lithuanianetymol00bendrich

A LITHUANIAN ETYMOLOGICAL INDEX

A LITHUANIANETYMOLOGICAL INDEXBased upon Brugmann's

Grundriss

mid

the

etymological dictionaries of Uhlcnbeck (Sanskrit), Kluge {German), Feist {Gothic), Berneker {Slavic),

Walde {Latin), and Boisacq {Greek)

BY

HAROLD

H.

BENDER,in

Ph.D.

Professor of Indo-Germanic Philology

Princeton University

,,*.,

>

'

'

'

,

.

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETONLONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS1921

Copyright, 1921, by

Princeton University PressPublished, 1921 Printed in the United States of America

INTRODUCTORYIt

has long been recognized that in both Balto-Slavicto

and Indo-European philology a serious handicapparative investigationlies in

com-

the fact that the etymological

studies that have already been

made

are not generally availits

able

from

the standpoint of Lithuanian, in

preservationliving Indo-

of sounds and forms the most archaic of

all

European tongues.his

The

present work, which has

grown

out of an attempt on the part of the author to collect for

own

use,

both as student and teacher of the language,it

the most important of these references, will,

is

hoped,

serve as an immediate and practical key to the bulk of the

etymological material offered by Lithuanian, and ultimately

form the

basis of a formal etymological dictionary.

The

difficulties

of even a preliminary undertaking of the

by scholars who have worked in Lithuanian from the inside, and I enter court with the plea in confession and avoidance most recently offered by Sommer "Auf Korrekturen im einzelnen muss ich gesort will be recognized:

fasst sein

wie jeder, der auf

demis

Gebiet des Litauischen

arbeitet."

The

present state of Lithuanian lexicography;

leaves

much

to be desired

there

no satisfactory and com-

plete dictionary of the language,its

and he who would write etymological dictionary must first become in large measits

ure

lexicographer.

A

considerable proportion of the

words included

in the present

work are not

to

be found

in the dictionaries.

Such words have been

traced, so far as

possible, to their source, or to within

one reference of theirrelative

source.

Furthermore, the

fluidity of

the language,

its

want of written or

literary traditions, its tendency to secits

ondary formation of words, V

subjection

internally to

4^84 85

VI

INTRODUCTORYdialectic disturbancesall

numerous

and externally

to various

systems of orthography,logical material

frequently interfere with the

determination of individual forms under which the etymo-

may

be conveniently arranged.

It

would

have been desirable to bring more closely together all related material under more readily accessible heads; but at the same time it seemed important for the immediate purpose of the Index to preserve infort has beenits

alphabetical order the

integrity of the Lithuanian vocabulary.

However, an

ef-

made

to lessen

by abundant cross references

any inconvenience in this direction. In regard to orthography little need be said save that in recent years standards have tended to establish themselves by fashion and convention, and that I have tried to follow My system differs little these standards as I saw them. from Wiedemann's and but little more from Brugmann's.

Theit is

discrepancies in the case of the other authors will not,believed, interfere with identification, although alittle

care

may

be necessary in the use of Kurschat

:

for example,

in alphabetical order; in his writing

i {=

e),

w (=

v)

;

and

in hissz,

employment of the German digraphis I

% for Lithu-

anian

which, however,

phonetically equivalent to Gerit

man

sch.

have given the Tonqualitdt wheneverin

could be

ascertained with a reasonable degree of certainty.

The procedure

each article

is

as

follows:

First

is

given the Lithuanian

word with

its

definition.

After the

dash come the references to the etymological discussions of the word. But no word has been accepted for the Indexwithout investigation; andtions, areso, after the

etymological cita-

added references to establish all, or nearly all, words or forms that are not to be found in Kurschat or While this is the are included by him within brackets.^1

Cf. Kur.

p.

XI

:

"Die Einrichtung und Anordnungich

Worterbuchc habevollig

nun

so getroffen

:

i)

diesem meinem dass ich die mir nichtin

bckanntcn Worter, fiir deren 'Richtigkeit ubernehmen mochte, in eckige Klammern fasste."

ich

keine

Garantie

INTRODUCTORY

VII

main purpose of these additional references, many of them,especially those to Leskien, are also valuable for the light

they throw on the internal relations of the word in Lithuanian,

and hundreds of references have been inserted forInfact, all

the latter purpose alone.

of the more importantat least

groups in Leskien's Ablaut are referred to undergroup.

one word, usually the most frequent representative of the

The marks

(

)

about an etymological reference indicate

any connection between his title word and the Lithuanian word; or that by way of illustration (grammatical, syntactical, or semanthat the author referred to rejects explicitlytic)is

he includes the Lithuanian word in an etymology that

unrelated to the

word he

is

discussing.^

The marksis

[ ]

indicate that the actual Lithuanian

word

not found in

the article to which referenceever, there will usually be

is

made.

In such cases, how-

found either another Lithuanian

form whichrelationship

is

obviously related, or the establishment of

with some other Sanskrit, Slavic, or Greek

word, as the case may be, under which the Lithuanian word Absence of ( ) or [ ] implies that the Lithuis mentioned.anian

word and

the

by the author to some way, in whole or in part; or atof relationshipis

word referred to are considered whom reference is made to be related intitle

least that possibility

admitted.these arbitrary

As an example illustrative of the use of devices we may take the following article:avis

'Schaf

Uh.I,oiopK6'^[f]"'.

gruchaj; W.

nw

i

;

Boi.

Cf.

Lesk. Abi. 297.

grybas

'Pilz'

gribsznis

'Griff'.

Ber. grib. Cf. Briickner SlFw, (Ber. choig). Cf. Ness.Cf.

85.

268'',

Lesk.

Abi. 273.

gridyju, gridyti 'gehen, wandern'gradior.

B. II, 3, 222.288; \V.

Jukevi 470.(K, Buchwcizcn)(in;

grikai plu.

'Biichweizen'

Ber.

grtkii.

Cf. Briickner SlFw. 85.

grimstu, grifnsti 'versinken'

Wasser, Schlamm)

F.

qrammipa;grynas

B.

I,

376; Ber, grzng;

W.

gramiac.

Cf.

Lesk. Abi. 328.*kahl, unfriichtbar, armselig; kahl, rein,

(vom

Getreide)'

(Boi.

unvermischt

ftpLapoc).

grindis 'Dielenbrett, gedielter Fussboden, Strassenpflaster,

Zimmerdecke'grunda.

F.

grundn-ivaddjus; Ber.27I''''*;

grda; W.

Cf. Ness.

Bezz.

LF. 115; Lesk. Abi.Krann; Ber. grda.

328; Lesk. grindii, grsti

Nom.'dielen,

235.pflastern'

K.

Cf. Lesk. Abi. 328.

grynicza 'Gesindestube

;

Raucherkammer'

Ber. grda.

Cf

.

Briickner SlFw. 85.

griova 'eng Schlucht, Graben, Griibe'Lesk. Abi. 297.

grstu, gristi

'iiberdriissig;

werden,

Ber. gruchaj. Cf. Ekel empfinden' (Uh.\V. fastldium.

blhhatsatc)

Ber.

(grech), groza;

Cf.

Lesk. Abi. 328.

grszas 'Rnndung, Kreis'grjsztCi, grjszti

see grjas.

'zurckkehren'

see grtu.

gridiu, gristi (Kur.) 'stamp f en'

F.

us-grudja.

See

grudu.

griuvu, griti

grumbu,grtibti

73

grivu, griti 'einstrzen, zusammenfallen'krinstan; B.II, 3,

F. us-grudja,i;

137; Ber. gruchajc; W. ruo *xpa [F]dv (& Ntr.). Cf. Lesk. Abi. 296-7.

Boi.

grias (B. grszas) 'Rundimg, Kreis'Lesk.

B.

II, i,

155.

Cf.

Nom.

163.'sich

grtu, grti (B. grszt, grszti)Cf. Lesk. Abi. 328.

wenden, zurckB.I,

kehren; herausbekommen (beim Wechsel)'

416.

grulasII, I,

'Kreis,

Reitbahn; der Grosse Bar'Cf. Lesk. Abi. 328, Lesk.

B.

I,

416.

362.

grule

'Deichsel'

Nom.

484.

B. II,

i,

362.

Cf. Lesk, Abi. 328, Lesk.

Nom.

487.I,

grob

'Beiite' B.

152; Ber. gradg.

Cf. Geitler LS. 85,

Lesk. Abi. 362.

grobiu, grobti 'raffen, packen'152.480.II,I,

K. Garbe

i,

grapsen; B.

I,

178; Ber. grabc.

See grebiusee griidas.

&

Lesk.

Abi. 362.

grodas 'gefrorener Strassenschmutz'B. II,I,

groju, groti 'krachzen; schelten, schmahen'435.3,

K.

kr'dhen;

202; Ber. grajc; W. gracuhis. grom(i)ata 'Brief Ber. gramata. Cf. Briickner SlFw. 85.

grubs

'holperig; grobfingerig'

Ber.

grgb.

Cf.

Lesk.

Nom. 257. grdas 'Korn; Kern; Korn an einem Gewehre; Tautropfen' K. Grtse; F. tts-grudja; Ber. grda; W. i. rudus;Abi. 316, Lesk.

Boi. *xpauw, (Ka^puc).

Cf. Lesk. Abi. 297.harten'

grdinu, grdinti '(Eisen)graudinu.

W.

i.

rudus.

See

grdu, grsti 'stampfenermahnen,warnen'i.

(z. B.

Gerste), (Eisen) harten:

F.

kriustan,

us-grudja;(Kax/)vc).

Ber.

grda, grusH; W.Lesk. Abi. 297.

rudus; Boi.

*xptt"w,

Cf.

grumadas

'Gesellschaft, Reisegesellschaft'

Ber.

gramada.

Cf. Briickner SIFw. 86.

grumbu, grbti

'holperig werden; hart oder gefiihllos wer-

74

grumena, grumentiden (von den

gulbl, gulbis Fingern)' B, 287; Ber.II,

3,

grb.dumpf (W.;

Cf. Lesk. Abi. 316.

grumena, grumenti impers.donnern';

'aus der

Ferne

leise tind

F.

gramjan; Ber. gnmc,

(griimii)

f rmo) Boi. xp^fiiô), (ftptIxio), grumodas 'Haufen, Schwarm' (bes. Fliegen)ada.

Ber. gramBriickner


Ber. grua. SlFw. Sommer 137-8. gruineju, gruineti 'nagen' Ber. gryzc. -gruinti see sugruinu Ber. gru6tas 'uneben,gruszia'Birne,

grumzdu, grumsti86,

'drohen, warnen'

Boi.

xp^fiiô).

Birnbaiim'

Cf.

See grauiu.Cf. Lesk. Abi.

'ich vernichte'.

holperig'

grubia.

^

297.

griidas

(Kur.

also

grodas)der

'frischer,

steif

gefrorener

Strassenschmutz,Ber.

gefrorene

ungleiche

Boden'

grad; W.

grando.


-gu strengthening

enclitic

particle,

prep., or conj.

guba

Ber. -go; W. 'Getreideschober' Ber. giibeB;LS. 84

added to pron., adv., See -gi. hie; Boi. yc(Boi.;

Kv6a/i/3oc).

Cf.

pragyvena 'Lebensunterhalt'

B.

II,

i,

267.

Cf.

Lesk.

Nom.

382.

pragobinu, pragobinti 'verschachern'prakartas 'Krippe im(read -tas forStall;

see

gobinu.

(Szyr.)

Trog'

Ber.Cf.

koryto

-tis).

Cf. Lesk.

Nom.

532, [Lesk. Abl.

373]prakariis 'maserig'

Nom.

251.

prakepesas ein ler LS. 104.

Ber. Kartoffelgericht (vom Holz)B. II,

kon.

Lesk.

i,

544.

Cf. Geit-

prakiurs 'durchlochert' (Boi. \r]v). Cf. Lesk, Abl. 301. pramanytas part. adj. 'falsch, erdichtet' (W. mendax). See manau & Ness. 382', Kur. 242", [Lesk, Abl. 336].pranokstu, pranokti 'einholen, erreichen'stehen, merken'

see nokstu.

prantu, prasti 'gewohnt werden'; suprantu, suprasti 'ver-

F, fra pi;

(W.

inter prcs).

Cf. Ness.

313''"; Lesk. Abl. 365.

praparszas

(Szyr.)

'Graben'

(W.

porca).

Cf.

Lesk.

Abl. 364.

praperszis masc. 'Blanke im Else, eine

in

Folge schnellerCf.

Stromungpraskudimas

nicht zugefrorene Stelle'

(W. porca).aKvSMiim.

Ness. 312', Lesk, Abl. 364.'nervoses

Ermiklen'

Boi.

Cf.

Kur. 385\ See skundu. prastas 'gering, schlicht, gerade, ein f ach, schlecht, gemein, W. probiis. Cf. Bruckner SlFw. 121. gewohnlich'

prasti 'gewohnt werden'

inf.

of prantu, q.v.bitten'

praszau,

praszytiI,

'fordern,

Uh.

prcchdti;II, 3,

F.

fraihnan; B.

146.446.450.492.554.

162.169.

pratsa266.267;

priOio-irpoiro^;.

201Cf.

W.

posco;

Boi.

Briickner

SlFw. 121.

pratsa 'Verzug,pratrystu,

Aiifschub'

W.

protelo.

Cf. Ness.

99^be-

Lesk. Abi. 350.

pratrysti

koinmen'

Ber.

'heftigen

Durchfall

plotzlich

driska jg.

Cf. Lesk. Abi. 287-8.

prausi, prausti *(das Gesicht) waschen; (Szyr.) ein Kind in warmem Wasser baden' Uh. prusnoti; B. I, 785.

II, I,

263.

Cf. Lesk. Abl. 305.'tiefes Fahrgeleise'

pravea, pravoa

B. II,

i,

153.

Cf.

Lesk. Abl. 357.

praanga 'bertretung, F. gaggan; B. II, i,pre, pri prep, with gen.bei-'

Siinde'

Uh.

j'dngha;

K.

Gang;'hinzti-,

150.an,

Cf. Lesk. Abl. 358.zti'; pri-,

'bei,

pry- pref.

(e.g.

pribti

'dabei sein, beiwohnen',

pryszokisII, 2,

Mas Hinzuspringen')881-883;

F. frisahts; B.

I,

190.

W.

pri (s.v. per), pra; Boi.

T^piv.

Cf. Kur.

Gram. 451, 1476.predas, usuallyplu.

predai 'Daraufgabe beim Kauf oder734; (W. praeda).II,i,

Tausch'; Lalis (sing.): "addition, supplement, appen-

dix" B.predlepregi,

II, 2,

'Beilage's.v.

B.

Cf. Lesk. Abl. 371.Cf. Kur.

340.365; Ber. delo.an'

DLWb.

Beilage.

preg prep, with gen. 'bei, Gram. 1476. See pre.kolc.

B.176.II,

II, 2,

881.

Cf. Kur.

prekalas, preikalas (Lesk. prekalas, preikalas) 'Amboss'

Ber.prelikis

Cf. Lesk.

Nom.

f em.

'Zufall,

Geschick' B.

i,

168.

Cf. Lesk.

Nom.

237,

prepat vandeils "tout pres de I'eau"See tenpat.

Boi.

ttotc

(s.v. tto'tc).

prskas

'siiss,

ungesauert'

(von Speisen)

K.II,

frisch; F.

fraiw.

Cf. Ness. 314", Bruckner SlFw. 122.ace. 'gegen, wider'

presz prep, with

Kur. Gram. 1478. See pre. pri 'bei, an'; pri-, pry- 'hinzu-, bei-'

B.

2,

881.

Cf.

see pre.

202

prybga'Znflucht'

puczu, pstii,

prybga370.

B. II,

154.

See begu

&

Lesk. Abi.

pryblind 'Abenddammerung'blendus.

F. blinds; Ber. blcdc.

See

pridvjas (?) Mumpfig' Uh. dhndti; (Ber. dujg). (Ber. duj). Cf. Ness. 159', Lesk. Abi. 361. pridvesas id.

prikergti

(?)

'anbinden,Cf. Geitler

beifgen, verschranken'

(Ber.II,

kiirga i).

LS. 104; Lesk. Abi. 363, 401.

prikimbu, prikibti 'anhaften'priliktas 'zugelassen,I,

see kimbu.

(vom

Schicksal) beschieden'

B.

396.

See leku.

prispeiczu, prispeisti 'umringend anklemmen'prisreigti

(?) Old Lith. 'darreichen'

W.

see speiczil.frigo.

2.

Cf.

Bezz.

BGLS.

318.

pritampu, pritapti 'antreffen, kennen lernen, erfahren'tampu.391, Lesk. Abi.pritiklus 'geziemend, passend'I,

see

privilstu, privilti 'betriigen'

B. 287. (Boi.Abi.

II,

i,

352.

Cf.

MLG.Seealt-

3.

ovAos (note)).

apvUstu

&

Lesk.

354,

Trautmann

Die

preussischen Sprachdenkmaler 409.

pro prep. with acc. 'vorbei, durch' pra- verb, pref 'vorbei-, durch-, ver-'Uh. prd-; F. *fra-; B. I, 147.152.429.507;.

(&Boi.

Ntr.Trpo.

XLVII).Cf. Kur.

II,

I,

206. 2, 873-876;

W.LF.

I.

pro;

Gram. 450, 1479.Jahren' II, i, 55.

projudis 'schwarzlich' B.

Cf. Bezz.B.I,

159.i.

propemai

adv. 'vor zwei

147;

W.

pro.

See pernai.

protas 'Verstand'Abi. 365.

F. frapi;

(W.

interpres).

Cf. Lesk.

prusna, also

pki.

priisnos 'Maul, die dicken LippenI,

am Mauli,

(des Rindes)' Uh. prusnoti; B.Cf. Lesk. Abi. 305.

785.

II,

263.

puczu, psti 'wehen, blasen, stiirmen, jagen, schnauben (vor Zorn)' Uh. pupphusas, phutkaroti; W. pustula; Boi.

TTvvvos,

(note)).

Cf. Lesk. Abi. 370.legen'

*(Holz)

schichtvveise;

F.

rapjo; B.

176;

W.

reor, (rarus)

Boi. apiOfW'i (read rejti).

Cf.

Lesk. Abi. 371.

reke 'Brotschnitte'Erdscholle"

W.;

(Ness, 434" also) "eine abgestochenerinta; Boi. epeUw.

rkiu, rkti 'brllen,

schreien, vveinen'

Cf. Lesk. Abi. 281.F. zvrohs;

W.

racco.

Cf. Lesk. Abi. 340.

reki, rkti '(Brot) schneiden; zum erstenmal pflgen' Uh. rikhdti; W. nma; Boi. ipÛw. Cf. Lesk. Abi. 281. rekls plu. 'Stangengerust ber dem Ofen zum Holztrocknen'; "Holz- oder Eisenstabe, die im Schornstein angebracht sind und zum Rauchern vom Fleisch benutzt werden" W. ratis, (rarus). Cf. Bezz. LF. 163. Seereju'ich schichte'.

rksmas428.

'Geschrei, Gebriill'

remiu, reinti 'sttzen'II, 3,

Uh. rdmate;Boi.vp^fui.

B. II,

i,

252.

See rkiu.I,

F. rimis; B.

415.416.

396.

Cf. Lesk. Abi. 339.

rengius, reiigtis 'sich biegen, sich

krmmen,

sich anstren-

gen, sich anschicken, sich rsten, sich ankleiden, eiln'

Uh. vrndkti;pa/ivoc, pt>.

Cf. Lesk. Abl. 365,

riaugmi, riaugti 'rulpsen -see rd6'^/. regieren rykauju, rykauti 'schalten, herrschen,

^

,. B. ii, 3.

rat; rikys Old Lith. 'K6nig'-Uh. Die altpreussischen LS. 106; Lalis S.V.; Trautmann

W.

rex.

Cf. Geitler

Sprachdenkmaler 415-

rykmetys

dial, 'der friihe

Morgen'-B.

Î.

542.

Cf.

r-r

\T LBLV.t rjT

rykszt^"'Rute'-Boi. 'po.k6, {vt2.A rykszt Sprachdenkmaler 416. Trautmann Die altpreussischen Gemtsruhe-B. II, rimastis fem. 'Ruhe, Rast; (Kur.).

ior rykt)

Cf.

i,

439.

Cf. Lesk. Abl. 339.'in aufgestiitzter

rymau (rymoju), rymoti

Stellung ver-

rimstu, pret.rifms;

B. ii, 3. oder dastehen harren, aufgestiitzt dasitzen 168.200. Cf. Lesk. Abl. 339. werden sich rimau, rlmti (B. rimti) 'ruhig.

beruhigen,B.

Ruhe haben, ruhig sem'-Uh. ramate;Î,

415416.

H, ^ 43o;I,

Boi.

w^tô..

Cf.o &

Lesk. Abl. 339-

rimtas

'fest,

stammig, tiichtig'-B.

4i5-

^ See prec.

Ci. Geitler LS^ 106 rinda 'Linie, Reihe'-(W. ordior). SlFw. 125 (note); [Lesk. Bezz. LF. 164; Bruckner

Geitler

LS. 106.

ring^(B.Sa)

Ursache "wer vor Frost oder aus anderer dasitzt, umherimmer krumm und zusammengezogen vrnakt^ Arbeit verrat" (Kur.)-Uh.geht, Unlust zur

F. ztrnggo; B. II, 3, 289;

W.

vergo.

Cf. Lesk. Abl.

krauseln' B. ring6ju, ring6ti 'krummen,prec.

II, 3.

289.

See

rinkti

'sammeln' inf. of renku,

q.v.

6pty.. Cf. Geitler ristas 'schnell, hurtig'-Boi. op'vo,. adv. 'im Trabe' Boi.

LS. 107.

riszcza

2

ryszgalvis

21

ryszgalvis 'Kopfbinde,

rudas Brautschleier' B./biVkoc.

II,

i,

loi,

ryszys 'Band, Binde; Biindel; (Lalis also) union, society,relation'

W.

rlca; Boi.

See next,B. II, 3, 137.poiKoc.

riszu, riszti 'binden'

Uh. racand; F. wruggo;pio-Koc,

397;

W.

corrigia, rlca; Boi.

Cf. Lesk.

Abl. 281.

rytas 'Morgen'; rytai plu. 'Osten, Morgenland'reisan).ritinis

(F.

nr-

m. 'Rolle (Leinwand, Zeug), Knauel (Garn), Wickel;

(Flachs)

(Lalis

also)

round,

circle'

Uh.II, 2,

rathas;

W.

rota.

See

ritu.

rytoj, ryto 'morgen,

am

nachsten Tage'

ritu, risti trans, 'rollen, walzen'

Uh. rathas;W.rota;

B.

708.746.I,

F. raps; B.

153.472.

II,

3,

125.443;

(Boi.

iiri-ppoBot

(note)).

Cf. Lesk. Abl. 281.

ritulai plu. tant. 'Schubkarren'prec.

Uh. rathas; W.II,

rota.

See

rodas, rods

'willig,

gern'

B.;

2,

679.

Cf.

Briickner

SlFw. 126.

roke 'Staubregen'See next.

(F. rign)'in

(W.

rigo).

Cf. Ness. 445^

rokia, rokti impers. (F. rign);

Form

eines starken Nebeis regnen'

(W.

rigo).

Cf. Lesk. Abl. 377.s.v.

romus, romas (Kur.rimis; Boi.rip^tî,

DLWb.(ipyfio. adjs.

(e.g.

btinassein;

'seiend, bleibend,

wesentlich') B.dern'

269.

Cf. Lesk.

Nom.

405-6.;

tingiu, tingti 'trage, unlustig,

f aul

faul

werden zau-

(

W.

taedet )

.

See next.

268tingus'trage, faul'

;

tingus

tol

B.;

II, i,

493; (W. tacdet).

Cf. Lesk.

Abi. 360.tiiiklas

'Netz,

Fischernetz;

Spinngewebe'

K.

dehnen,

Dohne, [Domicr] W. tendo, i. temis; Boi. Cf. Bezz. LF. 188, Lesk. Abi. 350.tinku, tikti 'taugen, passen, geniigen, gefallen'pcihs.

artin, tciW,

F. peilian,

Cf. Lesk. Abi. 287.

tinti 'schvvellen'

inf.

of tstu, q.v.

tyras, usually plu. tyrai 'odes Land, Wiiste, Heide, Steppe,

milTtAos.

OrasCf.

uberwachsener

Morast'

W.

taheo;

Boi.

MLG.165.

I,

319; Geitler LS. 117; Lalis 386;

Lesk.tyras,

Nom.

tyrI,

'Brei, (bes.) Kinderbrei'

Boi.

rtAoc.

tirpstu, tirpti 'einschlafen, erstarren, gefiihllos werden'

B.

472.520.

II, 3,

445;

W.

torpco; Boi.

aTep

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