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US AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
lllBANGKOK USAID THAILAND
THAILAND
CABLE USAID THAILAND TELEPHONE 252-81919
August 22 1986
Mr Edward Powers Resident Director The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc 1393 Soi Tien Siang South Sathorn Road Bangkok 10120
Dear Mr Powers
Subject Grant No398-025193-G-00-6085-00
Pursuant to the Authority contained in the Foreign Assistance Act of1961 as amended the Agency for International Development (hereinafterreferred to as AID) under the ANE Regional PVO Project No 398-0251 agrees to grant the Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc (hereinafter referred to as PSBF) under the terms of this Agreement the amount of 1872000 Baht (One Million Eight Hundred Seventy Two Thousand Baht)not to exceed the Baht equivalent of US$72000 (exchange rate ofUS$1=Baht 2600) to provide support for a three year project entitled Assistance to Older Amerasians as more fully described in Annex AProject Description to this grant and Annex D PSBF proposal datedJune 5 1986 During the period involved it is understood that PSBF will contribute an additional $24000 either in cash or in kind
The effective date of this grant will be the date accepted by PSBF
This grant is made to the PSBF on condition that the funds will beadministered in accordance with the terms and conditions as set forth inAnnex A entitled Project Description and Annex B entitled Standard Provisions
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Please sign the Statement of Assurance of Compliance enclosed herein (Annex E) and the original and three (3)copies of this letter to acknowledge your acceptance of the conditions under which these funds have been granted
Sincerely
John R Eriksson
Director
Accepted
Pearl SZnk
By bull Title 44A41 J Date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Annexes 1 Project Description (Annex A)2 Standard Provisions OMB Control No 0412-0510 (Annex B)3 Financial Report Format (Annex C) 4 PSBF Proposal dated June 5 1986 5 Statement of Assurance of Compliance (Annex E)
Annex A
Project Description
A Purpose of Grant
The purpose of this Grant is to enable the PSBF to undertake a three year operational design project to most effectively meet the goal stated below
B Project Goal amp Approach
- To assist Amerasians in becoming productive members of Thai society
The approach of the project in working toward this goal is two-fold
1 Ingeneral Amerasians come from a background of poverty and often cannot command the resources necessary to maintain their health and complete their education Through full participation in educational activities and with the gooG health necessary to receive its full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for the future Through funding the educational and medical areas this project will assist Amerasian children in that process
2 In quantitative terms this project is expected to provideassistance to approximately 2400 Amerasians in all aspects of education vocational training nutritional and medical areas over the three years of the project
C Implementation
The project financed by this Grant and its manner of implementation are described in the PSBF proposal dated June 5 1986 (Annex D)
D Reporting
The PSBF will prepare and submit detailed progress reports from the date of the Grant and such reports will become due within 30 days following the 3rd 6th 9th 12th 15th 18th 21st 24th 27th 30th33rd and 36th months of the project Reports will describe the progressand problems of project activities as set forth in the project proposal
E Evaluation
An evaluation report will be due within sixty-days following the 36th month (the terminal date of the project) Such evaluation report will be in sufficient detail so that AID can judge the effectiveness of the project and the efficiency by which it was implemented
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F Budget
1 The project budget is summarized as follows and is provided as part of Annex V
Expense Category USAID PSBF us$ us$
Salaries 6000 2000
TravelPer Diem 2000
Office Supplies Printing Telephone ampPostage - 4000
Educational Activities 43500 10700
Medical Care 22500 5300
Total 72000 24000
2 The amount of US$72000 or the Baht equivalent (US$1=Baht26) represents the total contribution of AID for this project The PSBF will provide a minimum of 25 of the Grant total amount to the project
3 After the Agreement has become effective and in accordance with Standard Provisions (Ainex B) an initial release of funds for the project will be made upon submission by the PSBF to the Controller USAID Office of Finance 37 Soi Somprasong 3 Petchburi Road Bangkok 10400 of Voucher Standard Form 1034 in original and three (3)copies requestingdisbursement of an amount equal to the AID share of anticipated requirements for authorized expenditures by bdget line item for the ensuing two months As soon as feasible after the end of the first month and every month thereafter the PSBF will submit to AID an accounting of the previous months expenditures of the funds advanced by AID certified correct by an authorized PSBF official together with Voucher SF-1034 for those expenditures to be applied to the advance The PSBF will also submit a statement of cash needs for the ensuing two months certified correct by an authorized PSBF official together with Voucher SF-1034 for an advance replenishment representing those cash needs Beginning with the fourth month thereafter advance replenishment will be contingent on the submission of the required progress status reports of the project described in para D above
4 To maintain the conditions of certification of eligibility the PSBF is required to supply USAID the following information reports annually within 30 days after the close of its fiscal years
a Annual financial statement preferably audited including a statement of income and expenditures
-3shy
b Current operational year budget detailing sources of income administrative expenses and program costs This information could also be provided as part of annual progress reports for the project
Following completion of the six month of the Grant period and at six month intervals the PSBF will submit an accounting of the expenditure for the non-AID portion of the budget
5 It is understood that the PSBF may make adjustments among line items of up to 15 of the amount of any line item provided however the total amount of the Grant may not be exceeded
G Audit
In the event that the independent audit report on a non-US sub-grantee or contractor as provided for andor program reports do not satisfy AIDs requirements as determined by the AID Inspector General(Audit) and the AID Inspector General chooses to make an onsite fiscal or program audit the PSBF agrees to AID taking reasonable steps to coordinate the scheduling and conduct of such audit with the PSBF in advance and to providing unrestricted access to its books and records in accordance with Mandatory Standard Provision 2
H Special Provisions
The Standard Provisions to this grant contained in Annex Bconsist of Mandatory and Optional Standard Provisions for US NongovernmentalGrantees (November 1985) The following Optional Standard Provisions are hereby deleted
a) Payment Letter of Credit
b) Payment - Cost Reimbursement
c) Patent Rights
d) Negotiated Indirect Cost Rates - Predetermined and Provisional
e) Participant Training
f) Voluntary Population Planning
g) Protection of the Individual a Researchas Subject
h) Care of Laboratory Animals
i) Government Furnished Excess Personal Property
j) Title to and Care of Property (US Government Title)
sov~vby OCtc ql Maiaein antd IPACE OF Ai-1EX C e2 1 EREOUEST FOR ADVANCE ddgL No 8-RO
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App I1 Ch 1 HP3 13(TH 135)
Approved by Office of Manegemet and Budget No 80-RO182
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTIONS REPORT 1Federal inonsrint Blaney and oranlatone element toIs submitted1 wi-thisrp (See instructions ou the back If report is for more than one grant orassistanceagreement attach completed Standard Form272-A)
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION 4 Fedel Innt or other Idontitlca 5 RociDionts account number orIli number identilftnt number
Name 6 Letter f credit number 7 Last pyrment voucher numbor
d Steeive total number for this period 8 Payment Voucher credited to 1 9 Treasury chocksreceived shelUher
your account or not deposited) city stateCidZIP Code 10 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REPORT
3 FEDERAL EMPLOYER FROM (month day year) TO (month day year)IDENTIFICATION NO T
a Cash on hand beginning of reporting period $
b Letter of credit withdrawals
11 STATUS OF c Treasury check payments
FEDERAL d Total receipts (Sum of lines b and c)
CASH e Total cash available (Sum of lines a and d)
f Gross disbursements
(See apecic g Federal share of program income instruction~s
on the back) h Net disbursements (Line tminus line g)
i Adjustments of prior periods
j Cash on hand end of period $
12 THE AMOUNT SHOWN 13 OTHER INFORMATION ON LINE IlJ ABOVE REPRESENTS CASH RE a Interest income QUIREMENTS FOR THE ENSUING
Days b Advances to subgrantees or subcontractors 14 REMARKS (A (tach additionalaheets of plain paperif more space is required)
15 CERTIFICATION SIGNATURE DATE REPORT SUBMIrTED
I certify to the best of myknowledge and belief that ALTHORIZEDIths report is true in all re-spects and that all disburse CERTIFYING TYPED OR PRINTED NAME- AND TITLE ments have been made forthe purpose and conditions OFFICIAL Iof the grant or agreement (Area Cod) tb-) (XVumaul
THIS SPACE FOR AGENCY USE
STANDARD FORM 272 (7-76) Prescrbed by Office Of Managemrnlt orJ BudgetCIRCULAR NO A-110
272-101
App IC Ch 1 HB 13 (TM 135)
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTONS REPORT 1 Approved ry OfficeodegManagement am 6dg NoC A gA0-RO182CONTINUATION 1 FEDERAL SPONSORING AGENCY -NOORGANIZA(This~ Im i completed and attazed to Standard Form 171 only when TIONAL ELEMENT TO WHICH TH16 RPORT IS SUErepcrtinV more thanonu grant or auatante agreement) J MITTED
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION (Give name only as shown in item f SP 3 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REORT A sowaa on SP27f) 272)
FROM Idve nV-) TOIM dwp 4 Lit Infornt ion below for each grant or other-agreement covAred by thisreport Use additional forms ifmore siace is requiredFEDERAL GRANT OR OTHER rDENTIF I RECIPIENT ACCOUNTNUMnER FEDERAL SHARE OF NET DISIBORSEMENTSCATION OR OTHERIDENTIFYING NUMBER NET OISLIURSEMIENTS iC- CUMULATIVEISAow a oubdivuioin by other idti 1- o-- I N1E OiS8URSE14 ENTymq numbdr- If -equired by te do d) FORREPORTINGSederaJ Sponeonnp A gtncy) PERIOD
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STANDARD FORM 272-4 (110
FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT deg T o STA US deg K oa EFINANCIAL~1EPO T deg h u=deg t deg ls Appod Ofdeg ACIMCYANDORGANiIZATIONALELMZKTTO WHICH RIPONT is ZUSUITTIO 2 rltA OP-AsoT05l a0110 aCc PANITF0 (Foloa ai--citioajs on C bock)I o3ROE
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d- lt outlays tIh irln t pICd fLi II -ia I c)
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L NonFiIrl share of outlays
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I Federal hai of unliuldaa d obllgtlons
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Standard Form I Oi| September 193 PUBLIC VOUCHER FOR PURCHASES AND
4 Trea1uFRM 20U0 SERVICES OTHER THAN PERSONAL U S DIEPARTMENTBUREAUO ESTABLISHMENT AND LOCATION DATEVOUCHER PREPARED
VOUCHER
SCHEDULE
NO
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CONTRACT NUMBER AND DATE PAID BY
REQUISITION NUMBER AND DATE
F 1 PAYEES NAME
DATE INVOICE RECEIVED
AND
ADDRESS L DISCOUNT TERMS
PAYEES ACCOUNT NUMBER
SHIPPEDFROM TO WEIGHT GOVERNMENT BL NUMBER
NUMBER DATE OF ARTICLES OR SERVICESAND DATE DELIVERY (iEter deseriperon itr Nmrihfr of ortetrat or Federal QUAN- UNIT PRICE AMOUNTOF ORDER I_R SERVICE impply fhedide aned other itformriaon deemed reiiary) TITY COST PER I]
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(EI)teJ (Authorzed Ctrhifying Offirer) I (Flar)
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
CHECK NUMBER ON TREASURER OF THE INITED STATES CHECK NUMBER ON (Name of ami)
CASH DATE PAYEE $
When stated in foreirn turrencv insert name of (urrency If the ahilir to (ert1 andl Authorn to approve are combined in onc person one signature only it nece ary other
PER
e (he ipptovini or trrill sign in the sparc prov ideil over hisuhcial titlehen a vouwhert is irtiptel in te name ola (omp ian or corporaton the n inrse of the person ritrt the tomopjny TITLE
of torporate name as ellas the capacity in whiih hie sign permu t appear For eain|ple t)hn )c Compan) John SIth Senretary or Treasurt as the cave may be
rUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 179-31 1153I7
ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
V)-1t iT
4-jo
c 4
lt (J)
0 0 0
D in I I
030 0 0 In 0 a 0
0 0 0 U
0C-0
a
0 C) C) -I
0 (-7 C in
0i11 Ci 0 C
C( 1)n
ri r) 0 C
(D o C) C4
01 0
(fi
0 01 o l4li1
U) -S
0 0 0In
00
00
00
00 T-
00 Cl
0 C 0 0
00 C1
C)00 U
0 C
C)0 (bull
000
-oil
o 11
(7411
w
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Please sign the Statement of Assurance of Compliance enclosed herein (Annex E) and the original and three (3)copies of this letter to acknowledge your acceptance of the conditions under which these funds have been granted
Sincerely
John R Eriksson
Director
Accepted
Pearl SZnk
By bull Title 44A41 J Date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Annexes 1 Project Description (Annex A)2 Standard Provisions OMB Control No 0412-0510 (Annex B)3 Financial Report Format (Annex C) 4 PSBF Proposal dated June 5 1986 5 Statement of Assurance of Compliance (Annex E)
Annex A
Project Description
A Purpose of Grant
The purpose of this Grant is to enable the PSBF to undertake a three year operational design project to most effectively meet the goal stated below
B Project Goal amp Approach
- To assist Amerasians in becoming productive members of Thai society
The approach of the project in working toward this goal is two-fold
1 Ingeneral Amerasians come from a background of poverty and often cannot command the resources necessary to maintain their health and complete their education Through full participation in educational activities and with the gooG health necessary to receive its full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for the future Through funding the educational and medical areas this project will assist Amerasian children in that process
2 In quantitative terms this project is expected to provideassistance to approximately 2400 Amerasians in all aspects of education vocational training nutritional and medical areas over the three years of the project
C Implementation
The project financed by this Grant and its manner of implementation are described in the PSBF proposal dated June 5 1986 (Annex D)
D Reporting
The PSBF will prepare and submit detailed progress reports from the date of the Grant and such reports will become due within 30 days following the 3rd 6th 9th 12th 15th 18th 21st 24th 27th 30th33rd and 36th months of the project Reports will describe the progressand problems of project activities as set forth in the project proposal
E Evaluation
An evaluation report will be due within sixty-days following the 36th month (the terminal date of the project) Such evaluation report will be in sufficient detail so that AID can judge the effectiveness of the project and the efficiency by which it was implemented
-2-
F Budget
1 The project budget is summarized as follows and is provided as part of Annex V
Expense Category USAID PSBF us$ us$
Salaries 6000 2000
TravelPer Diem 2000
Office Supplies Printing Telephone ampPostage - 4000
Educational Activities 43500 10700
Medical Care 22500 5300
Total 72000 24000
2 The amount of US$72000 or the Baht equivalent (US$1=Baht26) represents the total contribution of AID for this project The PSBF will provide a minimum of 25 of the Grant total amount to the project
3 After the Agreement has become effective and in accordance with Standard Provisions (Ainex B) an initial release of funds for the project will be made upon submission by the PSBF to the Controller USAID Office of Finance 37 Soi Somprasong 3 Petchburi Road Bangkok 10400 of Voucher Standard Form 1034 in original and three (3)copies requestingdisbursement of an amount equal to the AID share of anticipated requirements for authorized expenditures by bdget line item for the ensuing two months As soon as feasible after the end of the first month and every month thereafter the PSBF will submit to AID an accounting of the previous months expenditures of the funds advanced by AID certified correct by an authorized PSBF official together with Voucher SF-1034 for those expenditures to be applied to the advance The PSBF will also submit a statement of cash needs for the ensuing two months certified correct by an authorized PSBF official together with Voucher SF-1034 for an advance replenishment representing those cash needs Beginning with the fourth month thereafter advance replenishment will be contingent on the submission of the required progress status reports of the project described in para D above
4 To maintain the conditions of certification of eligibility the PSBF is required to supply USAID the following information reports annually within 30 days after the close of its fiscal years
a Annual financial statement preferably audited including a statement of income and expenditures
-3shy
b Current operational year budget detailing sources of income administrative expenses and program costs This information could also be provided as part of annual progress reports for the project
Following completion of the six month of the Grant period and at six month intervals the PSBF will submit an accounting of the expenditure for the non-AID portion of the budget
5 It is understood that the PSBF may make adjustments among line items of up to 15 of the amount of any line item provided however the total amount of the Grant may not be exceeded
G Audit
In the event that the independent audit report on a non-US sub-grantee or contractor as provided for andor program reports do not satisfy AIDs requirements as determined by the AID Inspector General(Audit) and the AID Inspector General chooses to make an onsite fiscal or program audit the PSBF agrees to AID taking reasonable steps to coordinate the scheduling and conduct of such audit with the PSBF in advance and to providing unrestricted access to its books and records in accordance with Mandatory Standard Provision 2
H Special Provisions
The Standard Provisions to this grant contained in Annex Bconsist of Mandatory and Optional Standard Provisions for US NongovernmentalGrantees (November 1985) The following Optional Standard Provisions are hereby deleted
a) Payment Letter of Credit
b) Payment - Cost Reimbursement
c) Patent Rights
d) Negotiated Indirect Cost Rates - Predetermined and Provisional
e) Participant Training
f) Voluntary Population Planning
g) Protection of the Individual a Researchas Subject
h) Care of Laboratory Animals
i) Government Furnished Excess Personal Property
j) Title to and Care of Property (US Government Title)
sov~vby OCtc ql Maiaein antd IPACE OF Ai-1EX C e2 1 EREOUEST FOR ADVANCE ddgL No 8-RO
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WHICH THIS AEJORr IS SuBellrL GCgkIttN KU104 FOR THIS REQUESTI NUtI1R AS3GICIBy FtDCRAL A C ECO
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Approved by Office of Manegemet and Budget No 80-RO182
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTIONS REPORT 1Federal inonsrint Blaney and oranlatone element toIs submitted1 wi-thisrp (See instructions ou the back If report is for more than one grant orassistanceagreement attach completed Standard Form272-A)
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION 4 Fedel Innt or other Idontitlca 5 RociDionts account number orIli number identilftnt number
Name 6 Letter f credit number 7 Last pyrment voucher numbor
d Steeive total number for this period 8 Payment Voucher credited to 1 9 Treasury chocksreceived shelUher
your account or not deposited) city stateCidZIP Code 10 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REPORT
3 FEDERAL EMPLOYER FROM (month day year) TO (month day year)IDENTIFICATION NO T
a Cash on hand beginning of reporting period $
b Letter of credit withdrawals
11 STATUS OF c Treasury check payments
FEDERAL d Total receipts (Sum of lines b and c)
CASH e Total cash available (Sum of lines a and d)
f Gross disbursements
(See apecic g Federal share of program income instruction~s
on the back) h Net disbursements (Line tminus line g)
i Adjustments of prior periods
j Cash on hand end of period $
12 THE AMOUNT SHOWN 13 OTHER INFORMATION ON LINE IlJ ABOVE REPRESENTS CASH RE a Interest income QUIREMENTS FOR THE ENSUING
Days b Advances to subgrantees or subcontractors 14 REMARKS (A (tach additionalaheets of plain paperif more space is required)
15 CERTIFICATION SIGNATURE DATE REPORT SUBMIrTED
I certify to the best of myknowledge and belief that ALTHORIZEDIths report is true in all re-spects and that all disburse CERTIFYING TYPED OR PRINTED NAME- AND TITLE ments have been made forthe purpose and conditions OFFICIAL Iof the grant or agreement (Area Cod) tb-) (XVumaul
THIS SPACE FOR AGENCY USE
STANDARD FORM 272 (7-76) Prescrbed by Office Of Managemrnlt orJ BudgetCIRCULAR NO A-110
272-101
App IC Ch 1 HB 13 (TM 135)
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTONS REPORT 1 Approved ry OfficeodegManagement am 6dg NoC A gA0-RO182CONTINUATION 1 FEDERAL SPONSORING AGENCY -NOORGANIZA(This~ Im i completed and attazed to Standard Form 171 only when TIONAL ELEMENT TO WHICH TH16 RPORT IS SUErepcrtinV more thanonu grant or auatante agreement) J MITTED
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION (Give name only as shown in item f SP 3 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REORT A sowaa on SP27f) 272)
FROM Idve nV-) TOIM dwp 4 Lit Infornt ion below for each grant or other-agreement covAred by thisreport Use additional forms ifmore siace is requiredFEDERAL GRANT OR OTHER rDENTIF I RECIPIENT ACCOUNTNUMnER FEDERAL SHARE OF NET DISIBORSEMENTSCATION OR OTHERIDENTIFYING NUMBER NET OISLIURSEMIENTS iC- CUMULATIVEISAow a oubdivuioin by other idti 1- o-- I N1E OiS8URSE14 ENTymq numbdr- If -equired by te do d) FORREPORTINGSederaJ Sponeonnp A gtncy) PERIOD
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STANDARD FORM 272-4 (110
FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT deg T o STA US deg K oa EFINANCIAL~1EPO T deg h u=deg t deg ls Appod Ofdeg ACIMCYANDORGANiIZATIONALELMZKTTO WHICH RIPONT is ZUSUITTIO 2 rltA OP-AsoT05l a0110 aCc PANITF0 (Foloa ai--citioajs on C bock)I o3ROE
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PrOJCCT1OKANT PZRIOD ISL PtRIoo covt or TNI -EpOrlFROM i1 S i4) 10 IMa-cA Ai4
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10 STATUS OF FUNDS
PROGRS5FUN4CTIONSACTIVITIES P - ) I) T (d) ()TOTAL
2 it Outlayprllously reported $ $ $ $ $
b Total outlays thIs report period
C I4oa Program Income Credits
d- lt outlays tIh irln t pICd fLi II -ia I c)
IL Not Outlays to date (Line o l tne d)
L NonFiIrl share of outlays
Total Federal there of outllays(Lia a0 ba
III Total unlquldaled oblIgatIon__
I Le Non-Fedsal her of unliquidated obligations shown on line h
I Federal hai of unliuldaa d obllgtlons
k Total Federal shat of outlays and unllquldaltd obligations
I Total c imuiaUiv anuont of laaI funds autiorltO
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I I COtifIC-ATIONIt SGJATURE OF AUTHORIZED CERTIrrItG- i ppiop-int box) Q PROVISIONAL J PEprTIRUINCID FIKAL [ I codify to the
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Standard Form I Oi| September 193 PUBLIC VOUCHER FOR PURCHASES AND
4 Trea1uFRM 20U0 SERVICES OTHER THAN PERSONAL U S DIEPARTMENTBUREAUO ESTABLISHMENT AND LOCATION DATEVOUCHER PREPARED
VOUCHER
SCHEDULE
NO
NO
CONTRACT NUMBER AND DATE PAID BY
REQUISITION NUMBER AND DATE
F 1 PAYEES NAME
DATE INVOICE RECEIVED
AND
ADDRESS L DISCOUNT TERMS
PAYEES ACCOUNT NUMBER
SHIPPEDFROM TO WEIGHT GOVERNMENT BL NUMBER
NUMBER DATE OF ARTICLES OR SERVICESAND DATE DELIVERY (iEter deseriperon itr Nmrihfr of ortetrat or Federal QUAN- UNIT PRICE AMOUNTOF ORDER I_R SERVICE impply fhedide aned other itformriaon deemed reiiary) TITY COST PER I]
(U roo (Payee must NOT use the space below) TOTAL PAYMENT APPROVED FOR EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES
COAAE TEE--- =$=$100 DFEECS shy
] PARTIAL BY
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Purluont to authority vetted in me I certify thatthisvoucher it correct and proper forpayment
(EI)teJ (Authorzed Ctrhifying Offirer) I (Flar)
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
CHECK NUMBER ON TREASURER OF THE INITED STATES CHECK NUMBER ON (Name of ami)
CASH DATE PAYEE $
When stated in foreirn turrencv insert name of (urrency If the ahilir to (ert1 andl Authorn to approve are combined in onc person one signature only it nece ary other
PER
e (he ipptovini or trrill sign in the sparc prov ideil over hisuhcial titlehen a vouwhert is irtiptel in te name ola (omp ian or corporaton the n inrse of the person ritrt the tomopjny TITLE
of torporate name as ellas the capacity in whiih hie sign permu t appear For eain|ple t)hn )c Compan) John SIth Senretary or Treasurt as the cave may be
rUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 179-31 1153I7
ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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Annex A
Project Description
A Purpose of Grant
The purpose of this Grant is to enable the PSBF to undertake a three year operational design project to most effectively meet the goal stated below
B Project Goal amp Approach
- To assist Amerasians in becoming productive members of Thai society
The approach of the project in working toward this goal is two-fold
1 Ingeneral Amerasians come from a background of poverty and often cannot command the resources necessary to maintain their health and complete their education Through full participation in educational activities and with the gooG health necessary to receive its full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for the future Through funding the educational and medical areas this project will assist Amerasian children in that process
2 In quantitative terms this project is expected to provideassistance to approximately 2400 Amerasians in all aspects of education vocational training nutritional and medical areas over the three years of the project
C Implementation
The project financed by this Grant and its manner of implementation are described in the PSBF proposal dated June 5 1986 (Annex D)
D Reporting
The PSBF will prepare and submit detailed progress reports from the date of the Grant and such reports will become due within 30 days following the 3rd 6th 9th 12th 15th 18th 21st 24th 27th 30th33rd and 36th months of the project Reports will describe the progressand problems of project activities as set forth in the project proposal
E Evaluation
An evaluation report will be due within sixty-days following the 36th month (the terminal date of the project) Such evaluation report will be in sufficient detail so that AID can judge the effectiveness of the project and the efficiency by which it was implemented
-2-
F Budget
1 The project budget is summarized as follows and is provided as part of Annex V
Expense Category USAID PSBF us$ us$
Salaries 6000 2000
TravelPer Diem 2000
Office Supplies Printing Telephone ampPostage - 4000
Educational Activities 43500 10700
Medical Care 22500 5300
Total 72000 24000
2 The amount of US$72000 or the Baht equivalent (US$1=Baht26) represents the total contribution of AID for this project The PSBF will provide a minimum of 25 of the Grant total amount to the project
3 After the Agreement has become effective and in accordance with Standard Provisions (Ainex B) an initial release of funds for the project will be made upon submission by the PSBF to the Controller USAID Office of Finance 37 Soi Somprasong 3 Petchburi Road Bangkok 10400 of Voucher Standard Form 1034 in original and three (3)copies requestingdisbursement of an amount equal to the AID share of anticipated requirements for authorized expenditures by bdget line item for the ensuing two months As soon as feasible after the end of the first month and every month thereafter the PSBF will submit to AID an accounting of the previous months expenditures of the funds advanced by AID certified correct by an authorized PSBF official together with Voucher SF-1034 for those expenditures to be applied to the advance The PSBF will also submit a statement of cash needs for the ensuing two months certified correct by an authorized PSBF official together with Voucher SF-1034 for an advance replenishment representing those cash needs Beginning with the fourth month thereafter advance replenishment will be contingent on the submission of the required progress status reports of the project described in para D above
4 To maintain the conditions of certification of eligibility the PSBF is required to supply USAID the following information reports annually within 30 days after the close of its fiscal years
a Annual financial statement preferably audited including a statement of income and expenditures
-3shy
b Current operational year budget detailing sources of income administrative expenses and program costs This information could also be provided as part of annual progress reports for the project
Following completion of the six month of the Grant period and at six month intervals the PSBF will submit an accounting of the expenditure for the non-AID portion of the budget
5 It is understood that the PSBF may make adjustments among line items of up to 15 of the amount of any line item provided however the total amount of the Grant may not be exceeded
G Audit
In the event that the independent audit report on a non-US sub-grantee or contractor as provided for andor program reports do not satisfy AIDs requirements as determined by the AID Inspector General(Audit) and the AID Inspector General chooses to make an onsite fiscal or program audit the PSBF agrees to AID taking reasonable steps to coordinate the scheduling and conduct of such audit with the PSBF in advance and to providing unrestricted access to its books and records in accordance with Mandatory Standard Provision 2
H Special Provisions
The Standard Provisions to this grant contained in Annex Bconsist of Mandatory and Optional Standard Provisions for US NongovernmentalGrantees (November 1985) The following Optional Standard Provisions are hereby deleted
a) Payment Letter of Credit
b) Payment - Cost Reimbursement
c) Patent Rights
d) Negotiated Indirect Cost Rates - Predetermined and Provisional
e) Participant Training
f) Voluntary Population Planning
g) Protection of the Individual a Researchas Subject
h) Care of Laboratory Animals
i) Government Furnished Excess Personal Property
j) Title to and Care of Property (US Government Title)
sov~vby OCtc ql Maiaein antd IPACE OF Ai-1EX C e2 1 EREOUEST FOR ADVANCE ddgL No 8-RO
2 SV I -ICEA- C1CAS
EH
O R REIM BURSEM EN T rvpE or UJ RCEtURC0] AoVNCE To eQN -A- iA b~I I
___________(Se i~t o- nxkn) I~QCT0Q FINAL 0 flRTIAL 0 ACCRUAL IDL4AL SPKISORING ACt7NCT ANO OOAkIZArIOHAL EL MLNtI TO 4 rtoCAL G0m1T 00 R PARTILAII tFH1 REQUEST
WHICH THIS AEJORr IS SuBellrL GCgkIttN KU104 FOR THIS REQUESTI NUtI1R AS3GICIBy FtDCRAL A C ECO
IPLoyLII IOLJItIFICAnON 1 F[CIqif mr ACCOUIr IUmsBR 8n PERIOD COYVRED BY THIS REQUEST FIUMSLR o IO ThO U BEA ( C A i T _I44 m aalI no- TO
1 RLCIPI7II OAo tILAMIOnI M0 PATEE bo 7 II lI Aileal I
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1ZIP C4 _ ____zip _
11 CO~MPUTATION OF AMOUNT Of REJMIURSEMENrSADYA CES REQUESTED I) (c))
D TOTALPROGRAMSIFUNCTIGNSACTIVITIES
s ja Total projm
outlays to lit $ $$
b L4Cumulative IoSYram ncOme
C NIOll CT1 (Line a m)i
d sIlmled net cal outlayI low advance IanO l
i TotaI (Sm of lia a amp d)
f NonFederail tlhe ofamount on linea
omounton aS Federal shor 01t line
I Fdernl olyment pteviously reairuitetint
1 Federal Share no- r quIslted (Liampg
jAances ultM by lit mitnth mon7th en requested bry ixesrsi gruntor agency fot use in making r- 2nd month SCMu-I 1 advotncnshy
3rd month
12 ALTERNATE COMiJTAnON FORt ADVANCES ONLY
a Estimat4 Federli cain outlay that mollbe made dultnq penod cuover d by te advance
so -tnnsnq ofbL aEtunate bawlarceot Fed ral caih on hhLaLra b dwlonca porovi
-nic Amount f-euesloe (Li- a m e b)
13 C RTIFI rATIONR
SIlmmAtiRe Of AiTHU-ItlD CEXTIF717U OFFICIAL DAt ILUCT
I cerIty that to ha betl of my kno10dedd
and belief the data ai) ar CwrrKt and _
that all outlays -ur msri In acCordanc TYPtD OR pFIIO HAuE AHr TITLE
It the rMnt corrtdtloni orw Other reWho mont Ind that payment is due and hias not
ben pnrrurOvty revtsflad Ar Ca lel-
This sp fori Nw u
NO ilC0RCULAA Pt
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App I1 Ch 1 HP3 13(TH 135)
Approved by Office of Manegemet and Budget No 80-RO182
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTIONS REPORT 1Federal inonsrint Blaney and oranlatone element toIs submitted1 wi-thisrp (See instructions ou the back If report is for more than one grant orassistanceagreement attach completed Standard Form272-A)
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION 4 Fedel Innt or other Idontitlca 5 RociDionts account number orIli number identilftnt number
Name 6 Letter f credit number 7 Last pyrment voucher numbor
d Steeive total number for this period 8 Payment Voucher credited to 1 9 Treasury chocksreceived shelUher
your account or not deposited) city stateCidZIP Code 10 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REPORT
3 FEDERAL EMPLOYER FROM (month day year) TO (month day year)IDENTIFICATION NO T
a Cash on hand beginning of reporting period $
b Letter of credit withdrawals
11 STATUS OF c Treasury check payments
FEDERAL d Total receipts (Sum of lines b and c)
CASH e Total cash available (Sum of lines a and d)
f Gross disbursements
(See apecic g Federal share of program income instruction~s
on the back) h Net disbursements (Line tminus line g)
i Adjustments of prior periods
j Cash on hand end of period $
12 THE AMOUNT SHOWN 13 OTHER INFORMATION ON LINE IlJ ABOVE REPRESENTS CASH RE a Interest income QUIREMENTS FOR THE ENSUING
Days b Advances to subgrantees or subcontractors 14 REMARKS (A (tach additionalaheets of plain paperif more space is required)
15 CERTIFICATION SIGNATURE DATE REPORT SUBMIrTED
I certify to the best of myknowledge and belief that ALTHORIZEDIths report is true in all re-spects and that all disburse CERTIFYING TYPED OR PRINTED NAME- AND TITLE ments have been made forthe purpose and conditions OFFICIAL Iof the grant or agreement (Area Cod) tb-) (XVumaul
THIS SPACE FOR AGENCY USE
STANDARD FORM 272 (7-76) Prescrbed by Office Of Managemrnlt orJ BudgetCIRCULAR NO A-110
272-101
App IC Ch 1 HB 13 (TM 135)
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTONS REPORT 1 Approved ry OfficeodegManagement am 6dg NoC A gA0-RO182CONTINUATION 1 FEDERAL SPONSORING AGENCY -NOORGANIZA(This~ Im i completed and attazed to Standard Form 171 only when TIONAL ELEMENT TO WHICH TH16 RPORT IS SUErepcrtinV more thanonu grant or auatante agreement) J MITTED
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION (Give name only as shown in item f SP 3 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REORT A sowaa on SP27f) 272)
FROM Idve nV-) TOIM dwp 4 Lit Infornt ion below for each grant or other-agreement covAred by thisreport Use additional forms ifmore siace is requiredFEDERAL GRANT OR OTHER rDENTIF I RECIPIENT ACCOUNTNUMnER FEDERAL SHARE OF NET DISIBORSEMENTSCATION OR OTHERIDENTIFYING NUMBER NET OISLIURSEMIENTS iC- CUMULATIVEISAow a oubdivuioin by other idti 1- o-- I N1E OiS8URSE14 ENTymq numbdr- If -equired by te do d) FORREPORTINGSederaJ Sponeonnp A gtncy) PERIOD
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 TOTALS (Should corep nd wit amounts hur on Sr 17f ao~oie column (c) the same do line I Ih column (d) Iie su olineIRIhnid III of cl I SY J ard cumulative duburments ahow onlot reporL AttcA orpl an of any diferem) $ $
STANDARD FORM 272-4 (110
FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT deg T o STA US deg K oa EFINANCIAL~1EPO T deg h u=deg t deg ls Appod Ofdeg ACIMCYANDORGANiIZATIONALELMZKTTO WHICH RIPONT is ZUSUITTIO 2 rltA OP-AsoT05l a0110 aCc PANITF0 (Foloa ai--citioajs on C bock)I o3ROE
L1e cIpILNT Oi AmIIAflON N d aIAt 4b I rl-I~tip eJ1 4 1EIMPLDTI IODNIIlCAnON NUMOOR 5 II ACCOUNT NUUSELR01 ICENTIIythd NUBER ILLINAL MltrMO 6A111
PrOJCCT1OKANT PZRIOD ISL PtRIoo covt or TNI -EpOrlFROM i1 S i4) 10 IMa-cA Ai4
FRO IM-t4 S e ) TO I - -
10 STATUS OF FUNDS
PROGRS5FUN4CTIONSACTIVITIES P - ) I) T (d) ()TOTAL
2 it Outlayprllously reported $ $ $ $ $
b Total outlays thIs report period
C I4oa Program Income Credits
d- lt outlays tIh irln t pICd fLi II -ia I c)
IL Not Outlays to date (Line o l tne d)
L NonFiIrl share of outlays
Total Federal there of outllays(Lia a0 ba
III Total unlquldaled oblIgatIon__
I Le Non-Fedsal her of unliquidated obligations shown on line h
I Federal hai of unliuldaa d obllgtlons
k Total Federal shat of outlays and unllquldaltd obligations
I Total c imuiaUiv anuont of laaI funds autiorltO
d_
m Utob Igaed balance of F erlI funds Of RAtE
I I COtifIC-ATIONIt SGJATURE OF AUTHORIZED CERTIrrItG- i ppiop-int box) Q PROVISIONAL J PEprTIRUINCID FIKAL [ I codify to the
OATE PEPORT beit of my lpnowle-id and be OFFICIAL SUhlTt[D
KXPFt 11ALAA (COYAL AMOUNT FLO(aL XAAC Il thai this repoe Is corect and complete andfIhe1 Ofou)t1 l
a for the end unlq-Iltedporplts ar- forth in oblietonstha awlad TYPED OR PRINTED IAME ANO ITLE TELEHCE (A-a o-f
By pro4-ct input CIOCULAdO O AII0
Standard Form I Oi| September 193 PUBLIC VOUCHER FOR PURCHASES AND
4 Trea1uFRM 20U0 SERVICES OTHER THAN PERSONAL U S DIEPARTMENTBUREAUO ESTABLISHMENT AND LOCATION DATEVOUCHER PREPARED
VOUCHER
SCHEDULE
NO
NO
CONTRACT NUMBER AND DATE PAID BY
REQUISITION NUMBER AND DATE
F 1 PAYEES NAME
DATE INVOICE RECEIVED
AND
ADDRESS L DISCOUNT TERMS
PAYEES ACCOUNT NUMBER
SHIPPEDFROM TO WEIGHT GOVERNMENT BL NUMBER
NUMBER DATE OF ARTICLES OR SERVICESAND DATE DELIVERY (iEter deseriperon itr Nmrihfr of ortetrat or Federal QUAN- UNIT PRICE AMOUNTOF ORDER I_R SERVICE impply fhedide aned other itformriaon deemed reiiary) TITY COST PER I]
(U roo (Payee must NOT use the space below) TOTAL PAYMENT APPROVED FOR EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES
COAAE TEE--- =$=$100 DFEECS shy
] PARTIAL BY
-OGRESS TITLE Amount verified correct forADVANCE (Sitaure or rrifiill)
Purluont to authority vetted in me I certify thatthisvoucher it correct and proper forpayment
(EI)teJ (Authorzed Ctrhifying Offirer) I (Flar)
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
CHECK NUMBER ON TREASURER OF THE INITED STATES CHECK NUMBER ON (Name of ami)
CASH DATE PAYEE $
When stated in foreirn turrencv insert name of (urrency If the ahilir to (ert1 andl Authorn to approve are combined in onc person one signature only it nece ary other
PER
e (he ipptovini or trrill sign in the sparc prov ideil over hisuhcial titlehen a vouwhert is irtiptel in te name ola (omp ian or corporaton the n inrse of the person ritrt the tomopjny TITLE
of torporate name as ellas the capacity in whiih hie sign permu t appear For eain|ple t)hn )c Compan) John SIth Senretary or Treasurt as the cave may be
rUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 179-31 1153I7
ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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F Budget
1 The project budget is summarized as follows and is provided as part of Annex V
Expense Category USAID PSBF us$ us$
Salaries 6000 2000
TravelPer Diem 2000
Office Supplies Printing Telephone ampPostage - 4000
Educational Activities 43500 10700
Medical Care 22500 5300
Total 72000 24000
2 The amount of US$72000 or the Baht equivalent (US$1=Baht26) represents the total contribution of AID for this project The PSBF will provide a minimum of 25 of the Grant total amount to the project
3 After the Agreement has become effective and in accordance with Standard Provisions (Ainex B) an initial release of funds for the project will be made upon submission by the PSBF to the Controller USAID Office of Finance 37 Soi Somprasong 3 Petchburi Road Bangkok 10400 of Voucher Standard Form 1034 in original and three (3)copies requestingdisbursement of an amount equal to the AID share of anticipated requirements for authorized expenditures by bdget line item for the ensuing two months As soon as feasible after the end of the first month and every month thereafter the PSBF will submit to AID an accounting of the previous months expenditures of the funds advanced by AID certified correct by an authorized PSBF official together with Voucher SF-1034 for those expenditures to be applied to the advance The PSBF will also submit a statement of cash needs for the ensuing two months certified correct by an authorized PSBF official together with Voucher SF-1034 for an advance replenishment representing those cash needs Beginning with the fourth month thereafter advance replenishment will be contingent on the submission of the required progress status reports of the project described in para D above
4 To maintain the conditions of certification of eligibility the PSBF is required to supply USAID the following information reports annually within 30 days after the close of its fiscal years
a Annual financial statement preferably audited including a statement of income and expenditures
-3shy
b Current operational year budget detailing sources of income administrative expenses and program costs This information could also be provided as part of annual progress reports for the project
Following completion of the six month of the Grant period and at six month intervals the PSBF will submit an accounting of the expenditure for the non-AID portion of the budget
5 It is understood that the PSBF may make adjustments among line items of up to 15 of the amount of any line item provided however the total amount of the Grant may not be exceeded
G Audit
In the event that the independent audit report on a non-US sub-grantee or contractor as provided for andor program reports do not satisfy AIDs requirements as determined by the AID Inspector General(Audit) and the AID Inspector General chooses to make an onsite fiscal or program audit the PSBF agrees to AID taking reasonable steps to coordinate the scheduling and conduct of such audit with the PSBF in advance and to providing unrestricted access to its books and records in accordance with Mandatory Standard Provision 2
H Special Provisions
The Standard Provisions to this grant contained in Annex Bconsist of Mandatory and Optional Standard Provisions for US NongovernmentalGrantees (November 1985) The following Optional Standard Provisions are hereby deleted
a) Payment Letter of Credit
b) Payment - Cost Reimbursement
c) Patent Rights
d) Negotiated Indirect Cost Rates - Predetermined and Provisional
e) Participant Training
f) Voluntary Population Planning
g) Protection of the Individual a Researchas Subject
h) Care of Laboratory Animals
i) Government Furnished Excess Personal Property
j) Title to and Care of Property (US Government Title)
sov~vby OCtc ql Maiaein antd IPACE OF Ai-1EX C e2 1 EREOUEST FOR ADVANCE ddgL No 8-RO
2 SV I -ICEA- C1CAS
EH
O R REIM BURSEM EN T rvpE or UJ RCEtURC0] AoVNCE To eQN -A- iA b~I I
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WHICH THIS AEJORr IS SuBellrL GCgkIttN KU104 FOR THIS REQUESTI NUtI1R AS3GICIBy FtDCRAL A C ECO
IPLoyLII IOLJItIFICAnON 1 F[CIqif mr ACCOUIr IUmsBR 8n PERIOD COYVRED BY THIS REQUEST FIUMSLR o IO ThO U BEA ( C A i T _I44 m aalI no- TO
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11 CO~MPUTATION OF AMOUNT Of REJMIURSEMENrSADYA CES REQUESTED I) (c))
D TOTALPROGRAMSIFUNCTIGNSACTIVITIES
s ja Total projm
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b L4Cumulative IoSYram ncOme
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1 Federal Share no- r quIslted (Liampg
jAances ultM by lit mitnth mon7th en requested bry ixesrsi gruntor agency fot use in making r- 2nd month SCMu-I 1 advotncnshy
3rd month
12 ALTERNATE COMiJTAnON FORt ADVANCES ONLY
a Estimat4 Federli cain outlay that mollbe made dultnq penod cuover d by te advance
so -tnnsnq ofbL aEtunate bawlarceot Fed ral caih on hhLaLra b dwlonca porovi
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13 C RTIFI rATIONR
SIlmmAtiRe Of AiTHU-ItlD CEXTIF717U OFFICIAL DAt ILUCT
I cerIty that to ha betl of my kno10dedd
and belief the data ai) ar CwrrKt and _
that all outlays -ur msri In acCordanc TYPtD OR pFIIO HAuE AHr TITLE
It the rMnt corrtdtloni orw Other reWho mont Ind that payment is due and hias not
ben pnrrurOvty revtsflad Ar Ca lel-
This sp fori Nw u
NO ilC0RCULAA Pt
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App I1 Ch 1 HP3 13(TH 135)
Approved by Office of Manegemet and Budget No 80-RO182
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTIONS REPORT 1Federal inonsrint Blaney and oranlatone element toIs submitted1 wi-thisrp (See instructions ou the back If report is for more than one grant orassistanceagreement attach completed Standard Form272-A)
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION 4 Fedel Innt or other Idontitlca 5 RociDionts account number orIli number identilftnt number
Name 6 Letter f credit number 7 Last pyrment voucher numbor
d Steeive total number for this period 8 Payment Voucher credited to 1 9 Treasury chocksreceived shelUher
your account or not deposited) city stateCidZIP Code 10 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REPORT
3 FEDERAL EMPLOYER FROM (month day year) TO (month day year)IDENTIFICATION NO T
a Cash on hand beginning of reporting period $
b Letter of credit withdrawals
11 STATUS OF c Treasury check payments
FEDERAL d Total receipts (Sum of lines b and c)
CASH e Total cash available (Sum of lines a and d)
f Gross disbursements
(See apecic g Federal share of program income instruction~s
on the back) h Net disbursements (Line tminus line g)
i Adjustments of prior periods
j Cash on hand end of period $
12 THE AMOUNT SHOWN 13 OTHER INFORMATION ON LINE IlJ ABOVE REPRESENTS CASH RE a Interest income QUIREMENTS FOR THE ENSUING
Days b Advances to subgrantees or subcontractors 14 REMARKS (A (tach additionalaheets of plain paperif more space is required)
15 CERTIFICATION SIGNATURE DATE REPORT SUBMIrTED
I certify to the best of myknowledge and belief that ALTHORIZEDIths report is true in all re-spects and that all disburse CERTIFYING TYPED OR PRINTED NAME- AND TITLE ments have been made forthe purpose and conditions OFFICIAL Iof the grant or agreement (Area Cod) tb-) (XVumaul
THIS SPACE FOR AGENCY USE
STANDARD FORM 272 (7-76) Prescrbed by Office Of Managemrnlt orJ BudgetCIRCULAR NO A-110
272-101
App IC Ch 1 HB 13 (TM 135)
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTONS REPORT 1 Approved ry OfficeodegManagement am 6dg NoC A gA0-RO182CONTINUATION 1 FEDERAL SPONSORING AGENCY -NOORGANIZA(This~ Im i completed and attazed to Standard Form 171 only when TIONAL ELEMENT TO WHICH TH16 RPORT IS SUErepcrtinV more thanonu grant or auatante agreement) J MITTED
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION (Give name only as shown in item f SP 3 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REORT A sowaa on SP27f) 272)
FROM Idve nV-) TOIM dwp 4 Lit Infornt ion below for each grant or other-agreement covAred by thisreport Use additional forms ifmore siace is requiredFEDERAL GRANT OR OTHER rDENTIF I RECIPIENT ACCOUNTNUMnER FEDERAL SHARE OF NET DISIBORSEMENTSCATION OR OTHERIDENTIFYING NUMBER NET OISLIURSEMIENTS iC- CUMULATIVEISAow a oubdivuioin by other idti 1- o-- I N1E OiS8URSE14 ENTymq numbdr- If -equired by te do d) FORREPORTINGSederaJ Sponeonnp A gtncy) PERIOD
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 TOTALS (Should corep nd wit amounts hur on Sr 17f ao~oie column (c) the same do line I Ih column (d) Iie su olineIRIhnid III of cl I SY J ard cumulative duburments ahow onlot reporL AttcA orpl an of any diferem) $ $
STANDARD FORM 272-4 (110
FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT deg T o STA US deg K oa EFINANCIAL~1EPO T deg h u=deg t deg ls Appod Ofdeg ACIMCYANDORGANiIZATIONALELMZKTTO WHICH RIPONT is ZUSUITTIO 2 rltA OP-AsoT05l a0110 aCc PANITF0 (Foloa ai--citioajs on C bock)I o3ROE
L1e cIpILNT Oi AmIIAflON N d aIAt 4b I rl-I~tip eJ1 4 1EIMPLDTI IODNIIlCAnON NUMOOR 5 II ACCOUNT NUUSELR01 ICENTIIythd NUBER ILLINAL MltrMO 6A111
PrOJCCT1OKANT PZRIOD ISL PtRIoo covt or TNI -EpOrlFROM i1 S i4) 10 IMa-cA Ai4
FRO IM-t4 S e ) TO I - -
10 STATUS OF FUNDS
PROGRS5FUN4CTIONSACTIVITIES P - ) I) T (d) ()TOTAL
2 it Outlayprllously reported $ $ $ $ $
b Total outlays thIs report period
C I4oa Program Income Credits
d- lt outlays tIh irln t pICd fLi II -ia I c)
IL Not Outlays to date (Line o l tne d)
L NonFiIrl share of outlays
Total Federal there of outllays(Lia a0 ba
III Total unlquldaled oblIgatIon__
I Le Non-Fedsal her of unliquidated obligations shown on line h
I Federal hai of unliuldaa d obllgtlons
k Total Federal shat of outlays and unllquldaltd obligations
I Total c imuiaUiv anuont of laaI funds autiorltO
d_
m Utob Igaed balance of F erlI funds Of RAtE
I I COtifIC-ATIONIt SGJATURE OF AUTHORIZED CERTIrrItG- i ppiop-int box) Q PROVISIONAL J PEprTIRUINCID FIKAL [ I codify to the
OATE PEPORT beit of my lpnowle-id and be OFFICIAL SUhlTt[D
KXPFt 11ALAA (COYAL AMOUNT FLO(aL XAAC Il thai this repoe Is corect and complete andfIhe1 Ofou)t1 l
a for the end unlq-Iltedporplts ar- forth in oblietonstha awlad TYPED OR PRINTED IAME ANO ITLE TELEHCE (A-a o-f
By pro4-ct input CIOCULAdO O AII0
Standard Form I Oi| September 193 PUBLIC VOUCHER FOR PURCHASES AND
4 Trea1uFRM 20U0 SERVICES OTHER THAN PERSONAL U S DIEPARTMENTBUREAUO ESTABLISHMENT AND LOCATION DATEVOUCHER PREPARED
VOUCHER
SCHEDULE
NO
NO
CONTRACT NUMBER AND DATE PAID BY
REQUISITION NUMBER AND DATE
F 1 PAYEES NAME
DATE INVOICE RECEIVED
AND
ADDRESS L DISCOUNT TERMS
PAYEES ACCOUNT NUMBER
SHIPPEDFROM TO WEIGHT GOVERNMENT BL NUMBER
NUMBER DATE OF ARTICLES OR SERVICESAND DATE DELIVERY (iEter deseriperon itr Nmrihfr of ortetrat or Federal QUAN- UNIT PRICE AMOUNTOF ORDER I_R SERVICE impply fhedide aned other itformriaon deemed reiiary) TITY COST PER I]
(U roo (Payee must NOT use the space below) TOTAL PAYMENT APPROVED FOR EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES
COAAE TEE--- =$=$100 DFEECS shy
] PARTIAL BY
-OGRESS TITLE Amount verified correct forADVANCE (Sitaure or rrifiill)
Purluont to authority vetted in me I certify thatthisvoucher it correct and proper forpayment
(EI)teJ (Authorzed Ctrhifying Offirer) I (Flar)
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
CHECK NUMBER ON TREASURER OF THE INITED STATES CHECK NUMBER ON (Name of ami)
CASH DATE PAYEE $
When stated in foreirn turrencv insert name of (urrency If the ahilir to (ert1 andl Authorn to approve are combined in onc person one signature only it nece ary other
PER
e (he ipptovini or trrill sign in the sparc prov ideil over hisuhcial titlehen a vouwhert is irtiptel in te name ola (omp ian or corporaton the n inrse of the person ritrt the tomopjny TITLE
of torporate name as ellas the capacity in whiih hie sign permu t appear For eain|ple t)hn )c Compan) John SIth Senretary or Treasurt as the cave may be
rUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 179-31 1153I7
ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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b Current operational year budget detailing sources of income administrative expenses and program costs This information could also be provided as part of annual progress reports for the project
Following completion of the six month of the Grant period and at six month intervals the PSBF will submit an accounting of the expenditure for the non-AID portion of the budget
5 It is understood that the PSBF may make adjustments among line items of up to 15 of the amount of any line item provided however the total amount of the Grant may not be exceeded
G Audit
In the event that the independent audit report on a non-US sub-grantee or contractor as provided for andor program reports do not satisfy AIDs requirements as determined by the AID Inspector General(Audit) and the AID Inspector General chooses to make an onsite fiscal or program audit the PSBF agrees to AID taking reasonable steps to coordinate the scheduling and conduct of such audit with the PSBF in advance and to providing unrestricted access to its books and records in accordance with Mandatory Standard Provision 2
H Special Provisions
The Standard Provisions to this grant contained in Annex Bconsist of Mandatory and Optional Standard Provisions for US NongovernmentalGrantees (November 1985) The following Optional Standard Provisions are hereby deleted
a) Payment Letter of Credit
b) Payment - Cost Reimbursement
c) Patent Rights
d) Negotiated Indirect Cost Rates - Predetermined and Provisional
e) Participant Training
f) Voluntary Population Planning
g) Protection of the Individual a Researchas Subject
h) Care of Laboratory Animals
i) Government Furnished Excess Personal Property
j) Title to and Care of Property (US Government Title)
sov~vby OCtc ql Maiaein antd IPACE OF Ai-1EX C e2 1 EREOUEST FOR ADVANCE ddgL No 8-RO
2 SV I -ICEA- C1CAS
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O R REIM BURSEM EN T rvpE or UJ RCEtURC0] AoVNCE To eQN -A- iA b~I I
___________(Se i~t o- nxkn) I~QCT0Q FINAL 0 flRTIAL 0 ACCRUAL IDL4AL SPKISORING ACt7NCT ANO OOAkIZArIOHAL EL MLNtI TO 4 rtoCAL G0m1T 00 R PARTILAII tFH1 REQUEST
WHICH THIS AEJORr IS SuBellrL GCgkIttN KU104 FOR THIS REQUESTI NUtI1R AS3GICIBy FtDCRAL A C ECO
IPLoyLII IOLJItIFICAnON 1 F[CIqif mr ACCOUIr IUmsBR 8n PERIOD COYVRED BY THIS REQUEST FIUMSLR o IO ThO U BEA ( C A i T _I44 m aalI no- TO
1 RLCIPI7II OAo tILAMIOnI M0 PATEE bo 7 II lI Aileal I
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11 CO~MPUTATION OF AMOUNT Of REJMIURSEMENrSADYA CES REQUESTED I) (c))
D TOTALPROGRAMSIFUNCTIGNSACTIVITIES
s ja Total projm
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b L4Cumulative IoSYram ncOme
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f NonFederail tlhe ofamount on linea
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I Fdernl olyment pteviously reairuitetint
1 Federal Share no- r quIslted (Liampg
jAances ultM by lit mitnth mon7th en requested bry ixesrsi gruntor agency fot use in making r- 2nd month SCMu-I 1 advotncnshy
3rd month
12 ALTERNATE COMiJTAnON FORt ADVANCES ONLY
a Estimat4 Federli cain outlay that mollbe made dultnq penod cuover d by te advance
so -tnnsnq ofbL aEtunate bawlarceot Fed ral caih on hhLaLra b dwlonca porovi
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13 C RTIFI rATIONR
SIlmmAtiRe Of AiTHU-ItlD CEXTIF717U OFFICIAL DAt ILUCT
I cerIty that to ha betl of my kno10dedd
and belief the data ai) ar CwrrKt and _
that all outlays -ur msri In acCordanc TYPtD OR pFIIO HAuE AHr TITLE
It the rMnt corrtdtloni orw Other reWho mont Ind that payment is due and hias not
ben pnrrurOvty revtsflad Ar Ca lel-
This sp fori Nw u
NO ilC0RCULAA Pt
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App I1 Ch 1 HP3 13(TH 135)
Approved by Office of Manegemet and Budget No 80-RO182
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTIONS REPORT 1Federal inonsrint Blaney and oranlatone element toIs submitted1 wi-thisrp (See instructions ou the back If report is for more than one grant orassistanceagreement attach completed Standard Form272-A)
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION 4 Fedel Innt or other Idontitlca 5 RociDionts account number orIli number identilftnt number
Name 6 Letter f credit number 7 Last pyrment voucher numbor
d Steeive total number for this period 8 Payment Voucher credited to 1 9 Treasury chocksreceived shelUher
your account or not deposited) city stateCidZIP Code 10 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REPORT
3 FEDERAL EMPLOYER FROM (month day year) TO (month day year)IDENTIFICATION NO T
a Cash on hand beginning of reporting period $
b Letter of credit withdrawals
11 STATUS OF c Treasury check payments
FEDERAL d Total receipts (Sum of lines b and c)
CASH e Total cash available (Sum of lines a and d)
f Gross disbursements
(See apecic g Federal share of program income instruction~s
on the back) h Net disbursements (Line tminus line g)
i Adjustments of prior periods
j Cash on hand end of period $
12 THE AMOUNT SHOWN 13 OTHER INFORMATION ON LINE IlJ ABOVE REPRESENTS CASH RE a Interest income QUIREMENTS FOR THE ENSUING
Days b Advances to subgrantees or subcontractors 14 REMARKS (A (tach additionalaheets of plain paperif more space is required)
15 CERTIFICATION SIGNATURE DATE REPORT SUBMIrTED
I certify to the best of myknowledge and belief that ALTHORIZEDIths report is true in all re-spects and that all disburse CERTIFYING TYPED OR PRINTED NAME- AND TITLE ments have been made forthe purpose and conditions OFFICIAL Iof the grant or agreement (Area Cod) tb-) (XVumaul
THIS SPACE FOR AGENCY USE
STANDARD FORM 272 (7-76) Prescrbed by Office Of Managemrnlt orJ BudgetCIRCULAR NO A-110
272-101
App IC Ch 1 HB 13 (TM 135)
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTONS REPORT 1 Approved ry OfficeodegManagement am 6dg NoC A gA0-RO182CONTINUATION 1 FEDERAL SPONSORING AGENCY -NOORGANIZA(This~ Im i completed and attazed to Standard Form 171 only when TIONAL ELEMENT TO WHICH TH16 RPORT IS SUErepcrtinV more thanonu grant or auatante agreement) J MITTED
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION (Give name only as shown in item f SP 3 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REORT A sowaa on SP27f) 272)
FROM Idve nV-) TOIM dwp 4 Lit Infornt ion below for each grant or other-agreement covAred by thisreport Use additional forms ifmore siace is requiredFEDERAL GRANT OR OTHER rDENTIF I RECIPIENT ACCOUNTNUMnER FEDERAL SHARE OF NET DISIBORSEMENTSCATION OR OTHERIDENTIFYING NUMBER NET OISLIURSEMIENTS iC- CUMULATIVEISAow a oubdivuioin by other idti 1- o-- I N1E OiS8URSE14 ENTymq numbdr- If -equired by te do d) FORREPORTINGSederaJ Sponeonnp A gtncy) PERIOD
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 TOTALS (Should corep nd wit amounts hur on Sr 17f ao~oie column (c) the same do line I Ih column (d) Iie su olineIRIhnid III of cl I SY J ard cumulative duburments ahow onlot reporL AttcA orpl an of any diferem) $ $
STANDARD FORM 272-4 (110
FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT deg T o STA US deg K oa EFINANCIAL~1EPO T deg h u=deg t deg ls Appod Ofdeg ACIMCYANDORGANiIZATIONALELMZKTTO WHICH RIPONT is ZUSUITTIO 2 rltA OP-AsoT05l a0110 aCc PANITF0 (Foloa ai--citioajs on C bock)I o3ROE
L1e cIpILNT Oi AmIIAflON N d aIAt 4b I rl-I~tip eJ1 4 1EIMPLDTI IODNIIlCAnON NUMOOR 5 II ACCOUNT NUUSELR01 ICENTIIythd NUBER ILLINAL MltrMO 6A111
PrOJCCT1OKANT PZRIOD ISL PtRIoo covt or TNI -EpOrlFROM i1 S i4) 10 IMa-cA Ai4
FRO IM-t4 S e ) TO I - -
10 STATUS OF FUNDS
PROGRS5FUN4CTIONSACTIVITIES P - ) I) T (d) ()TOTAL
2 it Outlayprllously reported $ $ $ $ $
b Total outlays thIs report period
C I4oa Program Income Credits
d- lt outlays tIh irln t pICd fLi II -ia I c)
IL Not Outlays to date (Line o l tne d)
L NonFiIrl share of outlays
Total Federal there of outllays(Lia a0 ba
III Total unlquldaled oblIgatIon__
I Le Non-Fedsal her of unliquidated obligations shown on line h
I Federal hai of unliuldaa d obllgtlons
k Total Federal shat of outlays and unllquldaltd obligations
I Total c imuiaUiv anuont of laaI funds autiorltO
d_
m Utob Igaed balance of F erlI funds Of RAtE
I I COtifIC-ATIONIt SGJATURE OF AUTHORIZED CERTIrrItG- i ppiop-int box) Q PROVISIONAL J PEprTIRUINCID FIKAL [ I codify to the
OATE PEPORT beit of my lpnowle-id and be OFFICIAL SUhlTt[D
KXPFt 11ALAA (COYAL AMOUNT FLO(aL XAAC Il thai this repoe Is corect and complete andfIhe1 Ofou)t1 l
a for the end unlq-Iltedporplts ar- forth in oblietonstha awlad TYPED OR PRINTED IAME ANO ITLE TELEHCE (A-a o-f
By pro4-ct input CIOCULAdO O AII0
Standard Form I Oi| September 193 PUBLIC VOUCHER FOR PURCHASES AND
4 Trea1uFRM 20U0 SERVICES OTHER THAN PERSONAL U S DIEPARTMENTBUREAUO ESTABLISHMENT AND LOCATION DATEVOUCHER PREPARED
VOUCHER
SCHEDULE
NO
NO
CONTRACT NUMBER AND DATE PAID BY
REQUISITION NUMBER AND DATE
F 1 PAYEES NAME
DATE INVOICE RECEIVED
AND
ADDRESS L DISCOUNT TERMS
PAYEES ACCOUNT NUMBER
SHIPPEDFROM TO WEIGHT GOVERNMENT BL NUMBER
NUMBER DATE OF ARTICLES OR SERVICESAND DATE DELIVERY (iEter deseriperon itr Nmrihfr of ortetrat or Federal QUAN- UNIT PRICE AMOUNTOF ORDER I_R SERVICE impply fhedide aned other itformriaon deemed reiiary) TITY COST PER I]
(U roo (Payee must NOT use the space below) TOTAL PAYMENT APPROVED FOR EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES
COAAE TEE--- =$=$100 DFEECS shy
] PARTIAL BY
-OGRESS TITLE Amount verified correct forADVANCE (Sitaure or rrifiill)
Purluont to authority vetted in me I certify thatthisvoucher it correct and proper forpayment
(EI)teJ (Authorzed Ctrhifying Offirer) I (Flar)
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
CHECK NUMBER ON TREASURER OF THE INITED STATES CHECK NUMBER ON (Name of ami)
CASH DATE PAYEE $
When stated in foreirn turrencv insert name of (urrency If the ahilir to (ert1 andl Authorn to approve are combined in onc person one signature only it nece ary other
PER
e (he ipptovini or trrill sign in the sparc prov ideil over hisuhcial titlehen a vouwhert is irtiptel in te name ola (omp ian or corporaton the n inrse of the person ritrt the tomopjny TITLE
of torporate name as ellas the capacity in whiih hie sign permu t appear For eain|ple t)hn )c Compan) John SIth Senretary or Treasurt as the cave may be
rUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 179-31 1153I7
ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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2 SV I -ICEA- C1CAS
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O R REIM BURSEM EN T rvpE or UJ RCEtURC0] AoVNCE To eQN -A- iA b~I I
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WHICH THIS AEJORr IS SuBellrL GCgkIttN KU104 FOR THIS REQUESTI NUtI1R AS3GICIBy FtDCRAL A C ECO
IPLoyLII IOLJItIFICAnON 1 F[CIqif mr ACCOUIr IUmsBR 8n PERIOD COYVRED BY THIS REQUEST FIUMSLR o IO ThO U BEA ( C A i T _I44 m aalI no- TO
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11 CO~MPUTATION OF AMOUNT Of REJMIURSEMENrSADYA CES REQUESTED I) (c))
D TOTALPROGRAMSIFUNCTIGNSACTIVITIES
s ja Total projm
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b L4Cumulative IoSYram ncOme
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f NonFederail tlhe ofamount on linea
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I Fdernl olyment pteviously reairuitetint
1 Federal Share no- r quIslted (Liampg
jAances ultM by lit mitnth mon7th en requested bry ixesrsi gruntor agency fot use in making r- 2nd month SCMu-I 1 advotncnshy
3rd month
12 ALTERNATE COMiJTAnON FORt ADVANCES ONLY
a Estimat4 Federli cain outlay that mollbe made dultnq penod cuover d by te advance
so -tnnsnq ofbL aEtunate bawlarceot Fed ral caih on hhLaLra b dwlonca porovi
-nic Amount f-euesloe (Li- a m e b)
13 C RTIFI rATIONR
SIlmmAtiRe Of AiTHU-ItlD CEXTIF717U OFFICIAL DAt ILUCT
I cerIty that to ha betl of my kno10dedd
and belief the data ai) ar CwrrKt and _
that all outlays -ur msri In acCordanc TYPtD OR pFIIO HAuE AHr TITLE
It the rMnt corrtdtloni orw Other reWho mont Ind that payment is due and hias not
ben pnrrurOvty revtsflad Ar Ca lel-
This sp fori Nw u
NO ilC0RCULAA Pt
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App I1 Ch 1 HP3 13(TH 135)
Approved by Office of Manegemet and Budget No 80-RO182
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTIONS REPORT 1Federal inonsrint Blaney and oranlatone element toIs submitted1 wi-thisrp (See instructions ou the back If report is for more than one grant orassistanceagreement attach completed Standard Form272-A)
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION 4 Fedel Innt or other Idontitlca 5 RociDionts account number orIli number identilftnt number
Name 6 Letter f credit number 7 Last pyrment voucher numbor
d Steeive total number for this period 8 Payment Voucher credited to 1 9 Treasury chocksreceived shelUher
your account or not deposited) city stateCidZIP Code 10 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REPORT
3 FEDERAL EMPLOYER FROM (month day year) TO (month day year)IDENTIFICATION NO T
a Cash on hand beginning of reporting period $
b Letter of credit withdrawals
11 STATUS OF c Treasury check payments
FEDERAL d Total receipts (Sum of lines b and c)
CASH e Total cash available (Sum of lines a and d)
f Gross disbursements
(See apecic g Federal share of program income instruction~s
on the back) h Net disbursements (Line tminus line g)
i Adjustments of prior periods
j Cash on hand end of period $
12 THE AMOUNT SHOWN 13 OTHER INFORMATION ON LINE IlJ ABOVE REPRESENTS CASH RE a Interest income QUIREMENTS FOR THE ENSUING
Days b Advances to subgrantees or subcontractors 14 REMARKS (A (tach additionalaheets of plain paperif more space is required)
15 CERTIFICATION SIGNATURE DATE REPORT SUBMIrTED
I certify to the best of myknowledge and belief that ALTHORIZEDIths report is true in all re-spects and that all disburse CERTIFYING TYPED OR PRINTED NAME- AND TITLE ments have been made forthe purpose and conditions OFFICIAL Iof the grant or agreement (Area Cod) tb-) (XVumaul
THIS SPACE FOR AGENCY USE
STANDARD FORM 272 (7-76) Prescrbed by Office Of Managemrnlt orJ BudgetCIRCULAR NO A-110
272-101
App IC Ch 1 HB 13 (TM 135)
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTONS REPORT 1 Approved ry OfficeodegManagement am 6dg NoC A gA0-RO182CONTINUATION 1 FEDERAL SPONSORING AGENCY -NOORGANIZA(This~ Im i completed and attazed to Standard Form 171 only when TIONAL ELEMENT TO WHICH TH16 RPORT IS SUErepcrtinV more thanonu grant or auatante agreement) J MITTED
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION (Give name only as shown in item f SP 3 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REORT A sowaa on SP27f) 272)
FROM Idve nV-) TOIM dwp 4 Lit Infornt ion below for each grant or other-agreement covAred by thisreport Use additional forms ifmore siace is requiredFEDERAL GRANT OR OTHER rDENTIF I RECIPIENT ACCOUNTNUMnER FEDERAL SHARE OF NET DISIBORSEMENTSCATION OR OTHERIDENTIFYING NUMBER NET OISLIURSEMIENTS iC- CUMULATIVEISAow a oubdivuioin by other idti 1- o-- I N1E OiS8URSE14 ENTymq numbdr- If -equired by te do d) FORREPORTINGSederaJ Sponeonnp A gtncy) PERIOD
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 TOTALS (Should corep nd wit amounts hur on Sr 17f ao~oie column (c) the same do line I Ih column (d) Iie su olineIRIhnid III of cl I SY J ard cumulative duburments ahow onlot reporL AttcA orpl an of any diferem) $ $
STANDARD FORM 272-4 (110
FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT deg T o STA US deg K oa EFINANCIAL~1EPO T deg h u=deg t deg ls Appod Ofdeg ACIMCYANDORGANiIZATIONALELMZKTTO WHICH RIPONT is ZUSUITTIO 2 rltA OP-AsoT05l a0110 aCc PANITF0 (Foloa ai--citioajs on C bock)I o3ROE
L1e cIpILNT Oi AmIIAflON N d aIAt 4b I rl-I~tip eJ1 4 1EIMPLDTI IODNIIlCAnON NUMOOR 5 II ACCOUNT NUUSELR01 ICENTIIythd NUBER ILLINAL MltrMO 6A111
PrOJCCT1OKANT PZRIOD ISL PtRIoo covt or TNI -EpOrlFROM i1 S i4) 10 IMa-cA Ai4
FRO IM-t4 S e ) TO I - -
10 STATUS OF FUNDS
PROGRS5FUN4CTIONSACTIVITIES P - ) I) T (d) ()TOTAL
2 it Outlayprllously reported $ $ $ $ $
b Total outlays thIs report period
C I4oa Program Income Credits
d- lt outlays tIh irln t pICd fLi II -ia I c)
IL Not Outlays to date (Line o l tne d)
L NonFiIrl share of outlays
Total Federal there of outllays(Lia a0 ba
III Total unlquldaled oblIgatIon__
I Le Non-Fedsal her of unliquidated obligations shown on line h
I Federal hai of unliuldaa d obllgtlons
k Total Federal shat of outlays and unllquldaltd obligations
I Total c imuiaUiv anuont of laaI funds autiorltO
d_
m Utob Igaed balance of F erlI funds Of RAtE
I I COtifIC-ATIONIt SGJATURE OF AUTHORIZED CERTIrrItG- i ppiop-int box) Q PROVISIONAL J PEprTIRUINCID FIKAL [ I codify to the
OATE PEPORT beit of my lpnowle-id and be OFFICIAL SUhlTt[D
KXPFt 11ALAA (COYAL AMOUNT FLO(aL XAAC Il thai this repoe Is corect and complete andfIhe1 Ofou)t1 l
a for the end unlq-Iltedporplts ar- forth in oblietonstha awlad TYPED OR PRINTED IAME ANO ITLE TELEHCE (A-a o-f
By pro4-ct input CIOCULAdO O AII0
Standard Form I Oi| September 193 PUBLIC VOUCHER FOR PURCHASES AND
4 Trea1uFRM 20U0 SERVICES OTHER THAN PERSONAL U S DIEPARTMENTBUREAUO ESTABLISHMENT AND LOCATION DATEVOUCHER PREPARED
VOUCHER
SCHEDULE
NO
NO
CONTRACT NUMBER AND DATE PAID BY
REQUISITION NUMBER AND DATE
F 1 PAYEES NAME
DATE INVOICE RECEIVED
AND
ADDRESS L DISCOUNT TERMS
PAYEES ACCOUNT NUMBER
SHIPPEDFROM TO WEIGHT GOVERNMENT BL NUMBER
NUMBER DATE OF ARTICLES OR SERVICESAND DATE DELIVERY (iEter deseriperon itr Nmrihfr of ortetrat or Federal QUAN- UNIT PRICE AMOUNTOF ORDER I_R SERVICE impply fhedide aned other itformriaon deemed reiiary) TITY COST PER I]
(U roo (Payee must NOT use the space below) TOTAL PAYMENT APPROVED FOR EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES
COAAE TEE--- =$=$100 DFEECS shy
] PARTIAL BY
-OGRESS TITLE Amount verified correct forADVANCE (Sitaure or rrifiill)
Purluont to authority vetted in me I certify thatthisvoucher it correct and proper forpayment
(EI)teJ (Authorzed Ctrhifying Offirer) I (Flar)
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
CHECK NUMBER ON TREASURER OF THE INITED STATES CHECK NUMBER ON (Name of ami)
CASH DATE PAYEE $
When stated in foreirn turrencv insert name of (urrency If the ahilir to (ert1 andl Authorn to approve are combined in onc person one signature only it nece ary other
PER
e (he ipptovini or trrill sign in the sparc prov ideil over hisuhcial titlehen a vouwhert is irtiptel in te name ola (omp ian or corporaton the n inrse of the person ritrt the tomopjny TITLE
of torporate name as ellas the capacity in whiih hie sign permu t appear For eain|ple t)hn )c Compan) John SIth Senretary or Treasurt as the cave may be
rUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 179-31 1153I7
ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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App I1 Ch 1 HP3 13(TH 135)
Approved by Office of Manegemet and Budget No 80-RO182
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTIONS REPORT 1Federal inonsrint Blaney and oranlatone element toIs submitted1 wi-thisrp (See instructions ou the back If report is for more than one grant orassistanceagreement attach completed Standard Form272-A)
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION 4 Fedel Innt or other Idontitlca 5 RociDionts account number orIli number identilftnt number
Name 6 Letter f credit number 7 Last pyrment voucher numbor
d Steeive total number for this period 8 Payment Voucher credited to 1 9 Treasury chocksreceived shelUher
your account or not deposited) city stateCidZIP Code 10 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REPORT
3 FEDERAL EMPLOYER FROM (month day year) TO (month day year)IDENTIFICATION NO T
a Cash on hand beginning of reporting period $
b Letter of credit withdrawals
11 STATUS OF c Treasury check payments
FEDERAL d Total receipts (Sum of lines b and c)
CASH e Total cash available (Sum of lines a and d)
f Gross disbursements
(See apecic g Federal share of program income instruction~s
on the back) h Net disbursements (Line tminus line g)
i Adjustments of prior periods
j Cash on hand end of period $
12 THE AMOUNT SHOWN 13 OTHER INFORMATION ON LINE IlJ ABOVE REPRESENTS CASH RE a Interest income QUIREMENTS FOR THE ENSUING
Days b Advances to subgrantees or subcontractors 14 REMARKS (A (tach additionalaheets of plain paperif more space is required)
15 CERTIFICATION SIGNATURE DATE REPORT SUBMIrTED
I certify to the best of myknowledge and belief that ALTHORIZEDIths report is true in all re-spects and that all disburse CERTIFYING TYPED OR PRINTED NAME- AND TITLE ments have been made forthe purpose and conditions OFFICIAL Iof the grant or agreement (Area Cod) tb-) (XVumaul
THIS SPACE FOR AGENCY USE
STANDARD FORM 272 (7-76) Prescrbed by Office Of Managemrnlt orJ BudgetCIRCULAR NO A-110
272-101
App IC Ch 1 HB 13 (TM 135)
FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTONS REPORT 1 Approved ry OfficeodegManagement am 6dg NoC A gA0-RO182CONTINUATION 1 FEDERAL SPONSORING AGENCY -NOORGANIZA(This~ Im i completed and attazed to Standard Form 171 only when TIONAL ELEMENT TO WHICH TH16 RPORT IS SUErepcrtinV more thanonu grant or auatante agreement) J MITTED
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION (Give name only as shown in item f SP 3 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REORT A sowaa on SP27f) 272)
FROM Idve nV-) TOIM dwp 4 Lit Infornt ion below for each grant or other-agreement covAred by thisreport Use additional forms ifmore siace is requiredFEDERAL GRANT OR OTHER rDENTIF I RECIPIENT ACCOUNTNUMnER FEDERAL SHARE OF NET DISIBORSEMENTSCATION OR OTHERIDENTIFYING NUMBER NET OISLIURSEMIENTS iC- CUMULATIVEISAow a oubdivuioin by other idti 1- o-- I N1E OiS8URSE14 ENTymq numbdr- If -equired by te do d) FORREPORTINGSederaJ Sponeonnp A gtncy) PERIOD
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 TOTALS (Should corep nd wit amounts hur on Sr 17f ao~oie column (c) the same do line I Ih column (d) Iie su olineIRIhnid III of cl I SY J ard cumulative duburments ahow onlot reporL AttcA orpl an of any diferem) $ $
STANDARD FORM 272-4 (110
FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT deg T o STA US deg K oa EFINANCIAL~1EPO T deg h u=deg t deg ls Appod Ofdeg ACIMCYANDORGANiIZATIONALELMZKTTO WHICH RIPONT is ZUSUITTIO 2 rltA OP-AsoT05l a0110 aCc PANITF0 (Foloa ai--citioajs on C bock)I o3ROE
L1e cIpILNT Oi AmIIAflON N d aIAt 4b I rl-I~tip eJ1 4 1EIMPLDTI IODNIIlCAnON NUMOOR 5 II ACCOUNT NUUSELR01 ICENTIIythd NUBER ILLINAL MltrMO 6A111
PrOJCCT1OKANT PZRIOD ISL PtRIoo covt or TNI -EpOrlFROM i1 S i4) 10 IMa-cA Ai4
FRO IM-t4 S e ) TO I - -
10 STATUS OF FUNDS
PROGRS5FUN4CTIONSACTIVITIES P - ) I) T (d) ()TOTAL
2 it Outlayprllously reported $ $ $ $ $
b Total outlays thIs report period
C I4oa Program Income Credits
d- lt outlays tIh irln t pICd fLi II -ia I c)
IL Not Outlays to date (Line o l tne d)
L NonFiIrl share of outlays
Total Federal there of outllays(Lia a0 ba
III Total unlquldaled oblIgatIon__
I Le Non-Fedsal her of unliquidated obligations shown on line h
I Federal hai of unliuldaa d obllgtlons
k Total Federal shat of outlays and unllquldaltd obligations
I Total c imuiaUiv anuont of laaI funds autiorltO
d_
m Utob Igaed balance of F erlI funds Of RAtE
I I COtifIC-ATIONIt SGJATURE OF AUTHORIZED CERTIrrItG- i ppiop-int box) Q PROVISIONAL J PEprTIRUINCID FIKAL [ I codify to the
OATE PEPORT beit of my lpnowle-id and be OFFICIAL SUhlTt[D
KXPFt 11ALAA (COYAL AMOUNT FLO(aL XAAC Il thai this repoe Is corect and complete andfIhe1 Ofou)t1 l
a for the end unlq-Iltedporplts ar- forth in oblietonstha awlad TYPED OR PRINTED IAME ANO ITLE TELEHCE (A-a o-f
By pro4-ct input CIOCULAdO O AII0
Standard Form I Oi| September 193 PUBLIC VOUCHER FOR PURCHASES AND
4 Trea1uFRM 20U0 SERVICES OTHER THAN PERSONAL U S DIEPARTMENTBUREAUO ESTABLISHMENT AND LOCATION DATEVOUCHER PREPARED
VOUCHER
SCHEDULE
NO
NO
CONTRACT NUMBER AND DATE PAID BY
REQUISITION NUMBER AND DATE
F 1 PAYEES NAME
DATE INVOICE RECEIVED
AND
ADDRESS L DISCOUNT TERMS
PAYEES ACCOUNT NUMBER
SHIPPEDFROM TO WEIGHT GOVERNMENT BL NUMBER
NUMBER DATE OF ARTICLES OR SERVICESAND DATE DELIVERY (iEter deseriperon itr Nmrihfr of ortetrat or Federal QUAN- UNIT PRICE AMOUNTOF ORDER I_R SERVICE impply fhedide aned other itformriaon deemed reiiary) TITY COST PER I]
(U roo (Payee must NOT use the space below) TOTAL PAYMENT APPROVED FOR EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES
COAAE TEE--- =$=$100 DFEECS shy
] PARTIAL BY
-OGRESS TITLE Amount verified correct forADVANCE (Sitaure or rrifiill)
Purluont to authority vetted in me I certify thatthisvoucher it correct and proper forpayment
(EI)teJ (Authorzed Ctrhifying Offirer) I (Flar)
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
CHECK NUMBER ON TREASURER OF THE INITED STATES CHECK NUMBER ON (Name of ami)
CASH DATE PAYEE $
When stated in foreirn turrencv insert name of (urrency If the ahilir to (ert1 andl Authorn to approve are combined in onc person one signature only it nece ary other
PER
e (he ipptovini or trrill sign in the sparc prov ideil over hisuhcial titlehen a vouwhert is irtiptel in te name ola (omp ian or corporaton the n inrse of the person ritrt the tomopjny TITLE
of torporate name as ellas the capacity in whiih hie sign permu t appear For eain|ple t)hn )c Compan) John SIth Senretary or Treasurt as the cave may be
rUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 179-31 1153I7
ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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FEDERAL CASH TRANSACTONS REPORT 1 Approved ry OfficeodegManagement am 6dg NoC A gA0-RO182CONTINUATION 1 FEDERAL SPONSORING AGENCY -NOORGANIZA(This~ Im i completed and attazed to Standard Form 171 only when TIONAL ELEMENT TO WHICH TH16 RPORT IS SUErepcrtinV more thanonu grant or auatante agreement) J MITTED
2 RECIPIENT ORGANIZATION (Give name only as shown in item f SP 3 PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REORT A sowaa on SP27f) 272)
FROM Idve nV-) TOIM dwp 4 Lit Infornt ion below for each grant or other-agreement covAred by thisreport Use additional forms ifmore siace is requiredFEDERAL GRANT OR OTHER rDENTIF I RECIPIENT ACCOUNTNUMnER FEDERAL SHARE OF NET DISIBORSEMENTSCATION OR OTHERIDENTIFYING NUMBER NET OISLIURSEMIENTS iC- CUMULATIVEISAow a oubdivuioin by other idti 1- o-- I N1E OiS8URSE14 ENTymq numbdr- If -equired by te do d) FORREPORTINGSederaJ Sponeonnp A gtncy) PERIOD
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FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT deg T o STA US deg K oa EFINANCIAL~1EPO T deg h u=deg t deg ls Appod Ofdeg ACIMCYANDORGANiIZATIONALELMZKTTO WHICH RIPONT is ZUSUITTIO 2 rltA OP-AsoT05l a0110 aCc PANITF0 (Foloa ai--citioajs on C bock)I o3ROE
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PROGRS5FUN4CTIONSACTIVITIES P - ) I) T (d) ()TOTAL
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b Total outlays thIs report period
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Standard Form I Oi| September 193 PUBLIC VOUCHER FOR PURCHASES AND
4 Trea1uFRM 20U0 SERVICES OTHER THAN PERSONAL U S DIEPARTMENTBUREAUO ESTABLISHMENT AND LOCATION DATEVOUCHER PREPARED
VOUCHER
SCHEDULE
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CONTRACT NUMBER AND DATE PAID BY
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AND
ADDRESS L DISCOUNT TERMS
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SHIPPEDFROM TO WEIGHT GOVERNMENT BL NUMBER
NUMBER DATE OF ARTICLES OR SERVICESAND DATE DELIVERY (iEter deseriperon itr Nmrihfr of ortetrat or Federal QUAN- UNIT PRICE AMOUNTOF ORDER I_R SERVICE impply fhedide aned other itformriaon deemed reiiary) TITY COST PER I]
(U roo (Payee must NOT use the space below) TOTAL PAYMENT APPROVED FOR EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES
COAAE TEE--- =$=$100 DFEECS shy
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ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
CHECK NUMBER ON TREASURER OF THE INITED STATES CHECK NUMBER ON (Name of ami)
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e (he ipptovini or trrill sign in the sparc prov ideil over hisuhcial titlehen a vouwhert is irtiptel in te name ola (omp ian or corporaton the n inrse of the person ritrt the tomopjny TITLE
of torporate name as ellas the capacity in whiih hie sign permu t appear For eain|ple t)hn )c Compan) John SIth Senretary or Treasurt as the cave may be
rUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 179-31 1153I7
ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT deg T o STA US deg K oa EFINANCIAL~1EPO T deg h u=deg t deg ls Appod Ofdeg ACIMCYANDORGANiIZATIONALELMZKTTO WHICH RIPONT is ZUSUITTIO 2 rltA OP-AsoT05l a0110 aCc PANITF0 (Foloa ai--citioajs on C bock)I o3ROE
L1e cIpILNT Oi AmIIAflON N d aIAt 4b I rl-I~tip eJ1 4 1EIMPLDTI IODNIIlCAnON NUMOOR 5 II ACCOUNT NUUSELR01 ICENTIIythd NUBER ILLINAL MltrMO 6A111
PrOJCCT1OKANT PZRIOD ISL PtRIoo covt or TNI -EpOrlFROM i1 S i4) 10 IMa-cA Ai4
FRO IM-t4 S e ) TO I - -
10 STATUS OF FUNDS
PROGRS5FUN4CTIONSACTIVITIES P - ) I) T (d) ()TOTAL
2 it Outlayprllously reported $ $ $ $ $
b Total outlays thIs report period
C I4oa Program Income Credits
d- lt outlays tIh irln t pICd fLi II -ia I c)
IL Not Outlays to date (Line o l tne d)
L NonFiIrl share of outlays
Total Federal there of outllays(Lia a0 ba
III Total unlquldaled oblIgatIon__
I Le Non-Fedsal her of unliquidated obligations shown on line h
I Federal hai of unliuldaa d obllgtlons
k Total Federal shat of outlays and unllquldaltd obligations
I Total c imuiaUiv anuont of laaI funds autiorltO
d_
m Utob Igaed balance of F erlI funds Of RAtE
I I COtifIC-ATIONIt SGJATURE OF AUTHORIZED CERTIrrItG- i ppiop-int box) Q PROVISIONAL J PEprTIRUINCID FIKAL [ I codify to the
OATE PEPORT beit of my lpnowle-id and be OFFICIAL SUhlTt[D
KXPFt 11ALAA (COYAL AMOUNT FLO(aL XAAC Il thai this repoe Is corect and complete andfIhe1 Ofou)t1 l
a for the end unlq-Iltedporplts ar- forth in oblietonstha awlad TYPED OR PRINTED IAME ANO ITLE TELEHCE (A-a o-f
By pro4-ct input CIOCULAdO O AII0
Standard Form I Oi| September 193 PUBLIC VOUCHER FOR PURCHASES AND
4 Trea1uFRM 20U0 SERVICES OTHER THAN PERSONAL U S DIEPARTMENTBUREAUO ESTABLISHMENT AND LOCATION DATEVOUCHER PREPARED
VOUCHER
SCHEDULE
NO
NO
CONTRACT NUMBER AND DATE PAID BY
REQUISITION NUMBER AND DATE
F 1 PAYEES NAME
DATE INVOICE RECEIVED
AND
ADDRESS L DISCOUNT TERMS
PAYEES ACCOUNT NUMBER
SHIPPEDFROM TO WEIGHT GOVERNMENT BL NUMBER
NUMBER DATE OF ARTICLES OR SERVICESAND DATE DELIVERY (iEter deseriperon itr Nmrihfr of ortetrat or Federal QUAN- UNIT PRICE AMOUNTOF ORDER I_R SERVICE impply fhedide aned other itformriaon deemed reiiary) TITY COST PER I]
(U roo (Payee must NOT use the space below) TOTAL PAYMENT APPROVED FOR EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES
COAAE TEE--- =$=$100 DFEECS shy
] PARTIAL BY
-OGRESS TITLE Amount verified correct forADVANCE (Sitaure or rrifiill)
Purluont to authority vetted in me I certify thatthisvoucher it correct and proper forpayment
(EI)teJ (Authorzed Ctrhifying Offirer) I (Flar)
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
CHECK NUMBER ON TREASURER OF THE INITED STATES CHECK NUMBER ON (Name of ami)
CASH DATE PAYEE $
When stated in foreirn turrencv insert name of (urrency If the ahilir to (ert1 andl Authorn to approve are combined in onc person one signature only it nece ary other
PER
e (he ipptovini or trrill sign in the sparc prov ideil over hisuhcial titlehen a vouwhert is irtiptel in te name ola (omp ian or corporaton the n inrse of the person ritrt the tomopjny TITLE
of torporate name as ellas the capacity in whiih hie sign permu t appear For eain|ple t)hn )c Compan) John SIth Senretary or Treasurt as the cave may be
rUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 179-31 1153I7
ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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Standard Form I Oi| September 193 PUBLIC VOUCHER FOR PURCHASES AND
4 Trea1uFRM 20U0 SERVICES OTHER THAN PERSONAL U S DIEPARTMENTBUREAUO ESTABLISHMENT AND LOCATION DATEVOUCHER PREPARED
VOUCHER
SCHEDULE
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CONTRACT NUMBER AND DATE PAID BY
REQUISITION NUMBER AND DATE
F 1 PAYEES NAME
DATE INVOICE RECEIVED
AND
ADDRESS L DISCOUNT TERMS
PAYEES ACCOUNT NUMBER
SHIPPEDFROM TO WEIGHT GOVERNMENT BL NUMBER
NUMBER DATE OF ARTICLES OR SERVICESAND DATE DELIVERY (iEter deseriperon itr Nmrihfr of ortetrat or Federal QUAN- UNIT PRICE AMOUNTOF ORDER I_R SERVICE impply fhedide aned other itformriaon deemed reiiary) TITY COST PER I]
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(EI)teJ (Authorzed Ctrhifying Offirer) I (Flar)
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
CHECK NUMBER ON TREASURER OF THE INITED STATES CHECK NUMBER ON (Name of ami)
CASH DATE PAYEE $
When stated in foreirn turrencv insert name of (urrency If the ahilir to (ert1 andl Authorn to approve are combined in onc person one signature only it nece ary other
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e (he ipptovini or trrill sign in the sparc prov ideil over hisuhcial titlehen a vouwhert is irtiptel in te name ola (omp ian or corporaton the n inrse of the person ritrt the tomopjny TITLE
of torporate name as ellas the capacity in whiih hie sign permu t appear For eain|ple t)hn )c Compan) John SIth Senretary or Treasurt as the cave may be
rUS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 179-31 1153I7
ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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ANNEX D
Project Title Assistance to Older Amerasians Total AID Request -72000 Total -alue of Other Resources $241000 Project Location Thai land Project DurAtion Three years
PO NAME AND ADDRESS The Pearl S Buck Fourndtior Inc Thai land Branch 1393 Soi Tier Sian9 South Sathon Road Ban3kok 10120
Central Headquater The Pearl S Buck FoundationInc
Green Hills Farm Bucks County Perkasie Pennsylania 16944
Contact Person Chatchai Jamavan
Asc istant Resident Director
Date of Submission June 5 1986
V
ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
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ASSISTANCE TO OLDER AMERASIAN PROJECT
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is a non-profit non-sectarian private oluntary or9anization dedicated to the education and general velfare of American-Asian or Amerasian children iho were fathered for the most part by American militashyry personnel in Asia
The Foundation was established in 164 by the late Pearl S Buck world-renowned Nobel Prize-winning author and humaniLarian who felt deep compassion for the thousands of Amerasian children left fatherless throughout Asia The headquarters and home ofshyfice are located or the estate of Miss Buch in Perk-asie Penns=ylshyvani a The Foundation is currently active in the Kingdom of Thailand the Republic of the Philippines the Republic of China
P-pu - Korea theIT I----- ----o+ -ore_(-South JapanesePrefecture of Oklinawa ard the Republic of India The program in 10iet Nar 1111 -uspended in 1975 The ultimate goal of thefoundatior is for these children to become proud and productive members of their re~pective societies Loved educated and cared for todays Arnerasians children may one day help build the bridgeof mutual undertandin between East and est
The Pearl S Buck Fourdatior Inc entablihed a prograrm in Thailmnd Under the auspicepound of the Royal Thai Governimer tshydepartment of Public tYIelfare in 1967 The Foundation is n1o1 supportin-1 appro-imate 2 6_D Thai AmeraE ian ch ildren through a one-to-one sporsor-ship progra which relies so Ie]I upon the voluntary contributions of sponsorc in the Uni ted States Thail d and el ihere These contribution=_ are used to providef-amily a nd child cournseling educational aid bas-ic vielfare serice- and material support to needy ArneraEiva families In return the s-ponsors_ receive progress report_ on the childrenphotoqriphs ard tran lated letters from the chi 1dren and the childrens f-milies throughOut the year
V
I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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I THE PPBPLEM
Although the Royal Thai Government has never conducted a census of Amerasian children in Thailand it is estimated that there are 50QQ to 6000C Thai Amerasiar _s scattered throu-3hout the Kinqdom Since its establishment in th=iit_d it 1967 the Pearl S Buck Foundation PSPFI has provided assistance to over 1020 of these Thai Amerasi-ar Porn of Thai mothers and primarilyfathered by American servicemer stationed in Thailand or or leave from Viet Mare tho wiere born in 9reatest numbers +rom 19677 to 1976 today children born between these ears comprise 92+ of the total PSBF zctive caseload
The ph ical appearance of most of these children is strikingl different from that of their fully Thai peers They have 3rown up without their natural fathers who either never know them or deserted them and their mothers after their births Some of these children have been left with grandparents or other relatives while their mothers continue to work and others have been abandoned by their mothers completely PSBF records indicate that onl about i4nD of Thai Ameraians live with their ratur3l mother Most Ameraians and their families are amon) the lower economic strata of their communities In addition they are predorninatel concentrated in northeastern Thailand near the cite- of former US Military installaticns The Northeast is economically the poorest area in Thailand
The Foundation has spent eighteen -earE asisting Amerasians in Thai land Educational l and medically3 the needs of Thai Amerasians are not far different from those of the res t of Thai Ian d rural poor However Ameras i a- do have needs specific to their racial statu- which separates thern physicallyandor pT-ycholoiical 1y from their completely Thai peer- Some of the major problems facin9 Thai Amerasiar are as folloiis
1) Poverty - an inabilit to secure adequate food shelter clothing school sutpplies medical care etc
2 Sing Ic parent homes - Abandoned by their natural fathers near1 all Arnerasian children begin their lives at a di sdartag3e to their Thai peers hile in some cases stepshyfathe or juardi2n ma- f il1 the gap most Thai Amerasians 9othro1h their formative Eyear- Ilith le -- adult uperi ior arid gluidance than their Thai peers In addition in many cases mothers and ILDardian- are functi orally illiterate are incapable
tI
of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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of or fail to adequately monitor the childrens school attendance and academic progress and fail to provide positive guidance and counseling to these children as the grow
3) Di fferenc- in appearance - Because of the Thai Ameraians differesrt phial appearance and bacLground a 3reat deal o -ocio-pschological pressure is brought to bear on them Approx-iimatel 3 Of the current PSBF caseload are Blacl
-Amera-i ns and this group must endure even more pressure than their Amerasian counterparts iho have lighter Ekin
4) Legal statue - Under Pevolutionary Decree t37 prorulgated in 197 Thai nationality was taken from all persons ihose fathersz were not Thai citizen- This decree was aimed at the Vietnamese population in Northeastern Thailand In order to ens1jure the privileges of Thai citizenship for their Amerasian chi ldr-en (specifically 3 overinment education and the right to vote most mothers and guardians of Thai Amerasians have falsel registered their children as the product of a Thai father and mother However PSBF statistics show that over 30 of the current can-eload of Thai Amerasian- do not qualif+ for Thai Nationality These childre-n wshen reaching secondary school age(13Y are riot eligible for entrance into 9oerriment schools and therefore must attend more e-pensive private schools
5) Medical ree-is - Some Ameraians suffer form -erious medical problems whhich prohibit school attendance and hinder their abi lities to stud and concentrate on schooliork
The problems of Thai Amerasians today are similar to thoee outlined ir the Asistarce to Older Amerasiars Pro3ram Grant Propos3l in 1982 However the average age of children currentlgt rece iv ing ponsorsh ip and as-iatance from the Founidation has increased to thirteen ears of age Adolescence is a difficult per iod in anycre I- i-fe The prob I ems ci ted in the or i - i r a pr poCal have become i n ten i i+ i e wi th the ion an-d pro-jrcc f more more Thai Arneras i ars into adolescence
Bec2 -Le of their relative poerty there is great pressure on Amer-asians to discontinue their education and o viork into order to provide ircome for the famriely unit Often and extra pair of hnids in the fields cat- make a critical difference to a poverty level +am i I y Their differ-antes itphysical appearnace coupled vuith the problems of indentit a - a Thai citizer couse these children to see themel-e as outsiderE rather thkr partishycipants within Thai societ-- Poverty annd the lack of normal parenting comb ire to e-cerbate the problems of
adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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adolescence among Thai Amerasian- The harsh reality of this is the noted increase in dru3 abuse truancy and poor academic performance amongj poorly adjusted Amerasian teeragers
The immediate concern of this proposal will be to address the cortin uirg needs of AmeraEi ans who are thirteen or more yearsold ThiE group ha the same basic needs as all Amerasian but their needc- are more emphatic and more extreme
Amer-asian children can become fully productive members of Thai society The Thai educatoral sstem plays_ a pivotal role in societal integration Howieer without assistance most Ameraiars in Thailand find that talin9 advanta3e of educational opportunities and enjoying the good mental and physical health neces_-ar to reap the full benefits of that education are beyond the financial capabilities of thier families and guardians W ith USAID 3assistance the Foundation hopes to continue the success of the previous AOAP 9rant in adequately providing assistance speciaficaIlly for this group of Ameraiars in Thailand
II iOPV TO PATg
The Foundation has always maintained that Amerasiar children can become ful Iy prod uctive mermberi-_ of Thai society In an attempt to address the needs of these children the Foundation with USAID and Pew Memorial Tru_=t ass_istance has tried to solve some of the problems facing Aerasians through educational and medical a_ -istance In 1978 the Am -rasian Outreach Project (AOPI although failin- to contact re9iater and assist the number of Arieracian children in Thailand orignially projected did represent a major e-pansion in the Foundations outreach to the Amer) n-iri population of Thailand This was brou3ht about througjh the increased staff and new offices male possible by the Project aael as through the availabilityof special assistanshyce for Arnerosiars such as the Foundations sponsorship pr-ogram and the r ledicaland educational assistance provided throuh notshyher AID operational program grant the Assistance to Aiiierasian Project (ATAP)
By the end of the AOP in 1982 the majorit o+ eligible Amerasi-ans were recogn ize-i by the Thai authoritie=- as possessing Thai citizenship E+forts to secure Thai citizenship for the remainder continue The FoLndation through the Project accusushylated what is undoubtedly the most etensive collection oF docushyments relkting to the birth arid citizenship atatu- of AmeraiatnI in Thailand a we] l n- bein ins trumental Thaiir er ifyir9 el iibi Iity for mnirant status to the United States under the Amerasiin Bi l
Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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Two major recomrnerdatiorns of AOP were that the Foundat ion -hould continue the collection of documents for Arnerasian_ in Thai 1 Iand and shou 1d continue the process of working for Thai citizenship for Armerasians eligibe for that status It order to comply with these recommerdat i ors professonal Iegal course 1 should be ret-ined b the Foundation to a=sist Arnerasians in obtainirng documents and applyin9 for Thai citizenship status
Another maj or boost in ass ia tance wtas certainly the implemertation beginnir in the fall of 1979 of the Assistance to Arnera-iatn Project (ATAP also funded by USAID ATAP was able to complement the resources of the regular PSBF sponsorship program and make ava iIable primar iy to Aerasians without sponsors and those w-ho had only recently received sponsors funds for educational and medical needs ATAP was a comprehensive program desi ned to address a wide variety of problems facing most Thai Amerasians dWithin the education sector ATAP providedfurding for shcool uni+orms Euppl ies fees and lunches where established meal programs were availble In an effot to upgradefacilities at rural schools donations of equipment were made to man schools attended by Arnerasi ans Tutorial help was provided for those students reedin9 it and educational incentive awards were mtde to dc-r4n hi-h schoc -tudents In addition special formal and non-formal educational and cultural activities were arranged for Amerasians Finall funds were made available -for vocational training In the medical area ATAF provided fundin9- for dental care nutritional supplements and vitarins immunization and medical care for Amerasiar children At the present ATAP enabled the Foundat ion to rezolve all k 0wn1 remedial Iedica] problems among our clientsE ATAP wauot specific nE to age assistance was rendered to Ameras ians of all a9es Path AOP nd ATAP ended in Augut 1982
The managernent of the Pearl S Buck Foundaton impressed bythe comprehens ive approach and the value of ATAP-style programminri Eecure1 private funding to etend this wor for another two ears in Thai land and to initiate it in the Phi Il ipines Horwever the tofunding secured by the Foundation contirue this integrated approach was directed specifically at the youner group of children with wh ich we have contact those sti Il in elerneritar-y schools and under thirteen years of age Becaue of the reztriction of these furds to younger Ameras ians ard the special lized needs and hi gher educatoral euperses of older Amner=ian_ the Foundations Thailand Branch felt the need to be able to contirue the program that was begun with ATAF fOr the older Arer -iar children
Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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Thus another grant funding the operation of the Assistance to Older Amerasian Project (AOAP) was signed in September 1982 and i ts operation begun shortly thereafter The AOAP was initiated and funded with the epress- goal of assising Amerasians in the thirteen to twenty-four year old age group in five major areas I) the proi E i on of needed fundino for vocational training 2 ass i stance with living arrangements for students who mus t li ve aIa-y from home in order to Estud as well as transportation for those who could l ive at home but could riot afford the higher transportation fees 3) assistance with school fees for children in seconday schools 4) medical assistance for major illness accident injury and major surgery 5 special formal artd non-formal education and cultural activities for older Amerasians
Since 1967 the Foundation has had eighteen years of experience in assisting and attmpting to address the needs of Thai Amerasian children The heart of the Foudations program is the sponsorship program Sponsors primarily American families volunteer to support Amerasian children on a one-sponsor-to-oneshychild bas is The cost of sponsorship is s24 per month $7 of which amount is given to each sponsored child directly every month The Foundation Headquarters acts as the coordinator for bringing chi Idrer and sporsors together Biographies of new cases are sent to HO for sponsorship assignment which takes an a verage of 6 weeks The child begins to receive the monthly stipend after notification of sponsorship is received in Thailand and the first p3menit is forwarded Although the Foundation does not advance the monthly stipend to the child before a sponsor is found each ch i 1d beg in to receive al I other progra m ben efits (medical educations etc) immediately upon contacting a PSBF respreertative and etpreEing a desire to participate in the program On the average there are 20 to 3C new cases awaiting for sponsorship at an giver time
The Foundation family counselors (teachers social workers pschologists etc) implement the programn in Bangkok arid other provi nces The head office is located in Bangkok which hasshyapprofimately -Q0 of the total number of sponsored Amer-asians Pranch offices in Udornthani Ubon Pajathani Nakhorn Rajasima Sattahip Takhli arid Nalt-onphanom serve the Ameras ian chi 1dren in theae ara- Family counselors make home and school vis its regua l II tc fol low the pr-o-gre f -fcach child in their care and assist in obtaining medical and dental care education an d vocational courteling and legAl advice They also try to include the children in superviEed recreational activities includin-3 the
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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(IlLANaklionphanoin
annual PSBF summer camp The Foundation does not have an orphanage or hame for children Family counselors try to guidethe childs family in effort to improve living conditions and ma e referrals for health and educational services available wi ithin their communities This s=stem of guidance alor9 with small amounts of financial support and care-Ful supervision of its use has assured that all school age children receiving Vponsorship attend school regualrly and has assured sponsorsthat the ver best use is made of their contributions
At the present time 7O of the gr an target group live outside of Bangjkok and of this group an estimated 60 live in rural settings This aspect of providing aid to Amerasians in Thailand that of dealing with relatively small groups scattered over a wide area serves to hinder the establishment of development programs specifically for rural Thai Amerasians Amerasians unfortunately do not all live together upcountry in Amerasian villages Accordingly only at agency with a pro9ramlike PSBF is capable of initiating a program of assistance which car provide equal opportunities for all Thai Amerasians throughout the Kingdom
The Foundaton still retains its 9oal to assist the interation of Amcrafsan ch4lren into Thai society promoting their becoming proud and productive members of society The original AOAP grant proposal adequately pointed out the problems faced by older Thai Armerasiarts Poverty medical problems a I ac I of educational opportunities confusion uLer the leg aI status of Amerasiars in Thailand and the self-image of most ThaiAmerasians in which they see themselves as outsiders in their schools and society in general are mrn9 the most serious obstacles These problems have not disappeared Thus fundin9 assistance +r om LISAID in the form of this operational 9rant program is being requested
III BASELIN_E DATE
The Pearl S Buck Foundation Inc is the only non-profitprivate voluntary organization dedicated to the education and general welfare of Thai Amerasian childre who have been fathered and abandoned by American military servicemen stationed here
Presently the Foundations in Thailand program serves a total of 256 sponsored Amerasian children The ratio of male to female is about 117I or about 54 males and 46 females
The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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The Foundations program policy0 requires that a child be dropped from the program when heshe is longerno enrolled in a course of stud and has no plan to return to stud in the future Education in Thailand is supposed to be compulsory through the sixth grade the Foundation strives to heep the childrer i school for at least these first sixt years Nost of the Foundations school-age chi ldren are i school However at any 9iven time about 66 of the students are temporarily out of school or wait i r9 to be enrol led in the next school term The 1984 student enrollment showed that all Amerasiar childrn in the program wio were six to seven years old were er rol led in cornpulsor education and were expected to continue through the last ear- of compulsory education There were 281 Arnerasian children agec tijele to thirteen who finished their compulsory education at the end of the 84-85 school year In 1985 22 of these children or o7 continued on to the lotwter secondary leve of education (secondary education in Thailand is divided into two three-ear sections
Or the ratioral level or o4 all64 of si to sever year old students were enrolled in the first year of compulsory education Of those i)ho finish their compulsory education onl 1 42 are ex-pected to continue on to the l ower second ary level of clucritir CTar th FoundatAD prorarn has been instrumental in keeping Amerasian children in school and helping them to become qualified fully integrated Thai citizens
I r Thai land education is considered to be necessary for success in life The low rate of lower secondary school particishypatiorn is a critical point for the future of the court Most dropout ch i I dren work mainl a- farmers or unskilled Iaborers Further the Department of Labor- found tLhat 329 of employed ch i I dren a3e 12 to 15 years had to Ior k to help support their families 263 wiere requir ed to work by their parents and 234 worked because the- did not have financial support for further stud- Their opportunities for further education whether through formal or non-formral education are very I imi ted In rural
-area according to a-n economic and social sure orI a srnall fraction of Etudents go beyond compulsory education This was riot due solely to the hi gher coat of secondiar school rural parents were aIso found to havet rmuch l ower educational expectatiors for their chiIdrer than urban parents The problem for Amerasian children in this_ respect is eacerbated because a largae number of Amera ians live with grandparents or 9uard i ans 1-1he qeneral 1 have even less exposure to the education system than todas parents might have
The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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The unit cost for public expenditure for education has increased each year Amerasian children from poor families lack the financial support to enable them to attend school because of the high costs of education Education at the compulsory level is provided by the at Iowlooerrrrtor no tuition cost But at all leels of education the more important items in determning schoolinj costs are meals transportation uniforms and income forgone Meals-- and transportation costs account for more that) 7Q0 of the total primary level study costs
Even thou3h the tui ion is usual ly free parents and u ard ians of Amerasiars must somehow come up with the money for
uniforms meals transportation etc The avera3e monthly income of Amerasian families in the Northeast based on R study done in 1984 was 2616 baht or roughly US IQO In 1986 a survey of I0C Amerasian families in the Northeast revealed that 72 families had monthly incomes of less than 3000 baht and of these 33 families earned at most 1000 baht per month (UST40
Added to this there is intensze competition for admission to the fr-ee or low tui tiOn government secondary schools and Un i ers ities It is ironic that student slots for these schools are usual ly warded to children from wealthy education-oriented f a lI ie The- [ e -shy cl- led on the ccpet i tive entrance e- rminatio is leaving the poorer students who car least afford it facing the necessity of paying for private secondargt schools
Medically the needs of this older group of Amerasians are simi l-kr to these of other Thais in the same social and economic strata A wide diparity in the avai lability of health service between urban arnd rural area imp Ii more o fes les t hat the majority of Thai ch I dren are subj ect to health problems and I ack of proper medi cal c are and ser ices si ice mos t Thai ch I dren Ii ve in rural areas Through AOAP however all maj or remi dial medical work and dental work haz been taker care of so that the current health characteristics of older Aler are -ie neral lybetter Moreover the AOAP assisted alinta medI cal ummIeI screeninqs for al l een oFfice locatio w-n al oris FSBF staff to detect arid prevoent naj or i I I n eite and dental di seases These screen i nqr also helped reduce maj or surgery costs and tile incidence of hopital adrni-io s i In 1987 305 older Anmerasian were Ted i cal 1 screened by out team out of a total older Amerasian population of -70 of I Lhe1C e t y1a 184 some 10O older Amer-aian_ were medicalV1 s creeneid out of a total older population of 1089 or 16 In 1995 13 out of 1416 older rer_sikns went through the screen in9 process repre-lentil9 507 More importarntly over th- three years of the medical screeninq
IJ
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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(IlLANaklionphanoin
proiect funded thr-ough AOAP 805 of all older- Amrerasians were medically screened on at least one occasion These screenin3s also irdicated that the main health problems among Thai Amerasiar parellel the health problemsz besiegin9 Thai lads rural and poor popui ltiorn A YHO surve conducted at the district level r-eporshyted that goverrnmert health services served an average of 55 of the areas popul at ion The Northeast wa- foourid to have the
-lowest coverva)e rate This ia where 1 of the Foundations ofshyfices are located
hile it is e-pected that minor- medical and dental expenses wil11 be borne b the chi ldreni or -u ardians whenever posSible AOAP medical assistance will be provided to victims of accidents or maj or iI Inesses for maj or dental wotrk and the annual medical scr-eerin9 in addition to minor medical and dental experses Remedial worl for new cases will be covered as well but these expenses are epected to be smal I as we do not anticipate large numbers of new cases in this age 9roup
Ar adequate diet is essential for maintaining good health preventing infection and combatin9 diseases In addition school childr en require erer-gy for gr-owth exercise and concentration or their studies Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition rank as I d i n- c-uIies of rnorbidi t- aMon9 the Thai population Mal nutri tion is often associated with poverty and 70 of Amerasian families Iive ir the poorest areas of Thai land nart elV the Northeast reiion and the s-lums of Banl[ok Poor eat i icj habI tS and Iac 1 of chi Id care ma also contr ibute to the development of maInutrition in the chi Idren The Foundation rtr itior pro- ram attempt s tc reduce the prtvalence of malnutriticn in Alier a- ian children It is riot posEible or desirable to dicatate what the children should eat or to operate fedinj centers Therefore the most practical way to improve
_the Amorer-iars diet is b the distribution of food supplements and provision of school lunches The Foundation with assistance -from Hejther C Hughon MSc fr-om the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicaine En-3l and was able to identify the neediest rlhi Idret whor the nutritional status of ea-ch chi 1d was E E _alpart of the annual medical screeningj bettieen MarcshyJtr e Io_5 A total of 1133 Amrerasian children were screened at a 1 1 evr brAnch offices and 713 of this number were older Arner iarn children this sure founJ on I y a smal I number of the tot3l children -t the e-treme of obesity 07 S evere (3) mulnutr itior wa found in 7 children 82 children wete classed as beinq secondar ily (2 nDlrour ished requiring food _upp Ierents The maj or i ty 155 of u derve i -Dht chil Idr en were sub-cl inically malnourished and food supplements were given to
them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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them This di=tribution is expected in any population and shows that sub-clinical malnutrition is by far the mo=_t common Further severe malnutrition was also scattered between the sexes at di ferent ages although there were ar ezxcesE of adult females who wihere calssed as malnourished The higher prevalence of i rnalrutritior hich in ccrrepordedoccured older boys to the adol escent 9rowth-Epurt (the rapid 1 teenager-_) Ag3rowt of nutrient de+icit i s therefore more likely at this age groupparticulrly as Amer asianas are likely to 3-ro taller t han their Thai counter-parts It has been suggested that malnutrition itAmeras ian ch ii dren is due to poverty resultin9 in unbalarced diets (an ecess of carbohydrates ard lack of protein) It is -pparent that the are rowi nmanof children not adequately are susceptible to disease arid are poor Therefore the prog-am aims to provide nutritional supplements to counter malnutrition found in the children Currently additional nutrients are supplied in the form oF milk powder and fish floss (protein) cook ies (energy) arid v itArnin tablets
IV PENEFTIIARIES
The targjet 9roup of this proposal are those Ameras i ans in Thailand either currently sponsored throu9h the Foundation or waitini for sporsorhip who are 13 years o+ age or older At the t i rile that the concept paper for thi s proposa w11_as wr itten (September 1985) were older Areraian_there 1481 Thai (servedthrou)h th)e PSBF pro3rar s rece iv i r9 assistance throughAOAPIJSAID Over- the three year I i+e of the neW AOAP i+ approved at Ie-act 059 new 13 year olds will be added to the prograrn ar aver age of 210 ch i 1dren turn ri9 13 each year These newi 13 - al reAdy sponsored through PSBF areyear-el d are receivin-3 the U9 c7 monthly stiperid and like their older Amer as ian cou nterpar ts ii I I contin ue to do so as ion as they pursUe ther edu2tCAtion We do rot articipate there bethat wiill Iaryje numbers of newl reg istered appl icant from this age group
Ar-umlr1 that of 1481 curerre none the chi 1drern tl receivin3 AOAPUSfID _i tAnce drop out of the program over the next three year-s o4 the project approx iratel y 241C PSBF -ponsored older Ariier sianLs w i Il be receiving assitarce in 193 the project s last e 1r It is impossible for us to prcdict at this time when and under tihat circurim-tD-nces a child might quit the pro-railPeal is tically due to the presures to seek employmiert arid brin3 in needed income a drop-out rate of 251 could be e-pected The bottom 1 ine is that the marajmer t and s-taff of the Foundation are dedicated to seeing that each child mna-iriizes hisher potential
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
V)-1t iT
4-jo
c 4
lt (J)
0 0 0
D in I I
030 0 0 In 0 a 0
0 0 0 U
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(IlLANaklionphanoin
and ee feel that thi cat be achieved best through full particishypation in the education system Hopefully the number ofchildren forced to withdraw from the PSBF program over the next three years will be lept to a minimum
) GOALS AND PIURFOSES
The long-range goal of this project is aimed at achievingjthe same 9oal as that of the Foundation to assist Aerasiars becom ig productive members of Thai society The approach of
in
the project in iworling tow~ard this goal is twofold In generalAmer asians come rom a bachkground of poverty and of ter cart tcommand the resources necessary to maintain their health andcomplete their education Through full participation in educashytional activities and with the good health necessary to receive itsE full benefit Amerasians are better able to prepare for thefuture Through fundin9 the educational and medical areas thisproject wi 1 assist Arnerasiar children in that process
In quantitative terms thi- project is epected to provideassistarnce to approim3tely 24CID Ameraiars ir all aspect - ofeducation vocational training nutritional and medical areasCCIr the three er-s of the p-ject At this point it is rotpossible to accurately predict the numbers of children who w illchoose what tpe of academic education systems It is howeverepected that all school--ago children attend school regaularly and muSt have higher school attendance rates than national avertges
1 METHOPL2OGY
The methodology to be used in implemerting the As-sistarce to Older Americiins Project has been tried and proved generallyeffectie under ATAP theand preLous AOAP -3rant The Foundashyt ions whole program of assistance to Amra ian_ rests on our fami I courelor or c eworh1er who maintain contact orregular bak-i- with
a all children it the PSBF prog ram includin9
those Eti l I i--sitin- for sponor s A major part of the duties of a fami l counselor coriit_ of adi itn R Ier--ian chl dren andthe r gttardi 3rs concern i r heal th arid educat i ora reed - anrid mashy1ing referralc and introductioi_ to local lP avial able Services prov i ded b- the Thai overriment and other or r 1zatiori Educashytional ly PSPF f-m il cournselors provide a sere of encouraement rId irtere t in the a-cademic protjres of Amt-rasian that ia
often misain- in their horn environm-ntc
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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NIakhonratchasima
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0~~ Ubon ra tchathan i
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(IlLANaklionphanoin
Another major part of the implementation of this project rests with the position of educationalvocational counselor currently a person with specific expertise in the field of educashytion This pos ition hold= the responibility oF overseein9 plashycement in vocation] trai in- arran jir9 appren ticeship prograni-s an d w ork i n-D wI th school cournse1 ors and outs-ide ermp l ayers it
-attermptirri to locate job for Amerasiarn cornplet 9 ocational traininggncours-es The medical needs of this 3roup of Aerasians 1i II be cons idered and acted upon by the medical special ist retained b- the Foundation
The famil- cournEelors and the educationialvocational counshyseor monitor the academic performance and progress of all Amerashy1ian in the PSBF proeram Through frequernt contact family counselors are in a position to inquire about the desires and needs of these chidlren and themto counsel and make recommendashytions on appropriate cources of study and feasible goals Furshyther farnil counselors are Dware of the range of options avai lashyble piithin their area of operation and make arrangements with local schools vocationA institutes and establishmen ts capale of proiding apprenticship training Family counselorz will also s55-is t older Amer anian ch drer in making Iivi n9 arran gemen ts
which rna be neceEsat wwhon the pursu t of h igher education or ctiorl tr iini requ i Iin 9 ae f rom ho re The educashytionPloc_-tional counselor has the role of coordinating these Pctiities 3rid diselinatir information to the branch offices
_and provide more detailed counseling to Amera-ians when needed The fam l- courselor _ and educat ioaIocatioral counselor i 11 also a-cist itarranging non-formal educational actiitiez which wi lI include for thiE a-w group such actiitie as einirarE or job hunting -ki 1 Is
Before the begir nir n of uchool terms in) October and November1086 local PSBF ca -eworler in counsultation with the educatioshynalocatiorial couri e I or iI I I have inter ewed eaci ch i I d to determine an appropriate cours e of ctudy Those who are financiashyl l inicapable of Supporti ng their owr further educatlo-ial erdea-Vors wi I I be el ig-ible to receive a-si-tance fr-om the AOAP AIrashyn-memertE 1i I I hae been IrIade Ii th -econ dar--y scIhool aII vocashytional training3 instituteE for school entrance Az-s u it fu)ds
a iare lb If at tlat time pan tss wil l be iade directly to schools wherever po_ible for the portions of school expenseswhich the irdividual Ameras iar are unable to meet with their own Eavinjs
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
V)-1t iT
4-jo
c 4
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0 0 0
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r) 4j M 0A -1 61) P II i 10shy0ugt - II n ) + r- bull I U n1 1 0 -4qA 11) 11 I vI-4 - - I 0 )I Il
ra)I ii IIi -1 0 0 --q 1 nI i) q ) 1 0
-0 4- 01 (j U i) Q) rU L C U
Ii) 4 4 1 u4Ii () ii ri) UlC) l 0
-Ingkok
Bangkhok
NIakhonratchasima
Sattahip
0~~ Ubon ra tchathan i
STakh Ii
(IlLANaklionphanoin
The methodolo-y of the medical portion is likewise expected to follow the same basic path marled out by the previous AOAP The basic element here is the annual health screening conducted in all seven PSBE- ot~ices in Thailand by the PSBF medical speciashylist and z volunteer team of doctors and nurses Those older Arnerasian- with medial or dental problems beyund their financial cap- bility to treat will be reFerred to local hospitals or clishynics for treatmert Where the severity of the problem warrarts treatmerts )i I I be made ir Bar1kok Part of the Foundationpound cormittment to AOAP included travel e-pes es and meal al lowances for P3r-holk tre-tmerts the same il ds true for this project Irthe medical areD especi-al every effort w ill be made to make use of pubL ic faci l ities operated by var ious departments anid agencieE of the Thi government In all cases where payment is requi red payme nt wi 11 be made to the vendor of the service Arrangements have been made w ith various clinics hospitals and practitioners throuehout the country which allow the Foundation to mnine pament after -ervices have been rendered This allowis a hi -h deg3ree of -ssIrarce that funds ei 1 I be used as they are inten ded which is not poasible with direct cash 9rants to guarshyd i an s
This same tactic wi Il be appl ied to the educat ral s-ector Wherever pcsible payments will be made directly to schools and trai xr j IntitUteE The Foundati or expects that the iajor porshytion of the monthly stipend received by Amerasians will be apshyp lied toward the chi lds educational expenses In mary cases however 2i-tnce by the Foundation will not cover the entire amount of school fees or other e-periees It these cases cash ma be 3ien to the child or guardian arid they after payment
11i II be required to pre_=ert a receipt thuE eruri ng that the funds were ud -a intended
VII TIME FPAMES
The previous Asintancc to Older Amer-asia -s Project operatedby the Foundation with USAID a -iEtance was termi-inated in the end of September 1965 Hopefull the Fourdatiorn would lIike the [ewproj ec t to rornmrence operat ion in September I86 before the school term be-in i r October-November IoS6 This project Ieshyquire no ori entation time as5 the personnel anid rechanisms will I r3-j 1 be carri- d oer from AOAP and thusare al read in place ioreovr the potential recipienti have -ilread een indentified
The project should Ii [ t for three years to allowe the l ar--e porshyt ion of ol tr Arneora -ij n in this group ane to finish up theireduic 2t i Or 9 reqJ rortier ts
I
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
V)-1t iT
4-jo
c 4
lt (J)
0 0 0
D in I I
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-0 4- 01 (j U i) Q) rU L C U
Ii) 4 4 1 u4Ii () ii ri) UlC) l 0
-Ingkok
Bangkhok
NIakhonratchasima
Sattahip
0~~ Ubon ra tchathan i
STakh Ii
(IlLANaklionphanoin
The development of human resources requires that a conrs ideshyrable amount of investment and care should be taken to avoid 1wastae Therefore prevent i or of prob I ems i I I prove more useshyful than their solution In addition in Thailand education is considered the recesary step toward success irn life This value is reinforced through various practices especially ira the 9overshyrment grid private sectors whereby salary scales basedare more on educational accomplishment than on eperience 4hi le the Foundation wi l I in this project as in all of its forms of assistance to Thai Arnerasians continue to rely on the services provided by the Thai governmert to al I Thai s in the form of schools and local health facilities no extraordinary services bygoverrnment agencies wi 1 1 be required However the econom of Thailand is epected to continue to expand providin3 employmentopportunities for adequately educated and trained Amer-asiars
lY POST PPOJECT EPECTATIONS
As the results o the previous AOAP grant have shown it is unrealistic to that educational and medical of older Arnerasiars be by the projects
expect all problems iil] solved contribution
However it has been demonstrated that without recourse to a program such aE the Foundation Thai Amer-asians would be less able to enjoy -a good education improved health and the promise of a better future
The Perl S Buck Foundation remains committed to a-s-istingAmer-ks ian ch i 1 dren Thai l andin As net- 3roups of ch iIdren wi I I cont inue to erter the target age group of this grart the Foundation e-pects that some form of assistance will be necessrary for the foreseeable future
As the childrer who have already been able to take advantageof the previous AOAP prograri get older the Foundat ion anticipates n irto tr r al shift in emphasis from education to emplovAment and related concerns The educationvocational courselor w i 1 I be come more i nvol ved w ith job p Iacemnent as more older Amierasia n_ begi n to enter the job market This shift will he I p the new groupE of o Ider Amneras i aris who wi II be helped for the first time under this newi grant as they will benefit from the successe--fa+ilureu of older Amerasiat-i It is expcted tIsat as the lenri th of tir e that a child )asE beer receivi n- assistance from the Fouridation increaes the cli ld arid guardian wi Il be epec ted to take greater responEibility for educational and medical epenses
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
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(IlLANaklionphanoin
X EYA~iL-LI IONJI
The resources of the guardians and Amera_ iars are limited The Foundation seeks to assist the development of children and must be mindful to use resources in the most useful and e+ective wa-s Amer-asians must be the real beneficiaries of such developshymernt The Foundatiorn and its staff must constantly ard regularlycoordinate efforts in activities accept facts as they are and arrange to correct mistakes eg slow a down project or charge some of the projects which are not effective This presupposessystematic measures to fol low-up and evaluate the project accorshyding to the facts to insure that resources are used in a worshythwhile fashion This project will be evaluated regularly by the Project Manager In additional to continual monitoringj periodicevaluatior i II be conducted every six months and a firal evashyluation will be conducted at the end of the three year project period For the purpose of project monitoring detailed finanshycial records will be maintained and complete records detailingplacements made in the educatior program vocational program and medical and dental assistance and job placements will be keptfor all Amerasiars receivir assistarce
Attitudinal surveys will be conducted in order to ascertain the view of participants improve the performance of grant-+undedoperations anrd assist in judging the project impact Individual recipients progress such as school attendance 9rades class ranking and pass-+ail and drop out rate will determine their next requests These records will also be compared with their previous yeors performance fedical-health evaluations will be measured by doctor andor nure_s summaries medical and dental screen n- In fol lo up and the Jecresse in the number of majorillnesses and the increase in number of participation at screeshynings At the project level sig-n ificant measures of performancewJ Il ircluJe numbers o+ Armerasiara placed in the educational sys-tem and ocational trainingj numbers oi Amerasians who reshyceived assistance in graduating from these programs those of the group who are employed the number of high school graduates and rumbers of such raduates contiruing or to higher education In addition the Foundation educational counselor will administer iritel I i3r ce apt i tude and interest testsausesments to older Amerai in on order to incure that their needs are miet
XI FIN ANC IAIL rlPPAT 1 E
Our ozil Iw th thia pr oposal will be to provide an immediate approach to the problems of older Amerasians It is perhaps at this stage that the process of integratirng Ameraians in Thai
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
V)-1t iT
4-jo
c 4
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(IlLANaklionphanoin
society1 is most Valuable and assitarce therefore most recessashyry The Foundation recognized the need for it to materiallycontribute in the form of salaries office-related epeditur-esand direct ependitureE for educational and medical assistance
The project calls a total oFis for US$ CQCOover the three-e ar period for the benefit of older Arneras ian Ch i Idren inThailand USAID is bearn al ed to corntribute $22000 or 75 of the totail cost to this project while the Foundation will coitrishybute $20Q0 or 25 of the total cost Approimately 92 o+ the USAID contribution or 6600 goes to the direct service of theseAmerasi_rg ard or $6000 goes to administrative costs under the epend i ture of staff- salariec anhd off ice e-penses Of the Foundations total contribution of 1$2000 $8000 or 33 will be used for administrative costs anid remainin9the $16000 or 67wi I I be use- fr direct financial assistance to these older Arnerksians in both the education and medical line-item s
Fundir- ass-istance from USAID is bein9 requested to deal specifically with vocaional training- ard vocatioatnl education assistarce assistance with school fees for children loweritsecondar education and hi-her acadermic leels assistance with l iin3 arrarener ts for students who muiat live kwa from home incrder to stud in Banjkol or other I -r9er provincial towns becaLSe of the 13ci of appropriate schools and vocational traishyni n9 facilities or institutions in thier homne areas provision of one meal at da- after school to those childrer who could riotnormal y afford one and who l ive away from home provision oftrarisportat ion cot these whofor ch i Idren I ive at home but are not able to afford higjher- transportation costs their- oinor TheFoundation would also Ii e to continue supporting special cultushyral and educational activities for the children
Medical ly the Fou ndation intends to continue to providethe same sort of care provided to our- cI ierits throuh th-e preshyvious AOAP Medical ssistance wil be used to cover neces--arymedical and dertal eperIes plus the annual Umedical surter screening in hopes of conttinui n- to reduce rnajor op rlatior costsand the incidence of hospital admission The other itemn to be coered are fo I low-up on the recomm ent d at i o made b- the tiA i shytionr t r and proviiion o+ school lurich to provide one nrouisshyhi ng meal a da- at school to benefit Ameras i an children who are u+fering +r rn nalrutri tioi
Pec iu_e adequate vocation al trainin g for some subjec-ct- ishynot v-ai Iab in all Cert ntt or priVate schools arrangjitgappropriate train in-j may ofter require p1-acir chi Idr-en in appreshyntice-hip prog-rams Such prograrms generally require individual
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
V)-1t iT
4-jo
c 4
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(IlLANaklionphanoin
arranwements and are thus time consuming With salary assistance from USAID the Foundation will abe able to continue to maintain ful l-time educationalvocaticn-al counselor to worl with these chidrer arid coordinate the various educational activities of this proposal Salary aE=istance for medical superiion for thi s pro3rarn will not be necesEary as the medical specialist retained by the Foundation will be able to adequately superie expenses in this area Assistance with +unds +or travel wi Il however be requested Both the educationalvocational counselor and the medical specialist will be required to make exter-sie tripsE to the rious towns where Arerasians are enrolled in secorda y educ ation and vocat ioral trainin9
XII PUDGET
The +o lowing illustrative budget provides a breakdowr of planned expenditures for the Assistance to Older Amerasians Project b functional area
V)-1t iT
4-jo
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