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Visual AidsCalifornia Education and the Environment Initiative

Living Under One Roof

Earth Science Standard

E.8.c.

E

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Living Under One Roof

Lesson 1 The Ozone Layer: Earth’s Natural Sunscreen

1 UV Overexposure: Sunburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Where in Earth’s Atmosphere Is the Ozone Layer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Model of the Ozone Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Lesson 2 How Ozone Forms and What It Does

4 Los Angeles Smog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5 Ozone in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

6 Natural Oxygen-Ozone Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Lesson 3 UV Radiation and the Web of Life

7 Ozone Layer Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Lesson 4 Ozone Depletion: A Natural Process

8 Ozone Destruction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

9 Antarctic Ozone Hole Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

10 Headlines about the Ozone Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

11 Solar Flares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

12 Volcanic Eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

13 Stratospheric Polar Clouds and the Ozone Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

14 Comparing Solar Flares to Ozone Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

15 Comparing Volcanic Eruptions to Ozone Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

16 Comparing Stratospheric Clouds to Ozone Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Contents

Lesson 5 Miracle Products of the 1930s to 1970s

17 Which Can You Live Without? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

18 Sources of Chlorine and Bromine Gas Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

19 Periodic Table of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

20 Miracle Products’ ODP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

21 Stratospheric Gas Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Lesson 6 Saving the Ozone Layer

22 Changes to the Ozone Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

23 Projected Recovery Stages of Global Ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 3

VA #1 UV Overexposure: Sunburn

UV Overexposure: Sunburn

Visual Aid 1

4 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids

VA #2 Where in Earth’s Atmosphere Is the Ozone Layer?

Where in Earth’s Atmosphere Is the Ozone Layer?

Visual Aid 2

Thermosphere

Mesosphere

Stratosphere

Troposphere

meteorites

Temperature

400˚ C

aurora borealis(northern lights)

-90˚ C

0˚ Cradio wavesreflected

-50˚ C

20˚ C

9 kmbirdsclouds

jet airliner Mount Everest

Height Above Sea Level

400 km

80 km

50 km

11 km

0 km

high altitudemilitary aircraftOzone Layer(15–30 Kilometers)

Ozone Layer

This is the atmosphere profile averaged over the year and over Earth.


VA #3 Model of the Ozone Layer

lower atmosphere

Earth

ozone layer

Model of the Ozone Layer

Visual Aid 3


VA #4 Los Angeles Smog

Los Angeles Smog

Visual Aid 4


VA #5 Ozone in the Atmosphere

Ozone in the Atmosphere

Ozone in the Atmosphere

Visual Aid5

Alti

tude

(m

iles)

Lower HigherOzone Concentration

Alti

tude

(ki

lom

eter

s)

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

20

15

10

5


VA #6 Natural Oxygen–Ozone Cycle

Natural Oxygen–Ozone Cycle

Visual Aid 6

Oxygen–Ozone Cycle

= Oxygen Atom

OzoneDestruction

OzoneProduction

The ozone molecule is split by radiation.

With UV energy,oxygen atom bondswith oxygen moleculeto form ozone.

The oxygen moleculeis split by radiation.


VA #7 Ozone Layer Connection

increas

ed UV radiation

Ozone Layer

Depletion

Ozone Layer Connection

Visual Aid 7

Human Communities

Overall, the effects of UV radiation on human health (eyes, immune system, skin) will cause an increased demand for more medical services. With aging and ever-increasing populations, demand for medical services will out weigh supply. Personal and governmental costs for health care will increase.

Cataracts & eye damage may result in: • Demand for more community services Increased taxes • Need for more doctors to perform surgery Tax already short supply of health care services • Personal loss of freedom and movement

Weakened immune system may result in:

• More diseases increased spreading of diseases• Vaccine failure more infectious diseases• Return of plagues on a global level• Increase in auto-immune diseases (HIV, arthritis, diabetes, MS)

Skin Damage (DNA) may result in:• Skin cancer death is worst-case scenario• Painful, costly treatment• Premature aging/wrinkles Self-esteem issues• Increased demand for cosmetic treatments

Phytoplankton

Damage to DNA causes reduced populations and/or altered species composition and may result in: • Changes to the marine food web Lossoflocalfisheries Changes to ecosystem Lossofglobalfisheries Food shortage Increased hunger/starvation Increased cost for food

Crops

Damage to DNA causes reduced crop production, may result in: • The need for more crop acreage Less native vegetation Reduced biodiversity More soil erosion • Increased costs for growing food Increased cost for food • Global food shortage • Land competition from other

demands—housing, natural areas

Ozone LayerOzone Layer

Depletion


VA #8 Ozone Destruction Process

VA #8 Ozone Destruction Process

CI

CICI

CICI

CI

CICI

CI chlorine atom

oxygen atom

Chlorine and bromine gases both destroy ozone in the same manner.

Bromine (Br) can be used in place of Cl in these reactions.

Ozone

Step 2: Chlorine breaks ozone apart, removing an oxygen atom.

Oxygen molecule

Step 3: This molecule reacts with the newly freed oxygen atom, which releases a free chlorine atom to catalyze more destruction of ozone.

Free oxygen atom

Oxygen molecule

Chlorine pollution collects on ice in clouds.

Step 1: UV radiation releases free chlorine atoms from chlorine gas or CFCs.

Ozone Destruction Process

Visual Aid 8


VA #9 Antarctic Ozone Hole Timeline

Oct., 19803.27 million square miles

Oct., 198210.8 msm

Sept, 198414.65 msm

Oct, 198614.37 msm

Sept., 198813.76 msm

Sept., 199021.05 msm

Sept, 199224.90 msm

Sept, 199626.96 msm

Sept., 199828.21 msm

Sept, 200030.31 msm

Sept, 200221.74 msm

Sept, 200422.76 msm

Oct., 200629.5 msm

Dobson Units

msm = million square miles

Antarctic Ozone Hole Timeline

Visual Aid 9

150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475


VA #10 Headlines about the Ozone Layer

Solar ‘Superflare’ Shredded Earth’s Ozone

Volcano Eruptions Deplete Ozone

New Scientist, March 2007

Ozone-Eating Clouds Form in Cold Polar Ringsspace.com, March 2001

ABC Science Online, June 2002

Headlines about the Ozone Layer

Visual Aid 10


VA #11 Solar Flares

Solar Flares

Visual Aid 11


VA #12 Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanic Eruptions

Visual Aid 12


VA #13 Stratospheric Polar Clouds and the Ozone Layer

Stratospheric Polar Clouds and the Ozone Layer

Visual Aid 13

Stratosphere

Troposphere


VA #14 Comparing Solar Flares to Ozone Levels

Aver

age

(%) C

hang

e fro

m 1

964–

1980

10.7

.-cm

sol

ar ra

diat

ion

1970 1990 20001980

Year

Total Ozone 90°S–90°N(corrected for seasonal effects)

Comparing Solar Flares to Ozone Levels

Visual Aid 14


VA #15 Comparing Volcanic Eruptions to Ozone Levels

Comparing Volcanic Eruptions to Ozone Levels

Visual Aid 15

1970 1980 1990 2000Year

Major volcanic eruptions

Aver

age

(%) C

hang

e in

Ozo

ne fr

om 1

964–

1980

2

0

-2

-4

-6


VA #16 Comparing Stratospheric Clouds to Ozone Levels

Chemical destruction and natural variation of ozone

1970–1982 Average (63°–90° Average)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year

Average Total Ozone in Polar Regions

Tota

l ozo

ne (D

obso

n un

its)

Arctic Region in March

Antarctic Region in October

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

Water Vapor Anomaly2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-Wat

er V

apor

Ano

mal

y (p

pmv)

Comparing Stratospheric Clouds to Ozone Levels

Visual Aid 16


VA #17 Which Can You Live Without?

Which Can You Live Without?

Visual Aid17


VA #18 Sources of Chlorine and Bromine Gas Emissions

Human Activities

Product/Source Chemicals Involved Catalyst in Ozone Destruction

Air Conditioning

Foams

Aerosol sprays (spray paint, hair spray, cooking spray)

Metered Dose Inhalers

Refrigeration and coolants

Solvents

Fire Extinguishers

Pesticides

Natural Conditions

Source Chemicals Involved Catalyst in Ozone Destruction

Volcanic Eruptions

Solar Flares

Stratospheric Polar Clouds

Sources of Chlorine and Bromine Gas Emissions

Visual Aid18


Periodic Table of the Elements1A http://chemistry.about.com 8A1 ©2008 Todd Helmenstine 2

H About Chemistry He1.00794 4.002602

Hydrogen 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Helium

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be B C N O F Ne6.341 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797

Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar22.989769 24.3050 26.9815386 28.0855 30.973762 32.065 35.453 39.948

Sodium Magnesium 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ┌───── 8B ─────┐ 1B 2B Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr39.0983 40.078 44.955912 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938045 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.92160 78.96 79.904 83.798

Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.96 [98] 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.90447 131.293

Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn132.9054519 137.327 178.49 180.94788 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.98040 [209] [210] [222]

Cesium Barium Lanthanides Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo[223] [226] [267] [268] [271] [272] [270] [276] [281] [280] [285] [284] [289] [288] [293] [294] [294]

Francium Radium Actinides Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

138.90547 140.116 140.90765 144.242 [145] 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.500 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.054 174.9668Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr[227] 232.03806 231.03588 238.02891 [237] [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259] [262]

Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth

Basic Metal Halogen Noble Gas Non Metal Rare

EarthSemi Metal

Transition Metal

VA #19 Periodic Table of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements

Visual Aid 19

Halogens

Lanthanides

Actinides


VA #20 Miracle Products’ ODP

Man–made Products Gas EmissionsOzone-Depleting Potential (ODP)

Chlorine

Air conditioning, coolants, foams, aerosol sprays, metered-dose inhalers, refrigeration

CFC-11

CFC-12

CFC-13

HCFCs

Carbon tetrachloride-CCl4

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.02–0.12

0.73

Solvents Methyl chloroform-CH3CCl3 0.12

Refrigeration Methyl chloride-CH3Cl 0.02

Bromine

Fireretardantsandfireextinguishers

Halon-1301Halon-1211

16.0

7.1

Pesticides Methyl bromide-CH3Br 0.51

Natural Sources Gas EmissionsOzone-Depleting Potential (ODP)

Chlorine

Emissions from volcanic eruptions

Hydrogen chloride Uncertain

Miracle Products’ ODP

Visual Aid 20


VA #21 Stratospheric Gas Sources

Primary Sources of Chlorine and Bromine Gasses for the Stratosphere in 2004

Chlorine Gasses Total chlorine amount = 3390 parts per trillion

Bromine Gasses Total bromine amount = 21.2 parts per trillion

54% natural sources

84% man-made sources

16% natural sources 46%

man-made sources

Stratospheric Gas Sources

Visual Aid 21


VA #22 Changes to the Ozone Layer

Changes to the Ozone Layer

Visual Aid 22

Dev

iatio

n (

%)

Tota

l Co

lum

n O

zone

(D

U)

2

0

-2

-4

-6

300

150

200

150

1001960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

(a) Global

(b) Antarctica


VA #23 Projected Recovery Stages of Global Ozone

Projected Recovery Stages of Global Ozone

Visual Aid 23

TIME

1960 1980 End of21st Century

0

DE

CR

EA

SIN

G O

ZON

EIN

CR

EA

SIN

G O

ZON

E

Global Ozone Change from Pre-1980 Values

Average Global Ozone

Uncertainty Range

Expected return of ozone-depleting gases to 1980 levels

Pre-1980 Ozone Amounts

Range of model projections

Stage 1: Initialslowing of ozone decline. Stage 2: Onset of

ozone increases.

Stage 3: Full recovery ofozone from ozone-depleting gases.

The timeline for recovery identifies three stages. The large uncertainty range illustrates natural ozone variability in the past and potential uncertainties in global model projections of future ozone amounts.

Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/2006/chapters/twentyquestions.pdf

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Living Under One Roof - CalRecycle Home · PDF fileLiving Under One Roof ... I Living Under One RoofI Visual Aids ... in the same manner. Bromine (Br) can be used in place of