Living Organisms 5 KINGDOMS

PROTISTA

Single cell

ANIMALS

Proctoctista

FUNGI PLANTS

heterotrophic

RNA or DNA + protein

coat

PROKARYOTANO

NUCLEUS

No organellesDNA

MONERA

VirusesNo cell

no cytoplasm

no organelles

Obligate parasites

Alive ?

Eukaryote Have a

NUCLEUS

Multicellular

Unicellular

Algae

autotrophic

Amoeba

hypha

mycelium

Wall--chitin

Yeast mushrooms

,moulds

heterotroph

photosynthesis

Wall--cellulose

Gametophyte & sporophyte

autotroph

non-vascular vascular

mosses ferns

differentiation

organs

gymnosperms

angiosperms

Conifers Flowering plants

Nervous system

heterotroph

No cell wall

Simple organisatio

n

producers

consumers

A

B

1 2

3 45

Microorganisms

saprophyte

Beneficial

Nutrition

heterotrophic

parasite

Harmful

Economic Importance

Food preservation

disease

pathogen

Decay, recycling C,N,P

Food spoilage

antibiotics

cheese, alcohol

enzymes

Canning drying salting

pickling smoking chilling

freezing cooking pasteurising irradiating Growth

Genetic engineering

factorspH

food supply

heat

toxins

*Food processin

g

batch flow

continuous flow

*Growth curve

autotrophic

photosyntheticchemosyntheti

c

Agar

Preparation

Sterilisation

Pouring plates

Inoculation

Incubation

Precautions

symbiosis

lag

logstationar

ydeath

Bioprocessing

Empty /

refill

Remove products

antibiotics

producer

consumer

Bacteria in pea roots

Bacteria in

intestines

Fungal mycorrhiza

dead

alive

survival

yoghurts

BACTERIA

Mucopolysaccharide wall

saprophyte

rod

Single cell

No nucleus

No organelles

Circular DNA

plasmid

Beneficial

round

spiral

*prokaryote

Nutrition

consumerproducer

photosyntheticchemosyntheti

c

parasite

Harmful

Economic Importance

shapes

disease

pathogen

Decay, recycling C,N,P

Food spoilage

antibiotics

cheese, yoghurt

recycling

N-fixing

symbiosis

Vitamin K

Reproduction

Binary fission

asexual

sexual Genetic engineering

conjugation

symbiosis

host

harm

Mutual benefit

nodules in pea roots

in intestine

s

endospore

Resistant phase

mutation

Antibiotic resistance

clones

vaccines

FUNGI

saprophyte

hypha

rhizoid

sporangium

spores

Nutrition

heterotrophic

parasite

Harmful

reproduction

disease

Food spoilage

Economic Importance

Beneficial

mycelium

asexual

sexual

moulds

crops

Potato blight

athlete’s foot

food

mushrooms

Yeast

bread

alcohol

antibiotics

Rhizopus

wind

Extracellular enzymes

Food spoilage

dry rot

Decay, recycling C,N,P

recycling C,N,P

reproduction

structure

budding Single cell

vacuole

wall

eukaryotic*

mitosis

chain of cells

GrowthNutrient agar

autoclave

sterilisation

petri dish

colonies

culture

inoculation

incubation

zygospore

controlLeaf Yeast

symbiosis

mychorrhiza

lichen

roots

chitin

ACTIVITY

nucleus

Agar plates

Ash tree

Pink colonies

Pollution indicator

gametangia

VIRUSES

Nutrition

Obligate parasite

diseases

Replication

Plant virus

New virus particles

Crop damag

e

Vectors [carriers]

No cell parts

Alive ?

structure

DNA Protein

bacteriophage

Animal virus

.020-.3um

Body fluids

animals

Air droplets

Takes over

In host cell

polio

HIV

measles

herpes

chickenpox

warts

+RNA

antibodies

vaccination

Economic importance

death

Quality of life

Medical costs

Mosaic diseases

Foot and mouth

prions

BSE [mad cow disease]

vCJD

Altered proteins

Animal infection

bacteria

insects

Dead virusMild strain

White cells

AMOEBA

excretion

No shape

Single cell

animal

movement

feeding

pseudopodia

Food vacuol

e

enzymes respiration

reproduction responsiveness

mitosisBinary fission

diffusion

Mud in ponds

CO2 out

O2 in

lightchemicals

osmoregulation

food

Water in by osmosis

Contractile vacuole

LIFE CYCLES

herbaceous

perennial crocus, daffodil

woody

annual

biennial

1 year—seed, flower, seed

2 year—food store / flower, seed

many years—seeds / perennating organ

deciduous

evergreen

Lose leaves

carrot, cabbage

corn, pea

holly, spruce

oak, ash

perennial

FLOWERING PLANTS

monocotyledonous

1 cotyledon

Most trees and shrubs [apart from conifers] sycamore, oak,

rose, cactus, pea, bean, lettuce,

dicotyledonous

grasses [e.g. wheat, corn, barley], sugarcane, Palm trees,

lilies, orchids, bamboo,

endosperm

Fibrous roots

Flower parts in 3s

Parallel leaf veinsVascular

bundles scattered in

stem

2 cotyledons

No endosperm

Tap rootsFlower parts in 4s or

5sNetwork of leaf

veinsVascular

bundles in rings in stem

Pollen grain—1 furrow

Pollen grain—3 furrows

PLANT STRUCTURE

TISSUES

LEAF

cuticle

ROOT

STEM

Vegetative Reproduction

Upper epidermis

Ground tissuephotosynthe

sis

Lower epidermis

stomata

dermal

ground

vascular

transpiration

epidermis

Ground tissue

Vascular bundle

bark

protection

storage

support

phloem

xylem

food

support

water

epidermis

Ground tissue

Vascular tissue

storage

support

phloem

xylem

food

support

water

absorption

Stem,root,leaf,bud

storage

protection

transport

xylem

phloem

parenchyma

root hairsepidermis

lenticelsGas

exchange

T.S.

BUD

growthmeristem

T.S.

anchor

Root tip

FLOWERSexual

Reproduction

Root hair

TRANSPIRATION STREAM

rootGround tissue

xylem

minerals

water

osmosis

Active transport

stem

*cohesion

*adhesion

Water to water

Water to xylem

leaf

xylem

Ground tissue

stomata

photosynthesis

CO2

water

Root pressure [push]

Transpiration [pull]

SOIL

AIR

sugar

phloem

storage

CO2 level drops

K+ enter guard cells

osmosis

Water enters

Stoma

opens

Guard cell

photosynthesis

*

Trans locat ion

PLANT GROWTH RESPONSES

TROPISM

Combined effect

inhibitor

energy

Active transportgrowth

New cells elongation

promoter

*AUXIN

PHOTO GEO HYDRO CHEMO THIGMO

light gravity water minerals touch

*mechanism

light redirects

“dark” side grows faster

bends to light

production

sites

functions

effects

ACTIVITY

The effect of IAA growth

regulator on plant tissue

meristem

apicalbud

Cambium

Phloem and xylem

Unidirectional stimulus

Pollen tube --micropyle

Vines, tendrils

Stems/roots

Radish seeds

Different concs of IAA

Measure

GIBBERELLIN

CYTOKININ

ABSCISIC ACID

ETHENE

AUXIN

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

embryo

meristem enlargement

Apical dominance

phototropism

geotropism

IAA Fruit

development

Rooting powder

leaves

Stem elongation

germination

New growth in spring

meristem

fruit

Root tips

mitosis

Leaf growth

Breaks dormancy

Delays ageingpromotes

dormancy

Mature leaves

Fruit and seeds

Abscission of leaves,

flowers and fruits

Fruit ripening

Synthetic

Herbicide

PLANT

REPRODUCTION

FLOWER

Asexual

Embryo

Stamensepal

fertilisation

zygote

carpel

Sperm nucleus

spiky pollen

Germination

fruit

egg

food store

seed

Insect pollinated

Wind pollinated

Sticky stigma

nectar

Light pollen,many grains

Feathery stigma

Anthers outside

ovary

ovule

dispersal

wind

animal

water

self

oxygen

water

heat

Dormancy

Activity

Activity

enzymes

variety

dispersal

dormancy

Many stages to go

through

Resistant stage

food store

Pollen grain

Bright petalsNo bright colours

pollinationstigma

Protect as bud

Vegetative Reproduction

Sexual

Pyrogallic acid

amylase

Starch agar + iodine

Clear patches

PERENNATION

corm

bulb

rhizome

tuber

runner

stemroot

tap

Exact copy

Quick growth VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

Quick growth in spring

cuttings

budding

Survive winter

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

reliable

artificial

advantages disadvantages

grafting

Underground food store

Limited dispersal

Diseases affect all

No variety

Types of Immunity

physical barrier [skin], tears [eye], hairs and wax [ears], hairs and mucus [nose]

Natural

Sense organs

cilia and mucus [lungs]Respiratory system

acid [stomach]Digestive System

clotting [platelets], phagocytosis [white cells]

Circulatory system

Active

Naturally

Acquired

Virus or bacterium attacks body

PassiveAntibodies from mother through placenta or milk

Active

Artificially

Vaccine [dead or mild dose of the disease]

Passive Injected with antibody [e.g.anti-tetanus]

Blood 5L

RED WHITE PLATELETS

Liquid [Plasma]

Solid [Cells]

Oxygen Defence

Transport

Clotting

Circulatory System

Heart

Lungs

VesselsBlood

Double pump

Pulse

Pacemaker

Coronary artery

Cardiac

muscle

Heart attack

Body cells

Ventricle---OUT

Atrium---IN

valves

Arteries Veins

Capillaries

CellsLiquid

Exercise

Lymphatic system

Plasma

White

Red Platelets

Lymph nodes

Lacteal in villus

Lymphocytes

ImmunityDrainage

Antibodies

Acquired

Skin, stomach acid, White cells, Platelets mucus, wax

Natural

Pulmonary circulation

Systemmic circulation

From mother--womb, milk

Disease, Vaccine

active passive

O2 Blood

Groups

clot

Defence

Transport

Stops backflow

away O2 pulse

Valves

skin thin

exchange

Activity

Dissect

fatsmoking

Activity

T* B*

Bone marrow

Thymus

cytotoxic

Attack infected

cells

Bone

Plasmahelper

Antibodies bind to

free antigenMemor

y cellsimmunit

yvaccines

Digestion

Egestion

Absorption

Assimilation

fat

Balanced Diet

Ingestion

NUTRITION

Autotroph

Producer

Make own food

Heterotroph

Consumer

consume others

PHOTOSYNTHETIC

Green plants

CHEMOSYNTHETIC

some Bacteria

HOLOZOIC

Digestive system

SAPROPHYTIC

Dead matter

PARASITIC

living host--harm

HERBIVORE

Plants only

rabbit, sheep

CARNIVORE

Animals only

cat, hedgehog

OMNIVORE

Everything

badger, human

Human

protein

water

fibre

minerals

vitamins

carbohydrate

Digestive system

LIVER

MANUFACTURES

BREAKS DOWN

ASSIMILATES

STORES

Prothrombin

Bile

heat

toxins hormones

drugs

Excess amino acids

urea

glucose

Amino acids

lipids

glycogenMinerals[iron]

Plasma proteins

fibrinogen

Vit K

Vitamins [A,D,K]

Bile salts

Red cells

Bile pigments Food

additives

muscle liver

respiration

energy

cell membranestore

skin

proteinNew cells

Emulsify fats

clotting

transport From metabolis

m

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

LARGE INTESTINE

MOUTHsaliva

SMALL INTESTINE

DUODENUM

OESOPHAGUS

STOMACH

ILEUM

mucus

tastespeech

amylase

teeth

bolusperistalsis

Gastric juice

chyme

churn

storeHCl

pepsin

Peptic ulcer

LIVERBile salts

Emulsify fats

PANCREAS

Pancreatic juice

amylase,trypsin,lipase

maltase,peptidase

sugars, amino acids

fatty acids + glycerol

Absorption

VILLUS

Lacteal [lymph]capillaries

rectum

faeces

bacteria

Water reabsorbed

appendix

physical

SALIVARY GLANDS

mucus

caecum

colon lipase

Erepsinegestion

HOMEOSTASIS in Humans

Toxins

liver

lungs

Carbon dioxide

Temperature

pH

kidney

Nutrients

skin

Water

Oxygen

intestines

hormones

Invaders

bloodDistribution

around the body

Nervous system

medullahypothalamus

lymph

ADH

blood

insulinglucagon

Toxins

Temperature

Nutrients

Water

Invaders

Distribution around the body

HOMEOSTASIS in plants

Leaf fall

Cell sap

heartwood

leaf

root

Oxygen

photosynthesis

transpiration

Xylem phloem

cuticle

bark

Carbon dioxide

Leaf fall

As plant

Dormancy

As seed

Bud protected

underground

Perennating organ

Adaptation

leaf Thick cuticle

Thin, narrow

Sunken stomata

Stomata,

lenticels

e.g. cactus

LUNGS

*medulla

AirO2

inhaling

pollution

CO2

N2

smokingCars,

factories

Intercostal[ribs]

muscles

diaphragm

trachea

bronchus

bronchiole

alveolus

cilia

mucus

wetcapillarie

sexchang

e

disorders

cancer

asthma

bronchitis

contract

0.03%

21%

79%

*hypothalamus

inflammation

emphysema

Alveoli damage

Tubes narrow

EXCRETION

Kidney

Skin

Lungs

Liver

urea

salts

sweat

salts

Bile pigments

excess protein

toxins

CO2

heat

water

water

If ADH present

Selectively reabsorb

excrete

urea

urea

intestines

glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

tubules

Collecting duct

bladder

filter

*NEPHRON

water

osmoregulation

Kidney failure

dialysis

transplant

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Negative feedback

Homeostasis

Chemical messenger

pituitary

Nervous system

faster

Shorter duration

electricity

Cells carry

message

Brain

blood

ductless

target

balance

Hormones

Pancreas Thyroid Adrenal Ovary

Posterior Anterior

TSH ACTH

ADHFSH

LH

Oxytocin

Insulin glucagon

Sugar levels

Thyroxine

Metabolism

steroids

growth

adrenaline

Fright or flight

Testis

oestrogen progesteron

e

cycle traits

testosterone

sperm traits

Birth milk

Retain water

[kidney]

hypothalamus

Hormone actions

Nerve detection or response

Co-ordination

SKELETON

SUPPORT

MOVEMENT

PROTECTION

BLOOD CELLS

skull

spine

ribs

muscles

JOINTS

fixed

Synovial fluid

pivot

ball & socket

hingegliding

cartilage

Antagonistic pair

tendon

ligaments

STORAGE

red marrow

Calcium, phosphorus salts

pectoral, pelvic girdles

BREATHING

immovable

Partly movable

synovial

friction

Ends of long bones

Flat bones

strength

protein

skull

neck wrist elbow

shoulder

Pull [contract]

vertebra

Spinal cord

Disordersosteoporosis

arthritis

rickets

voluntaryinvoluntary

cardiac

*osteocyte

meninges

Dorsal root

White matter

myelin

medulla BRAIN

Grey matter

NERVOUS SYSTEM

NEURON

5 Senses

CENTRAL N.S.

cerebellum

Motor area

Sensory area

cerebrum

hypothalamus

PERIPHERAL N.S.

ventral root

Reflex action

pituitary

hormones

Pulse, breathing

co-ordination

conscious

SPINAL CORD

Sensory nerves motor nerves

Receptors Effectors

muscles, glands

dendrite

dendron

cell body

ganglionaxon

synaptic knobs synapse

neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

nodesmyelin sheath

schwann cell

Personality

stimulus response

impulse

NEURON

balance

protection

Sensitivity

Co-ordination

Excretion

SKIN

sweat

epidermis

Protection

Sensitivity

Temperature control

water

urea

salts

deadWound heals

oil

hair

nerves

adipose

capillaries

hair

sun

friction

waterproof

melaninUV

focus

EYE

SENSES

Hearing

lightprotectio

n

shape

EAR

humour

choroidskull

Protection

Balance

sclera

tears

conjunctiva

eyelids

pigment

No reflection

iris

pupil

amount

“coloured”

colours

retina

cones

rods b/w

cornea

lens

close

far

Ciliary muscle

melanin

skull

wax

hairs

Eustachian tube

Semi-circular canals

eardrum

3 bones

cochlea

Auditory nerve

SKIN

NOSE

TONGUE

accommodation

Suspensory ligaments

Ears ‘pop’

Funnel

pinna

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

fertilisation

sperm

MALE

FEMALE

insemination

Seminal fluid

prostate

Seminal vesicle

testissemen

ovary

testosterone

beard

Bone, muscle

epididymis

store

intercourse

Vas deferens

Uterus [womb]

vagina

oviduct

egg

oestrogen progesterone

Menstrual cycle

pregnancy

penis

implantation

Breasts, womb

embryo

foetus

Umbilical cord

Amniotic fluid

blastocyst

placenta

labour

birth

afterbirth

protectionNutrients,

waste

vasectomy

condom

IUD

Pill

Cut tubes

ovulation

zygote

Contraception methods

=

In oviduct

twins

*pituitary

*FSH *LH

Corpus luteum

follicle

egg