Fujiwara Takahiro (Kyushu University)

San Afri Awang (Universitas Gadjah Mada)

Sato Noriko (Kyushu University)

Transforming People’s

Livelihood Modes and

Sustainable Forest Management:

Lesson from Gunung Kidul,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia

At Asia Sustainable Local Resource Management Workshop

on March 6, 2012, Kyushu University, Japan

Introduction

3 Introduction

Forest ecosystem services:

contribute in not only human well-being but also the

existence of all species in the world

Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)

4 Introduction

World Forest Area in 2005: 4,061M ha

80% of forest in 2005 = Publicly Owned (FAO 2010)

Decentralization of Forest Management

Across the world (e.g. Fisher 1999; Poteete 2004; Barr et al. 2006)

Expanding forest area designated for communities

and indigenous peoples, individuals, and firms (Sunderlin et al. 2008)

One of the most important forest governance trends

in the 21st century (Agrawal et al. 2008)

Forest Management with the Participation

of the Local People/Communities

Participatory forest management; Community forestry;

Social forestry; Partnership; Collaborative forest management

since 1970s

Indispensable concept in the push for sustainable

forest management and poverty alleviation

(Inoue 2000; Purnomo et al. 2005; Sunderlin et al. 2005)

5 Introduction

e.g. Pardo 1985; Pardo 1995; Inoue 1998; Inoue 2000; Lindayati 2000;

Inoue 2003; Thin and Gardingen 2004; Wiersum 2004;

Mcdermott and Schreckenberg 2009; Schreckenberg and Luttrell 2009

Indonesia

The 3rd largest tropical rain forest

Forest Area (Kawasan Hutan): 137 million ha

71.6% of national territory in Indonesia

designated by Ministry of Forestry (MoF)

1) production, 2) protection, 3) conservation forest

Under the jurisdiction of MoF

Management rights to the state forest companies

- Perhutani for forests in Java

- Inhutani for forests in the Outer Island

6 Introduction

Soeharto's regime from 1966 to 1998

Highly centralized forest management for revenue

by obtaining foreign currency

Forestry sector: second place in GNP

The Basic Forest Law 5/1967

All of forests in Indonesia under central government

authority

Enclosure with violence has caused widespread

conflict between state and people

Fay and Sirait 2002; Resosudarmo 2004; Rosyadi et al. 2005; Barr et al. 2006;

Wollenberg et al. 2006; Wollenberg et al. 2009; Peluso 2011

7 Introduction

Decentralization of FM (Reformasi)

Law No.22 on regional governance in 1999

Law No.25 on fiscal balancing in 1999

Law No.41 on forest in 1999 (NEW FOREST LAW)

Establishment of Customary Forest (Hutan Adat)

Clarification of Local People’s Rights

Ministerial Decision No.31 in 1999

Small-scale timber concession licenses

(Izin Pemungutan dan Pemanfaatan Kayu, or IPPK)

up to 100 ha to district government

8 Introduction

9

No. Types of

Management

Land tenure Target Area (ha)

Ownership Management

purposes 2011 2014

1 Community Forest

(HKm) State

Production

Conservation 400,000 2,000,000

2

Community

Plantation Forest

(HTR)

State Production 550,000

(450,000)

2,650,000

(2,250,000)

3 Village Forest

(HD) State

Production

Conservation 100,000 500,000

4

Company-

community

partnership

State,

managed by

State Forest

Company

Production

Conservation - -

5

Company-

community

partnership

State,

under

Private company

Production - -

6 Farm Forest Private Production 50,000 2,500,000

Source: Adopted from Rohadi et al. (2010), Obidzinski and Dermawan (2010), MoF (2010)

Introduction

People Participation Scheme on Small Timber-plantation

Agrarian Reform (Reforma Agraria)

The Basic Agrarian Law 5/1960 (BAL)

attempted to implement land distribution in a fairer way

Parliamentary Decree IX on Agrarian Reform and

Management of Natural Resources (Tap MPR IX/2001)

respect and protection of the rights of customary communities (Article 4)

restructuring of land tenure (so-called, “Land for the People”) (Article 5)

Forest management for pro-people, pro-poor and

pro-environment is necessary to implement forestry

land reform (Awang 2010)

10 Introduction

Research Question

the area of forest owned and managed by local

people and communities will increase in Indonesia

11 Introduction

Formal announcement by president in Sep. 2006 “8.15 million hectares of state land under the jurisdiction of

the Ministry of Forestry and the National Land Board slated

for redistribution” (Republika Online 28 September 2006) (Peluso et al. 2008)

Can people manage forest sustainably?

How people can manage forest sustainably?

Background of Study

and

Research Method

Privately Owned Forest (POF)

Hutan Rakyat (People’s Forest)

considered as final form of decentralization and

devolution of forest management

Definition of Privately Owned Forest (POF)

Hutan Hak (=Right Forest) (Forest Law 41 in 1999)

forest located on lands bearing ownership rights

Antonym (Hutan Negara= State Forest)

forest located on lands bearing no ownership rights

13 Privately Owned Forest

14

Hutan

Rakyat

Home Garden

(Pekarangan)

Dry Land (Tegalan) Forest (Alas)

Privately Owned Forest

15

Bali &

Nusa Tenggara

Sumatera

Java

Papua

Maluku

Sulawesi

Kalimantan

Privately Owned Forest Area (MoF 2004):

1,568,415.63 ha

14.1

12.2

9.4

13.3

49.6

0.5 0.9

Source: MoF (2004)

Privately Owned Forest

Growing importance of POFs

Along with the reduction of timber productivity in state forests…

The amount of POFs timber dramatically increased dramatically during last decade (Hinrichs et al. 2008)

Industry observers predicte that community and smallholders will produce more teak and mahogany timber than SFC (Perum Perhutani) in the future (Purnomo et al. 2009)

Increasingly important contributors to wood supply (Pramono et al. 2010)

16 Privately Owned Forest

Common Characteristics of POF

Limited labor power for management

managed by family members and/or communal farmer’s

group without integration at the individual level

Playing role as farmer’s saving, which can provide cash in

urgent situation and/or for special purpose

The harvesting is conducted according to personal

needs (Tebang Butuh). Trees are cut by farmers for their

needs even if trees are still immature

17

Awang 2005a; Awang 2005b; Ichwandi et al. 2005; Widayanti et al. 2005;

PKHR 2006; Awang et al. 2007; Ichiwandi et al. 2007; Hinrichs et al. 2008; Simon 2008

Privately Owned Forest

18

Gunung Kidul District

Area with many POFs

16,119ha (55% of total forest

in GK district) (BPKH:2006)

Produced 95,461 m3 logs

from POFs in 2009, teak log:

89% (DINAS Kehutanan Gunung Kidul:

2009)

GK district plays an important

role as wood supplier for teak

furniture industries

Gunung Kidul District

Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta

Threat to Sustainability

of POF

19

PKHR (2006)

• Not yet compiled management plan

• Not yet fixed boundary of

management unit

• Not yet figured out inventory of POF

Not yet designed forest zoning

• Insufficient capacity of human

resource in management

• Not yet solid and effective

group

Not yet established organization

of privately owned forest

management

Not yet paid attention to

management aspect in POF

management

Weak position of POF products

in market price mechanism

Non-existence of formal policy

recognition for POF management

Increasingly-

intense

pressure

from industry

In recent years

Change in

Traditional

Management

Problems in POF management

POF Management Unit (RB-UMHRL) (2004-) • By PKHR, 2 local NGOs

• From individual management to collective management

• Integrated state and POF management at watershed (DAS)

GK District Governor Decision (95/KPTS/2005) • Establishment of Working Group (POKJA-HRL)

• Forest certification as a tool for achieving SFM of POF

• Dengok, Girisekar, Kedung Keris located in different

topography area as pilot project (extension to 69 village)

Koperasi Wana Manunggal Lestari (KWML) • Cooperative Association in 2006

• PHBML forest certification by LEI

20 Establishment Process

Between January and March 2011

Collecting statistics, document and materials

related to POF management, cooperative activities,

forest certifications at offices of KWML, Village,

District forest agency

21 Research Method

Yogyakarta

Kedung Keris

Dengok

Girisekar

Google Map

Gugung Kidul District

Interview to 85HH

of KWML members

in Kedung Keris village

Findings

23

Co-op (KWML)

POF

FG

POF

FG KTHR

POF

FG

POF

FG

POF

FG

Block

Block Block

Farmers

Group

District Level Joint Business

Village Level

Sub-Village Level

Alliance (Paguyuban)

Alliance (Paguyuban)

Alliance (Paguyuban)

Findings

Forest Management

Forest Planning

24

Village Harvesting Reforestation

(per a logged tree)

Dengok

Teak: more than 15 years

Mahogany: more than 10 years

Others: more than 10 years

2 trees

Girisekar

More than 15 years

and

More than 15 cm (Diameter)

5 trees

Kedung Keris

Teak: more than 15 years

Mahogany: more than 15 years

Acacia: more than 10 years

10 trees

Bylaw on harvesting and reforestation

Source: Bylaw of each POF Famers group alliance

Findings

25

0

20

40

60

80

100

Experience of logging young trees for obtain money

Dengok Girisekar Kedung

Keris Total

(N=135)

(N=45)

(N=45)

(N=45)

46.7

80.0

(%)

15.6

44.4

Findings

0

20

40

60

80

100

26

Reason why respondents borrow money in KK village

Educa

tion

6.7 8.9

(%)

84.4

24.4

Hospital House

repairing

Family

affair

Farming Repaying

debit Liveli

hood

Self-

business

4.4 4.4 2.2 2.2

Expenditure of

Education for Children

Findings

27

Migration of Young Villagers

to City for Job

Labor power for

Forest Management

Yes

No

Yes, but a few

Still enough

Already few

Still enough, but has decreased

80%

20%

62%

37%

1%

Findings

Be inherited to equal

parts among family

members including

children who live in

other city

Whenever inheritance

is repeated, POF will

become smaller and

smaller inherently

28

Land Shrinkage by Inheritance

Findings

Discussion

and

Concluding Remarks

Size (girth and length) and quality are two major factors

affecting the price of teak logs (Ball et al. 1999)

A teak timber which has high percentage of heartwood is

more salable and preferred in market (Oteng-Amoako 2004)

Characteristics of SF and POF timber: widely different (Kawasaki 2012)

30 Discussion

Community and smallholders will produce more

teak timber than state forest in the future

HOWEVER,

Difficult to use POF timber as a substitute for

ordinary state forest timber for high-quality furniture

manufacturing industries.

Hardwoods including teak usually require relatively

long rotation periods (Keogh 2002:240)

31

How people can produce

high-quality teak logs??

Discussion

32

—

20

40

60

80

100

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

0

INDONESIA JAPAN

34.9

12.4

63.1 66.8

80.1 73.0

53.2

17.1

30.0

53.7

44.3

65.9

Percentage of population residing in urban areas

Source: UN(2011)

Discussion

(%)

(Year)

33

Kelly (2010)

JAPAN

ME & EU

USA

Singapore

Malaysia

AU & NZ

Discussion

Historically, livelihood modes have changed in

association with forest use (Sunderlin et al. 2005)

By increased migration for work since 1990s,

decreasing forest dependence, transforming

household livelihood portfolios, rapid declining

fertility (Peluso 2011)

34 Discussion

Japanese Past Experience

Population outflow from villages to cities,

inheritances left to children who live in cities, and

the buying and selling of forest land are the main

causes of land absentee problems

Land absentee problem not only has led to

decline the forest management level, but also

has influenced other POF management systems

35 Discussion

(Hirata 1996, Ryuko 2000, Sato 2003, Nakazato and Noguchi 2007).

Toward Sustainable POF Management

Local people have to negotiate both economic and

social challenges over a long period of time

People’s livelihood modes are transforming

dramatically in current globalization era

Not only decentralization of forest management,

Policymaker must take fully into account the

transforming people’s livelihood modes at the same

time for sustainable forest management over a long

period of time

36 Concluding Remarks

37

Thank You

Very Much

for

Your Attention