ljLorh eSa vkSj esjk - saraswatihouse.com · 6 'kCnksa osQ ekud :i le>k, tk,¡xsA iqLrd esa nh xbZ Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ o miyfC/;ksa oQks fo'ks"k rkSj ij le>k;k tk,xkA Hkk"kk] miHkk"kk

ljLorh

eSa vkSj esjk

ysf[kdk,¡

MkWú ek/qjh 'kkfyuh 'kekZ ,eúfiQyú] ih&,púMhú (fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;) ,eú,ú] chú,Mú (fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;) foHkkxkè;{kkµfnYyh ifCyd LowQy] n~okjdk vè;kfidkµfnYyh ifCyd LowQy] n~okjdk

U;w ljLorh gkml (bafM;k) izkúfyúubZ fnYyhµ110002 (bafM;k)

f'k{kd&lan£'kdk ,oa vH;kl&if=kdk

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Revised edition 2018

TM Code: 2017007000143

Published by: New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)

The moral rights of the author has been asserted.

©Reserved with the Publishers

Publisher’s Warranty: The Publisher warrants the customer for a period of 1 year from the date of purchase of the Book against any Printing/Binding defect or theft/loss of the book. Terms and Conditions apply: For further details, please visit our website www.saraswatihouse.com or call us at our Customer Care (toll free) No.: +91-1800-2701-460Jurisdiction: All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, Tribunals and Forums of New Delhi, India Only.

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Product Code: NSS2MMV086HINAC17CBY

This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for any corrective action.

vkeq[k

f'k{kdksa dk Kku vR;ar O;kid gksrk gSA mUgsa lanf'kZdk lqiqnZ djus dk mn~ns'; gS] cPpksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl djukA

f'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkk"kk dh xw<+ ckjhfd;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, gekjk ,d iz;kl iqLrdh; Ükà[kyk osQ :i esa vkiosQ le{k gS] ftldk uke gS eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.kA* ;g d{kk ,d ls ysdj vkBoha rd osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, gSA gekjk mn~ns'; cPpksa dks fganh Hkk"kk fl[kkuk gSA

f'k{kd&lanf'kZdk ,oa vH;kl&if=kdk dk fuekZ.k f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gS rkfd êSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k* Ükà[kyk dh i`"BHkwfe esa fufgr mn~ns';ksa dks os cPpksa rd lgh <ax ls igq¡pk losaQA

^f'k{kd&lanf'kZdk* dks vf/d mi;ksxh ,oa fon~;kfFkZ;ksa gsrq vH;klijd cukus osQ fy, O;kdj.k&fo"k; osQ izR;sd ikB dh ikB&;kstuk miyC/ djkbZ tk jgh gSA rRi'pkr~ ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa ,oa iz'u&i=kksa osQ mRrj fn, x, gSaA ikBksa osQ i'pkr~ gy lfgr dk;Z&if=kdk,¡ Hkh tksM+h xbZ gSaA

vk'kk gS] Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa fd;k x;k gekjk ;g iz;kl mi;ksxh fln~/ gksxkA

f'k{kkfonksa ,oa vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa n~okjk fd, x, lq>koksa dk ge Lokxr djsaxs ftlls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn feysxhA

µysf[kdk,¡

fo"k;&lwph 1- Hkk"kk&fopkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 2- o.kZ&fopkj vkSj mPpkj.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 3- laf/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 4- 'kCn&fopkj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 5- 'kCn&HkaMkj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 6- milxZ] izR;; ,oa lekl ----------------------------------------------------------------------------23 7- laKk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 8- fyax] opu vkSj dkjd ------------------------------------------------------------------------------30 9- loZuke --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35

vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------38 10- fo'ks"k.k -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40 11- fØ;k --------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 12- dky -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 13- okP; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48 14- vfodkjh 'kCn --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51 15- in&ifjp; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 16- okD;&fopkj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59 17- v'kqn~/ okD;ksa dk la'kks/u -------------------------------------------------------------------------62 18- inca/ ,oa miokD; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64 19- okD;&ifjorZu ,oa la'ys"k.k -----------------------------------------------------------------------66 20- fojke&fpg~u ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------69 21- vyadkj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71 22- eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;k¡ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------73 24- vifBr cks/ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------76

vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------79

dk;Z&if=kdk,¡ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------81

dk;Z&if=kdkµmRrjkoyh -----------------------------------------------------------------------------101

5

Hkk"kk&fopkjPhilology 1

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk

iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 8

fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % Hkk"kk&fopkj fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; Hkk"kk osQ mn~Hko] fodkl] :iksa vkfn dh tkudkjh nsukA

¯gnh Hkk"kk dk egRo le>kukA

Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku ,oa iz;ksxA

ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kukA

Hkk"kk osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx esa oqqQ'ky cukukA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj] fofo/ Hkk"kkvksa (lkaosQfrd ,oa fyf[kr) osQ uewusA

iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k ^Hkk"kk* ls iwoZ&ifjfpr gSaA muosQ iwoZKku dks vk/kj cukrs gq, muls lM+d osQ fdukjs yxs cksMZ ij cus laosQrksa osQ fo"k; esa iwNsaA

rRi'pkr ikB osQ vkjaHk esa fn, x, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk dks è;kuiwoZd i<+us vkSj le>us osQ fy, dgsaA

blosQ mijkar ml ij d{kk esa Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ppkZ djsaA muls iwNsa fd os ?kj esa fdl Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd dh ?kks"k.kk djsaA

f'k{k.k&laosQr ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk Nk=kksa ls djok,¡xsA

Hkk"kk osQ ckjs esa fiNyh d{kk esa tks i<+k] mldks nksgjk;k tk,xkA

ekr`Hkk"kk] jk"VªHkk"kk] jktHkk"kk rFkk laioZQ Hkk"kk osQ fo"k; esa Nk=kksa dks Li"V fd;k tk,xk] D;ksafd Nk=k vdlj lHkh dks ,d gh eku ysrs gSaA

6

'kCnksa osQ ekud :i le>k, tk,¡xsA iqLrd esa nh xbZ Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ o

miyfC/;ksa oQks fo'ks"k rkSj ij le>k;k tk,xkA

Hkk"kk] miHkk"kk rFkk fyfi osQ fo"k; esa le>kus osQ i'pkr~ nsoukxjh fyfi dh

fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA

d{kk vkB rd vkrs&vkrs Nk=kksa osQ Kku dk foLrkj Hkh gksrk tkrk gSA blh ozQe

esa mUgsa Hkk"kk osQ lkFk&lkFk ¯gnh lkfgR; dh Hkh tkudkjh nsuk ”k:jh gSA Hkk"kk osQ

Nk=k dks lkfgR; rFkk mlosQ izdkjksa dk Kku gksuk pkfg,A vr% lkfgR; osQ nksuksa

izdkjµxn~; rFkk in~; ,oa mudh fo/kvksa osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh nh tk,xhA

lhúMhú n~okjk ikB dks jkspd rjhosQ ls nksgjk;k tk,xkA

vH;kl osQ iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa dh lgk;rk ls d{kk esa fy[kok, tk,¡xsA

^”kjk lksfp, rks*] ^djosQ nsf[k,*µLraHkksa n~okjk Nk=kksa ls jpukRed dk;Z djok,

tk,¡xs rFkk mudh ckSn~f/d {kerk dk fodkl fd;k tk,xkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k Hkk"kk osQ :iksa rFkk egRo] fyfi] O;kdj.k vkfn osQ fo"k; osQ tkudkjh

izkIr dj pqosQ gSaaA ikB ij vk/kfjr iz'uksa osQ mRrj Lo;a ns ldrs gSaA

fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj

=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA

ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj

”kjk crkb, rks eq[; :i ls Hkk"kk osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSaµ

1- ekSf[kd@dfork Hkk"kk 2- fyf[kr Hkk"kk

okrkZyki] dkO;&ikB] dgkuh lqukuk] Hkk"k.k] lekpkj&okpu] okn&fookn] ukVd] jsfM;ks] eksckby]

Vsyhi+ Qksu] nwjn'kZu osQ JO; dk;ZozQe vkfn Hkk"kk osQ ekSf[kd :i gSaA

i=k] lekpkj&i=k] if=kdk,¡] ys[k] dgkuh] laLej.k] ,lú,eú,lú] bZ&esy vkfn Hkk"kk osQ

fyf[kr :i gSaA

lkfgR; jpuk dk ukeµ

eqa'kh izsepanµekuljksoj (dgkuh)_ xksnku] eaxylw=k (miU;kl)

t;'kadj izlknµ/qzoLokfeuh] panzxqIr] LoaQnxqIr (ukVd)

vkpk;Z prqjlsu 'kkL=khµlkseukFk] lksuk] [kwu (miU;kl)

7

eUuw HkaMkjhµfgEerh] lqesjk (dgkuh)

egknsoh oekZµfxYyw] xkSjk (laLej.k)

Hkk"kk dk {ks=kh; :i cksyh dgykrk gSA ;g Hkk"kk dk vYifodflr :i gksrk gSA bls lkekU;r%

cksypky esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

tc cksyh dk {ks=k FkksM+k cM+k gks tkrk gS] rc og miHkk"kk cu tkrh gSA cksfy;ksa esa lkfgR;

dh jpuk izk;% ugha gksrh] ijarq miHkk"kk esa lkfgR; dh jpuk gksus yxrh gSA

nsoukxjh fo'o dh ,dek=k oSKkfud fyfi gSA

µ izR;sd èofu osQ fy, ,d fpg~u fu/kZfjr gSA

µ ys[ku o eqnz.k esa ,d:irk (jkseu] vjch] i+ Qkjlh esa gLrfyf[kr rFkk eqfnzr :i vyx&vyx

gksrs gSaA)A

¯gnh Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk] jktHkk"kk rFkk laioZQ Hkk"kk gSA ;g Hkkjr esa vusd jkT;ksa osQ fuokfl;ksa

dh ekr`Hkk"kk gSA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) Kku&dks'k] lkfgR; ([k) ik¡p (x) cksyh

(?k) iwohZ ¯gnh (Ä) O;kdj.k (p) nsoukxjh (N) ckb±] nkb±

(t) ekWjh'kl] iQh”kh

2- if'peh ¯gnh iwohZ ¯gnh jktLFkkuh igkM+h ¯gnh ekx/h

cztHkk"kk vo/h ekjokM+h x<+okyh exgh

gfj;k.koh c?ksyh ekyoh oqQekÅ¡uh vafxdk

caqnsyh NRrhlx<+h t;iqjh ck¡xM+w dUukSth esokrh

3- (d) ekSf[kd ([k) ekSf[kd (x) fyf[kr (?k) fyf[kr

(Ä) ekSf[kd (p) ekSf[kd

”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

djosQ nsf[k,

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

8

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % o.kZ&fopkj vkSj mPpkj.k fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; o.kZ dh ifjHkk"kk] Hksn rFkk miHksnksa dh tkudkjh nsukA

o.kks± osQ mPpkj.k LFkku ,oa 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k ij cyA


Hkk"kk dh v'kqn~f/;ksa osQ laca/ esa tkudkjh

ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kukA

o.kks± dh igpku ,oa varj esa oqQ'ky cukukA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA

iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k ô.kZ* ls iw.kZ ifjfpr gSaA muosQ iwoZKku Kku dks vk/kj cukrs gq,

vè;kid Nk=kks a ls ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk dks è;kuiwoZd i<+us vkSj

djus osQ fy, dgsaxsA

rRi'pkr Nk=kks a osQ lkFk d{kk esa ml ij ppkZ djsaxsA larks"ktud mRrj

feyus ij 'kh"kZd dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsA ';keiV ij 'kh"kZd fy[ksaxsA

f'k{k.k&laosQr iqLrd esa fn, x, fo'ks"k laosQrks a dks d{kk esa f'k{kd n~okjk le>k;k

tk,xkA

ikB dk eq[kj okpu fd;k tk,xk rkfd izR;sd Nk=k mls lqudj le>

losQA

o.kks ± osQ mPpkj.k LFkku dks ';keiV ij vafdr djrs gq, Li"V fd;k

tk,xkA lkFk gh ikB dks lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls Hkh le>k;k tk,xkA

o.kZ&fopkj vkSj mPpkj.kOrthography and Pronunciation 2

9

lhúMhú dk iz;ksx Nk=kks a esa ikB osQ izfr #fp txkus osQ fy, fd;k tk,xkA

orZuh osQ izeq[k fu;e lgh mPpkj.k n~okjk le>k, tk,¡xsA Nk=kks a dh

Hkkxhnkjh osQ fy, mUgsa Hkh 'kCnksa osQ mfpr mPpkj.k osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k

tk,xkA

orZuh laca/h fofHkUu izdkj dh v'kqn~f/;ksa dks iqLrd esa nh xbZ rkfydk

osQ n~okjk nwj fd;k tk,xkA

Nk=kks a dks Lo;a Hkh ml rkfydk dks i<+us rFkk v'kqn~f/;ksa dks igpkuus osQ

fy, izsfjr fd;k tk,xkA

^vkvks nksgjk,¡* LraHk osQ ekè;e ls ikB nksgjk;k tk,xkA

var esa vH;kl&dk;Z ij ppkZ dh tk,xh rFkk Nk=kks a dh lgk;rk ls mUgsa

gy fd;k tk,xkA

eSa cuw¡xk@cuw¡xh--- LraHk ls Nk=kks a dks dkWihjkbVj rFkk ys[kd@ysf[kdk cuus

dh laHkkouk,¡ crkbZ tk,¡xh] mUgsa izsfjr fd;k tk,xkA

f'k{kd n~okjk izR;sd Nk=k osQ dk;Z dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k o.kZ osQ Hksnks a rFkk miHksnks a dks igpkurs gSa rFkk ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs

gSa aA orZuh dh lkekU; v'kqn~f/;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djus esa Hkh l{ke gSaA

fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kks a n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj



”kjk crkb, rks o.kZ èofu dk fyf[kr :i gSA ¯gnh dh fyfi nsoukxjh dh o.kZekyk esa mPpkj.k osQ vk/kj

ij o.kks± osQ nks Hksn gSaµLoj vkSj O;atuA

o.kZekyk esa mPpkj.k osQ vk/kj ij o.kks± osQ nks Hksn gSaµLoj vkSj O;atuA

mPpkj.k esa yxus okys le; (ek=kk) osQ vuqlkj Lojksa osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ

1- ßLo Loj 2- nh?kZ Loj 3- Iyqr LojA

mPpkj.k osQ vk/kj ij ¯gnh (nsoukxjh) o.kZekyk esa O;atuksa osQ fuEufyf[kr rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ

1- Li'kZ O;tau] 2- varLFk O;atu] 3- Å"e O;atuA

10

vuqLokj ( - )µvuqLokj dk mPpkj.k ukd ls fd;k tkrk gSA bldk fpg~u f'kjksjs[kk osQ

Åij ¯cnq ( - ) osQ :i esa yxk;k tkrk gS% tSlsµvar] larjk vkfnA

vuqukfld ( ¡ )µblosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; gok ukd rFkk eq[k nksuksa ls ncko osQ lkFk ckgj

fudyrh gSA bldk fpg~u panz¯cnq ( ¡ ) osQ :i esa f'kjksjs[kk osQ Åij yxk;k tkrk gSA

ßLo Loj pkj gSaµv] b] m rFkk ½A

nh?kZ Loj lkr gSaµvk] bZ] Å] ,] ,s] vks rFkk vkSA

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

;fn o.kks± dk mPpkj.k mfpr <ax ls u fd;k tk,] rks Hkk"kk v'kqn~/ gks tkrh gSA

^½* osQ iz;ksx laca/h fu;eµ

µ ek=kk osQ :i esa ^½* dk iz;ksx djrs le; mls o.kks± osQ iSjksa esa yxk;k tkrk gS_

tSlsµo`{k] i`Foh] o`Fkk] o`Qik] n`f"V] uì vkfnA

µ ^'k* osQ lkFk ^½* dk iz;ksx djrs le; mldk :i cny tkrk gSA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) o.kZekyk esa Li'kZ O;atuksa osQ ik¡p oxZ gSaA izR;sd oxZ dk vafre o.kZ iape o.kZ

dgykrk gSA

([k) O;atu osQ lkFk yxus okys Lojksa osQ fpg~u ek=kk dgykrs gSaA

(x) oaQB~; µ d] ?k vks"B~; µ m] i] iQ] c] Hk

rkyO; µ p] ×k] ;] 'k ukflD; µ ×k] .k] u

ew/ZU; µ B] .k] j] ½ oaQBrkyO; µ ,s

naR; µ r] y] l] u oaQBkS"B~; µ vkS

2- (d) 'k~ $ ½a $ [k~ $ v $ y~ $ vk

([k) i~ $ j~ $ v $ l~ $ Fk~ $ vk $ u~ $ v

(x) c~ $ vkS $ n~ $ /~ $ b $ o~Q $ v

(?k) vk $ o~Q $ ½ $ "k~ $ V~ $ v

(Ä) y~ $ v $ o~Q $ "k~ $ e~ $ v $ .k~ $ v

(p) o~ $ ,s $ t~ $ ×k~ $ vk $ u~ $ b $ o~Q $ v

(N) r~ $ vk $ r~ $ i~ $ v $ j~ $ ;~ $ v

(t) n~ $ ½ $ "k~ $ V~ $ b $ o~Q $ vks $ .k~ $ v

11

3- (d) O;ofLFkr lewg ([k) fyf[kr (x) cgqr de (?k) vuqukfld

(Ä) v;ksxokg (p) vkxr Loj (N) naR; (nk¡rks a) (t) oaQB~; (xys)

4- (d) ikSjkf.kd ([k) iq#"kRo (x) laHkor% (?k) g¡leq[k

(Ä) r`".kk (p) fe=krk (N) LoxhZ; (t) gjhfrek

5- (d) i`Fkd ([k) vR;f/d (x) ftg~ok (?k) jpf;rk

(Ä) vkykspuk (p) ;teku (N) x`gLFk (t) eukSrh

(>) Jherh (×k) es<d (V) d"V (B) izn'kZuh

(M) fo'okl (<) izlkn

6- (d) bulku ([k) tkx`fr (x) T;s"B (?k) lk¡l

(Ä) o`Qr?u (p) x`gLFk (N) vk'khokZn (t) T;ksRLuk

(>) izTofyr

7- (d) oaQxu ([k) lk¡l (x) ekalkgkjh (?k) dk¡Vk

8- (d) lw;Z dh ÅtkZ ls gh izo`Qfr ij thou laHko gSA

([k) vusd dfo;ksa vkSj dof;f=k;ksa us izkekf.kd jpuk,¡ fy[khaA

(x) ueLdkj! o`Qi;k vki cSB tkb,A

(?k) vkt nloha dh ijh{kk dk ifj.kke vk,xkA

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

djosQ nsf[k,

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

12

laf/kNoun 3

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % laf/ fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; laf/ osQ fo"k; esa le>kukA

laf/ osQ Hksnksa ls ifjfpr djkuk rFkk fofHkUu mnkgj.kksa ls laf/ laca/h Kku dks

ifjiDo djukA

laf/&Kku osQ ekè;e ls orZuh laca/h v'kqn~f/;ksa dks nwj djukA

rRi'pkr~ laf/&foPNsn osQ fo"k; esa crkrs gq, mldk iz;ksx fl[kkukA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj vkfnA

iwoZKku ijh{kk ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk osQ ekè;e ls ;g tkuuk fd Nk=kks a dks laf/

,oa laf/&foPNsn osQ fo"k; esa iwoZKku gS fd ughaA lansg dh iqf"V gksus ij

f'k{kd n~okjk vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djuk fd cPpks] vkt ge ^laf/*

osQ fo"k; esa i<sa +xsA

fofHkUu mnkgj.kks a dh ppkZ djsaxs rFkk vH;kl&dk;Z Hkh djsaxsA

f'k{k.k&laosQr lcls igys ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk Nk=kks a dks Lo;a djus osQ fy, dgk

tk,xkA

rRi'pkr~ laf/ dh ifjHkk"kk crkrs gq, laf/ osQ Hksnks a dk Kku djk;k tk,xkA

izR;sd Hksn dks ';keiV dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fofHkUu mnkgj.kks a osQ ekè;e

ls le>k;k tk,xkA

13

chp&chp esa Nk=kks a dks Hkh ';keiV ij laf/ djus osQ fy, cqyk;k tk,xk]

ftlls muosQ Kku dh iqf"V gksrh pyh tk,A

iqLrd esa fn, x, lHkh mnkgj.kks a dks d{kk esa le>k;k tk,xkA

iqLrd dh lhúMhú izkstsDVj osQ ekè;e ls d{kk esa pykbZ tk,xhA

ikB dks #fpdj cukus osQ fy, chp&chp esa Nk=kks a ls laf/ rFkk laf/&foPNsn

laca/h iz'u iwNs tk,¡xsA

vH;kl osQ iz'uksRrj Nk=kks a dh lgk;rk osQ gy djk, tk,¡xsA iz;kl fd;k

tk,xk fd iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a fy[ksaA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k laf/ rFkk laf/&foPNsn djus esa leFkZ gSa rFkk laf/ fd, x, 'kCnksa

dks Hksnks a osQ vk/kj ij ukekafdr Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kks a n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj



”kjk crkb, rks

Nk=k Lo;a crk,¡xsA

nks èofu;ksa osQ ikl&ikl gksus osQ dkj.k muosQ vkilh esy ls mRiUu fodkj (ifjorZu)

laf/ dgykrk gSA laf/ fd, gq, o.kks ± dks vyx djosQ igys okyh fLFkfr esa ykuk

laf/&foPNsn dgykrk gSA

;.k~ laf/µ vfr $ vf/d = vR;f/d] vfr $ var = vR;ar

v;kfn laf/µ 'ks $ vu = 'k;u] ps $ vu = p;u

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) ikS $ vu ([k) iq#"k $ mRre (x) mr~ $ M;u (?k) rFkk $ ,o

(Ä) mifj $ mDr (p) uo $ Å<+k (N) 'kqHk $ vkjaHk (t) eu% $ foKku

(>) fu% $ cy (×k) le~ $ 'kks/u (V) vga $ dkj (B) o`r~ $ Nk;k

2- (d) iou ([k) mPpkj.k (x) lwfDr (?k) enksUeRr

(Ä) euksgj (p) ukjh'oj (N) nh{kkar (t) foLe;kfn

14

(>) Lok/hu (×k) ijh{kkFkhZ (V) doh'oj (B) rUe;

(M) ek=kkKk (<) foPNsn (.k) fuLlansg (r) lalkj

(Fk) p;u (n) nsO;kxeu (/) vNwrksn~/kj (u) Jn~/kyq

3- (d) /eZ $ vkRek ([k) ;ksxh $ bZ'oj (x) le~ $ lkj (?k) ikS $ vu

4- (d) v $ m = vks = panzksn;

([k) b $ v = ; = ;n~;fi

(x) v $ bZ = , = ijes'oj

(?k) ^l* dk ^"k* esa ifjorZu = fo"ke

(Ä) folxZ dk "k esa ifjorZu = fu"diV

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

djosQ nsf[k,

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

15

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % 'kCn&fopkj fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; 'kCn jpuk] 'kCn&Hksn ls ifjp;A

Hkk"kk osQ Hksnksa dk vk/kj ij igpkuA

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku ,oa iz;ksxA


'kCn&fopkj ij vk/kfjr vH;kl&dk;Z djukA

'kCnksa osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA

jpukRed dkS'kyksa dk fodklA

Hkk"kk osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx esa oqqQ'ky cukukA


iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k ^'kCn&jpuk* ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA Nk=kksa dh iwoZKku ijh{kk osQ fy, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk è;kuiwoZd i<+us vkSj djus osQ fy, dgsaA

';keiV ij mlh izdkj osQ oqQN 'kCn fy[ksaA Nk=kksa ls ml ij vk/kfjr iz'u iwNsaA

larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsaA

f'k{k.k&laosQr lkFkZd 'kCnksa osQ egRo ,oa mudh mi;ksfxrk osQ fo"k; esa le>kukA

lcls igys tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk esa izLrqr dfork Nk=kksa ls i<+okbZ tk,xhA

mlosQ vFkZ dks le>k;k tk,xk rFkk ;g iwNk tk,xk fd dfork dk vFkZ

le>us esa Nk=k fdl izdkj leFkZ gks losQ\

'kCn&fopkjMorphology 4

16

èofu;ksa osQ mfpr esy ls cus 'kCnksa dh ifjHkk"kk crkrs gq, mls in ls fdl izdkj

fHkUu fd;k tk ldrk gSµ;g le>k;k tk,xkA

in D;k gS\ oSQls curs gSaa\ vkfn iz'uksa ij ppkZ djus osQ i'pkr~ 'kCnksa dk

oxhZdj.k rkfydk osQ ekè;e ls d{kk esa le>k;k tk,xkA

';keiV dk iz;ksx djrs gq, 'kCnksa osQ oxhZdj.k osQ ,d&,d Hksn ij izdk'k Mkyk

tk,xk] mnkgj.k fn, tk,¡xsA

ikB dk eq[kj okpu fd;k tk,xkA

Nk=kksa ls chp&chp esa 'kCnksa osQ Hksn iwNs tk,¡xsA

fodkjh&vfodkjh 'kCnksa osQ fo"k; esa le>k;k tk,xkA

xfrfof/ osQ rkSj ij fofHkUu 'kCnksa dks fp=k :i esa n'kkZrs gq, lqanj pkVZ rS;kj

djok, tk,¡xsA

vH;kl esa fn, x, iz'uksa ij ppkZ gksxhA

lhúMhú ,oa ^vkvks nksgjk,¡* osQ ekè;e ls ikB nksgjk;k tk,xkA

bl izdkj Nk=k ^'kCn&fopkj* ikB iwjh rjg ls le> losaQxs rFkk fofHkUu izdkj

osQ 'kCnksa dh igpku dj ik,¡xsA

var esa f'k{kd n~okjk izR;sd Nk=k osQ dk;Z dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k mRifRr] jpuk] iz;ksx ,oa vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa dks oxhZoQr dj ldrs gSaA




”kjk crkb, rks o.kks± osQ esy ls cukbZ xbZ lkFkZd bdkbZ gh 'kCn dgykrh gSA 'kCnksa dk oxhZdj.k ik¡p vkèkkjksa

ij fd;k tkrk gSµO;qRifRr@jpuk osQ vk/kj ij] lzksr@mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij] vFkZ osQ vk/kj

ij] O;kdjf.kd izdk;Z osQ vk/kj ij rFkk iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ijA

O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa esa c¡èks okD; esa iz;qDr 'kCn in dgykrs gSaA

µ okD; inksa osQ esy ls curk gS] 'kCnksa osQ esy ls ughaA

µ 'kCndks'k esa 'kCn gksrs gSa] in ughaA

µ okD; vkSj Hkk"kk eas in gksrs gSaA

17

rRle 'kCnµtks 'kCn laLo`Qr Hkk"kk (ewy Hkk"kk) ls T;ksa&osQ&R;ksa ¯gnh esa vk x, gSa] os rRle

'kCn dgykrs gSaA budk iz;ksx ¯gnh esa Hkh mlh :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] ftl :i esa laLo`Qr

esa fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµân;] xzke] fnol] vkJ;] vJq] vfXu] ftg~ok] d.kZ] lw;Z] izdk'k]

Lo.kZ] {ks=k vkfnA

rn~Hko 'kCnµrr~ tks 'kCn laLo`Qr osQ 'kCnksa esa oqQN cnyko ls cus gSa] os rn~Hko 'kCn dgykrs

gSa_ tSlsµlp] jkr] lwr] yk[kA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) rn~Hko ([k) rRle (x) rRle (?k) fons'kh

(Ä) fons'kh (p) fons'kh (N) fons'kh (t) fons'kh

(>) ns'kt (×k) ns'kt (V) rn~Hko (B) rRle

(M) rn~Hko (<) rn~Hko (.k) fons'kh

2- (d) vjch ([k) iqrZxkyh (x) rqdhZ (?k) phuh

(Ä) rqdhZ (p) vaxzs”kh (N) i+ Qkjlh (t) vjch

(>) phuh (×k) rqdhZ (V) i+ Qkjlh (B) vaxzs”kh

(M) rqdhZ (<) vjch (.k) vaxzs”kh

3- :<+ ;kSfxd ;ksx:<

dy jsyxkM+h uhyoaQB

jkr jk"Vªifr ihrkacj

cSy O;k;ke'kkyk iapkuu

lq[kh lekukFkhZ prqHkqZt

4- (d) in ([k) oaQd.k (x) dkd (?k) oklj

(Ä) ?kksVd (p) i=k (N) y{k (t) {ks=k

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

djosQ nsf[k,

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

18

'kCn&HkaMkjVocabulary 5

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % 'kCn&HkaMkj fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa dh igpku djkukA

'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr :i dk iz;ksx djukA


'kCn&HkaMkj ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kokukA

jpukRedrk tkxzr djukA 'kCn&Kku osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA


iwoZKku ijh{kk iwoZKku ijh{kk gsrq Nk=kksa ls tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk dks è;kuiwoZd i<+us&le>us

vkSj djus osQ fy, dgsaA mlh izdkj osQ oqQN vU; 'kCn ';keiV ij fy[ksaA

rRi'pkr~ ml ij Nk=kksa ls ppkZ djsaA larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd rFkk

mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsaA

f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd

lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA

chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa

vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA

ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,

vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A

rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA

19

fu"d"kZ Nk=k vf/drj i;kZ;okph] foykse] okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn vkfn ljyrk ls crk ldrs gSaA muosQ 'kCn&HkaMkj esa o`n~f/ gks jgh gSA

fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj =kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA


i;kZ;okph 'kCn

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) dhfrZ izfln~~f/ ([k) fxjh'k uxifr (x) fny mj (?k) vfl [kM~x (Ä) nkl lsod (p) T;ksRLuk pafnzdk (N) lar laU;klh

2- (d) m".k ([k) cnukeh (x) xoZ (?k) osQ'ko (Ä) dky (p) okgu

3- (d) lw;Ziq=k ([k) oqQ'ky (x) ¯lg (?k) csM+k (Ä) y{eh (p) osQ'k

4- (d) ½rqjkt ([k) vfuy (x) oL=k (?k) oko~Qnsoh (Ä) lkse

5- (d) (iii) foosd ([k) (i) funk?k (x) (ii) oSQoY; (?k) (v) 'kk[kke`x (Ä) (iv) lw;Ziq=k


djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

vusdkFkZd 'kCn

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) oqqQ'ky ([k) irax (x) fof/ (?k) Ükà[kyk

(Ä) uHk

20

2- (d) T;ksfr] lw;Z ([k) foifRr] vfHk'kki (x) O;koqQy] mRlqd (?k) firk] HkkbZ (Ä) /u] gko&Hkko (p) /kj.k] pquko (N) oksV] jk; (t) 'kjhj] o`Q'k

3- (d) lewg ([k) rkjk (x) dk¡Vk (?k) cwVh (Ä) vk/k (p) ?kuk (N) dky (t) f'k"Vkpkj (>) dkuwu (×k) vxzHkkx



foijhrkFkZd 'kCn

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) eksfgr dk mtyk pfj=k >wB cksyrs gh /wfey gks x;kA ([k) l`f"V us ijh{kk esa tfVy loky cgqr ljyrk ls gy dj fy,A (x) gesa xzkg~;&vxzkg~; esa varj irk gksuk pkfg,A (?k) izo`Qfr esa gj txg vkd"kZ.k gS] fod"kZ.k ughaA (Ä) jes'k nqtZu gS ijarq mldk HkkbZ cgqr lTtu gSA (Nk=kksa osQ mfpr okD; Lohdk;Z gSA)

2- (d) ofj"B ([k) vukoj.k (x) vknZz @ 'kq"d (?k) 'kkar (Ä) ferO;; (p) fuekZ.k (N) vxzkg~; (t) cfgjax (>) Js"B@egku (×k) ?k`.kk

3- (d) vuqifLFkr ([k) nkuh (x) voxq.kksa (?k) m½.k (Ä) 'kkafr

4- (d) uhjl ([k) foiUu (x) oSjkxh (?k) funzk (Ä) iz'kalk



21

JqfrleµfHkUukFkZd 'kCn

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) ifj.kke ([k) vfuy (x) mn~;qr (?k) fu/Zu

(Ä) diV

2- Nk=k Lo;a okD; cuk,¡xsA



,dkFkZd izrhr gksus okys 'kCn

vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- ,dkFkZd vFkkZr ,d gh vFkZ nsus okys 'kCn rFkk ,d tSls leku vFkZ nsus okys 'kCn lekukFkZd

dgykrs gSaA

2- (d) ijh{kd µ d{kk esa ijh{kd vk pqosQ gSaA

fujh{kd µ fujh{kd us vf/dkjh dks j¡xs gkFkksa idM+kA

([k) bPNk µ vkt ckgj [kkuk [kkus dh bPNk gSA

vfHkyk"kk µ esjh vfHkyk"kk f'k{kd cuus dh gSA

(x) vH;kl µ vH;kl ls gh vPNh fy[kkbZ dj ikvksxsA

ifjJe µ liQyrk osQ fy, ifjJe vko';d gSA

(?k) vxe µ lalkj esa euq"; osQ fy, dksbZ vxe LFkku ugha jg x;k gSA

nqxZe µ fgeky; dh p<+kbZ nqxZe gSA

(Ä) vL=k µ ck.k vL=k gSA

'kL=k µ ryokj 'kL=k gSA

3- (d) vewY; ([k) gkl&ifjgkl (x) Hk; (?k) nq[k

(Ä) mi;ksx (p) ijh{kd (N) iki (t) e`R;q

22

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

djosQ nsf[k,

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) nwjn'khZ ([k) lgxkeh (x) bZ";kZyq (?k) nh?kkZ;q

(Ä) jktuSfrd (p) vo.kZuh; (N) ikf{kd

2- (d) (vii) ftlesa tkuus dh bPNk gks ([k) (v) ftldk vkfn u gks

(x) (i) ftlesa 'kfDr u gks (?k) (ii) jkr esa ?kweus okyk

(Ä) (iii) tks vk[kksa osQ lkeus u gks (p) (iv) tks de cksyrk gks

(N) (vi) ftls thrk u tk losQ

3- (d) fiz;k ferHkk"kh gSA

([k) lfpu rsanqydj loZfiz; gSA

(x) MkWú vCnqy dyke nwjn'khZ FksA

(?k) yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh vn~forh; FksA

(Ä) ;g gLrfyf[kr ikaMqfyfi nqyZHk gSA

(p) vkt ge eancqn~f/ ckydksa osQ fon~;ky; x,A

(N) d'ehj dk lkSan;Z vfoLej.kh; gSA

(t) vkxkeh ijh{kkvksa dh rS;kjh 'kq: dj nhft,A

4- (d) n'kZuh; ([k) uotkr (x) ,sfrgkfld (?k) vlkè;

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

djosQ nsf[k,

ijksidkjh] o`QrK] 'kj.kkxr] mifjfyf[kr] izfrfyfi] nwjn'khZ

23

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % milxZ] izR;; ,oa lekl fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; milxZ] izR;; rFkk lekl osQ fo"k; esa Kku djkukA

fofHkUu izdkj osQ milxks±] izR;;ksa rFkk leklksa osQ ekè;e osQ u,&u, 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k djkukA

ewy 'kCnksa dh igpku djkukA


jpukRedrk tkxzr djukA

milxZ] izR;; ,oa lekl osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVjA

iwoZKku ijh{kk ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk n~okjk Nk=kksa osQ iwoZKku ijh{kk dh tk¡p djukA

ijh{kk esa [kjs mrjus ij f'k{kd n~okjk vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djuk fd cPpksa] vkt ge milxZ] izR;; rFkk lekl* osQ fo"k; esa i<+saxs rFkk tkusaxs fd u,&u, 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k oSQls gksrk gS rFkk ewy 'kCnksa dh Hkh igpku dj ik,¡xsA

f'k{k.k&laosQr lcls igys izR;sd ikB dh ozQekuqlkj ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* xfrfof/ Nk=kksa dks djus osQ fy, dgsaxsA

rRi'pkr~ ,d&,d mifo"k; dks foLrkjiwoZd le>k,¡xsA

lcls igys milxZ dh ifjHkk"kk rFkk mlosQ fofHkUu izdkjksa osQ fo"k; esa ppkZ djrs gq, uohu 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k djk,¡xsA

blosQ ckn izR;; osQ fo"k; esa le>k;k tk,xkA

milxZ] izR;; ,oa leklPrefi x, Suffi x and Compound 6

24

lekl osQ fy, ';keiV ij Hksn&rkfydk cukbZ tk,xh rFkk ,d&,d miHksn dks ifjHkk"kk osQ lkFk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, le>k;k tk,xkA

ikB dh lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kkas osQ fy, ikB dks vkSj #fpdj cuk;k tk,xkA

izR;sd ikB dk eq[kj okpu fd;k tk,xkA

Nk=kksa dh vksj ls vk, fo"k; laca/h lokyksa osQ mRrj tk,¡xsA

^vkvks nksgjk,¡* ls iwjk ikB nksgjk;k tk,xk rkfd izR;sd Nk=k Lo;a dks ikB ls tksM+ losQA

^vH;kl* esa fn, iz'u&mRrjksa ij ppkZ dh tk,xh rFkk oqQN iz'u xgdk;Z osQ :i esa rFkk oqQN d{kk esa Nk=kksa ls djok, tk,¡xsA

var esa f'k{kd n~okjk izR;sd Nk=k osQ dk;Z ,oa xfrfof/ dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA

eSa cuw¡xk@cuw¡xh osQ ekè;e ls mUgsa xhr jpuk dj izHkko'kkyh vank”k esa mls lqukus dk volj iznku fd;k tk,xkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k milxZ] izR;; rFkk lekl dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaA rhuksa osQ izdkj igpkurs gSa rFkk muosQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx esa Hkh leFkZ gSaA

fujh{k.k Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsa vkSj =kqfV&'kks/u djsaA


milxZ

”kjk crkb, rks tks 'kCnka'k fdlh 'kCn osQ vkjaHk esa tqM+dj mlosQ vFkZ esa fo'ks"krk ;k ifjorZu ykrs gSa] os

milxZ dgykrs gSA ¯gnh Hkk"kk esa eq[;r% ik¡p izdkj osQ milxks± dk iz;ksx gksrk gSµ laLo`Qr osQ milxZ ¯gnh osQ milxZ vaxzs”kh osQ milxZ mnwZ&i+ Qkjlh osQ milxZ laLo`Qr osQ vO;;

vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) iqutZUe] iqujkofRr ([k) gjiy] gj,d (x) laokn] laca/ (?k) oqQekxZ] oqQlaxfr (Ä) LoYi] Lokxr (p) vueksy] vudgh (N) fcuek¡xk] fcuC;kgk (t) ijk/hu] ijkt;

25

2- (d) oqqQpky ([k) eq¡gek¡xk (x) ijyksd (?k) de”kksj (Ä) viw.kZ (p) vNwr (Ä) ln~xq.k (p) yksdra=k (N) ckbT”kr (t) vktUe (>) fuMj

3- (d) vfr var ([k) le~ eku (x) fuj~ eku (?k) v/% xfr (Ä) ijk Øe (p) vfr fiz; (N) fpj~ vk;q (t) rr~ le (>) lq xa/ (×k) uk [kq'k (V) cs dkj (B) yk tokc

4- (d) nqxZe] fuxqZ.k] fujkdkj ([k) lr;qx] vR;kpkj] v/eZ (x) vU;k;] fo#n~/] izfrfozQ;k] ifj.kke (?k) njvly] devDy] xSjf”kEesnkj (Ä) vutkuh] fuMjrk (p) phi+ Q&lsozsQVjh] ckbT”kr] [kq'kfetk”k



izR;;

”kjk crkb, rks tks 'kCnka'k fdlh 'kCn osQ var esa tqM+dj u;k 'kCn cukrs gSa] izR;; dgykrs gSaA milxZ os 'kCnka'k gSa] tks fdlh 'kCn osQ vkjaHk esa tqM+dj u, 'kCn cukrs gSaA izR;; 'kCnksa osQ

var esa yxrs gSaA os izR;; tks /krqvksa osQ var esa tqM+dj u, 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] o`Qr~ izR;; dgykrs

gSaA os izR;; tks laKk] loZuke] fo'ks'k.k] vO;; vkfn osQ var esa tqM+dj u, 'kCnksa dh jpuk djrs gSa] rn~f/r izR;; dgykrs gSaA os izR;; tks laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] vO;; vkfn osQ var esa tqM+dj u, 'kCnksa dh jpuk djrs gSa] rn~f/r izR;; dgykrs gSaA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) Ny vkok ([k) rSj vkd (x) vuqowQy rk (?k) ehBk vkl (Ä) >xM+k vkyq (p) mM+ vku (N) oqQ'ky rk (t) cnuke bZ

26

2- (d) laxks"Bh] ys[kd] jpukdkj] dykdkj ([k) xjeh] ePNjnkuh (x) vkfFkZd] raxh] eg¡xkbZ (?k) /ks[ksck”k] [krjukd (Ä) lqlfTtr] nqdkunkj] gf"kZr (p) ckY;koLFkk] 'k=kqrk] fe=krk] vFkZghu

3- Hk{kd balkfu;r nsoRo vDyean lq[ke; dkjhxj ykfyek pqxy[kksj lk/kj.kr% nsunkjh

4- (d) xoS;k [ksoS;k ([k) fcNkSuk f[kykSuk (x) vks<+uh lw¡?kuh (?k) feyu pyu (Ä) e/qfjek ykfyek (p) nok[kkuk rksi[kkuk (N) balkfu;r vknfe;r (t) HkykbZ prqjkbZ

5- (d) l¡isjk ([k) ufugky (x) mitkÅ (?k) y?kqre (Ä) /kod (p) HkqyDdM+ (N) eukSrh (t) fo"kSyk (>) ppsjk (×k) gksugkj



lekl

”kjk crkb, rks 'kCn&lewgksa dks laf{kIr djus dh izfozQ;k lekl dgykrh gS] mnkgj.kµ?kksM+s ij lokjµ?kqM+lokjA rRiq#"k lekl esa mRrjin iz/ku gksrk gS tcfd iwoZin xkS.k gksrk gSA leLrin cukrs le;

'kCn&lewgksa osQ chp esa vkus okys ijlxZ yqIr gks tkrs gSa_ tSlsµjktk dk vfHk"ksd = jkT;kfHk"ksdA dkjd dh n`f"V ls rRiq#"k lekl osQ Ng Hksn gksrs gSaµ (i) deZ rRiq#"k (ii) dj.k rRiq#"k (iii) laiznku rRiq#"k (iv) viknku rRiq#"k (v) laca/

rRiq#"k (vi) vf/dj.k rRiq#"kA deZ/kj; lekl osQ nksuksa inksa esa mies;&mieku vFkok fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; dk laca/ gksrk gS]

tcfd cgqozhfg lekl osQ nksuksa in viz/ku gksrs gq, fdlh rhljs vFkok fo'ks"k vFkZ dh vksj laosQr djrs gSa] tSlsµ

27

egkRek µ egku vkRek µ egku gS tks vkRek (fo'ks"k.k) (fo'ks";) (deZ/kj;) pj.kdey µ pj.k dey µ dey osQ leku pj.k gSa ftlosQ (mies;) (mieku) (cgqozhfg)

vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- n~foxq lekl µ prqHkqZt µ pkj Hkqtkvksa dk lewg f=kus=k µ rhu us=kksa dk lekgkj frjaxk µ rhu jaxksa dk lekgkj cgqozhfg lekl µ n'kkuu µ nl gSa vkuu ftlosQ (jko.k) f=kykspu µ rhu us=k gSa ftlosQ (f'ko) prqeqZ[k µ pkj eq[k gSa ftlosQ (fo".kq)

2- (d) fon~;k/u deZ/kj; ([k) frjaxk n~foxq (x) lR;kxzg rRiq#"k (?k) ihrkcaj cgqozhfg (Ä) HkjisV vO;;hHkko (p) cnreh”k vO;;hHkko (N) xtkuu deZ/kj; (t) o`Q".kliZ deZ/kj; (>) iouiq=k rRiq#"k (×k) xq.kghu rRiq#"k

3- (d) lkr lkS nksgksa dk lewg µ n~foxq ([k) jktk dh vkKk µ rRiq#"k (x) vtkr gS tks 'k=kq µ deZ/kj; (?k) e`R;q dks thrk gS ftlus µ cgqozhfg (Ä) lkr inksa dk lewg µ n~foxq (p) iz/ku gS tks ea=kh µ deZ/kj; (N) uj :ih ¯lg µ deZ/kj; (t) 'kksd ls vkoqQy µ rRiq#"k (>) xxu dks pweus okyk µ deZ/kj; (×k) iznw"k.k ls jfgr µ rRiq#"k



28

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % laKk fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; laKk dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA

Hkkookpd laKk cukukA

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku rFkk iz;ksx djukA



laKk osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnAiwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k laKk* ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku ijh{kk gsrq Nk=kksa ls tqfM+, vkSj lef>,*

LraHk è;kuiwoZd i<+us vkSj djus osQ fy, dgsaA rRi'pkr Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ml ij ppkZ djsaA larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd

rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsaAf'k{k.k&laosQr laKk rFkk mlosQ Hksnksa dks le>kus osQ i'pkr~ Hkkookpd laKk rFkk mldh jpuk

ij izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA oSQls&oSQls Hkkookpd laKk cu ldrh gSµiqLrd esa nh xbZ rkfydk osQ ekè;e

ls le>k;k tk,xkA chp&chp esa Nk=kksa dks Hkh Hkkookpd laKk cukus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k tk,xkA ikB dh lhúMhú dk izlkj.k fd;k tk,xk ftlls Nk=k ikB esa #fp ys loasQ vkSj

fo"k; dks xgjkbZ ls le> losaQA

^vkvks nksgjk,¡* n~okjk ikB nksgjk;k tk,xk rkfd izR;sd Nk=k fo"k; dks vPNh

rjg ls le> losQA

laKkNoun 7

29

vH;kl djkrs le; Nk=kksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk è;ku j[kk tk,xkA

f'k{kd n~okjk izR;sd Nk=k osQ dk;Z rFkk mldh xfrfof/ dk HkyhHkk¡fr fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k laKk 'kCnksa dks igpkuus rFkk mUgsa Hksnksa osQ vk/kj ij ukekafdr djus esa leFkZ gks pqosQ gSa rFkk fodkjh 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk cuk ldrs gSaA



”kjk crkb, rks

laKk osQ eq[;r% rhu Hksn gSaµO;fDrokpd laKk] tkfrokpd laKk] Hkkookpd laKkA O;fDrokpd laKkµJherh izfrHkk nsoh ¯lg ikfVy] Hkkjr] eqacbZ_ tkfrokpd laKkµ?kksM+k] lSfud_

HkkookpdµlaKk] ekr`Ro] ;kSou] f'k{kkA vkt osQ ;qx esa gfj'panz <w¡<+uk eqf'dy gSA viukiu@viuRoA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- O;fDrokpd laKk µ jkek;.k] iVuk] t;'kadj izlkn] xhrkA tkfrokpd laKk µ iVsy] lsuk] balku] iq"iA Hkkookpd laKk µ mRlkg] fy[kkoV] O;kidrk A

2- (d) lH;rk ([k) vgadkj (x) ljyrk (?k) xjhch

3- (d) dkfyek ([k) eqfDr (x) /edh (?k) 'kh?kzrk (Ä) futRo (p) r#.kkbZ (N) HkykbZ (t) li+ QkbZ (>) Åijh (×k) liQyrk (V) O;koqQyrk (B) n{krk 4- (d) feBkl ([k) v¯glk (x) vgadkj (?k) esgur (Ä) /edh

”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA


30

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % ¯yx] opu vkSj dkjd fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; ¯yx@opu@dkjd dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA

fyax rFkk opu cnyus osQ fu;eksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ Kku rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA

Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA

jpukRedrk tkxzr djuk rFkk roZQ'kfDr dk fodkl djukA

ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'u djokukA

¯yx] opu osQ lkFk&lkFk dkjd rFkk mlosQ fpg~uksa dk Kku djkukA

dkjd fpg~uksa dh lgh igpku rFkk muosQ lgh iz;ksx ls Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djkukA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] dkjd ,oa mlosQ fpg~u

n'kkZrs jaxhu pkVZ vkfnA

iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k ^¯yx] opu o dkjd* ls iwoZifjfpr gSaA ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk djus

osQ fy, fn;k tk,xkA* larqf"V gksus osQ i'pkr~ f'k{kd n~okjk vius mn~ns'; dh

?kks"k.kk dh tk,xh fd vkt ge ^¯yx] opu ,oa dkjd* osQ fo"k; esa tkuasxsA





fyax] opu vkSj dkjdGender, Number and Case 8

31

izR;sd Nk=k fo"k; dks le> jgk gSµbl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gq, vkxs c<sa+xsA blosQ fy, ikB osQ chp&chp esa ,d&,d dj Nk=kksa ls ';keiV ij fy[kdj

yxokdj okD; iw.kZ djok,¡A lgh mRrj fn, tkus ij mUgsa izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,xkA xyr mRrj nsus ij mUgas

fiQj ls le>k;k tk,xkA ^dkjd* osQ izR;sd Hksn dks vPNh rjg ls le>kus osQ i'pkr~ deZ vkSj laiznku

dkjd rFkk dj.k vkSj viknku dkjd esa varj dks mnkgj.kksa n~okjk le>k;k tk,xkA

xfrfof/ osQ rkSj ij Nk=kksa dks fofHkUu izdkj dh fLFkfr;k¡ nsdj dkjd fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, okD; cukus dks dgk tk,xk] tSlsµMjus dh fLFkfr esa fdl dkjd fpg~u dk iz;ksx gksxk vkfnA

^vkvks nksgjk,¡* ls ikB osQ eq[; fcanqvkas ij iqu% izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA vH;kl&dk;Z ij ppkZ gksxh rRi'pkr~ Nk=k mls Lo;a gy djsaxsAfu"d"kZ Nk=k fyax] opu rFkk dkjd dh igpku rFkk iz;ksx djus esa leFkZ gSaA fyax

rFkk opu dk fu;ekuqlkj ifjorZu Hkh dj ldrs gSaA dkjd&fpg~uksa dh igpku rFkk iz;ksx Hkh ljyrk ls dj ldrs gSaA




fyax

”kjk crkb, rks

¯yx dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gksrk gSµL=kh&iq#"kokpd fpg~uA

¯gnh Hkk"kk esa ¯yx dk fu/kZj.k 'kCn osQ vFkZ vkSj :i osQ vk/kj ij gksrk gSA

fuR; L=khfyax 'kCnµoqQN 'kCn ges'kk L=kh¯yx osQ :i esa gh iz;qDr gksrs gS_ tSlsµykseM+h]

fxygjh] eD[kh] eNyh] fNidyh] dks;y] nhed] frryh] eSuk] edM+h vkfnA

fuR; iqfYyax 'kCnµoqQN 'kCn ges'kk iqfYyax osQ :i esa gh iz;qDr gksrs gSa_ tSlsµePNj]

xhnM+] HksfM+;k] dkSvk] [kjxks'k] [kVey vkfnA

fNidyh] dks;y] nhed] frryh] eSuk edM+hA

32

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) f'kf{kdk osQ vkrs gh i<+kbZ vkjaHk gks xbZA

([k) ?kj esa lsod ns[kHkky djrk gSA

(x) dfo&lEesyu esa cgqr&lh dof;f=k;ksa us dfork,¡ lqukb±A

(?k) vksyafid esa Hkkjrh; /kodksa us thr gkfly dhA

2- (d) iafMrkbu] xq#vkbu ([k) ;'kfLouh] jkfxuh

(x) igkM+h] cdjh (?k) HkkX;orh] :iorh

3- L=khfyax 'kCn µ >sye] iwf.kZek] xq#eq[kh] gFksyh] pqujh] nkSyr

iqfYyax 'kCn µ ikuh] cjxn] eksVkik] uhacw] eq¡g] fopkj

4- (d) nkrk ([k) :ioku (x) fon~oku (?k) ;ksxh

(Ä) lqr (p) fMCck (N) HkkX;oku (t) llqj

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k viuh cqn~f/&dkS'ky osQ vuqlkj Lo;a crk,¡xsA

djosQ nsf[k,

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

opu

”kjk crkb, rks 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ ,d ;k vusd gksus dk cks/ gksrk gS] mls opu dgrs gSaA

opu osQ nks Hksn gSaµ,dopu (>wyk] jkr] eqxhZ vkfn)_ cgqopu (>wys] jkrsa] eqfxZ;k¡ vkfn)

,dopuA

vknj@lEeku izdV djus rFkk cM+Iiu trkus osQ fy, ,dopu osQ LFkku ij cgqopu dk iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) jkrsa ([k) uhfr;k¡ (x) lsuk (?k) ?kafV;k¡

(Ä) vè;kid oa`n (p) fe=k (N) i{kh (t) xkFkk,¡

(>) xjhc

33

2- (d) vkleku esa mM+rh iraxsa dVdj fxj xb±A

([k) eq>s ugha yxrk fd os fdlh dke ls b/j&m/j x, gksaxsA

(x) lPpk ohj iq#"k /hj] xaHkhj vkSj vk”kkn gksrk gSA

(?k) os rqels feydj cgqr [kq'k gksaxsA

(Ä) ,d ckj ge gokbZ tgk”k ls li+ Qj dj jgs FksA

3- (d) jhfr;ksa ([k) xjeh] NqV~fV;k¡ (x) /DosQ (?k) ;qok

(Ä) dFkkvksa



dkjd

”kjk crkb, rks laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls mldk laca/ okD; esa fozQ;k osQ lkFk tkuk tk,] mls dkjd

dgrs gSaA

dkjd osQ vkB Hksn gSaµdrkZ dkjd (us)] deZ dkjd (dks)] dj.k dkjd (ls)] laiznku

dkjd (osQ fy,] dks)] viknku dkjd (ls)] laca/ dkjd (dk] osQ] dh)] vf/dj.k dkjd

(esa] ij)] lacks/u dkjd (gs] vjs)A

dj.k dk vFkZ gksrk gSµlk/u ;k ekè;eA fozQ;k osQ djus vFkok gksus osQ lk/u ;k ekè;e

cuus okys laKk vFkok loZuke in dj.k dkjd dgykrs gSaA bldk ijlxZ ^ls* rFkk ôsQ

n~okjk* gksrk gSA laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls vyx gksus dk Hkko izdV gks] ogk¡ viknku

dkjd gksrk gSA bldk ijlxZ ^ls* gksrk gSA

laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl in ij fozQ;k dk izHkko iM+rk gS] mls deZ dkjd dgrs gSaA bldk

ijlxZ ^dks* gksrk gS laiznku dk vFkZ gksrk gSµfdlh dks oqQN nsuk ;k iznku djukA tc okD;

esa drkZ n~okjk oqQN fozQ;k dh tkrh gS ;k oqQN fn;k tkrk gS] rks ml fozQ;k osQ djus okys

vFkok nsus okys laKk@loZuke inksa osQ :i dks izdV djus okyk 'kCn laiznku dkjd gksrk gSA

bldk ijlxZ ôsQ fy,* rFkk ^dks* gksrk gSA

34

vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- ,d taxy esa ijkftr dk ,d isM+ FkkA ikfjtkr dk dksbZ eqdkcyk ugha FkkA ml isM+ dh lqanjrk

cstksM+ FkhA mldh lqxa/ cgqr I;kjh FkhA oSls taxy esa u tkus fdrus isM+ FksA dbZ ikfjtkr dh Å¡pkbZ ls Hkh cM+s FksA dbZ isM+ ikfjtkr ls ”;knk laqnj FksA dbZ isM+ vius iwQyksa osQ lqgkusiu vkSj dbZ isM+ vius ijkx dh lqxa/ dh eksgdrk ls ikfjtkr ls ”;knk vPNs Fks] ysfdu ikfjtkr osQ vkdkj] :i] jax vkSj xa/ vkfn xq.k brus lqanj :i esa ekStwn Fks fd taxy dk dksbZ isM+ ikfjtkr dk eqdkcyk ugha dj ldrk FkkA ikfjtkr dks Hkh vius xq.kksa dk iwjk&iwjk irk FkkA og uhys vkdk'k esa flj mBk, bl 'kku ls [kM+k jgrk] ekuksa isM+ksa dk ljrkt gksA

2- (d) gs izHkq! µ lacks/u dkjd ([k) vatfy dh µ laca/ dkjd (x) iqfyl us µ drkZ dkjd] MkoqQvksa dksµdeZ dkjd (?k) ruq ls µ viknku dkjd (Ä) es”k ij µ vf/dj.k dkjd 3- (d) dh ([k) ls (x) dks (?k) ij (Ä) ls



35

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % loZuke fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; loZuke dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA

loZuke 'kCnksa dh :i&jpuk dh tkudkjh iznku djukA

Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dh tkudkjh rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA

loZuke ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&dk;Z djokukA

nSfud thou esa loZuke osQ mfpr iz;ksx dks lqn`<+ djukA


iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k ^loZuke* ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku ijh{kk gsrq ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk

Nk=kksa ls i<+us vkSj djus osQ fy, dgsaA

mlh izdkj osQ oqQN vU; mnkgj.k Nk=kksa ls iwNsaA

larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djasA







loZukePronoun 9

36

loZuke 'kCnksa dh :i jpuk dks iqLrd esa nh xbZ rkfydkvksa osQ ekè;e ls

le>k;k tk,xkA

iwjs ikB dk d{kk esa eq[kj okpu fd;k tk,xk rFkk Nk=kksa dh Hkkxhnkjh tk¡pus osQ

fy, chp&chp esa muls iz'u iwNs tk,¡xs] tSlsµ

1- vfu'p;okpd loZuke esa fdlh dks osQ fy, cgqopu D;k cusxk]

2- iq#"kokpd loZuke esa ^gekjs n~okjk* osQ fy, ,dopu D;k gksxk\

3- laca/okpd loZuke dk ,d mnkgj.k crkb,A

4- ^rqe vkt fon~;ky; ugha x,\* okD; esa loZuke Nk¡Vdj Hksn crkb, vkfnA

^vkvks nksgjk,¡* n~okjk ikB osQ fo'ks"k fcanqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k loZuke 'kCnksa dks ljyrk ls igpkurs gSa vkSj mudk mfpr iz;ksx djus esa

Hkh leFkZ gSaA loZuke 'kCnksa dks Hksnksa osQ vuqlkj ukekafdr dj ldrs gaSA




”kjk crkb, rks loZuke dk vFkZ gS ^lcosQ fy, uke* ;k ^lcdk uke*A O;kdj.k eas laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;qDr

gksus okys 'kCn loZuke dgykrs gSaA

loZuke osQ fuEufyf[kr Ng Hksn gksrs gSaµiq#"kokpd loZuke] iz'uokpd loZuke] fu'p;okpd

loZuke] vfu'p;okpd loZuke] laca/okpd loZuke] futokpd loZukeA

iq#"kokpd loZukeµeSa rqe] og_ fu'p;okpd loZuke µ;g bl_ iz'uokpd loZukeµdkSu]

fdlus_ vfu'p;okpd loZukeµoqQN] dksbZ_ laca/okpd loZukeµtks&oks] ftlus&mls_ futokpd

loZukeµvius&vki] Lo;aA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- eSaus] esjk] eSa] eq>s] eq>ls mRre iq#"kokpd

mlosQ] mldk] mls] og] mlus vU; iq#"kopkd

rqe] rqels] vki eè;e iq#"kokpd

37

2- (d) esjk ([k) Lo;a (x) ftldh] mldh (?k) dksbZ

(Ä) eSa (p) og (N) dbZ

3- (d) laca/okpd loZuke ([k) iz'uokpd loZuke

(x) iq#"kokpd loZuke (?k) iq#"kokpd loZuke

4- Nk=k loZukeksa dk iz;ksx dj vuqPNsn Lo;a fy[ksaxsA

5- (d) rqe vius ?kj x, FksA ([k) fdldk ?kj gekjs fon~;ky; osQ ikl gS\

(x) ns[kks] ikuh esa D;k fxj x;k gS\ (?k) rqe viuk dke dj ysukA

(Ä) tks ifjJe djsxk] ogh liQy gksxkA



38

vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ1 1- (d) vius Hkkoksa] fopkjksa dks ,d&nwljs rd igq¡pkus rFkk nwljksa osQ Hkkoksa dks le>us osQ fy,A ([k) Hkk"kk dk fyf[kr :i vf/d le; rd ljaf{kr jgrk gS rFkk blesa lkfgR; fy[kuk

laHko gks ldk FkkA (x) xn~;µi=k] fuca/_ in~;µnksgk] NanA (?k) O;kdj.k Hkk"kk osQ fu;e fu/kZfjr djrk gSA fdl o.kZ] 'kCn rFkk okD; dk iz;ksx dgk

vkSj oSQls djuk gS] bldk Kku Ô;kdj.k djkrk gSA

2- (d) jkseu ([k) i+ Qkjlh (x) nsoukxjh (?k) nsoukxjh (Ä) xq#eq[kh (p) nsoukxjh

3- ekWjh'kl i+ Qh”kh f=kuhnkn VkscSxks lwjhuke eysf'k;k

4- (d) /qzoLokfeuh ([k) dforkoyh (x) chtd (nksgs) (?k) fpnacjk (dkO;&laxzg)

5- ejkBh d'ehjh usikyh larkyh cksMks dkasd.kh

6- (d) i~ $ v $ j~ $ b $ o~ $ v $ j~ $ r~ $ v $ u~ $ v ([k) /~ $ ;~ $ vk $ u~ $ v $ i~ $ Å $ j~ $ o~ $ v $ o~Q $ v (x) o~Q $ ½ $ i~ $ vk $ y~ $ m (?k) ;~ $ m $ /~ $ b $ "k~ $ B~ $ b $ j~ $ v (Ä) l~ $ va $ o~Q $ j~ $ vka $ r~ $ b (p) n~ $ o~ $ va $ n~ $ o~ $ v 7- (d) "kMkuu O;atu laf/ ([k) LoYi ;.k laf/ (x) fnXxt O;atu laf/ (?k) lq"ek O;atu laf/ (Ä) riksou folxZ laf/

8- (d) rjDdh] fodkl ([k) vkdka{kk] vfHkyk"kk (x) vfHkeku] naHk (?k) papyk] piyk

9- (d) {kf.kd ([k) foPNsn (x) uohu (?k) ';ke (Ä) ijkoyach (p) fod"kZ.k

10- (d) frryh iwQyksa dk jl ihrh gSA dfo johanz dks dkO; esa vn~Hkqr jl dh izkfIr gksrh FkhA

39

([k) jfookj dks gekjk vodk'k gksrk gSA Jhjke us jko.k ij /uq"k ls okj fd;kA

11- (d) banzthr ([k) prqHkqZt (x) va/fo'okl (?k) xksiuh; (Ä) fu"i{k

12- (d) dBksjrk ([k) uhfyek (x) Jfed (?k) cqn~f/eku (Ä) rkaf=kd

13- (d) uhyk gS tks xxu µ deZ/kj; ([k) dky ls ijs µ vO;;hHkko

(x) ik¡p oVksa dk lewg µ n~foxq (?k) uj :ih ¯lg µ deZ/kj; 14- (d) ;kSfxd ([k) ;ksx:<+ (x) ;kSfxd (?k) :<+ (Ä) :<+ (p) ;kSfxd

15- (d) ¯cnh ([k) tsB (x) lkr (?k) vk/k (Ä) [khj (p) lkx (N) Hk¡ojk (t) ekFkk (>) lh[k (×k) eD[kh

16- (d) csjks”kxkj ([k) tyizokg (x) vHkkxk (?k) vutkuk 17- (d) ohjrk ([k) feBkl (x) Å¡pkbZ (?k) euq";rk

(Nk=k okD; Lo;a cuk,¡xsA)

18- (d) cqn~f/erh ([k) uj ykseM+h (x) fonq"kh (?k) lezkKh (Ä) Hkonh;k (p) eknk [kjxks'k

19- (d) 'kgj esa ikB'kkykvksa dh deh ugha gSA ([k) gesa vius fiz;tu dk lkFk dHkh ugha NksM+uk pkfg,A (x) ukuh&nknh dh dgkfu;k¡ cgqr jkspd gksrh gSaA (?k) es”k ij fc[kjh iqLrosaQ l¡Hkkydj j[kksA

20- Nk=k okD; Lo;a cuk,¡xsA

21- eSa] eSa] dksbZ] viuh] og] esjs

22- (d) rirh] vkx cjlkrsµ xq.kokpd ([k) I;kjs] eqDr] Lora=k] izlUuµ xq.kokpd

40

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % fo'ks"k.k fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; fo'ks"k.k dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA

fodkjh rFkk vfodkjh 'kCnksa ls fo'ks"k.k cukuk fl[kkukA

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ Kku ,oa iz;ksx ij cyA



fo'ks"k.k laca/h fofo/ vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk ,oa fy[kukA


iwoZKku ijh{kk ^fo'ks"k.k* ls Nk=k iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA blh iwoZKku dks vk/kj cukrs gq, Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* i<+us vkSj djus osQ fy, dgsaA

Nk=kksa ls fo'ks"k.k&laca/h NksVs&NksVs vU; iz'u Hkh iwNsaaA

blh izdkj osQ oqQN vU; mnkgj.k Nk=kksa ls iwNsaA larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsA

f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA

chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA

ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A


fo'ks"k.kAdjective 10

41

ifjek.kokpd rFkk la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k esa varj rFkk loZuke vkSj lkoZukfed

fo'ks"k.k esa varj dks mnkgj.kkas osQ ekè;e ls le>k;k tk,xkA

iqLrd osQ vfrfjDr vU; mnkgj.k Hkh fn, tk,¡xs rkfd Nk=kksa dks ;g varj vPNh

rjg ls le> esa vk tk,¡A

îzfo'ks"k.k* dh ifjHkk"kk crkrs gq, fofHkUu mnkgj.k fn, tk,¡xsA

fo"k;&Kku dh iqf"V osQ fy, Nk=kksa ls mnkgj.k iwNs tk,¡xsA

fo'ks"k.kksa dh voLFkkvksa dk Kku nsus osQ fy, rkfydk dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA

laKk] loZuke] fozQ;k] vO;; vkfn ls fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dh jpuk fdl izdkj gksrh

gSµ'kCn&rkfydk osQ ekè;e ls le>k;k tk,xkA

Nk=kksa ls Lo;a Hkh u,&u, fo'ks"k.k cuok, tk,¡xsA

d{kk esa ikB dh lhúMhú pykbZ tk,xh rkfd lHkh Nk=k ikB dks iwjh rjg ls

le> losQA

^vkvks nksgjk,¡* n~okjk ikB osQ eq[; fcanqvksa ij iqu% ppkZ dh tk,xhA

vH;kl dk;Z Nk=kksa dh lgk;rk ls gy djok;k tk,xkA

eSa cuw¡xk@cuw¡xh n~okjk Nk=kksa dks lwpuk vf/dkjh osQ in ij dk;Zjr gksus laca/h

Kku izkIr gksxkA

f'k{kd n~okjk Nk=kksa osQ dk;Z dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dh igpku] Hksnksa dks ukekafdr djus rFkk mudk iz;ksx djus esa fuiq.k

gks x, gSaA os vU; fodkjh 'kCnksa ls fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dh jpuk Hkh dj ldrs gSaA




”kjk crkb, rks fo'ks"k.k laKk ;k loZuke osQ :i] xq.k] la[;k] ek=kk] ifjek.k vkfn dh fo'ks"krk crkrs gSaA

fo'ks"k.k osQ pkj Hksn gksrs gSaµxq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k] ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k] la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k]

lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.kA

42

laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCn loZuke dgykrs gSa rFkk tks loZuke laKk ls igys

vkdj mldh fo'ks"krk crkrs gSa] os lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k dgykrs gSaA mnkgj.kµ

;g xk; gSA (loZuke) ;g mldh xk; gSA (lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k)

os ckr djus x,A (loZuke) os yM+osQ ckr djus x,A (lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k)

pfpZr] Lej.kh;] iFkjhyk] ikSjkf.kd] 'kkL=kh;] ppsjk] /uh] iSrd] bZekunkj] uSfrd] uxjh;] d¡VhykA

ftu 'kCnksa dh fo'ks"krk crkbZ tkrh gS] os fo'ks"; dgykrs gSaA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) dkyhu ([k) isM+ (x) eqnzk,¡ (?k) n`';

(Ä) o`{k

2- (d) ,d fdyks fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd

([k) Ng] nks fuf'pr la[;kokpd

(x) oqQN vfuf'pr la[;kokpd

(?k) vk/k fxykl fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd

(Ä) <kbZ yhVj fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd

(p) chl ehVj fuf'pr la[;kokpd

(N) cgqr vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd

3- (d) lqanj&lqanj xq.kokpd ([k) cw<+k xq.kokpd

(x) bZekunkj xq.kokpd (?k) esjk lkoZukfed

(Ä) og] ifjJeh lkoZukfed] xq.kokpd

4- (d) mRrekoLFkk ([k) ewykoLFkk (x) mRrjkoLFkk (?k) mRrekoLFkk

(Ä) mRrjkoLFkk (p) mRrjkoLFkk (N) ewykoLFkk (t) mRrjkoLFkk

(>) ewykoLFkk

ewykoLFkk µ Js"B] n`<+] dksey

mRrjkoLFkk µ derj] vf/drj] mPprj] fuEurj

mRrekoLFkk µ loksZre] e/qjre



43

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % fozQ;k fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; fozQ;k dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA

uke/krq fozQ;k cukuk fl[kkukA

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i osQ Kku ,oa iz;ksx ij cyA


ikB ij vk/kfjr vH;kl&dk;Z djokukA


iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+, ,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ le>us ,oa djus dks dgasA

f'k{k.k&laosQr tSls&tSls d{kk c<+rh tkrh gS] oSls&oSls gh fo"k; dk foLrkj Hkh gksrk tkrk gSA

vr% fozQ;k laca/h Nk=kksa osQ iwoZKku dh tk¡p djrs gq, fozQ;k osQ Hksn ,oa mlosQ

miHksnksa dks le>k;k tk,xkA

d{kk eas ikB dk eq[kj okpu fd;k tk,xkA

ikB dh lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dh iqf"V dh tk,xhA chp&chp esa

lhúMhú jksddj Nk=kksa ls fozQ;k laca/h iz'u iwNs tk,¡xs_ tSlsµizsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k fdls

dgrs gSa\ uke/krq fozQ;k oSQls cukbZ tkrh gS\ ldeZd fozQ;k osQ fdrus Hksn gS\ vkfnA

^vkvks nksgjk,¡* n~okjk ikB osQ eq[; ¯cnq nksgjk, tk,¡xsA

vH;kl dk;Z Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ppkZ osQ i'pkr~ xgdk;Z osQ :i esa fn;k tk,xkA

vfHku; n~okjk fofHkUu egkiq#"kksa ,oa O;olkf;;ksa dh fozQ;kvksa dh igpku djkbZ tk,xhA

fØ;kVerb 11

44

fu"d"kZ Nk=k fozQ;k 'kCnksa dh igpku] Hksnksa dks ukekafdr djus rFkk mudk iz;ksx djus

esa fuiq.k gks x, gSaA os fozQ;k 'kCnksa dh jpuk Hkh dj ldrs gSaA




”kjk crkb, rks

ftl fozQ;k esa deZ dh vis{kk gksµldeZd fozQ;k dgykrh gS_ tSlsµ[kjhnh] dkVukA ftl

fozQ;k esa deZ dh vis{kk u gksµvdeZd fozQ;k dgykrh gS_ tSlsµg¡luk] >weukA

izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;kµcqyokuk] nkSM+okukA iwoZdkfyd fozQ;kµ[kjhndj] nkSM+djA

ns[k] te] g¡l] jks] [kjhn] ih] >we] ygj] Hkhx] dkV

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) lqykrh ([k) dj (x) feyus (?k) fl[kkbZ

(Ä) thrk (p) fiyokrk (N) Hkkx (t) ykvks

2- (d) jgk µ jatd fozQ;k ([k) lfB;k µ uke/krq fozQ;k

(x) cM+cM+kus µ uke/krq fozQ;k (?k) Fkddj µ iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k

(Ä) djok;k µ izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k (p) djokrk µ izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k

(N) ugkdj µ iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k (t) ejrh µ eq[; fozQ;k

(>) [kkuk [kk;k µ la;qDr fozQ;k (×k) >qByk µ uke/krq fozQ;k

3- (d) esyk ([k) yksgs dh isVh (x) p'ek (?k) iqQVckWy

(Ä) fp=k (p) rkjhi+ Q (N) laifRr] ifjokj

(>) jDr] isaflfyu dk Vhdk

4- (d) Fkk ([k) jgh gS (x) yxs (?k) fy;k

(Ä) pys x, (p) [kM+k gqvk (N) jgk Fkk (t) pys x,

45

5- (d) cfr;kuk ([k) FkjFkjkuk (x) yypkuk (?k) 'kekZuk

(Ä) nunukuk (Pk) ytkuk (N) yiyikuk (t) xquxqukuk

(>) oQ¡ioQ¡ikuk (×k) pdjkuk

6- (d) vjs! fctyh pyh xbZA ([k) cl&vM~Ms ls cp py iM+hA

(x) cPpksa us vukj [kk fy;kA (?k) bl ckj ”kksj ls o"kkZ gqbZ FkhA

(Ä) usgk lgkjuiqj xbZ FkhA

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

djosQ nsf[k,

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

46

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % dky fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; dky dh igpku rFkk iz;ksx fl[kkukA

dky osQ Hksn rFkk dky&ifjorZu fl[kkukA

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dh tkudkjh rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA



^dky* ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kukA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnAiwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k dky osQ vFkZ ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+,

,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ djok,¡ rFkk iz'u iwNsaAf'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd

lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa

vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,

vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaAfu"d"kZ Nk=k dky dh ljyrk ls igpku dj ldrs gSaA dkyksa dks Hksnksa osQ vk/kj ij

ukekafdr dj ldrs gSa rFkk miHksnksa dh igpku djus esa vf/drj Nk=k fuiq.k gks x, gSaA dky&ifjorZu djus esa Hkh vf/drj Nk=k fuiq.k gks pqosQ gaSA

dkyTense 12

47



”kjk crkb, rks

orZeku dkyµfrryh iwQyksa ij e¡Mjkrh gSA ehuy xqfM+;k ls [ksyrh gSA Hkfo";r~ dkyµvkt 'kke dks fozQosQV eSp [ksyk tk,xkA vf/dkjh FkksM+h nsj eas vkns'k fy[ksxkA (d) viw.kZ orZeku dkyµpkyd cl pyk jgk gSA ([k) laHkkO; Hkfo";r~µ'kk;n os rqels feyus vk,¡A (x) lafnX/ HkwrdkyµxkM+h LVs'ku ij vk pqdh gksxhA (?k) vklUu Hkwrdkyµjhek iqLrosaQ ysdj vk xbZA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) c<+k µ Hkwrdky ([k) ;ksxnku fn;k gS µ orZeku dky (x) pykuk lh[kuk pkfg, µ Hkfo";r~ dky (?k) u Fkh µ Hkwrdky (Ä) ys ysuk µ Hkfo";r~ dky (p) nsrk gw¡ µ orZeku dky (N) vk xbZ µ Hkwrdky (t) dk¡i mBk µ Hkwrdky

2- (d) cl lfn;ksa osQ fu'kku fy, gq, gSA ([k) okLro esa i=k fdlh nLrkost ls de ugha gksxkA (x) fLFkfr vxj ,slh Fkh] rks okLro eas ¯prk dk fo"k; FkkA (?k) essjs fxMfxM+kus dk dksbZ fo'ks"k vlj ugha iM+sxkA (Ä) os efgykvksa dh cjkcjh ugha dj losQA

3- (d) gksaxh ([k) ys x;k (x) pkgrk gw¡ (?k) f?kj x;k (Ä) ?kweus tk,¡xs (p) x;k (N) ped jgh gS

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


48

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % okP; fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; okP; osQ 'kkfCnd vFkZ ls ifjfpr djkrs gq, mlosQ fofHkUu :iksa dk Kku

djkukA

okP; osQ rhuksa :iksa dk foLrkjiwoZd vè;;u djkukA

izR;sd :i dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kuk rFkk okP; ifjorZu dk vH;kl djkukA

ys[ku {kerk dk fodkl djukA

okP;&ifjorZu osQ nkSjku fo"k; dh ckjhfd;ksa ls Nk=kksa dks voxr djkukA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] ikB~;&iqLrd] izkstsDVj vkfnA

iwoZKku ijh{kk ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk n~okjk Nk=kkas osQ fo"k; laca/h iwoZKku dk ijh{k.k

fd;k tk,xkA

fo"k; D;ksafd u;k gS] vr% Nk=kksa dks fo"k; osQ u;siu ,oa fu;eksa ls ifjfpr

djk;k tk,xkA

d{kk esa f'k{kd n~okjk vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk dh tk,xhA

f'k{k.k&laosQr lcls igys ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk n~okjk Nk=kkas dks u, fo"k; ls ifjfpr

djkus osQ fy, jkspd Hkwfedk rS;kj dh tk,xhA

iqLrd esa fn, okD;ksa dks Nk=kksa ls Lo;a i<+ok;k tk,xk rkfd os okD;ksa dh

cukoV esa varj dks igpku losaQA

rRi'pkr~ okP; osQ 'kkfCnd vFkZ dks le>krs gq, mldh ifjHkk"kk le>kbZ

tk,xhA okP; osQ :iksa dk Kku djkrs gq, mudk foLr`r ifjp; fn;k tk,xkA

okP;Voice 13

49

okP; osQ izR;sd :i osQ fu;eksa dk d{kk esa eq[kj okpu fd;k tk,xk rkfd Nk=k

muls HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gks losaQA

d{kk dks #fpdj cukrs gq, Nk=kksa ls ikB osQ chp&chp esa okP;&ifjorZu

djok, tk,¡xs rkfd izR;sd Nk=k uohu fo"k; gksrs gq, mls vklkuh ls le>

losaQA

';keiV dk iz;ksx djrs gq, okP;&ifjorZu dk vH;kl djok;k tk,xkA

^lhúMhú n~okjk ikB nksgjk;k tk,xkA

vH;kl dk;Z n~okjk Nk=kksa osQ ys[ku dkS'ky dk foLrkj fd;k tk,xkA

^djosQ nsf[k,* ls Nk=kksa esa Vhe Hkkouk txkbZ tk,xhA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k okP; dh ljyrk ls igpku dj ldrs gSaA okP;ksa osQ Hksnksa osQ vk/kj ij

ukekafdr dj ldrs gSaA okP;&ifjorZu djus esa Hkh vf/drj Nk=k fuiq.k gks

pqosQ gaSA




”kjk crkb, rks

fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls ;g irk pys fd og okD; esa fdlosQ vuqlkj (drkZ] deZ vFkok

Hkko) iz;qDr dh xbZ gS] og okP; dgykrk gSA

okP; osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ

dr`ZokP;µcPpk nw/ ihrk gSA

deZokP;µf'k{kd osQ n~okjk ikB i<+k;k tkrk gSA

HkkookP;µmlls xk;k ugha tkrkA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) HkkookP; ([k) dr`ZokP; (x) HkkookP; (?k) deZokP;

(Ä) dr`ZokP; (p) dr`ZokP; (N) HkkookP; (t) dr`ZokP;

50

2- (d) jksgu osQ n~okjk oaQI;wVj ij [ksyk tk jgk gSA

([k) vkdk'k osQ n~okjk i=k fy[kk tkrk gSA

(x) pk¡nuh osQ n~okjk xqfM+;k ls [ksyk tk jgk gSA

(?k) ckyd ls g¡lk tk jgk gSA

(Ä) lqjsanz osQ n~okjk iqLrd i<+h xbZA

(Ä) vfer osQ n~okjk irax mM+kbZ tk jgh gSA

(p) f'kYidkj osQ n~okjk ewfrZ x<+h tkrh gSA

(Ä) ,eú,iQú gqlSu ls fp=k cuk;k x;kA

3- (d) jaxdehZ ls ukVd [ksyk tkrk gSA ([k) eq>ls mBk ugha tkrkA

(x) i{kh ls ?kksalys esa jgk tkrk gSA (?k) cPpksa ls ;gk¡ lks;k tk,xkA

(Ä) eq>ls nkSM+k ugha x;kA

4- (d) eSa fy[k ugha ldrhA ([k) jkf/dk us e/qj xhr xk;kA

(x) MkWDVj us jksfx;ksa dh tk¡p dhA (?k) vPNs yksxksa dks ge Hkqyk ugha ldrsA

(Ä) ek¡ ck”kkj tkrh gSA

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

djosQ nsf[k,

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

51

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % vfodkjh 'kCn fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; 'kCnksa osQ Hksn osQ :i esa vfodkjh 'kCn osQ fo"k; esa Kku iznku djukA

vfodkjh 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk Li"V djukA vfodkjh 'kCn osQ izR;sd Hksn dks

mldh ifjHkk"kk rFkk fofHkUu mnkgj.kksa osQ ekè;e ls Li"V djukA

Hksnksa osQ Hkh miHksnksa dh tkudkjh Nk=kksa rd igq¡pkukA

vH;kl rFkk ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa osQ Kku dk foLrkj djukA

Hkkf"kd dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj vkfnA

iwoZKku ijh{kk vfodkjh 'kCn osQ izR;sd Hksn esa fn, x, tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa osQ fo"k; laca/h iwoZKku dh tk¡p dh tk,xhA

tk¡p esa liQy gksus ij f'k{kd n~okjk d{kk esa vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djasxsA

cPpks] vkt ge vfodkjh 'kCn osQ fo"k; esa i<+saxs vkSj mlosQ vyx&vyx Hksnksa rFkk miHksnksa osQ fo"k; esa tkusaxsA

f'k{k.k&laosQr lcls igys fodkjh 'kCn laca/h iwoZ tkudkjh dh iqujko`fRr dh tk,xhA

rRi'pkr~ ^vfodkjh* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ crkrs gq, mnkgj.kksa osQ lkFk mldh ifjHkk"kk le>kbZ tk,xhA

vfodkjh 'kCn ^fodkjh* 'kCn ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS] ;g le>k;k tk,xkA

izR;sd Hksn dks tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk osQ lkFk vkjaHk djosQ miHksnksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA

vfodkjh 'kCnIndeclinable Words 14

52

fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k] laaca/cks/d] leqPp;cks/d rFkk foLe;kfncks/dµlHkh vfodkjh 'kCnksa dks lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls jkspd cukrs gq, le>k;k tk,xkA

^vkvks nksgjk,¡* n~okjk izR;sd Hksn vkSj mlosQ miHksn osQ eq[; fcanqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA

vH;kl&dk;Z Nk=kksa osQ lg;ksx ls d{kkdk;Z vkSj xgdk;Z osQ :i esa djk;k tk,xkA

^djosQ nsf[k,* xfrfof/ osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa esa fo"k; dk Kku vkSj n<+ fd;k tk,xkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k vfodkjh 'kCnksa dks igpkurs gSa vkSj mudk O;kogkfjd iz;ksx lh[k x, gSaA vfodkjh 'kCnksa dks Hksnksa osQ vk/kj ij ukekafdr djus esa Hkh fuiq.k gks jgs gSaA



fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k

”kjk crkb, rks

vfodkjh@vO;; 'kCn os gksrs gSa] ftuesa ¯yx] opu] dky] iq#"k vkfn osQ dkj.k dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA

ftl fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k 'kCn ls fozQ;k osQ gksus dh fof/ (jhfr) osQ ckjs esa irk pyrk gS] og jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k dgykrk gS_ tSlsµfgeka'kq rs”k nkSM+kA

ftl fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k 'kCn ls fozQ;k dh ek=kk osQ ckjs esa irk pyrk gS] og ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k dgykrk gSA bldh igpku osQ fy, fozQ;k osQ lkFk fdruk@fdruh yxkdj iz'u fd;k tkrk gSA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) /hjs&/hjs ([k) rs”k (x) pqiosQ ls (?k) tYnh (Ä) /hjs (p) lqcg

2- (d) dy ge lc ?kweus tk,¡xsA ([k) pkjksa vksj 'kksjxqy epk FkkA (x) vkt eSa cgqr Fkd xbZ gw¡A (?k) ?kM+h dh lqbZ /hjs&/hjs c<+ jgh FkhA

53

3- (d) vusd µ fo'ks"k.k ([k) ”kksj ls µ fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (x) ”kksj&”kksj ls µ fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (?k) oqQN µ fo'ks"k.k (Ä) nwj µ fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (p) vpkud µ fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (N) vPNk µ fo'ks"k.k (t) vPNk µ fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k

4- (d) tYnh µ jhfrokpd ([k) unh osQ fdukjs µ LFkkuokpd (x) cgqr µ ifjek.kokpd (?k) dy µ dkyokpd (Ä) ”;knk µ ifjek.kokpd

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


laca/cks/d

”kjk crkb, rks

laKk ;k loZuke dk okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa ls laca/ tksM+us okys 'kCn laca/cks/d dgykrs gSaA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) dh vksj ([k) osQ f[kyki+ Q (x) osQ Hk; ls (?k) osQ f[kyki+ Q (Ä) osQ lkFk (p) osQ dkj.k

2- (d) izR;sd euq"; dks enj Vsjslk dh rjg fu%LokFkZ lsok djuh pkfg,A ([k) cw<+s ekrk&firk dk larku osQ flok; vkSj dksbZ lgkjk ugha gksrkA (x) f[kykM+h oSQIVu osQ lgkjs eSp thrus pys FksA (?k) esjs ?kj osQ lehi ,d cM+k&lk eSnku gSA (?k) dksbZ Hkh HkkbZ vf/d le; rd viuh cgu ls nwj ugha jg ldrkA

3- (d) osQ ikl ([k) osQ dkj.k (x) osQ f[kyki+ Q (?k) osQ ihNs (Ä) osQ ihNs

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


54

leqPp;cks/d

”kjk crkb, rks

'kCnksa] okD;ka'kksa rFkk okD;ksa dks tksM+us okys 'kCn leqPp;cks/d dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµog ugha py ik jgk] D;ksafd mlosQ iSj esa eksp gSA

tks leqPp;cks/d leku Lrj okys 'kCnksa] okD;ka'kksa rFkk okD;ksa dks tksM+rs gSa] os lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµjk?ko nw/ vkSj iQy [kk jgk gSA

tks leqPp;cks/d ,d eq[; okD; esa ,d ls vf/d vkfJr miokD;ksa dks tksM+us dk dke djrs gSa] os O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ;fn vPNs vad ykus gSa] rks esgur djksA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) ijarq ([k) blfy, (x) vkSj (?k) ugha rks (Ä) D;ksafd (p) rkfd

2- (d) fctyh vk jgh gS] ijarq Vhúohú ugha py jgkA ([k) iqQVckWy eSp esa f[kykfM+;kas us vPNk izn'kZu fd;k] ¯drq ,d xksy ls fiNM+ x,A (x) fj;k dks izfr;ksfxrk esa thruk gS] blfy, og [kwc esgur dj jgh gSA (?k) T;ksa gh o"kkZ vkjaHk gqbZ] R;ksa gh fdlku [kq'kh ls >we mBsA

3- (d) fiz;k n~okjdk esa jgrh gS vkSj og esVªks ls dukWV Iysl tkrh gSA ([k) lqfer xkus dk vH;kl dj jgk gS] D;ksafd mls izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx ysuk gSA (x) ;n~;fi og le; ij LVs'ku igq¡pk rFkkfi og HkkbZ ls u fey ldkA (?k) fp=kk i<+ jgh gS] ftlls og ijh{kk esa izFke vk losQA

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


b l fy , rk ; o

> ft i j fd n~; ;k

y l v FkkZ r fi d

e ls Fk pw¡ fd r Fkk

x g ok i ek Fkk {k

j 'k ×k V uh fi o

55

foLe;kfncks/d

”kjk crkb, rks

foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn rhu 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuk gSµfoLe; $ vkfn $ cks/d vFkkZr~ foLe; (vk'p;Z) vkfn Hkkoksa dk cks/ (Kku) djkus okys 'kCnA eu osQ Hkkoksa osQ vk/kj ij foLe;kfncks/d osQ vkB Hksn gksr gSaA

Nk=k okD; Lo;a cuk,¡xsA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) fN%! ([k) #dks! (x) okg! (?k) gs Hkxoku! (Ä) fN%! (Pk) mi+ Q! (N) lq[kh jgks! (t) okg! (>) vksg! (×k) vgk! 2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


fuikr

”kjk crkb, rks

,sls vO;; tks fdlh 'kCn osQ ckn yxdj mlosQ vFkZ ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs gSa] fuikr dgykrs gSaaA mnkgj.kµekyh us gh iwQy rksM+k gSA vk'kk us Hkh xhr xk;kA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) gh ([k) Hkh (x) osQoy (?k) vHkh (Ä) Hkh (p) rks] gh (N) lk

2- (d) eq>s osQoy ,d jksVh [kkuh gSA ([k) mek rks Nqih #Lre fudyh] lcdks gSjku dj fn;kA (x) dkepksj gh dke ls th pqjkrs gSaA (?k) thr ek=k ,d ju dh nwjh ij FkhA 3- (d) rks] gh] Hkh ([k) rd (x) rks (?k) ek=k (Ä) Hkj

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


56

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % in&ifjp; fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; d{kk vkB osQ Nk=kksa osQ fy, in&ifjp;* D;k fo"k; gSA vr% 'kCn dks le>krs

gq, in rFkk in&ifjp; dk Kku djkukA

in&ifjp; osQ varxZr fodkjh rFkk vfodkjh 'kCnksa dk ifjp; nsuk ,oa le>kukA

,d izdkj ls ¯gnh O;kdj.k osQ yxHkx lHkh fo"k;ksa dk iqujkH;kl djkukA

in&ifjp; osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks Hkfo"; esa O;olk; osQ {ks=k esa O;kolkf;d

dkS'kyksa dk Kku djkukA

vius dk;Z osQ izfr Nk=kksa esa fo'okl iSnk djukA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] iqLrd] pkVZ isij vkfnA

iwoZKku ijh{kk fo"k; u;k gksus dh otg ls Nk=kksa ls 'kCn vkSj in dks ysdj ckr dh tk,xh

vkSj mlh osQ varxZr fodkjh&vfodkjh 'kCn laaca/h Nk=kksa osQ iwoZKku dh ijh{kk

yh tk,xhA

ijh{kk esa [kjs mrjus ij f'k{kd vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsµcPpks] vkt

ge în&ifjp;* ij ckrphr djrs gq, tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA

f'k{k.k&laosQr ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* xfrfof/ ls ikB dk vkjaHk djrs gq, 'kCn ,oa in osQ

fo"k; esa crk;k tk,xkA

in dh ifjHkk"kk le>krs gq, oqQN mnkgj.k fn, tk,¡xsA

rRi'pkr~ ;g crk;k tk,xk fd in&ifjp; D;k gksrk gS\ rFkk iqLrd esa nh xbZ

in&ifjp;Parsing 15

57

rkfydk osQ ekè;e ls ;g le>k;k tk,xk fd okLro esa okD; esa iz;qDr fdu

'kCnksa dk fdl :i esa in&ifjp; fn;k tkrk gSA tSls ;fn dksbZ laKk in gS]

rks mldk ifjp;] mlosQ Hksn (laKk dk Hksn)] fyax] opu] dkjd ,oa fozQ;k

osQ lkFk mldk laca/ crkdj fn;k tk,xkA blh izdkj vU; fodkjh&vfodkjh

'kCnksa dk ifjp; fn;k tk,xkA

fo"k; Nk=kksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>kus osQ fy, ikB dh lhúMhú dk d{kk esa izlkj.k

fd;k tk,xkA

chp&chp esa lhúMhú dks jksddj f'k{kd n~okjk ikB osQ eq[; fcanqvksa ij izdk'k

Mkyk tk,xkA

^vkvks nksgjk,¡* osQ ekè;e ls ikB osQ eq[; fcanqvksa ij cy fn;k tk,xkA

jkspd xfrfof/ rFkk vH;kl&dk;Z n~okjk Nk=kksa dks vius vuqHko vfHkO;Dr djus

rFkk ys[ku&{kerk dks n'kkZus dk volj izkIr gksxkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k in dh igpku djus vkSj mudk ifjp; nsus esa l{ke gSaA

fujh{k.k f'k{kd izR;sd Nk=k dh xfrfof/;ksa ,oa muosQ dk;ks± dh tk¡p djsaxsA


”kjk crkb, rks

O;kdkfj.kd n`f"V ls in dh iwjh tkudkjh nsuk gh in&ifjp; dgykrk gSA in dk ifjp; nsrs le; mldh O;kdjf.kd dksfV] fozQ;k] dky] opu] ¯yx vkfn dk è;ku

j[kk tkrk gSA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

(d) lk¡iµtkfrokpd laKk] ,dopu] iqfYyaxA

([k) eSaµmRre iq#"kokpd loZuke] ,dopu] L=khfyaxA

(x) cgrs&cgrsµjhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k] ^cguk* fozQ;k dh fo'ks"krk crk jgk gS] vdeZd

fozQ;kA

(?k) ,sfrgkfldµfo'ks"k.k] xq.kokpd] ^ph”kksa* fo'ks";] cgqopuA

(Ä) VwV iM+sµvdeZd fozQ;k] cgqopu] HkwrdkyA

58

(p) fpYykµvdeZd fozQ;k] cgqopu] vU; iq#"k] HkwrdkyA

(N) Jn~/kµHkkookpd laKk] L=khfyax] ,dopuA

(t) b/j&m/jµLFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k] ^nkSM+uk* fozQ;k dh fo'ks"krk crk jgk gSA

(>) vè;kfidkµtkfrokpd] ,dopu] L=khfyaxA

(×k) viuhµloZuke] futokpd] ,dopu] L=khfyaxA

(V) vPNkµxq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k] ^xk;d* fo'ks";] iqfYayx] ,dopu] ewykoLFkkA

(B) ;kµO;f/dj.k leqP;cks/d] ^;k* ;ksftr 'kCnA

(M) vkgµfoLe;kfncks/d] vO;;] ihM+klwpdA

(<) igq¡p x;kµla;qDr fozQ;k] iqfYayx] ,dopu] vU; iq#"k] Hkwrdky

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


59

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % okD;&fopkj fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; ikB esa fn, x, fo'ks"k fcanqvksa ij fo'ks"k :i ls cy nsukA

okD; cukus le; fdu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, vFkok mlesa dkSu&dkSu

ls xq.k gksus pkfg,µbl fo"k; esa le>kukA

okD; osQ vaxµmn~ns';] fo/s; ls ifjfpr djkukA

jpuk rFkk vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ Hksnksa dh tkudkjh nsukA

'kqn~/ okD; jpuk fl[kkdj Nk=kksa dks ys[ku osQ {ks=k esa vkxs c<+kukA


lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfn A

iwoZKku ijh{kk uohu fo"k; gksus dh otg ls gks ldrk gS Nk=kksa dks vf/d Kku u gks ijarq

^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* xfrfof/ ls Nk=kksa esa fo"k; laca/h Kku iSnk djuk vFkok

mUgsa tks Hkh Kku gS] mldk foLrkj djukA

f'k{k.k&laosQr ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* lanHkZ n~okjk mn~ns';] fo/s; dh tkudkjh rFkk

lkFkZd&fujFkZd 'kCnksa dh igpku djkbZ tk,xhA

okD; dh ifjHkk"kk crkrs gq, mlosQ xq.k] Hksn&miHksn ij ppkZ dh tk,xhA

chp&chp esa lacaf/r mnkgj.k nsrs gq, fo"k; dh iqf"V dh tk,xhA

ikB laca/h lhúMhú dk izlkj.k fd;k tk,xkA

okD;&fopkjSyntax 16

60

vfrfjDr dk;Z&if=kdk nsdj Nk=kksa dks mls iwjk djus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k tk,xkA

ikB dk eq[kj okpu djrs gq, fo'ks"k fcanqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA

vH;kl&dk;Z Nk=kksa dks lgk;rk nsrs gq, iwjk djk;k tk,xkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k lkFkZd okD; jpuk djus esa fuiq.k gks pqosQ gSaA os okD;ksa dks Hksnksa osQ

vkèkkj ij ukekafdr dj ldrs gSaA okD; ifjorZu djus esa Hkh leFkZ gSaA

fujh{k.k f'k{kd n~okjk d{kk esa fd, x, lHkh dk;ks± dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA


”kjk crkb, rks

okD; osQ ik¡p xq.k gksrs gSaµvkdka{kk] ;ksX;rk] fudVrk] inozQe rFkk vUo;A

vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ vkB Hksn gksrs gSaµfo/kuokpd] fu"ks/okpd] iz'uokpd] vkKkokpd]

lansgokpd] laosQrokpd] foLe;kfnokpd rFkk bPNkokpdA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) 'kCnksa ([k) mn~ns';] fo/s; (x) dk foLrkj (?k) jpuk] vFkZ

(Ä) ljy] la;qDr] feJ

2- mn~ns'; fo/s;

(d) t;k viuh lf[k;ksa osQ lkFk esyk ns[kus xbZA

([k) pksj iqfyl osQ vkus ls igys gh Hkkx x,A

(x) eerk dh ewfrZ ek¡ us jksrs gq, cPps dks xksn esa mBk fy;kA

(?k) cnyw dks xk¡o osQ lHkh cPps dkdk dgrs FksA

(Ä) ckny] ioZr] iaNh lHkh Hkxoku osQ Mkfd, gSaA

3- (d) ns[khµeSaus ,d chekj vkneh dks tkrs ns[kkA

([k) dks] fy[khµjkeu us dye ls i=k fy[kkA

(x) xb±µehuk] jtuh vkSj jksfgr ck”kkj x,A

(?k) esjkµlk¡i ns[kdj rks esjs izk.k gh fudy x,A

(Ä) jgkµesjs firk th vk jgs gSaA

61

4- (d) inozQe ([k) vUo; (x) vUo; (?k) inozQe

(Ä) vUo;

5- (d) rqe cSBks vkSj pk; ihvksA

([k) tc taxy esa eksj ukpk] rc fdlus ns[kk\

(x) dkys ckny Nkrs gh cjlkr gks xbZA

6- (d) bPNkokpd ([k) bPNkokpd (x) iz'uokpd (?k) fu"ks/okpd

7- (d) D;k jk/k us Hkkstu ugha fd;k\

([k) D;k! og d{kk esa izFke vk;k gS\

(x) ckny ugha xjt jgs gSaA

(?k) ;fn o"kkZ gksxh] rks i+ Qly vPNh gksxhA

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


62

v'kqn~/k okD;ksa dk la'kks/kuCorrection of Incorrect Sentences 17

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % v'kqn~/ okD;ksa dk la'kks/u fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; orZuh rFkk okD;ksa esa v'kqn~f/ dh igpku djuk rFkk 'kks/u djuk fl[kkukA

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dh tkudkjh rFkk iz;ksx ij cy nsukA


ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&dk;Z djokukA


iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k v'kqn~f/ la'kks/u osQ vFkZ ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+, ,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ djok,¡ rFkk iz'u iwNsaA





fu"d"kZ Nk=k 'kCn rFkk okD;ksa esa fy[krs@cksyrs le; gksus okyh lkekU; v'kqn~f/;ksa dks igpkudj mUgsa 'kqn~/ dj ldrs gSaA


63


”kjk crkb, rks

okD; esa drkZ] fozQ;k ,oa vU; inksa osQ lgh LFkku dh tkudkjh u gksukA

fyax laca/hA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) ,d fxykl xje nw/ ih yksA

([k) mls Hkh vkils ckr djuh gSA

(x) rwi+Qku osQ dkj.k vusd yksx ekjs x,A

(?k) mlus lkjs ?kj esa gaxkek epk fn;k vFkok mlus ?kj Hkj esa gaxkek dj fn;kA

(Ä) eq>s nw/ dk ,d iSosQV ns nhft,A

2- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä) (p)

3- (d) fyax lac/h ([k) inozQe laca/h (x) fyax laca/h (?k) loZuke laca/h

(Ä) opu laca/h (p) fyax laca/h (N) fozQ;k laca/h

4- (d) bZekunkj ([k) esjs dks mudh] vkbZ

(x) yM+dk [ksy jgk FkkA (?k) ih,

(Ä) O;fDr (p) vkg!

(N) vki] ns[ks gSaa (t) esa

(>) fey x;k] ugha feyh (×k) cSBs gSa

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


64

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % inca/ ,oa miokD; fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; d{kk vkB osQ Nk=kksa osQ fy, înca/ ,oa miokD;* u;k fo"k; gSA vr% 'kCn dks le>krs gq, inca/ rFkk miokD; dk Kku djkukA

,d izdkj ls okD;&fopkj osQ yxHkx lHkh fo"k;ksa dk iqujkH;kl djkukA

vius dke osQ izfr Nk=kksa esa fo'okl iSnk djukA


lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj vkfnA

iwoZKku ijh{kk fo"k; u;k gksus dh otg ls Nk=kksa ls fo"k; dks ysdj ckrphr dh tk,xh vkSj mlh osQ varxZr Nk=kksa osQ iwoZKku dh ijh{kk yh tk,xhA

ijh{kk esa [kjs mrjus ij f'k{kd vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsA

f'k{k.k&laosQr ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* xfrfof/ ls ikB dk vkjaHk djrs gq, inca/ ,oa miokD; osQ fo"k; esa crk;k tk,xkA

ifjHkk"kk le>krs gq, oqQN mnkgj.k fn, tk,¡xsA

rRi'pkr~ ;g crk;k tk,xk fd inca/ ,oa miokD; dk D;k vFkZ gS rFkk

iqLrd esa nh xbZ tkudkjh osQ ekè;e ls ;g le>k;k tk,xk fd inca/ ,oa

miokD; dh igpku oSQls dh tkrh gSA

fo"k; Nk=kksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>kus osQ fy, ikB dh lhúMhú dk d{kk esa izlkj.k fd;k tk,xkA

chp&chp esa lhúMhú dks jksddj f'k{kd n~okjk ikB osQ eq[; fcanqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA

inca/k ,oa miokD;Phrase and Clause

18

65

^vkvks nksgjk,¡* ls ikB osQ eq[; fcanqvksa ij cy fn;k tk,xkA

jkspd xfrfof/ rFkk vH;kl&dk;Z n~okjk Nk=kksa dks vius vuqHko vfHkO;Dr djus rFkk ys[ku&{kerk dks n'kkZus dk volj izkIr gksxkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k inca/ ,oa miokD; dh igpku dj ldrs gSA

fujh{k.k f'k{kd izR;sd Nk=k dh xfrfof/;ksa ,oa muosQ dk;ks± dh tk¡p djsaxsA


”kjk crkb, rks

,d bdkbZ osQ :i esa O;kdjf.kd dk;Z djus okys ,d ls vf/d inksa dk ;ksx inca/ dgykrk gSA miokD; osQ nks Hksn gSaµ(d) iz/ku miokD; rFkk ([k) vkfJr miokD;A vkfJr miokD; rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ(d) laKk miokD;] ([k) fo'ks"k.k miokD;] (x) fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k miokD;A

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) cM+k vkSj lqanj caxyk gSA fo'ks"k.k inca/ ([k) taxy dk jktk fo'ks"k.k inca/ (x) /hjs&/hjs cksy jgs FksA fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k inca/ (?k) f'kdkjh osQ rhj ls laKk inca/ (Ä) ekyk esa xw¡Fks lHkh fo'ks"k.k inca/

2- (d) ;g lHkh tkurs gSa fd ([k) tc eSa gkWLVy esa jgrh Fkh (x) tc eq>s enn dh ”k:jr iM+h (?k) tks /u eSaus esgur ls dek;k Fkk

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


66

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % okD;&ifjorZu ,oa la'ys"k.k fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; uohu fo"k; gksus dh otg ls Nk=kksa dks fo"k; osQ ckjs esa le>kukA

ikB esa fn, x, fo'ks"k fcanqvksa ij fo'ks"k :i ls cy nsukA

okD; cukrs le; fdu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, vFkok mlesa dkSu&dkSu

ls xq.k gksus pkfg,µbl fo"k; esa le>kukA

okD; osQ vaxµmn~ns';] fo/s; ls ifjfpr djkukA

jpuk rFkk vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ Hksnksa dh tkudkjh nsukA

okD; ifjorZu ,oa la'ys"k.k fl[kkdj Nk=kksa dks ys[ku osQ {ks=k esa vkxs c<+kukA

lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfn A

iwoZKku ijh{kk uohu fo"k; gksus dh otg ls gks ldrk gS Nk=kksa dks vf/d Kku u gks ijarq

^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* xfrfof/ ls Nk=kksa esa fo"k; laca/h Kku iSnk djukA vFkok

mUgsa tks Hkh Kku gS] mldk foLrkj djukA

f'k{k.k&laosQr ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* lanHkZ n~okjk mn~ns';] fo/s; dh tkudkjh djkbZ tk,xhA

okD;&ifjorZu ,oa la'ys"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk crkrs gq, mlosQ xq.k] Hksn&miHksn ij

ppkZ dh tk,xhA

chp&chp esa lacaf/r mnkgj.k nsrs gq, fo"k; dh iqf"V dh tk,xhA

ikB laca/h lhúMhú dk izlkj.k fd;k tk,xkA

okD;&ifjorZu ,oa la'ys"k.kTransformation and Synthesis of Sentences 19

67

vfrfjDr dk;Z&if=kdk nsdj Nk=kksa dks mls iwjk djus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k tk,xkA

ikB dk eq[kj okpu djrs gq, fo'ks"k fcanqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA

vH;kl&dk;Z Nk=kksa dks lgk;rk nsrs gq, iwjk djk;k tk,xkA

fu"d"kZ Nk=k okD;&ifjorZu ,oa la'ys"k.k djus esa fuiq.k gks pqosQ gSaA okD;&ifjorZu

,oa la'ys"k.k djus esa Hkh leFkZ gSaA

fujh{k.k f'k{kd n~okjk d{kk esa fd, x, lHkh dk;ks± dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA


”kjk crkb, rks

okD;&ifjorZu vFkZ rFkk jpuk dh n`f"V;ksa ls fd, tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kµvFkZ dh n`f"V ls vkB

izdkj ls okD; ifjorZu fd, tkrs gSa_ tSlsµ

fo/kuokpd µ ckgj o"kkZ gks jgh gSA

iz'uokpd µ D;k ckgj o"kkZ gks jgh gS\

jpuk dh n`f"V ls rhu izdkj ls okD; ifjorZu fd, tkrs gSa_ tSlsµ

ljy okD; µ cPpk Fkddj lks x;kA

la;qDr okD; µ cPpk Fkdk vkSj lks x;kA

feJ okD; µ tc cPpk Fkd x;k] rc og lks x;kA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) bPNkokpd ([k) lansgokpd (x) fo/kuokpd (?k) vkKkokpd

(Ä) fu"ks/okpd (p) laosQrokpd (N) iz'uokpd (t) foLe;kfnokpd

(>) iz'uokpd (×k) vkKkokpd

2- (d) tSls gh o"kkZ gqbZ oSls gh lc yksx vius&vius ?kj pys x,A

([k) ukuh cw<+h gaS vkSj os py ugha ldrhaA

(x) ifjJeh jke vo'; liQy gksxkA

(?k) mRd"kZ us d{kk esa 'kjkjr djosQ osnkar dk uke yxk fn;kA

(Ä) tc ?kaVh cth rc ijh{kk vkjaHk gks xbZA

(p) izsepna us vius HkkbZ dks ns[kk vkSj isM+ osQ ihNs fNi x;kA

(N) D;ksafd jksfprk us cgqr esgur dh blfy, og ijh{kk esa izFke vkbZA

68

3- (d) feJ ([k) ljy (x) feJ (?k) la;qDr

(Ä) la;qDr (p) la;qDr (N) ljy (t) feJ

4- (d) ljy µ rs”k ckfj'k esa pkjksa vksj ikuh Hkjus ls lc Hkhx x,A

la;qDr µ rs”k ckfj'k esa pkjksa vksj ikuh Hkj x;k vkSj lc Hkhx x,A

feJ µ tc rs”k ckfj'k esa pkjksa vksj ikuh Hkj x;k] rc lc Hkhx x,A

([k) ljy µ Mhúihú,lú esa vè;kfidk lksukyh nloha d{kk dks i<+krh gSA

la;qDr µ lksukyh Mhúihú,lú esa vè;kfidk gS vkSj og nloha d{kk dks i<+krh gSA

feJ µ tks lksukyh Mhúihú,lú esa vè;kfidk gS] og nloha d{kk dks i<+krh gSA

(x) ljy µ dejs esa ty jgs cYo] ia[ks dks eksgu us can dj fn;kA

la;qDr µ dejs esa ia[kk] cYc vkfn ty jgs gSa vkSj eksgu us nksuksa can dj fn,A

feJ µ dejs esa tks ia[kk vkSj cYc ty jgs gSa] mUgsa eksgu us can dj fn;kA

(?k) ljy µ fon~;ky; esa Lokbu Ýyw ls xzLr cPps dk bykt py jgk FkkA

la;qDr µ fon~;ky; esa Lokbu Ýyw ls xzLr ,d cPpk Fkk vkSj mldk bykt py jgk FkkA

feJ µ tks cPpk fon~;ky; esa Lokbu Ýyw ls xzLr Fkk] mldk bykt py jgk FkkA

(Ä) ljy µ ,d vkKkdkjh vkSj es/koh Nk=k ½"kHk lnSo d{kk esa izFke vkrk gSA

la;qDr µ ½"kHk ,d vkKkdkjh vkSj es/koh Nk=k gS rFkk og lnSo d{kk esa izFke vkrk gSA

feJ µ tks vkKkdkjh vkSj es/koh Nk=k ½"kHk gS] og lnSo d{kk esa izFke vkrk gSA

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


69

fojke&fpg~uPunctuation 20

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % fojke&fpg~u fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; orZuh rFkk okD;ksa esa v'kqn~f/ dh igpku djuk rFkk 'kks/u djuk fl[kkukA

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dh tkudkjh rFkk iz;ksx ij cy nsukA


ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&dk;Z djokukA


iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k v'kqn~f/ la'kks/u osQ vFkZ ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+, ,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ djok,¡ rFkk iz'u iwNsaA





fu"d"kZ Nk=k 'kCn rFkk okD;ksa esa fy[krs@cksyrs le; gksus okyh lkekU; v'kqn~f/;ksa dks igpkudj mUgsa 'kqn~/ dj ldrs gSaA


70


”kjk crkb, rks

;kstd fpg~u tksM+us okyk fpg~u gksrk gSA bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx 'kCn&;qXeksa osQ chp esa] n~oan~o

rFkk rRiq#"k lekl esa] v{kjksa esa fy[kh tkus okyh la[;kvksa vFkok rqyukRed fLFkfr esa fd;k

tkrk gSA bldk fpg~u vkdkj dh n`f"V ls funsZ'kd fpg~u ls FkksM+k NksVk gksrk gSA

funsZ'kd fpg~u dk iz;ksx fdlh mnkgj.k dh vksj laosQr djus vFkok funsZ'k nsus okys okD;ksa

osQ ckn gksrk gSA ;g fpg~u ;kstd fpg~u dh rjg gh gksrk gS] ijarq vkdkj esa FkksM+k cM+k

gksrk gSA

(d) yk?ko fpg~u ([k) ;kstd (x) mn~/j.k fpg~u (?k) dks"Bd

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) vejhdk dks Lora=krk oSQls feyh\

([k) ohj fcfLey us ukjk yxk;k] ¶eSa fczfV'k lkezkT; dk fouk'k pkgrk gw¡A¸

(x) vjs! ;g dksbZ vutku vkneh ugha gSA

(?k) esjs nknk th us fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky; ls ,y&,yúchú fd;k gSA

(Ä) iRuh us dgk] ¶Lokeh! eq>s uhan ugha vk jgh gS] cgqr ?kcjkgV gks jgh gSA¸

2- xka/h th us cSfjLVjh ikl djosQ i+ Qdhj cuus dk iSQlyk fd;k gSA rks] D;k ”k:jh gS fd

rqe lc ukStoku mudh udy djks\ ^Hkkjr NksM+ks* vkSj ^djks ;k ejks* osQ ukjksa ls D;k vaxzs”k

¯gnqLrku NksM+dj Hkkx tk,¡xs\ 'ksj dh ukd esa uosQy Mkyus dh dksf'k'k djuk gh csoowQi+ Qh

gSA vk/h nqfu;k esa ftl vaxzs”k ljdkj dk jkt gS] mls D;k rqe vius vfgald vkanksyu vkSj

vius ozQkafrdkjh xhrksa ls m[kkM+ isaQdksxs\

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


71

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % vyadkj fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; Hkk"kk esa lkSan;Z mRiUu djus okys fo'ks"k rRoksa dk Kku djkukA

vyadkj osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh nsukA

vyadkj osQ fofo/ :iksa ,oa muosQ mi;ksx osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh nsukA

Hkk"kk esa vyadkjksa osQ iz;ksx osQ egRo dks le>kukA

fozQ;kRed@jpukRed {kerk txkukA

lgk;d lkexzh fofHkUu dkO;&iafDr;ksa ls ltk pkVZ isij] ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj vkfnA

iwoZKku ijh{kk fo"k; dk iwoZKku ugha gksus dh otg ls Nk=kksa dks f'k{kd n~okjk Lo;a gh fo"k;&Kku djok;k tk,xkA

f'k{k.k&laosQr ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* lanHkZ dks d{kk esa le>krs gq, Nk=kksa ls mlesa iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kok, tk,¡xsA

vyadkj dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ crkrs gq, Hkk"kk esa mldh egRrk le>kbZ tk,xhA

rRi'pkr~ vyadkj osQ Hksnksaµ'kCnkyadkj vkSj vFkkZyadkj ij ppkZ dh tk,xhA

ikB dk eq[kj okpu djrs gq, izR;sd Hksn osQ miHksnksa dks dkO;kRed mnkgj.kksa ls le>k;k tk,xkA

ikB dks jkspd cukus osQ fy, chp&chp esa Nk=kksa ls Hkh iwNk tk,xk fd muosQ n~okjk i<+h xbZ dforkvksa esa dkSu&dkSu ls vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

blls Nk=kksa esa fo"k; dh uohurk dk Hk; [kRe gks tk,xk rFkk os mRlkgiwoZd d{kk dh xfrfof/ esa fgLlk ysaxsA

vyadkjFigure of Speech

21

72

dkO;&iafDr;ksa ls lts jaxhu pkVZ dks fn[kkdj Nk=kksa dks muesa vyadkj Nk¡Vus ,oa Hksn crkus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k tk,xkA

d{kk esa ikB laca/h lhúMhú dk izlkj.k fd;k tk,xkA ^vkvks nksgjk,¡* ls ikB osQ eq[; fcanqvkas ij iqu% izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA vH;kl&dk;Z djk;k tk,xkA êSa cuw¡xk@cuw¡xh* osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa esa lekjksg dk vk;kstu ;k lapkyd cukus

dk vkRefo'okl iSnk gksxkAfu"d"kZ Nk=k vyadkjksa dk vFkZ tku x, gSaA vyaaadkj vkSj mlosQ Hksnksa dh igpku dj

ldrs gSaAfujh{k.k f'k{kd n~okjk Nk=kksa osQ dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk,xkA


”kjk crkb, rks

dkO; esa tgk¡ 'kCnksa osQ fof'k"V iz;ksx ls lkSan;Z vkSj peRedkj mRiUu gksrk gS] ogk¡ 'kCnkyadkj

gksrk gS_ tSlsµ rV reky r#oj cgq Nk,A

vFkZ dh nf"V ls dkO; esa lkSan;Z vkSj peRdkj mRiUu djus okys vyadkj vFkkZyadkj dgykrs gSaA

miek] :id] mRizs{kk rFkk vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj vFkkZyadkj osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) miek vyadkj ([k) vuqizkl vyadkj (x) ;ed vyadkj

(?k) vuqizkl vyadkj (Ä) mRizs{kk vyadkj (p) 'ys"k vyadkj

2- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) 3- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) 4- (d) ([k) (x) (?k)

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA


73

ikB ;kstuk

f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk


fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------

mifo"k; % eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;k¡ fnukad % ----------------------

mn~ns'; eqgkojs rFkk yksdksfDr;ksa osQ egRo ls ifjp;] muosQ vFkZ rFkk O;kogkfjd iz;ksx

dks le>kuk

Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA


ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'u djokukA



iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k eqgkojs&yksdksfDr;ksa ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa ls

^tqfM+, ,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ djok,¡ rFkk iz'u iwNsaA








eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;k¡Idioms and Proverbs 22

74

fu"d"kZ Nk=k vf/drj eqgkojs rFkk yksdksfDr;ksa osQ vFkZ le>us rFkk mudk O;kogkfjd

iz;ksx djus esa leFkZ gSaA




”kjk crkb, rks

eqgkojs okD;ka'k gksrs gSa] tcfd yksdksfDr Lora=k gksrh gSA

mnkgj.kµdej dlukµeqgkojkA

,d vukj lkS chekjµyksdksfDrA

Nk=k Lo;a crk,¡xsA

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) lSfudksa us fdlh ij vk¡p u vkus nhA

([k) Jo.k oqQekj xqnM+h dk yky FkkA

(x) jeu rqEgsa /ks[kk ns jgk gS] D;k rqEgkjh vk¡[kksa ij ijnk iM+k gSA

(?k) iq=k dks nks"kh ikus ij firk dk dystk Nyuh gks x;kA

(Ä) xjhc fdlku lsB osQ lkeus [kwu dk ?kw¡V ihdj jg x;kA

(p) iSlk u gksus ij O;kikj djuk ikuh esa vkx yxkus tSlk gSA

2- (d) viuh [kh> fudkyukµvkWfi+ Ql dk xqLlk ?kj ij D;ksa fudky jgs gks\ lp gSµf[kfl;kuh

fcYyh [kaHkk ukspsA

([k) izR;{k dks izek.k dh vko';drk ugha gksrhµ;g e'khu mRre gSA ;gh pykdj ns[k

yksA gkFk oaQxu dks vkjlh D;kA

(x) vksNk O;fDr vf/d fn[kkok djrk gSµnloha d{kk ikl dj [kqn dks izksi+ sQlj le>

jgs gksA lp gSµv/ty xxjh Nydr tk,A

(?k) ;ksX;rk ls c<+dj cksyukµvius firk dks f'k{kk er nksA NksVk eq¡g cM+h ckr vPNk ugha gSA

(Ä) eqlhcr esa vkSj eqlhcr vkukµukSdjh NwV xbZ Fkh] Åij ls pksjh Hkh gks xbZA ;g rks

oaQxkuh esa vkVk xhyk okyh ckr gks xbZA

75

3- (d) iRFkj dh ydhj ([k) ryos pkVus

(x) viuk gkFk txUukFk@ijk/hu liusgw¡ lq[k ukgha

(?k) vkxccwyk gksuk

(Ä) tks ryos pkVrs gSaA

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

djosQ nsf[k,

?kj dh eqxhZ nky cjkcj

Å¡V osQ eq¡g esa thjk

HkSal osQ vkxs chu ctkuk

bldh Vksih mlosQ flj

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

uksV % ikB 23] ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr ls lacaf/r gSA Nk=k iqLrd esa gh i<sa+xs vkSj le>saxsA

76

vifBr cks/kUnseen Comprehension 24


vifBr xn~;ka'k

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) D;ksafd ijk/hurk esa izk.kh dh izo`fRr;k¡ oaqQfBr gksdj jg tkrh gSaA

([k) rkfd mUgsa rksM+dj [kqys vkleku esa mM+ tk, ;k l?ku Mkfy;ksa ij cSBdj mUeqDr eèkqj

Lojksa esa xhr xk,A

(x) ys[kd ;g Lej.k dj jgk gS fd euq"; cqn~f/eku ltho vkSj l'kDr gS] vr% og

ijk/hurk dk fojks/ djs vkSj Lok/hu th,A

(?k) Lok/hurk dk lq[k (vU; mfpr 'kh"kZd Hkh Lohdk;Z)A

(Ä) O;fDrRoµvizkfIrµizR;;µRo_ milxZµv

2- (d) Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ nkSjku jkeizlkn osQ thou esa ifjorZu vk;kA

([k) vaxsz”kksa dk ljdkjh [k+”kkuk ywVus dh ;kstuk cukbZA

(x) [k+”kkuk 9 vxLr] 1925 dks dkdksjh LVs'ku ij ywVk x;kA

(?k) D;ksafd bUgksaus 26&27 o"kZ dh vk;q esa og dk;Z dj fn[kk;k] tks yach vk;q thus okys

Hkh ugha dj ikrsA

(Ä) ewy 'kCnµ^tx* gSA

3- (d) bl ;qx esa vusd izdkj osQ /kfeZd er yksxksa dks Hkzfer dj jgs FksA /eZ osQ uke ij

vusd ik[kaM rFkk oqQjhfr;k¡ iui jgh FkhaA

([k) lh/s ljy 'kCnksa esa lk/kj.k turk dks lgh ekxZ fn[kkukA

(x) vius y?kq :i osQ dkj.k nksgs turk esa izfln~/ gq,A

(?k) nksgs uhfr vkSj ijksidkj tSls thou&ewY;ksa ls lacaf/r gSaA

(Ä) pkj ikb;ksa (iafDr;ksa) dk lekgkjA

4- (d) ou vkSj thou (mfpr 'kh"kZd Lohdk;Z gksaA)

77

([k) taxyksa osQ fdukjs cls gq, FksA

(x) ns'k esa ek=k 23 izfr'kr Hkkx esa ou 'ks"k jg x, gSa rFkk orZeku thou cM+s&cMs+ egkuxjksa

esa lheasV] yksgs vkSj oaQozQhV osQ taxy esa oSQn gSA

(?k) c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k] iSQyrs gq, eSnku] cM+s&cM+s mn~;ksxksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk vk/qfud lH;rkA

(Ä) ns'k esa de&ls&de 40 izfr'kr Hkkx esa ou gksus vko';d gSaA

vifBr in~;ka'k

vkb,] vc fy[ksa

1- (d) lezkVksa dh lRrk dk¡i xbZ] jktkvksa osQ ¯lgklu Mksy x,] turk tkxzr gks xbZ rFkk

d.k&d.k cksyus yxkA

([k) izk.kksa dk cfynku nsdjA

(x) izyksHkuksa osQ ykyp esa dgha iFkHkz"V er gks tkukA

(?k) dk;jrk Hkxkdj] uSfrdrk txkdj] lekurk] Lora=krk] ca/qRo dk Hkko txkdj yksd

^lR; f'ko lqanj* gks ldrk gSA

(Ä) gekjk x.kra=kA

2- (d) dfo Hkkjrh;ksa osQ vfLrRo dh [kksrh igpku dh leL;k ij fopkj djus dks dgk gSA

([k) nwljksa osQ nq[k dks viuk ekuuk] ijksidkj] n;k] R;kx] ekuork vkfnA

(x) nwljksa osQ nq[k dks viuk ekuuk] ,d bZ'oj dh larku gksuk] lekurk dk Hkko] ijksidkj

vkfnA

(?k) ekuo dks xqyke u cukdj j[kus dh jhfr rFkk Hkw[ks dks Hkkstu nsdj mldh Hkw[k feVkus

dh uhfrA

(Ä) Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr dh egkurkA

3- (d) ikol dk izFke fnolA

([k) /jrh ls vaoqQj iwQV iM+kA

(x) olqa/jkA

(?k) gjh ?kkl dksA

(Ä) nwc izlUu gksdj eqldkbZA

78

4- (d) ygjksa dks tydU;kvksa dh Hkk¡fr u`R; djrs fn[kk;k gSA

([k) iq"iksa dh iafDr;ksa osQ leku] tydU;k,¡] uo r# ny osQ leku] rkjkofy osQ lekuA

(x) ftl izdkj tydU;k,¡ lkxj esa ozQhM+k djrh gSa] mlh izdkj ygjsa Hkh ckj&ckj mB fxj

jgh FkhaA

(?k) rkjkoyh osQ leku ygjsa lkxj esa mB&fxjdj mTToy gks xbZ FkhaA tSls rkjs panzek ls

pk¡nuh ysdj pedrs gSa] oSls gh ygjsa Hkh lkxj osQ ty ls fueZy ,oa LoPN gks xbZ

FkhaA

(Ä) ygjkas dk xkuA

”kjk lksfp, rks

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

djosQ nsf[k,

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

uksVµvU; lHkh ikBksa osQ iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=k viuh jpukRedrk osQ vk/kj ij fy[ksaxsA

79

vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ2

1- fo'ks"k.k fo'ks";

(d) Å¡ps igkM+

([k) lkr iqLrosaQ

(x) nks g”kkj #i;s

(?k) Ms<+ fdyks tysch

2- (d) vdeZd ([k) ldeZd (x) vdeZd (?k) ldeZd

3- (d) eksgu jkek;.k i<+sxkA ([k) lSfud n~okjk 'k=kq ij izgkj fd;k x;kA

(x) 'ksj osQ fn[krs gh lc Mj x,A (?k) lksrk gSµfozQ;k

(Ä) m/jµLFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.kA

4- (d) og rs”k&rs”k pyus yxkA ([k) esjs ihNs pyksA

(x) og vf/d [kk x;kA (x) ekek th ijlksa vk,¡xsA

5- Nk=k okD; Lo;a fy[ksaxsA

6- mn~ns'; fo/s;

(d) usgk lekt&lsok djrh gSA

([k) lSfudksa us j.kHkwfe esa vn~Hkqr lkgl fn[kk;kA

(x) ge yksx dy ?kweus x, FksA

(?k) jsyxkM+h LVs'ku ij #dh

7- (d) ;kf=k;ksa osQ cSBus ij gokbZ tgk”k mM+ x;kA

([k) tc ekrk th us diM+s /ks fy, rc mUgksaus vkjke fd;kA

(x) lHkk lekIr gqbZ vkSj lc vius&vius ?kj pys x,A

8- (d) eSa i<+rk ugha gw¡A

([k) jlksb, n~okjk [kkuk cuk;k tk jgk gSA

(x) if{k;ksa ls mM+k tk,xkA

9- (d) fo'ks"k.k inca/ ([k) fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k inca/

(x) laKk inca/ (?k) loZuke inca/

80

10- (d) xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k] Ô;fDr* fo'ks"; dk fo'ks"k.k] ,dopu] iq¯YyxA

([k) jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k] îdM+h* fozQ;k dh fo'ks"krk crk jgk gSA

(x) vfu'p;okpd loZuke] ,dopu] iq¯Yyx] orZeku dkyA

(?k) laKk (O;fDrokpd)] iqfYayx] ,dopu (vknjlwpd)] orZeku dkyA

10- ,M~l jksx dk iwjk uke gS] ^,Dok;MZ bE;wuks MsfiQf'k,alh flaMªkse*A ;g jksx ,púvkbZúohú ok;jl

ls iSQyrk gSA

12- (d) e”knwj (Jfed) dh ckr dj jgk gSA

([k) >ksaifM+;ksa esaA

(x) egy ltk,] vUu mitk;kA

(?k) D;k esjs fy, lekt dk dksbZ drZO; ugha gS\

(Ä) le;kHkko osQ dkj.kA

13- Nk=k Lo;a fy[ksaxsA

14- Nk=k Lo;a fy[ksaxsA

81

dk;Z&if=kdkµ1

uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d

ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20

1- Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, bldk egRo crkb,A

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2- lgh@xyr crkb,µ

(d) Hkkjr esa 22 Hkk"kk,¡ lafo/ku esa Loho`Qr gSaA

([k) O;kdj.k Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku ugha djkrkA

(x) mnwZ dh ”k i+ Q èofu;ksa dk ¯gnh esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA

(?k) laxe ls 'kCnksa dh lhekvksa dk irk pyrk gSA

3- fyfi o cksyh esa varj Li"V dhft,A

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4- Loj o O;atu esa varj Li"V dhft,A

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82

5- o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,µ

(d) lwjt µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ew[kZrk µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

6- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ :i fyf[k,µ

(d) bfrgkfld µ ---------------------------------

([k) lU;klh µ ---------------------------------

(x) vkS"k/h µ ---------------------------------

(?k) iwT;uh; µ ---------------------------------

7- Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k dk D;k laca/ gS\

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8- ^¯gnh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\ bls eukus dk D;k iz;kstu gS\

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83

dk;Z&if=kdkµ2



1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ

(d) vH;kxr µ --------------------------------- ([k) lR;kFkZ µ ---------------------------------

(x) laj{k.k µ ---------------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr esa laf/ dhft,µ

(d) eu% $ gj µ --------------------------------- ([k) ml $ gh µ ---------------------------------

(x) lq $ lek µ ---------------------------------

3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa laf/;ksa osQ izdkj crkb,µ

(d) lnSo µ --------------------------------- ([k) fu/Zu µ ---------------------------------

4- 'kCn dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A

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5- ;kSfxd o ;ksx:<+ 'kCnksa esa varj crkb,A

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84

6- iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn fyf[k,A

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7- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lkeus mudh lzksr Hkk"kk fyf[k,µ

(d) i+ Qly µ ------------------------ ([k) nhokj µ ------------------------

(x) Mk;jh µ ------------------------ (?k) pk; µ ------------------------

8- vuqLokj o vuqukfld esa D;k varj gS\ buosQ iz;ksx okys 5&5 'kCn fyf[k,µ

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9- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ o.kZ i`Fkd dhft,µ

(d) vR;ar µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) Jn~/k µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) xka/h µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) Kku µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(Ä) {kf=k; µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

85

dk;Z&if=kdkµ3



1- fuEufyf[kr rRle 'kCnksa osQ fy, rn~Hko 'kCn fyf[k,µ

(d) y{k µ ----------------------------- ([k) liZ µ -----------------------------

(x) e;wj µ ----------------------------- (?k) funzk µ -----------------------------

(Ä) i;±d µ ----------------------------- (p) xzke µ -----------------------------

(N) ukfldk µ ----------------------------- (t) okrkZ µ -----------------------------

(>) dad.k µ ----------------------------- (×k) gLr µ -----------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr rn~Hko 'kCnksa osQ fy, rRle 'kCn fyf[k,µ

(d) canj µ ----------------------------- ([k) fcLrj µ -----------------------------

(x) dkSvk µ ----------------------------- (?k) lwr µ -----------------------------

(Ä) igj µ ----------------------------- (p) okj µ -----------------------------

(N) Hkh[k µ ----------------------------- (t) iRrk µ -----------------------------

(>) [ksr µ ----------------------------- (×k) ?kM+k µ -----------------------------

3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ

(d) eks{k µ -------------------------] -------------------------

([k) fdj.k µ -------------------------] -------------------------

(x) o`{k µ -------------------------] -------------------------

(?k) xaxk µ -------------------------] -------------------------

(Ä) ryokj µ -------------------------] -------------------------

(p) izse µ -------------------------] -------------------------

(N) o`Q"kd µ -------------------------] -------------------------

86

4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ

(d) ½.k µ ----------------------------- ([k) èoal µ -----------------------------

(x) vknZ µ ----------------------------- (?k) vkRek µ -----------------------------

(Ä) [ky µ ----------------------------- (p) taxe µ -----------------------------

(N) viO;; µ ----------------------------- (t) vkxeu µ -----------------------------

(>) dfu"B µ ----------------------------- (×k) tkxj.k µ -----------------------------

5- uhps fn, x, Jqfrle fHkUukFkZd 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ

(d) vkdj µ ----------------------------- vkdkj µ -----------------------------

([k) izlkn µ ----------------------------- izklkn µ -----------------------------

(x) ikuh µ ----------------------------- ikf.k µ -----------------------------

(?k) ckr µ ----------------------------- okr µ -----------------------------

(Ä) oqQy µ ----------------------------- owQy µ -----------------------------

87

dk;Z&if=kdkµ4



1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa iz;qDr milxZ crkb,µ

(d) vè;{k µ ----------------------------- ([k) vutku µ -----------------------------

(x) njfdukj µ ----------------------------- (?k) v/kseq[k µ -----------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr milxks± ls nks&nks 'kCn cukb,µ

(d) fMIVh µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------

(x) iz µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------

3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa milxZ tksM+dj 'kCn cukb,µ

(d) efr µ ----------------------------- ([k) Fkkg µ -----------------------------

(x) ”kksj µ ----------------------------- (?k) iq=k µ -----------------------------

4- fuEufyf[kr izR;;ksa ls 'kCn cukb,µ

(d) b;y µ ----------------------------- ([k) vkbZ µ -----------------------------

(x) ,jk µ ----------------------------- (?k) ck”k µ -----------------------------

5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa iz;qDr izR;;ksa dks crkb,µ

(d) yqfV;k µ ----------------------------- ([k) ”kgjhyk µ -----------------------------

(x) izrhf{kr µ ----------------------------- (?k) vfHkekuh µ -----------------------------

6- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa iz;qDr milxZ] ewy'kCn o izR;; crkb,µ

milxZ ewy 'kCn izR;;

(d) ijk/hurk µ ----------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------

([k) cs'kehZ µ ----------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------

88

7- fuEufyf[kr leLrinksa osQ foxzg dhft,µ

(d) iatkc µ ----------------------------- ([k) rqylhoQr µ -----------------------------

(x) nky&Hkkr µ -----------------------------

8- fuEufyf[kr foxzgksa osQ leLrin cukdj lekl dk uke Hkh crkb,µ

leLrin lekl dk uke

(d) le; osQ vuqlkj µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------

([k) panzek osQ leku eq[k µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------

(x) ckrksa gh ckrksa esa µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------

89

dk;Z&if=kdkµ5



1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh Hkkookpd laKk,¡ fyf[k,µ

(d) ?kcjkuk µ ----------------------------- ([k) ukjh µ -----------------------------

(x) vki µ ----------------------------- (?k) papy µ -----------------------------

(Ä) e/qj µ ----------------------------- (p) thuk µ -----------------------------

(N) 'k=kq µ ----------------------------- (t) ehBk µ -----------------------------

(>) izHkq µ ----------------------------- (×k) cw<+k µ -----------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ ¯yx ifjofrZr djosQ fyf[k,µ

(d) ;kpd µ ----------------------------- ([k) drkZ µ -----------------------------

(x) Hkkyw µ ----------------------------- (?k) dfo µ -----------------------------

(Ä) lqr µ ----------------------------- (p) HkkX;okuµ -----------------------------

(N) Lokeh µ ----------------------------- (t) oDRkk µ -----------------------------

(>) jpf;rk µ ----------------------------- (×k) Nk=k µ -----------------------------

3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ opu ifjofrZr djosQ fyf[k,µ

(d) Nk=k µ ----------------------------- ([k) ukjh µ -----------------------------

(x) nok µ ----------------------------- (?k) iafDr µ -----------------------------

(Ä) fMfc;k µ ----------------------------- (p) vk¡[k µ -----------------------------

(N) dFkk µ ----------------------------- (t) xkS µ -----------------------------

(>) l[kh µ ----------------------------- (×k) dejk µ -----------------------------

90

4- fuEufyf[kr fodYiksa esa ls gh dkjd Hksn dk uke fyf[k,µ

(d) /ksch us diM+s /ks;sA --------------------------------------------

(drkZ@laiznku@lca/@dj.k)

([k) jhek iQy [kkrh gSA --------------------------------------------

([email protected]@laiznku@deZ)

(x) firk th [kkuk [kk jgs gSaA --------------------------------------------

(drkZ@[email protected]@laiznku)

(?k) nhnh us HkS;k dks 'kjkjr djrs gq, ns[kkA --------------------------------------------

(dj.k@drkZ@deZ@laiznku)

(Ä) cPps eSnku esa fozQosQV [ksy jgs gSaA --------------------------------------------

(dj.k@drkZ@vf/dj.k@deZ)

(p) jhek Nr ij oSQje cksMZ [ksy jgh gSA --------------------------------------------

(vf/dj.k@drkZ@[email protected])

(N) ek¡ us csVs dks MaMs ls ekjkA --------------------------------------------

(dj.k@vf/dj.k@laiznku@laca/)

(t) xqtjkr esa HkwoaQi ls yk[kksa yksx ekjs x,A --------------------------------------------

(drkZ@[email protected]@viknku)

(>) gk;! eSa yqV x;kA --------------------------------------------

(drkZ@deZ@viknku@lacks/u)

(×k) gs bZ'oj! ge lcdh j{kk djukA --------------------------------------------

(drkZ@viknku@laiznku@lacks/u)

91

dk;Z&if=kdkµ6



1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa iz;qDr loZukeksa osQ izdkj fyf[k,µ

(d) oqQN rqe djks] oqQN ge djsaA --------------------------------------------

([k) rqEgkjs ihNs D;k gS\ --------------------------------------------

(x) mlus cPpksa dks Hkxk fn;kA --------------------------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls fo'ks"k.k cukb,µ

(d) d"V µ ----------------------------- ([k) izlUurk µ -----------------------------

(x) iB µ ----------------------------- (?k) vkxs µ -----------------------------

3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls fo'ks"k.k Nk¡Vdj muosQ Hksn fyf[k,µ

(d) lat; us ubZ deh”k [kjhnhA --------------------------------------------

([k) lHkk esa FkksM+s O;fDr gh FksA --------------------------------------------

(x) ;g jkscksV ukprk gSA --------------------------------------------

4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fozQ;k osQ Hksnksa dks crkb,µ

(d) eksguyky jkr esa Mj x;kA --------------------------------------------

([k) mlus ikS/k yxk;kA --------------------------------------------

(x) dey tYnh lks x;kA --------------------------------------------

(?k) vi+ Qlj us DyoZQ ls i=k fy[kok;kA --------------------------------------------

92

5- deZ osQ vk/kj ij fuEufyf[kr fozQ;kvksa osQ izdkj crkb,µ

(d) ytkuk µ ----------------------------- ([k) i<+uk µ -----------------------------

(x) g¡lrk µ ----------------------------- (?k) Bgjuk µ -----------------------------

6- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa loZuke 'kCn dks js[kkafdr djosQ Hksn dk uke fyf[k,µ

(d) vkt rqEgkjk tUefnu gS] rqEgsa D;k fn;k tk,\ --------------------------------------------

([k) ge lc feydj [kkuk idk,¡xsA --------------------------------------------

(x) bu NqV~fV;ksa esa dgk¡ tkvksxs\ --------------------------------------------

(?k) fdlh us esjh iqLrd mBk yhA --------------------------------------------

(Ä) ;g i=k dgha ls vk;k gSA --------------------------------------------

93

dk;Z&if=kdkµ7



1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ Hksn crkb,µ

(d) Nk=k [kwc [ksyrk gSA --------------------------------------------

([k) eSa vHkh iQy e¡xokrk gw¡A --------------------------------------------

(x) ge diM+s /ksrs gSaA --------------------------------------------

(?k) yxkrkj o"kkZ gks jgh gSA --------------------------------------------

(Ä) yksxksa us pksj dks fiVok;kA --------------------------------------------

(p) mlus jke dks xhr lquk;kA --------------------------------------------

(N) Nk=k dye ls dkWih esa fy[k jgs gSaA --------------------------------------------

(t) i{kh vkleku esa mM+rs gSaA --------------------------------------------

(>) lquhrk us fe=k osQ fy, i=k fy[kok;kA --------------------------------------------

(×k) x.ks'k ”kksj&”kksj ls g¡l jgk gSA --------------------------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr fodYiksa esa ls lgh fozQ;k&Hksn pqudj fyf[k,µ

(d) cPph jks jgh gSA --------------------------------------------

(vdeZd@[email protected])

([k) vè;kfidk us cPpksa dks ¯gnh i<+kbZA --------------------------------------------


(x) ek¡ us ehrk ls diM+s /qyok,A --------------------------------------------


94

(?k) firk th eqldjk jgs gSaA --------------------------------------------


(Ä) jk?ko firk th dks i=k fy[k jgk gSA --------------------------------------------


3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ dky crkb,µ

(d) vki ;g ys ldrs gSaA --------------------------------------------

([k) og iQy [kjhnus ck”kkj x;kA --------------------------------------------

(x) fuf[ky Nr ij cSBdj i<+ jgk gSA --------------------------------------------

(?k) 'kk;n eSa le; ij igq¡p ikÅ¡A --------------------------------------------

4- okP; cnydj okD; iqu% fyf[k,µ

(d) Nk=k tulHkk djsaxsA (deZokP;)

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([k) jkr dks eSa lks ugha ik;kA (HkkookP;)

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(x) dfiy ls [ksyk tkrk gSA (dr`ZokP;)

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5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ okP; dk Hksn crkb,µ

(d) nknh ls pyk ugha tkrkA --------------------------------------------

([k) ujs'k pk; ihrk gSA --------------------------------------------

(x) lfork n~okjk iwQy rksM+s tkrs gSaA --------------------------------------------

95

dk;Z&if=kdkµ8



1- fuEufyf[kr fozQ;kfo'ks"k.kksa osQ Hksn crkb,µ

(d) Hkhrj µ ----------------------------- ([k) 'kk;n µ -----------------------------

(x) >VosQ ls µ ----------------------------- (?k) FkksM+k µ -----------------------------

2- laca/cks/d vO;; fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa iz;qDr leqPp;cks/d vO;;ksa osQ Hksn fyf[k,µ

(d) ohj ?keaMh ugha cfYd fouez gksrs gSaA -----------------------------------------------------

([k) og de”kksj gS] blfy, Hkkx ugha ldrkA -----------------------------------------------------

(x) ckfj'k dh iqQgkjsa ,slh yx jgh Fkha -----------------------------------------------------

ekuksa eksrh cjl jgs gksA

4- fuEufyf[kr foLe;kfncks/d vO;;ksa dks okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ

(d) /U; µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vPNk µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- fuikr Nk¡fV,µ

(d) eq>s Hkh lkFk ys pfy,A -------------------------------------

([k) rqe ?kj rd igq¡ps ;k ughaA -------------------------------------

96

6- fuEufyf[kr fozQ;kfo'ks"k.kksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ

(d) 'kh?kz µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) loZ=k µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) vpkud µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) izfrfnu µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Ä) fujarj µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7- fn, x, fØ;kfo'ks"k.kksa ls fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ

;Fkkle;] /hjs&/hjs] 'kh?kz] vktdy] tSls&rSls] [kwc] ijlksa] mruk] er] vo';A

(d) eS --------------------------------- LVs'ku igq¡p x;kA

([k) --------------------------------- ;gk¡ lw[kk iM+k gSA

(x) iwQy --------------------------------- rksM+ksA

(?k) rqe --------------------------------- dgk¡ jgs\

(Ä) og --------------------------------- i<+ jgk gSA

(p) --------------------------------- [kkvks ftruk ipk ldrs gksA

(N) yksx --------------------------------- ckrsa djrs vk jgs FksA

(t) vkt Vsªu --------------------------------- vkbZ gSA

(>) eS rqEgkjs fookg esa --------------------------------- vkmQ¡xkA

(×k) --------------------------------- djosQ fnYyh igq¡p x,A

97

dk;Z&if=kdkµ9



1- fozQ;k osQ in&ifjp; esa D;k&D;k crk;k tkrk gS\

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa eksVs Nis 'kCnksa dk in&ifjp; nhft,µ

(d) yksx ,slk lksp jgs FksA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ujasnz [ksy jgk FkkA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) bjkd esa vusd O;fDr ekjs x,A

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) rqEgkjh iqLrosaQ ;s gSaA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa eksVs Nis inca/ksa osQ Hksn crkb,µ

(d) ns'kHkj osQ nfyr vc csjks”kxkj ugha gksaxsA --------------------------------------------

([k) lekpkj&i=k cspus okyk yM+dk vkt ugha vk;kA --------------------------------------------

(x) uko ikuh esa Mwcrh pyh xbZA --------------------------------------------

(?k) xsan dh rjg yq<+ddj og lhf<+;ksa ls uhps fxjkA --------------------------------------------

98

4- funsZ'kkuqlkj okD; cnfy,µ

(d) ml xjhc dh dksbZ ugha lqurkA (la;qDr okD;)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) eSaus ,d yack O;fDr ns[kkA (feJ okD;)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) cPpk nkSM+k vkSj esjs ikl vk;kA (ljy okD;)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- vFkZ dh n`f"V ls fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ Hksn crkb,µ

(d) rqEgkjk uke D;k gS\ --------------------------------------------

([k) vki pk; ihft,A --------------------------------------------

(x) dk'k! og dy ;gk¡ vk,A --------------------------------------------

(?k) eSa [ksy ugha jgk gw¡A --------------------------------------------

6- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa v'kqn~f/ dk izdkj crkb,µ

(d) jke ty dks fi,xkA --------------------------------------------

([k) vkidk Hkonh;A --------------------------------------------

(x) mldh rks rdnhj VwV xbZA --------------------------------------------

(?k) ,d egku O;fDr vkbZ gSA --------------------------------------------

99

dk;Z&if=kdkµ10



1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mi;qDr fojke&fpg~u yxkb,µ

(d) ij ,d ckr dgw¡ ekuksxs tkudkj us iwNk

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) pyks pyks viuk iapySV vk;k gS iapySV

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) okg fdruh vPNh dgkuh gS

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) fn'kk,¡ pkj gksrh gSa iwjc if'pe mRrj vkSj nf{k.k

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Ä) lkosQr ,d egkdkO; gSA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr fojke&fpg~uksa osQ uke crkb,µ

(d) ª µ ----------------------------- ([k) _ µ -----------------------------

(x) %µ µ ----------------------------- (?k) ! µ -----------------------------

3- fuEufyf[kr ljy dFkuksa osQ fy, mi;qDr eqgkojs fyf[k,µ

(d) ;g rks vfr ljy dke gSA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) fdlku&e”knwj cgqr esgur djosQ viuk isV Hkjrs gSaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

100

4- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dks okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ

(d) va/s dh ykBh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) dku Hkjuk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) ukd dVokuk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- fuEufyf[kr yksdksfDr;ksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ

(d) ,d vukj dh lkS chekj -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vk cSy eq>s ekj -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) ,d gkFk ls rkyh ugha ctrh -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) ?kj dk Hksnh yadk <k, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa iz;qDr vyadkj crkb,µ

(d) dy dkfyanh owQy dh dkfyr dyke; osQfy ---------------------------------------------------------

([k) lwj lwj rqylh lfl ---------------------------------------------------------

(x) rc rks cgrk le; f'kyk&lk te tk,xk ---------------------------------------------------------

101

dk;Z&if=kdkµmRrjkoyh

dk;Z&if=kdkµ1

1- Hkk"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk ekuo vius eu osQ Hkkoksa ,oa fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrk

gSA Hkk"kk osQ fcuk ekuo dk laiw.kZ fodkl #d tkrk gSA Hkk"kk osQ dkj.k gh ekuo lHkh

izkf.k;ksa esa Js"B gSA

2- (d) ([k) (x) (?k)

3- fyfi osQ nokjk o.kks± osQ fpg~uksa dks fy[kk tkrk gSA ;g Hkk"kk dks LFkkf;Ro iznku djrh gS]

tcfd cksyh ekSf[kd gksrh gSA bldk nk;jk Hkh lhfer gksrk gSA

4- os èofu;k¡ ftuosQ mPpkj.k esa vU; èofu;ksa dks lgkjk ugha ysuk iM+rk vkSj gok eq[k ls fcuk

fdlh #dkoV osQ fudyrh gS] mUgsa Loj dgrs gSaA

os o.kZ ftudk mPpkj.k Lojksa dh lgk;rk ls gksrk gS] mUgsa O;atu dgrs gSaA

5- (d) l~$Å$j~$v$t$v ([k) e~$Å$j~$[k~$v$r~$vk

6- (d) ,sfrgkfld ([k) laU;klh (x) vkS"kf/ (?k) iwtuh;

7- Hkk"kk fopkjksa osQ vknku&iznku dk lk/u gS vkSj O;kdj.k Hkk"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i fl[kkrk gSA

'kqn~/ Hkk"kk dk izHkko oqQN vyx gh gksrk gSA ;g u osQoy euq"; osQ O;fDrRo dks fu[kkjrh

gS] vfirq Hkk"kk laizs"k.k dks Hkh bruk izHkko'kkyh cukrh gS fd fopkj&fofue; Js"Brk osQ Lrj

ij gksrk gSA

8- ^¯gnh fnol* izfro"kZ 14 flracj dks euk;k tkrk gSA ¯gnh dk egRo tu&tu rd igq¡pkus

osQ fy, ;g fnol euk;k tkrk gSA

dk;Z&if=kdkµ2

1- (d) vfHk $ vkxr ([k) lR; $ vFkZ (x) le~ $ j{k.k

2- (d) euksgj ([k) mlh (x) lq"kek

102

3- (d) Loj laf/ ([k) folxZ laf/

4- (d) 'kCn ls fdlh vFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA

([k) 'kCn Hkk"kk dh Lora=k bdkbZ gSA

5- ;kSfxd 'kCn nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls curs gSa rFkk buosQ lkFkZd [kaM fd, tk ldrs gSa_

tSlsµci+ QhZykµci+ ZQ $ bZykA

ftl ;kSfxd 'kCn ls :<+ vFkok fo'ks"k vFkZ O;aftr gksrk gS] mls ;ksx:<+ 'kCn dgrs gSa_

tSlsµ^prqHkqZt* 'kCn ls fo".kq dk vFkZ fudyrk gSA

6- iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ nks Hksn gSaµ

(d) lkekU; 'kCnµ;s lk/kj.k iz;ksx osQ 'kCn gksrs gSaA ;s lgt cks/xE; gSa_ tSlsµikuh]

pk;] e'khu vkfnA

([k) rduhdh 'kCnµ;s 'kCn fdlh fo"k;] foKku vkfn ls lacaf/r gksrs gSa_ tSlsµlaKk]

loZuke] dksf'kdk vkfnA

7- (d) vjch ([k) i+ Qkjlh (x) vaxzs”kh (?k) phuh

8- vuqLokj dk mPpkj.k ukd ls gksrk gSA bldk fpg~u (µa ) gSA bls Loj ;k O;atu osQ Åij

yxkrs gSa_ tSlsµvar] lqxa/] uhan] iadt] vkdka{kk vkfnA

vuqukfld dk mPpkj.k djrs le; èofu ukd o eq¡g ls lkFk&lkFk fudyrh gSA bldk fpg~u

(µ¡ ) gksrk gS_ tSlsµpk¡n] xk¡o] iw¡N] vk¡[k] vk¡èkhA bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx mu o.kks± o ek=kkvksa

osQ lkFk gksrk gS] ftudh ek=kk f'kjksjs[kk osQ Åij ugha yxkbZ tkrhA

9- (d) v $ r~ $ ;~ $ v $ u~ $ r~ $ v

([k) 'k~ $ j~ $ v~ $ n~ $ /~ $ vk

(x) x~ $ vka $ /~ $ bZ

(?k) t~ $ ×k~ $ vk $ u~ $ v

(Ä) o~Q $ "k~ $ v $ r~ $ j~ $ b $ ;~ $ v

dk;Z&if=kdkµ3

1- (d) yk[k ([k) lk¡i (x) eksj (?k) uhan

(Ä) iyax (p) xk¡o (N) ukd (t) ckr

(>) oaQxu (×k) gkFk

103

2- (d) okuj ([k) foLrj (x) dkd (?k) lw=k

(Ä) izgj (p) oklj (N) fHk{kk (t) i=k

(>) {ks=k (×k) ?kV

3- (d) oSQoY;] eqfDr ([k) va'kq] dj

(x) foVi] r# (?k) lqjlfj] eankfduh

(Ä) panzgkl] vfl (p) Lusg] izhfr

(N) gyokgk] fdlku

4- (d) m½.k ([k) fuekZ.k (x) 'kq"d (?k) ijekRek

(Ä) lTtu (p) LFkkoj (N) ferO;; (t) izLFkku

(>) ofj"B (×k) funzk

5- (d) [kku] HkaMkj vko`Qfr

([k) o`Qik egy

(x) ty gkFk

(?k) opu gok

(Ä) oa'k fdukjk

dk;Z&if=kdkµ4

1- (d) vf/ ([k) vu (x) nj (?k) v/%

2- (d) fMIVh dfe'uj] fMIVh Mk;jsDVj ([k) izokl] iznku

3- (d) lqefr ([k) vFkkg (x) de”kksj (?k) lqiq=k

4- (d) vfM+;y ([k) li+ QkbZ (x) l¡isjk (?k) /ks[ksck”k

5- (d) b;k ([k) bZyk (x) br (?k) bZ

6- milxZ ewy'kCn izR;;

(d) ij v/hu rk

([k) cs 'keZ bZ

104

7- (d) ik¡p vkcksa (ufn;ksa) dk lekgkj ([k) rqyhl n~okjk o`Qr (x) nky vkSj Hkkr

8- leLrin lekl dk uke

(d) ;Fkkle; vO;;hHkko

([k) panzeq[k deZ/kj;

(x) ckrksackr vO;;hHkko

dk;Z&if=kdkµ5

1- (d) ?kcjkgV ([k) ukjhRo (x) vkik (?k) papyrk

(Ä) ek/q;Z@e/qjrk (p) thou (N) 'k=kqrk (t) feBkl

(>) izHkqRo (×k) cq<+kik

2- (d) ;kfpdk ([k) d=khZ (x) eknk Hkkyw (?k) dof;=kh

(Ä) lqrk (p) HkkX;orh (N) Lokfeuh (t) oD=kh

(>) jpf;=kh (×k) Nk=kk

3- (d) Nk=kx.k ([k) ukfj;k¡ (x) nok,¡ (?k) iafDr;k¡

(Ä) fMfc;k¡ (p) vk¡[ksa (N) dFkk,¡ (t) xkS,¡

(>) lf[k;k¡ (×k) dejs

4- (d) drkZ ([k) drkZ (x) deZ (?k) deZ

(Ä) vf/dj.k (p) vf/dj.k (N) dj.k (t) viknku

(>) lacks/u (×k) lacks/u

dk;Z&if=kdkµ6

1- (d) eè;e o mRreiq#"kokpd ([k) iq#"kokpd] iz'uokpd

(x) vU; iq#"kokpd

2- (d) d"Vnk;d ([k) izlUu (x) ifBr (?k) vxyk

3- (d) ubZµxq.kokpd ([k) FkksM+sµvfuf'pr la[;kokpd (x) ;gµlkoZukfed

105

4- (d) vdeZd ([k) ldeZd (x) la;qDr (?k) izsj.kkFkZd

5- (d) vdeZd ([k) ldeZd (x) vdeZd (?k) vdeZd

6- (d) rqEgsa] D;k eè;e iq#"kokpd] iz'uokpd

([k) ge mRre iq#"kokpd

(x) dgk¡ iz'uokpd

(?k) fdlh vfu'p;okpd

(Ä) dgha vfu'p;okpd

dk;Z&if=kdkµ7

1- (d) vdeZd ([k) ldeZd (x) ldeZd (?k) vdeZd

(Ä) ldeZd (p) ldeZd (N) ldeZd (t) vdeZd

(>) ldeZd (×k) vdeZd

2- (d) vdeZd ([k) ldeZd (x) izsj.kkFkZd (?k) vdeZd

(Ä) ldeZd

3- (d) lkekU; orZeku dky ([k) lkekU; Hkwrdky

(x) viw.kZ orZeku dky (?k) laHkkO; Hkfo";r~ dky

4- (d) Nk=kksa n~okjk tulHkk dh tk,xhA

([k) jkr esa eq>ls lks;k ugha x;kA

(x) dfiy [ksyrk gSA

5- (d) HkkookP; ([k) dr`ZokP; (x) deZokP;

dk;Z&if=kdkµ8

1- (d) LFkkuokpd ([k) dkyokpd (x) jhfrokpd (?k) ifjek.kokpd

2- laca/cks/d vO;; osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ

(d) iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ijµosQ fcuk] rdA

([k) O;qRifRr osQ vk/kj ijµfcuk] lesrA

(x) vFkZ osQ vuqlkjµosQ gsrq] osQ cnysA

106

3- (d) fojks/lwpd (lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d)

([k) ifjek.kokpd (lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d)

(x) Lo:iokpd (O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d)

4- (d) /U;! izHkq us o`Qik dj gh nhA

([k) vPNk! og iqfyl vf/dkjh cu x;kA

5- (d) Hkh ([k) rd

6- (d) 'kh?kz pyks] xkM+h NwV tk,xhA

([k) bZ'oj loZ=k fon~;eku gSA

(x) og vpkud vk x;kA

(?k) eSa izfrfnu [ksyrk gw¡A

(Ä) fujarj cksyus ls xyk nnZ dj jgk gSA

7- (d) 'kh?kz ([k) vktdy (x) er (?k) ijlksa

(Ä) vktdy (p) mruk (N) /hjs&/hjs (t) ;Fkkle;

(>) vo'; (×k) tSls&rSls

dk;Z&if=kdkµ9

1- fozQ;k osQ in&ifjp; esa fuEufyf[kr ckrsa crkbZ tkrh gSaµ

Hksn (vdeZd] ldeZd] izsj.kkFkZd] iwoZdkfyd vkfn)] dky] okP;] ¯yx] opu] iq#"k] vFkZ]

laca/A

2- (d) ,slk µ jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k] ^lksp jgs Fks* fozQ;k dh fo'ks"krk crk jgk gSA

([k) ujsanz µ drkZ dkjd] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] O;fDrokpd laKk] ^[ksy jgk Fkk* fozQ;k dk

drkZA

(x) vusd µ vfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k] iq¯Yyx] cgqopu] Ô;fDr* fo'ks";A

(?k) ;s µ fu'p;okpd loZuke] cgqopu] L=kh¯yxA

107

3- (d) laKk inca/ ([k) laKk inca/ (x) fozQ;k inca/

(?k) fo'ks"k.k inca/

4- (d) og xjhc gS vkSj mldh dksbZ ugha lqurkA

([k) eSaus ,d O;fDr ns[kk tks yack FkkA

(x) cPpk nkSM+dj esjs ikl vk;kA

5- (d) iz'uokpd ([k) vkKkokpd

(x) bPNkokpd (?k) fu"ks/okpd

6- (d) dkjd laca/h ([k) iqu#fDr laca/h

(x) fozQ;k laca/h (?k) ¯yx laca/h

dk;Z&if=kdkµ10

1- (d) ¶ij ,d ckr dgw¡] ekuksxs¸] tkudkj us iwNkA

([k) py&js&py] viuk iapySV vk;k gS] iapySV!

(x) okg! fdruh vPNh dgkuh gSA

(?k) fn'kk,¡ pkj gksrh gSaµiwjc] if'pe] mRrj vkSj nf{k.kA

(Ä) ^lkosQr* ,d egkdkO; gSA

2- (d) galin ([k) v/Zfojke

(x) fooj.k fpg~u (?k) foLe;kfncks/d fpg~u

3- (d) ck,¡ gkFk dk [ksy

([k) [kwu&ilhuk ,d djuk

4- (d) o`Q".k vius ekrk&firk dh va/s dh ykBh gSA

([k) oanuk dku Hkjus esa oqQ'ky gSA

(x) vfuy raoj us pksjh djosQ ifjokj dh ukd dVok nhA

108

5- (d) vkt iqfyl esa bZekunkj ukeek=k osQ gSaA lkjk ns'k bZekunkj iqfyl pkgrk gSA ,d vukj

lkS chekj okyh fLFkfr gks xbZ gSA

([k) jRu¯lg us cyohj osQ iSls ekj fy,A cyohj ,d xqaMk gSA jRu¯lg us rks ogh fd;k&vk

cSy eq>s ekjA

(x) lfork o vk'kk >xM+s dh nks"kh ,d&nwljs dks crk jgh FkhA ;g laHko ugha] D;ksafd

,d gkFk ls rkyh ugha ctrhA

(?k) vkradoknh ns'k osQ xn~nkjksa osQ dkj.k liQy gq,A lp gh dgk x;k gS ^?kj dk Hksnh

yadk <k,*A

6- (d) vuqizkl ([k) ;ed (x) miek

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ljLorh eSa vkSj esjk - saraswatihouse.com · 6 'kCnksa osQ ekud :i le>k, tk,¡xsA iqLrd esa nh xbZ Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ o miyfC/;ksa oQks fo'ks"k rkSj ij le>k;k tk,xkA Hkk"kk] miHkk"kk