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Loca%ng Associated Mo%on: an underdescribed morphological category Daniel Ross University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign Rice Linguis%cs Society's 6th Biennial Conference Saturday, March 21st, 2015

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Page 1: Locang Associated(Mo%on:( - publish.illinois.edupublish.illinois.edu/djross3/files/2015/04/AssociatedMotionRice.pdf · Whataboutspace?(• In(fact,(similar(systems(existfor(morphological(encoding(of(spaal(relaonships(on(the(verb.(–

Loca%ng  Associated  Mo%on:  

an  underdescribed  morphological  category  

Daniel  Ross  University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-­‐Champaign  

 Rice  Linguis%cs  Society's  6th  Biennial  Conference  

Saturday,  March  21st,  2015      

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Encoding  %me  on  the  verb…  

•  Tense  encodes  when  an  event  takes  place.  –  (Past,  Present,  Future…)  

•  Aspect  encodes  how  that  event  takes  place  at  that  %me:  – Before:  perfec%ve;  ATer:  prospec%ve  – Con%nuous:  progressive  – Repeated:  itera%ve  

•  Tense  is  central  in  syntac%c  theory  for  clauses.  

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What  about  space?  

•  In  fact,  similar  systems  exist  for  morphological  encoding  of  spa%al  rela%onships  on  the  verb.  –  (Technically  more  like  aspect  than  tense.)  

•  We’ll  call  these  Associated  Mo/on  (AM).  •  Most  common  is  ‘going’  vs.  ‘coming’  contrast:  Maasai  (Nilo%c,  Kenya/Tanzania;  Tucker  &  Mpaayei  1955:  127)  

asi            asieku            asioyo  ‘to  be  impa%ent’    ‘to  come  quickly’    ‘to  go  away  quickly’  

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I%ve  and  Ven%ve  

Maasai  (Tucker  and  Mpaayei  1955,  126;  123)  •   A-­‐rew-­‐aa  nkishu                    1SG-­‐drive-­‐ITV  cafle            ‘I  shall  drive  the  cafle  away.’  •   Te-­‐re-­‐u                          nkishu    IMP-­‐drive-­‐VEN  cafle  

         ‘Drive  the  cafle  this  way!’  

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Associated  Mo%on  Morphology  

•  Quechua  (Soto  Ruiz  2010:353)    Llamka-­‐mu-­‐saq          Filipi-­‐wan    Work-­‐AM-­‐1SG.FUT  Felipe-­‐WITH      ‘I  will  (go)  work  (over  there)  with  Felipe.’  

 In  Quechua,  just  one  general  movement  suffix.  

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Defining  Associated  Mo%on  •  Wilkins  (1991:251)  describes  associated  mo%on  as  “a  no%onal  

seman%c  category  which  can  be  found  crosslinguis%cally  in  typologically  and  gene%cally  unrelated  languages  …  [with]  a  unique  morphosyntac%c  treatment  that  dis%nguishes  it  from  other  categories  [as  in  Mparntwe  Arrernte,  which]  is  evidence  for  recognising  a  dis%nct  gramma%cal  category,  to  be  added  to  the  list  of  possible  morpho-­‐syntac%c  categories  which  a  natural  language  may  manifest.”  

 •  Guillaume  (2013:131)  defines  associated  mo%on  as  “referring  to  

gramma%cal  markers  that  afach  to  non-­‐mo%on  verbs  and  specify  that  the  verb  ac%on  occurs  against  the  background  of  a  mo%on  event  with  a  specific  orienta%on  in  space.”  

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Associated  Mo%on  in  Australia  The  term  Associated  Mo/on  originates  in  Australia  (Koch  1984;  

Tunbridge  1988;  Wilkins  1991,  1997;  McGregor  2002).    

“Gramma%cal  category”?  Mparntwe  Arrernte    (Wilkins  1991:  225,  207)  

 

   (1)  Re          ayenge  tw-­‐intye-­‐ke                            3sgA  1sgS          hit-­‐DO.COMING-­‐past.comple%ve                          ‘S/he  hit  me  as  s/he  came  (this  way).’          

   (2)  angke-­‐tye.lhe-­‐ke                  speak-­‐GO&DO-­‐pc                ‘went  and  then  spoke’  

 

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Associated  Mo%on  in  Australia  •  Wilkins  (1991)  

described  14  categories  in  Mparntwe  Arrernte  

•  Go  vs.  come  •  Temporal:  

–  Previous  –  Concurrent  –  Subsequent  

•  (Also  one  for  a  new  subject.)  

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Deriva%on  or  Inflec%on?  •  Shasta,  13  affixes  (Mithun  1999:  141)  

•  Some  languages  have  many  contrasts…  

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•  More  than  60  suffixes  in  Kwakwala  (incomplete  list!)  

     (Mithun  1999:  149-­‐50)  

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Terminology  •  Associated  Mo/on  is  convenient  but  not  common  outside  of  Australia.  

•  In  North  America,  the  terms  transloca/ve  (‘away  from  speaker’)  and  cisloca/ve  (‘toward’),  even  disloca/ve  (‘go  away  and…’).  

•  Ven/ve/veni/ve  (‘come  and…’)  and  i/ve/anda/ve  (‘go  and…’)  common  in  African  descrip%ve  tradi%on  and  elsewhere.  

•  Some%mes  also  centripetal  and  centrifugal.  •  Otherwise  just  direc/onal/spa/al/loca/onal.  

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Areal  studies  •  Several  studies  for  Australian  languages.  •  Mithun  (1999)  discusses  North  America.  •  Many  studies  of  African  languages,  some  comparison  (Bourdin  2005),  no  overviews.  

•  The  Tacanan  family  in  South  America  (Guillaume  2013),  and  broader  discussion  in  (Aikhenvald  2012).  

•  rGyalrong,  in  western  China  (Jacques  2013)  •  Sparse  descrip%ons  elsewhere  

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Methodology  

•  First  broad  compara%ve  study  of  AM.  •  Based  on  the  methodology  of  WALS  (Haspelmath  2005),  looking  through  descrip%ve  grammars  for  324  languages.  – Data  for  200  ready  now.  

•  Can  be  challenging  to  compare  different  styles  of  wri%ng  grammars  and  not  miss  data.  

•  Data  is  likely  underes/mated  rather  than  exaggerated  due  to  underdescrip%on.  

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Research  Assistants  

•  Collabora%ve  project  with  four  undergraduate  research  assistants.  

– Ryan  Grunow  – Kelsey  Lac  

– George  Jabbour  –  Jack  Dempsey  

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WALS  

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WALS  

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WALS  

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325  Languages  [200  presented  now]  Abkhaz,   Abun,   Acehnese,   Acoma,   Agarabi,   Ainu,   Alamblak,   Alyawarra,   Ambae   (Lolovoli   Northeast),   Amele,   Apurinã,   Arabic  (Egyp%an),   Araona,   Arawak,   Arop-­‐Lokep,   Arrernte   (Mparntwe),   Babungo,   Badimaya,   Bagirmi,   Baka   (in   Cameroon),   Bali-­‐Vitu,  Banoni,  Basque,  Batak  (Karo),  Bawm,  Berber  (Middle  Atlas),  Bininj  Gun-­‐Wok,  Bozo  (Tigemaxo),  Brahui,  Brokskat,  Buduma,  Buma,  Burushaski,   Busa,   Cahuilla,   Canela-­‐Krahô,   Cantonese,   Cayuga,   Chamorro,   Chechen,   Chemehuevi,   Chichewa,   Chocho,   Chukchi,  Coahuilteco,  Coos   (Hanis),  Cop%c,  Dagbani,  Dargwa,  Degema,  Dhaasanac,  Dhivehi,  Djabugay,  Doyayo,  Drehu,  Dullay   (Gollango),  English,   Erromangan,   Evenki,   Ewondo,   Fijian,   Finnish,   Fongbe,   French,  Gapapaiwa,  Garo,  Georgian,  German,  Gola,  Gooniyandi,  Greek  (Modern),  Greenlandic  (West),  Guaraní,  Gujara%,  Gunbalang,  Gurr-­‐goni,  Haida,  Hamtai,  Hatam,  Hausa,  Hawaiian,  Hebrew  (Modern),   Hindi,   Hixkaryana,   Hmong   Njua,   Hoava,   Hungarian,   Hunzib,   Ika   (Arhuaco),   Imonda,   Indonesian,   Iraqw,   Italian,   Itzaj,  Jabêm,   Jakaltek,   Jaminjung,   Japanese,   Ju|'hoan,   Kairiru,   Kalkatungu,   Kamaiurá,   Kambera,   Kana,   Kannada,   Kanuri,   Karen   (Pwo),  Karok,  Kashmiri,  Kâte,  Kera,  Ket,  Kham,  Khanty,  Khasi,  Khmu',  Khoekhoe,  Kiriba%,  Koasa%,  Kobon,  Kolami,  Kombai,  Korean,  Korku,  Koromfe,   Korowai,   Koyraboro   Senni,   Krongo,   Kugu   Nganhcara,   Kukú,   Kuot,   Kutenai,   Kwaio,   Lai,   Lak,   Lakhota,   Lamang,   Lango,  Latvian,  Lavukaleve,  Laz,  Lele,  Lepcha,  Lezgian,  Lillooet,  Longgu,  Lugbara,  Luvale,  Maale,  Ma'di,  Madurese,  Maithili,  Malayalam,  Mam,  Mandarin,  Mangarrayi,  Mangghuer,  Maori,  Mapudungun,  Marathi,  Maricopa,  Marquesan,  Matsés,  Maybrat,  Mbay,  Mbili,  Meithei,  Midob,  Mixtec  (Chalcatongo),  Miya,  Mocoví,  Mohawk,  Monumbo,  Mosetén,  Mundari,  Mupun,  Musgu,  Mussau,  Nabak,  Nagatman,   Nahuatl   (Mecayapan   Isthmus),   Nahuatl   (Tetelcingo),   Nambikuára,   Navajo,   Ndebele   (in   South   Africa),   Ndjébbana,  Nelemwa,  Nepali,  Newar   (Dolakha),  Nez  Perce,  Ngalakan,  Nhanda,  Nias,  Nisgha,  Niuafo'ou,  Niuean,  Nivkh,  Nkore-­‐Kiga,  Nsenga,  Nuaulu,   Obolo,   Ojibwa   (Eastern),   O'odham,   Oromo   (Harar),   Otomí   (Mezquital),   Paamese,   Páez,   Paiute   (Northern),   Paiwan,  Palauan,  Passamaquoddy-­‐Maliseet,  Pech,  Pero,  Persian,  Pirahã,  Pitjantjatjara,  Popoloca  (Metzontla),  Puluwat,  Purépecha,  Qafar,  Qiang,  Quechua   (Huallaga),  Quechua   (Imbabura),  Retuarã,  Rotuman,  Russian,  Saami   (Kildin),  Saami   (Northern),  Salt-­‐Yui,   Sango,  Sangu,  Sanuma,  Selkup,  Sentani,  Shoshone,  Siar,  Siuslaw,  Slave,  So,  Somali,  Southeast  Ambrym,  Spanish,  Squamish,  Sudest,  Suena,  Sundanese,  Supyire,  Taba,  Tagalog,  Taiof,  Tamabo,  Tamil,  Tarao,  Tauya,  Tepehuan  (Southeastern),  Teribe,  Tetun,  Thai,  Thompson,  Tibetan   (Shigatse),   Tidore,  Tigrinya,  Tikar,  Tinrin,  Tiwi,   Tobelo,  Tommo  So,  Totonac   (Xicotepec  de   Juárez),   Trumai,  Tsat,  Tugun,  Tukang   Besi,   Turkish,   Tuvaluan,   Tzutujil,   Udihe,   Udmurt,   Ulithian,   Upper   Kuskokwim,   Urubú-­‐Kaapor,   Usan,   Vafsi,   Vietnamese,  Walman,  Warao,  Wardaman,  Wari',  Wichí   (Mataca),  Wolof,   Yagua,   Yaqui,   Yawelmani,   Yawuru,   Yidiny,   Yimas,   Yoruba,   Yukaghir  (Kolyma),   Zapotec   (Quiegolani),   Zoque   (Chimalapa),   Zulu,   Zuni,   Arapesh   (Mountain),   Asmat,   Barasano,   Burmese,   Cree   (Plains),  Daga,  Dani  (Lower  Grand  Valley),  Grebo,  Kayardild,  Kewa,  Khalkha  (Mongolian),  Kiowa,  Makah,  Malagasy,  Martuthunira,  Maung,  Ngiyambaa,  Oneida,  Rama,  Rapanui,  Swahili,  Wichita,  Irish,  Selknam  

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Distribu%on  of  Associated  Mo%on  

200  languages:  82  with  AM;  118  without  

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Type  of  Associated  Mo%on  

200  languages:  morphology  (68);  compounding  (12)  Par%cles  (21);  Serial  Verb  Construc%ons  (34)  

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Languages  with  both  Ven%ve  and  I%ve  

200  languages:  47  with  AM;  153  without  

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Languages  with  I%ve  

200  languages:  56  with  AM;  144  without  

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Languages  with  Ven%ve  

200  languages:  52  with  AM;  148  without  

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Unspecified  direc%onal  

200  languages:  7  with  AM;  193  without  

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Any  horizontal  direc%onal  

200  languages:  67  with  AM;  133  without  

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Ver%cal  Direc%onals  

200  languages:  21  with  AM;  179  without  

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Number  of  AM  categories  

200  languages:  zero  (133);  one  (14);  two  (26);  three-­‐five  (17);    six-­‐fourteen(10)  

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Number  of  AM  categories  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   14  

14   26   8   4   5   1   1   2   2   1   0   2   1  

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Beyond  morphology:  •  “In  many  Australian  languages,  [in  addi%on  to]  the  verbal  

categories  of  tense,  aspect  and  mood,  …  verbs  may  …  be  specified  for  no%ons  having  to  do  with  the  mo%on  associated  with  the  ac%on  denoted  by  the  verb”  (Koch  1984:23)    

 

Why  just  morphology?    

Consider  tense:  •  He  walked  •  He  walks  •  He  will  walk.  

•  In  WALS  (Dahl  &  Velupillai  2005a,b),  24%  of  languages  do  not  have  past  tense  nor  have  a  morphological  future.  

And  13%  have  no  Tense-­‐Aspect  inflec%onal  at  all  (Dryer  2005).  

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Serial  Verbs  •  Serial  verb  construc%ons  (SVCs)  are:  

–  two  or  more  juxtaposed  verbs  –  with  no  marker  of  dependency  or  linking  element  –  expressing  a  single  event  in  a  single  clause  –  with  shared  values  for  Tense-­‐Aspect-­‐Modality  and  nega%on  –  and  shared  arguments  (subject  and/or  object)  –  encoding  various  seman%c  rela%onships.  

•  Examples  from  Sranan  (Sebba,  1987:  43,  46):  (1)  A    waka  go  na    wowoyo.    (2)  Mi  fringi      a          batra    broko.              He  walk  go  LOC  market                            I        throw  the  bofle  break              ‘He  walks  to  the  market.’              ‘I  threw  the  bofle  and  broke  it.’  

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Serial  Verbs  •  Most  common  type  of  SVCs  is  with  mo%on  verbs  

•  “Every  serializing  language  I  have  encountered  includes  a  category  of  mo/on  serializa/on,  where  a  verb  of  mo/on  is  combined  with  some  other  verb  in  such  a  way  that  the  mo/on  verb  comes  first  and  the  moving  argument  is  the  Agent  of  the  second  verb.”  (Durie  1997:  310)  

 •  “Every  serializing  language  has  …  verbs  of  mo%on  …  

[and  some  languages  only  have]  this  type  of  serializa%on.”  (Aikhenvald  2006:  48)  

 

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Serial  Verb  Construc%ons  

210  languages:  95  with  SVCs  (45%);  115  w/out  

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Complex  predicates  and  AM:  •  Par%cles  (Hawaiian:  Hawkins  1982:16)  

 mai  ‘toward  speaker’;  aku  ‘away’;  iho  ‘down’;  a’e  ‘upward’    E  hā’awi  mai  I  ka  waiū    ‘Give  me  the  milk.’    –  German  hin-­‐  ‘thither’,  her-­‐  ‘hither’?  (Lehmann  1991:515-­‐516)  

 

•  Pseudocoordina%on  (English):  We  went  and  saw  a  movie.    

•  Converbs  (Japanese:  Shibatani  2003:271)    Hi-­‐ga              sizun-­‐de      it-­‐ta    sun-­‐NOM  sink-­‐CONJ  go-­‐PAST      ‘The  sun  went  down.’    

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Associated  Mo%on  beyond  morphology  

SVCs  (green):  30                  Complementa%on  (pink):  14                  Converbs  (blue):  13  Par%cles  (yellow):  9                  (Pseudo)coordina%on  (aqua):  3        Switch-­‐Reference  (orange):  2  

(Based  on  a  preliminary  120-­‐language  sample,  excluding  morphological  AM.)  But  it  is  unclear  how  many  of  these  are  really  gramma%calized  as  AM.    

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AM  extended:  •  Consider  English  ‘went  and  V’:  

“Look  what  he  went  and  did  this  %me!”  Doctor:  “The  pa%ent  went  and  died  on  me.”  –  Gramma%calized  from  physical  movement  away  from  the  deic%c  

center  to  (metaphorical  movement  to)  viola%on  of  expecta%ons.    

•  Abkhaz  i%ve  prefix  indicates  surprise  (Hewif  1979:213-­‐214).  À-­‐      bna        d-­‐      nə̀-­‐      l-­‐                q’e-­‐                  yt’                        ‘He  suddenly  emerged  the  wood  he  ITV  from.in  emerge  (fin.)                      from  the  wood.’  

 

•  Pseudocoordina%on  with  ‘surprise’  in  other  languages  (Weiss  2007;  Wiklund  2009)  

•  Joseph  (1990)  describes  a  SVC-­‐like  construc%on  in  Modern  Greek  with  ‘come’  with  interlocutor-­‐aligning  proper%es.  

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Conclusions  

•  AM  is  not  rare:  25%  ~  33%  ~  40%  ~  100%?  

•  Should  be  a  focus  of  descrip%ve  work  

•  Should  be  given  a  similar  status  to  tense  in  theory  

•  More  research  is  needed!  •  Especially  for  phrasal  encoding  of  AM.  

•  For  example,  how  produc%ve  are  these  affixes?  Which  verbs  do  they  combine  with?  

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References  Aikhenvald,  Alexandra  Y.  2006.  Serial  Verb  Construc%ons  in  Typological  Perspec%ve.  In  Alexandra  Y.  Aikhenvald  &  R.  M.  W.  Dixon  (eds.),  Serial  verb  construc/ons  a  cross-­‐linguis/c  typology,  1–68.  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press.  Aikhenvald,  Alexandra  Y.  2012.  The  languages  of  the  Amazon.  (Oxford  Linguis%cs).  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press.  Bourdin,  Philippe.  2005.  The  marking  of  direc%onal  deixis  in  Somali:  How  typologically  idiosyncra%c  is  it?  In  Friedrich  Karl  Erhard  Voeltz  (ed.),  Studies  in  African  Linguis/c  Typology,  13–41.  Amsterdam:  John  Benjamins  Publishing.  Dahl,  Östen  &  Viveka  Velupillai.  2005a.  The  Past  Tense.  In  Mar%n  Haspelmath,  Mafhew  S.  Dryer,  David  Gil  &  Bernard  Comrie  (eds.),  World  atlas  of  language  structures,  268–269.  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press.  Dahl,  Östen  &  Viveka  Velupillai.  2005b.  The  Future  Tense.  In  Mar%n  Haspelmath,  Mafhew  S.  Dryer,  David  Gil  &  Bernard  Comrie  (eds.),  World  atlas  of  language  structures,  270–271.  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press.  Dryer,  Mafhew  S.  2005.  Posi%ons  of  Tense-­‐Aspect  Affixes.  In  Mar%n  Haspelmath,  Mafhew  S.  Dryer,  David  Gil  &  Bernard  Comrie  (eds.),  World  atlas  of  language  structures,  282–5.  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press.  Durie,  Mark.  1997.  Gramma%cal  Structures  in  Verb  Serializa%on.  In  Alex  Alsina  i  Keith,  Joan  Bresnan  &  Peter  Sells  (eds.),  Complex  predicates,  289–354.  Stanford:  CSLI  Publica%ons.  Guillaume,  Antoine.  2013.  Reconstruc%ng  the  category  of  “associated  mo%on”  in  Tacanan  languages  (Amazonian  Bolivia  and  Peru).  In  Ritsuko  Kikusawa  &  Lawrence  A  Reid  (eds.),  Historical  Linguis/cs  2011  Selected  papers  from  the  20th  Interna/onal  Conference  on  Historical  Linguis/cs,  Osaka,  25-­‐30  July  2011.,  129–151.  Amsterdam:  John  Benjamins.  Haspelmath,  Mar%n.  2005.  Nominal  and  Verbal  Conjunc%on.  In  Mar%n  Haspelmath,  Mafhew  S.  Dryer,  David  Gil  &  Bernard  Comrie  (eds.),  World  atlas  of  language  structures,  262–265.  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press.  Hawkins,  Emily  A.  1982.  Pedagogical  Grammar  of  Hawaiian:  Recurrent  Problems.  Manoa:  Hawaiian  Studies  Program,  University  of  Hawaii.  Hewif,  B.  G.  1979.  Abkhaz.  Amsterdam:  North-­‐Holland.  Joseph,  Brian  D.  1990.  On  Arguing  for  Serial  Verbs  (with  Par%cular  Reference  to  Modern  Greek).  Ohio  State  University  Working  Papers  in  Linguis/cs  39.  77–90.  Koch,  Harold.  1984.  The  category  of  “associated  mo%on”  in  Kaytej.  Language  in  Central  Australia  1.  23–34.  

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References  Lehmann,  Chris%an.  1991.  Gramma%caliza%on  and  Related  Changes  in  Contemporary  German.  In  Elizabeth  Closs  Traugof  &  Bernd  Heine  (eds.),  Approaches  to  Gramma/caliza/on,  vol.  2,  493–535.  Amsterdam:  John  Benjamins.  McGregor,  William.  2002.  Verb  classifica/on  in  Australian  languages.  Berlin:  Mouton  de  Gruyter.  Mithun,  Marianne.  1999.  The  languages  of  na/ve  North  America.  Cambridge:  Cambridge  University  Press.  Sebba,  Mark.  1987.  The  syntax  of  serial  verbs:  an  inves/ga/on  into  serialisa/on  in  Sranan  and  other  languages.  Amsterdam;  Philadelphia:  John  Benjamins.  Shibatani,  Masayoshi.  2003.  Direc%onal  verbs  in  Japanese.  In  Erin  Shay  &  Uwe  Seibert  (eds.),  Mo/on,  direc/on  and  loca/on  in  languages:  in  honor  of  Zygmunt  Frajzyngier,  259–286.  Amsterdam:  John  Benjamins.  Soto  Ruiz,  Clodoaldo.  2010.  Quechua,  manual  de  enseñanza.  4th  ed.  Lima:  Ins%tuto  de  Estudios  Peruanos.  Tucker,  Archibald  Norman  &  John  Tompo  Ole  Mpaayei.  1955.  A  Maasai  grammar  with  vocabulary.  London:  Longmans,  Green.  Tunbridge,  Dorothy.  1988.  Affixes  of  mo%on  and  direc%on  in  Adnyamathanha.  In  Peter  Aus%n  (ed.),  Complex  sentence  construc/ons  in  Australian  languages,  267–283.  Amsterdam  &  Philadelphia:  John  Benjamins.  Weiss,  Daniel.  2007.  The  Grammar  of  Surprise:  The  Russian  Construc%on  of  the  Type  Koška  vzjala  da  umerla  ‚Suddenly,  the  cat  died‘.  In  Kim  Gerdes,  Tilmann  Reuther  &  Leo  Wanner  (eds.),  MTT  2007:  Meaning-­‐Text  Theory  2007:  proceedings  of  the  3rd  Interna/onal  Conference  on  Meaning-­‐Text  Theory,  Klagenfurt,  May  20-­‐24,  2007,  427–436.  (Wiener  Slawis%scher  Almanach.  Sonderband  69).  München:  Ofo  Sagner.  hfp://meaningtext.net/mf2007/proceedings/.  Wiklund,  Anna-­‐Lena.  2009.  The  syntax  of  surprise:  Unexpected  event  readings  in  complex  predica%on.  Working  Papers  in  Scandinavian  Syntax  84.  181–224.  Wilkins,  David  P.  1991.  The  Seman%cs,  Pragma%cs  and  Diachronic  Development  of  “Associated  Mo%on”  in  Mparntwe  Arrernte.  Buffalo  papers  in  linguis/cs.  207–257.  Wilkins,  David  P.  1997.  The  Verbaliza%on  of  Mo%on  Events  in  Arrernte  (Central  Australia).  In  Eve  V.  Clark  (ed.),  The  proceedings  of  the  Twenty-­‐eighth  Annual  Child  Language  Research  Forum,  295–308.  Stanford:  CSLI  Publica%ons.  

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Thank  you!  

•  Ques%ons?