df sfycghfrVF 5 : vlVB56 ahur.

gi`ci tltighlel si`yfhi` ihl M-G kirihlri`dl 6 ahf` B Ohip-Ohapu tltighlìr VB g:ahur. F Ohip-Ohapuù` kirihlri`dl 6 ahduu`df` F ohip-Ohap u gaùe dlitirir vl VFg6 ahur. Bu tltighlel f``df sfycghfrVF 5 6 vl VB5: ahur.

`c tltighlel si`yfhi ihl B Ohip-Ohapu gaùe dlitirir VB56, F Ohip-Ohapukirihlri`dl : ahduu`df` gaùe dlitirelz vl V

F56 ahur. Bu tltighlel f``df

sfycghfrVF 56 vl VB56 ahur.


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Drd`c tltighlel si`yfhi`dl nlr igi Ohip-Ohap kirihlri`dl 6 ahduu`df` nlr igi

Ohip-Ohap gaùe dlitirlrlg bfhf`k dllrhlri`l VF5: vl VB5: d`lr.

>.2.2 Sl`gra` Sfychfr` Tfsfre

fhef prakrfe vlrihl` bir Sl`gra` sfy`c` tfsfre`df ffdfgi ihle srfhfrizhlèlhidir7

I- Tfsfredf guhhf`hfcfg Ohip-Ohap tr vl fdldi blhirhlìrII- Sfyef ihlei`l ihigi` fhef tfbhasu ahuturuhur.III- Ohip-Ohap kli(uyfref) tfbhahfr guhhf`hfrfg nlr bir Ohip-Ohap ii`

klihlrl fit klrlghi kiridllrhlri buhuùr.I_- Nlr bir Ohip-ohap ii` buhu`f` kiri dllrhlri Gfràukn nfritfhfef y`tlei

ihl sfdlhltirihir._- `dirklèilithighlrdl` Sl`gra` sfycdlvrlsi izihir.

r`lg=

Ead-; Sl`gra` sfycyM-G Ohip-Ohap guhhf`frfg tfsfrhfy`z.

ze=

I. Tfsfredf guhhf`hfcfg Ohip-Ohap tr vl fdldi blhirhlìr.

Ead-; sl`gra` sfyc sfyef ihleiì : ihf ? frfs`dfgi sfyhfr ii` klrlghltirir.Sfyef ihlei`dlgi l` byg sfyahf` ? sfys`gf bithl iofdl ldiyarsfg a gfdfrOhip-Ohap guhhfèfg zaru`dfyz.

(?) 5 (66:)2

ahduu`f krl tfsfr

edf tf`l Ohip-Ohap guhhfèfg zaru`dfy

z. stlìhl` trsarudf M-G ahfrfg blhirhlèitir.

II. Sfyef ihlei`l ihigi` fhef tfbhasuù ahuturfhe.

III. fhef tfbhasu bizl sfyc`` elvcut durueuù vl klhl` tltighlelsi`yfhi ihl klelsi klrlgl` sa`rfgi durueu kstlrelhidir.

@at= Sl`gra` sfychfr` tfsfre`df guhhf`hf` Ohip-Ohaphfr` tltighlel trtfsfre ii` blhirhlyici bir zlhhig dlihdir


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Elvcut

Durue

Sa`rfgi

DurueCZ F B C F B C MF GF MB GB MC GC

: : : : : : 6 : x : x 6 x

6 : : 6 : 6 : : x 6 x x 6

2 : 6 : : 6 6 : x x : 6 x

3 : 6 6 6 : : 6 x x 6 x 6

4 6 : : 6 : 6 x : : x 6 x

< 6 : 6 6 6 : x : 6 x x 6

? 6 6 : : : : x 6 x 6 : x

I_. Nlr bir Ohip-Ohap ii` fhef tfbhasu`df` lhdl ldihl` klihlr Gfr`auknnfritfs`f ylrhltirihir. _l nlr bir kiril fit i`dirkl`eilithig lhdl ldihir.

MB

5 C

F

:

6

:: :6 66 6:B.C

x6 x

x6 x

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:

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:: :6 66 6:B.C

x 6 6

x 6 x

x

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GC5 +_

CC

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x xx

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5 B.C

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6 x x 6

B+F5MC

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x x x

x

x

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5B.C

F

:

6

:: :6 66 6:B.C

x 6x

x x x 6

GB 5 F+C


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_. Sl`gra` sfyc`` iziei ihl dlvrl tfsfretfefehf`r.

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SAR\HFR

6. Ead-> Fsl`gra` yugfr sfycy ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi T ohip-ohapguhhf`frfg tfsfrhfy`z.

2. Ead-66 Fsl`gra` yugfr sfycy ygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G ohip-ohapguhhf`frfg tfsfrhfy`z.

3. Ead-63 Fsl`gra` ffyugfrsfycyygslhl` gl`fr tltighlelhi M-G oihp-ohapguhhf`frfg tfsfrhfy`z.

4. Ead-6? Fsl`gra` ffsfycydl` gl`fr tltighlelhi T ohip-ohap guhhf`frfgtfsfrhfy`z.

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