Living By Chemistry

Unit 1: ALCHEMY

Matter, Atomic Structure, and Bonding

In this unit you will learn:

• what matter is composed of

• to use the language of chemistry

• to decode information contained in the

periodic table

• how new substances with new properties

are made

• what holds substances together

Section I: Defining Matter

Lesson 1 Tools of the Trade

Lesson 2 A Penny for Your Thoughts

Lesson 3 What’s the Matter?

Lesson 4 Mass Communication

Lesson 5 All That Glitters

Lesson 1: Tools of the Trade

Lab Equipment and Safety

• recognize common chemistry tools and

equipment that you will be using in the course

• find all the safety equipment in the laboratory

and understand its use

• understand the rules of safety in the chemistry

laboratory

Discussion Notes

Safety Equipment:

fire blanket

fire extinguisher

eye wash

safety goggles

First aid kit

Aprons/lab coat

Shower

hood

Safety behaviors:

Chemistry labs have a number of

potential hazards!

Know the procedures

Use all chemicals properly

No horseplay

Keep lab area neat/clean

Watch hair/clothing around flames

Lesson 2: A Penny for Your

Thoughts

Introduction to Chemistry

Key Question

What is chemistry?

Long ago, early scientists tried to turn ordinary things

into gold. This pursuit was called alchemy, and the

people who engaged in alchemy were called

alchemists.

You will be able to:

• observe a procedure and write observations

• define and formulate a hypothesis to explain

observed phenomena

• define chemistry and begin to describe what

chemists study

What is Chemistry?

The study of substances, their properties, and how they can be transformed.

The study of matter and how matter can be changed.

Let’s Do

CHEMISTRY

A Penny for your Thoughts

Purpose: observe a chemical transformation.

Do you think you changed the penny to gold?

How would you be able to tell for sure?

Discussion Notes

To determine whether the new penny is gold, you

need to study its properties.

Property: A characteristic of a substance.

Matter has observable and measurable qualities.

We can use general properties to identify substances.

All substances have properties…

Example:

People can be identified by their …

Face (shape,

expressions) Voice Height Finger prints

Eye color Hair color Teeth DNA

Physical Properties: Characteristic of a substance

that can be observed without changing the substance

into something else.

for example: mass, color, hardness, size, texture, odor

Chemical Properties: characteristics involved when

a substance interacts with another substance to

change its chemical make-up.

for example: pH, flammability, rusting (oxidizing), gassing

Properties are used to identify, describe

and classify matter.

examples of physical properties

commonly used in chemistry:

state, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, viscosity, density, luster and many more.

• viscosity - The resistance of a liquid to flowing.

Low viscosity-water, rubbing alcohol

High viscosity-honey

Physical properties of matter are categorized as

either: Intensive or Extensive:

Intensive - Properties that do not depend on the amount of the matter present.

• color, odor, luster

• malleability, ductility, conductivity

• density

Extensive – Properties that change when the size of the sample changes.

• mass, volume, length

• total charge

Chemical properties

A common chemical property is reactivity.

• Reactive to oxygen

• Reactive to air

• Reactive to water…

Note that chemical properties

aren’t EASY to observe,

unlike physical properties.

examples of chemical properties

commonly used in chemistry:

Flammability, corrosivity, oxidation state, and more

• oxidation - The loss of electrons.

When a substance is oxidized, it’s properties change

for example –

silver tarnishes

metals rust

Did you know?

Fruit exposed to the air is oxidized (the oxygen steals

electrons from the compounds in the fruit’s cells) and

turns brown.

The process is very similar to the

rusting process of metals. The

oxidized form of these compounds

is different from the unoxidized form

and is, unfortunately, unappealing

to eat.

antioxidants

Many 'superfoods' are advertised as containing

antioxidants. An antioxidant is a compound that

reduces the oxidation of other compounds.

In theory, consuming antioxidants will help our bodies

fight off the harmful effects of oxidation, keeping our

cells and enzymes happy and healthy. In other words,

eating things like blueberries and chocolate will

help our insides from looking like

browning fruit.

How do you know if it is a

chemical or physical property?

If it can Change and can’t be reversed, it’s

CHemical

Do you think you changed the penny to gold?

How would you be able to tell for sure?

More discussion Notes in text..

Scientists use a systematic approach to solve problems

in science.

Hypothesis: A testable prediction or explanation

for an observation.

If I changed the copper into gold, then the penny

will exhibit physical and chemical properties

associated with the element gold.

Lesson 2 summary:

What is chemistry?

• Chemistry is the study of what substances are

made of, how they behave, and how they can be

transformed. It is the study of matter and how

matter can be changed.

• Matter can be identified by its chemical and

physical properties.

• A hypothesis is a testable explanation for an

observation.

• Scientists use a systematic approach to solving

problems in science.

Lesson 3: What’s the Matter?

Defining Matter

• define matter

• classify an item as matter or not matter

You will be able

to:

Remember?

1.How do we define matter?

2.Name two things that are matter and two

things that are not matter.

Discussion Notes

Items that are clearly matter are all objects, or

things, that are tangible.

Energy and ideas are not matter, but they

involve matter.

Matter has some sort of dimension and

substance to it.

A good definition should work 100% of the time.

Here are some textbook definitions of matter:

Matter: Anything that has substance and takes up

space.

Matter: Anything that has mass and volume.

wind clouds music

Everything that has mass and takes up space is matter,

yet some things do not consist of matter.

Here is a list of 10 examples of non-matter. Basically, any

type of energy or any abstract concept is an example of

something that is not matter.

time sound

light color

love thoughts

gravity microwaves

heat memories

information reflections

Why aren’t light and heat matter?

The universe consists of matter and energy. The

Conservation Laws state that the total amount of matter

and energy are constant in a reaction, but matter and

energy may change forms.

Energy describes the ability to cause change. While

matter may have energy, they are different from each

other.

One easy way to tell matter and energy apart is to ask

yourself whether what you observe has mass. If it

doesn't, it's energy!

Examples of energy include any part of the

electromagnetic spectrum, which includes visible light,

infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, microwaves, radio, and gamma

rays.

Other forms of energy are heat (which may be considered

infrared radiation), sound, potential energy, and kinetic

energy.

Another way to distinguish between matter and energy

is to ask whether something takes up space. Matter

takes up space. You can put it in a container. While

gases, liquids, and solids take up space, light and heat

do not.

Usually matter and energy are found together, so it can

be tricky to distinguish between them. For example, a

flame consists of matter in the form of ionized gases and

particulates and energy in the form of light and heat.

You can observe light and heat, but you can't weigh

them on any scale.

summary

Chemists study all kinds of matter.

• Matter is everything that has substance and

takes up space, or that has mass and

volume.

• Your brain is an example

of matter, ideas are not.

Lesson 4: Mass Communication

Mass and Volume

Would it hurt more to be hit with 5

pounds of feathers or 5 pounds of

bricks?

Key concept

How do you determine the masses and

volumes of different substances?

• measure mass using a balance

• measure the volume of regularly and irregularly

shaped objects

Skills to master:

Discussion Notes

Mass is commonly measured in units of grams (g)

or kilograms (kg).

1 kg = 1000 g

Discussion Notes (cont.) Volume is a measure of the amount of space occupied by something.

1000 mL = 1 L

1 mL = 1 cm3

Mass: A measure of the quantity of matter in an object.

Volume: The amount of space a sample of matter occupies

Prepare for the Lab

To the nearest

hundredth of a milliliter,

the volume of liquid is

5.52 mL.

In this lab, you will be

measuring volume with a

graduated cylinder or

calculating directly based on

formulas for volume of solids.

If a solid is rectangular or cylindrical, you can find its

volume by measuring its dimensions and using a

geometric formula.

Measuring volume using

displacement method

remember: volume is a

measurement of the

amount of space a

substance occupies.

summary

How do you determine the masses and volumes of

substances?

• Mass is a measure of the amount of substance.

Mass can be measured using an electronic or

triple beam balance.

• Volume is the amount of space occupied by an

object. The volume of a liquid can be measured

in a graduated cylinder.

• Objects with similar volumes can have different

masses, and vice versa.

post note: Significant digits

Exact measurement

plus one estimate.

Indicates the accuracy of the measuring

instrument.

Determining The Correct Number Of Significant

Digits

After performing a calculation, we often obtain more

digits than are warranted by the measurements that

produced it. In order to determine the correct number of

significant digits in the answer, there are two different

methods depending on which mathematical operation

was performed.

Get chemistry help.

Check-in

A penny has a mass of 2.498 g.

a. What is the mass to the nearest tenth of a gram?

b. How would you determine the volume of a penny?

c. What is the difference between mass and volume?

d. Suppose you find that the golden penny has a mass of 2.6 g. If you compare it with the mass of this penny, what can you conclude?

Lesson 5: All That Glitters

Density

Key Question

How can you use mass and volume to determine

the identity of a substance?

You will be able to: • define density as the amount of mass in a

certain space, or mass per unit volume

• solve problems for density, mass, or volume

using the equation D = m/V

• explain how and why density can be used to

identify a substance.

Discussion Notes

Density is an extensive property of matter.

Discussion Notes

Common materials and their densities.

Material Density Material Density

zinc 7.1 g/cm3 gold 19.3 g/cm3

paper 0.9 g/cm3 brass 8.4 g/cm3

water 1.0 g/mL copper 9.0 g/cm3

aluminum 2.7 g/cm3 lead 11.4 g/cm3

Additional analysis:

de

nsity

• Line of best fit

• determine

unknown

summary

How can you use mass and volume to determine the

identity of a substance?

• One substance can be distinguished from

another by examining its intensive physical

properties, such as density.

• Density is a measure of the mass per unit

volume of a substance.

• The density of any given substance is always the

same (as long as the temperature remains

constant).

How could you use density to find out the

composition of a penny?

What year did the penny composition change?

How thick is a piece of aluminum foil?

Check-in In 1999, the United States Mint produced a coin called the Golden Dollar. It features an image of Sacagawea, the famous Native American guide for Lewis and Clark. It has a mass of 9.8 g and volume of 1.1 mL.

Is this coin truly gold?

Explain. (The density of gold

is 19.3 g/mL.)