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Name: _________________________ Date: __________

Unit 1C Biochemistry Part 1NOTES

Organic Chemistry The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

Inorganic chemistry- the study of all other compounds

Why is carbon so special? Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to

form up to four bonds with many other elements. One carbon atom can bond to another, giving it the

ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length.

These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double or even triple covalent bonds.

Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on themselves to form rings.

Organic Compounds vs. Inorganic CompoundsOrganic

Are usually defined as compounds which contain _____________ with __________________. (May contain additional elements as well)

Are produced only by living things (biotic). Range from simple to very complex. Contain strong, _____________________ bonds. Examples: CH4, C6H12O6, SUGARS, PROTEINS, FATS, OILS, DNA

Inorganic

Usually defined as compounds that _______________ contain carbon with hydrogen. (May contain just carbon.)

Often can be formed in the non-living (abiotic) environment, but : Can also be made by/found in living things. Examples: H2O, NaCl, O2, NH3, CaCO3, CO2

Substance Organic? Inorganic?

Summary/Additional Notes:

HONC 1234

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1. sodium chloride (table salt): NaCl2. glucose: C6H12O6

3. water: H2O4. heating oil: C14H305. chitin (a protein): C8H12NO5

6. thymine (a nitrogenous base): C5H5N2O2

7. sulfuric acid: H2SO4

8. oxygen gas: O2

9. ethanol: C2H5OH10. adenosine triphosphate (ATP): C10H16N5O13P3

11. carbon dioxide: CO2

Macromolecules The main organic molecules of living things Are ________________ made from _______________

o Monomers are small repeating unitso Polymers are larger molecules made from putting

the monomers together.

4 major groups of macromolecules:A. CarbohydratesB. LipidsC. Nucleic AcidsD. Protein

GROUP Basic Building Blocks (Monomers)

Macromolecule (Polymer)

Summary/Additional Notes:

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Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

The exception: Lipids are not composed of monomers and polymers. Instead, they take different forms which we will discuss.

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

Foods in which they are found

Building and Breaking Down Macromolecules2 major chemical processes (metabolic reactions) occur to ______________ or ____________________ organic molecules into larger or smaller units

These reactions occur to build and break all four types of macromolecule (carb, lipid, nucleic acid, and protein)

Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis

Dehydration SynthesisThe chemical reaction where a large molecule is _________ from smaller molecules by taking away a water molecule

Summary/Additional Notes:

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HydrolysisThe chemical reaction where a large molecule is _____ into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule

A. Carbohydrates Are molecules Made of the elements C, H, O in the ratio of 1:2:1 Main source of _____________ for

living things

They range from small, monosaccharides (_____________________)

to ____________________ molecules such as disaccharides,

to large polysaccharides (________________________________).

Monosaccharides smallest unit or monomer of a carbohydrate can be combined by dehydration synthesis to form larger molecules like

disaccharides and polysaccharides

Summary/Additional Notes:

disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide

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• Examples: Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose• Chemical Formula: C6H12O6

Structural Isomers – same formula, but _______________ structures

Another monosaccharide is ribose. It is a component of RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Disaccharide- a compound made by joining ___________ monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

Examples: 1. Sucrose (table sugar)- made from a glucose combined with a fructose2. Lactose (milk sugar)- made from a glucose combined with a galactose

Summary/Additional Notes:

C6H12O6C6H12O6C6H12O6

fructosegalactoseglucose

C5

H10

O5

ribose

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Polysaccharides- large molecules made by combining _____________ monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

3 main examples of polysaccharides:Polysaccharide: Found in: Made of: Used for:

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Structure of PolysaccharidesAll made of glucose monomers but in different arrangements:

Why do endurance athletes often consume a diet high in complex carbohydrates while training?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Summary/Additional Notes:

_________________

__________________

____________________________________

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If a starch polysaccharide 100 glucose molecules long is hydrolyzed, how many water molecules are needed to break the bonds?_________________

B. Lipids Are important for energy, cell structure, and waterproof coatings. Generally _______________________ in water Contain C, H, O (NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio) Lipids do not have a repeating structural monomer unit. They do not

technically form polymers. Different lipids have different structures.Types of Lipids*1)Fats- triglycerides that are solid at room temperature; usually from animal

sources Examples: butter, shortening, lard

*2) Oils- triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature; usually from plant sourcesExamples: sunflower oil, olive oil, corn oil

3) Waxes - ear wax, beeswax, and the waxy layer on the surface of plant leaves.4) Steroids - cholesterol; hormones such as testosterone; pigments used in animal

vision and in photosynthesis.5) Phospholipids – important structural component of cell membranes

Triglycerides Triglycerides are lipids that form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3

molecules called fatty acids. The structure of the fatty acid determines the function of the triglyceride

___________

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty acids1) A fatty acid is SATURATED if each carbon in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is bonded to another carbon atom by a ______________ bond (no C=C double or triple bonds)

Summary/Additional Notes:

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tend to form molecules called saturated fats which are at room temperature.

contain the maximum amount of hydrogens possible. unfortunately, NOT very 'heart-healthy'!

2) A fatty acid is UNSATURATED if there is at least one carbon-carbon ______________ bond (monounsaturated). A fatty acid is said to be POLYUNSATURATED if there are more than one carbon-carbon double bond

tend to form molecules called oils which are _______________ at room temperature.

contain fewer hydrogens these are more "heart-healthy"!

Formation of TriglyceridesFatty acids are attached to the glycerol molecules by dehydration synthesis.

This occurs at the carboxyl end of each fatty acid The carboxyl group can be written as COOH or -COOH. The carboxyl group

contains a carbonyl (C=O) group and a hydroxyl (–OH) group.

__________ __________How many water molecules are removed in the formation of 1 triglyceride?_________

Why do you think saturated fats are solid and unsaturated fats are liquids? Think about the structure/layout of each.

Summary/Additional Notes:

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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Melting point is the temperature at which a substance melts.

Which one of the fatty acids in the table is saturated?________________________Which is monounsaturated?________________________Which are polyunsaturated?______________________________________How does the number of double bonds affect the melting point?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary, or _______________,

information (EXAMPLES: DNA and RNA) Contain C, H, O, N, P. Made of monomers called ___________________ Many nucleotides come together by dehydration synthesis to form the

nucleic acid polymers (DNA or RNA)

Three parts to a nucleotide Nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group

Exception:A special nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores & releases energy.ATP molecules are nucleotides but do not come together to make polymers.

Summary/Additional Notes:

-5

-11

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Notice 3 phosphate groups instead of one in the ATP nucleotide

DNA and RNADNA- deoxyribonucleic acid

Nucleic acid that stores genetic information Holds the codes (genes) for proteins Contains the 5-carbon sugar

_________________________

RNA- Ribonucleic acid The helper molecule for DNA in the making

of proteins Contains the 5-carbon sugar

__________________

How many nucleotides are in the nucleic acid above?_____________

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

______________ → ______________ → _____________ → ____________

Summary/Additional Notes: