LITHOSPHERE AS A COMPONENT OF THE BIOSPHERE. ENVIRONMENTAL

PROBLEMS OF ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) POLLUTION OF SOIL AND THEIR

SOLUTIONS.

as. S. Garkavyi

Plan of the Lecture Soil as a part of the biosphere Sources of soil pollution Migration of chemicals from soil Medical and biological significance of soil Influence of soil on human health Sanitary protection of soil and clearing of

settlements

BIOSPHERE is the shell of the Earth, the main zone of life on our planet which consists of 3 parts: the

lower layer of the atmosphere with a height of 15-18 km (TROPOSPHERE), the upper layer of the

LITHOSPHERE with a depth of 10.7 km and the entire HYDROSPHERE.

The BIOSPHERE is postulated to have evolved, beginning through a process of biogenesis or biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.

BIOSPHERE

Atmosphere15–18 km (Troposphere)

LitosphereDepth of 7–10 km

Hydrosphere

LITOSPHERE

The lithosphere (from Anicient Greek λίθος [lithos] for "rocky” and σφαῖρα [sphaira] for "sphere”) is the rigid outermost shell of a rocky planet. On Earth, it comprises the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater.

LITOSPHERE

• LITOSPHERE

• The bottom layer (LITHOSPHERE itself)

• Formed from the parent igneous rocks under the influence of climate and

weather

• The top layer - SOIL

• Formed under the influence of climate, microorganisms and higher (vascular) plants

• The bottom layer is SOIL

itself

• The top layer (25 sm depth) is ARABLE or HUMUS

layer

COMPOSITION OF THE SOIL

Bioticpart

Abiotic part

Solidsubstance

Soilmoisture

Soilair

Autochthonous (inherent)

microflora. Provides self-

purification processes in

soil.

• Mineral (inorganic) substances:

Crystalline silica (quartz); alumino-silicates, salts, bases and acids;• Organic

matter - humus.

• hygroscopic water;

• film (membrane) water;

• capillary water;

• free gravitational water.

The mixture of gases and vapors, which fills the pores of the soil.

SOIL

Soil is the most superficial layer of the lithosphere formed from parent igneous rocks under the influence of climate, microorganisms and vegetation and is a complex multicomponent low dynamic system consisting of mineral and organic solids, soil moisture and air and populated by micro and macro-organism.

Main types of soil

Soil Type Humus, %

Porosity, % рН

Soil temperature during the growing season, оС

average maximal

Tundra 0,6 42 6,5 -2 5

Sod-podzolic 1,5 49 5,5 8 18

Gray forest 2,5 50 5,0 10 20

Chernozem 10,0 60 7,0 7 30

Chestnut 4,0 59 7,3 14 25

Serozems 1,3 53 8,2 16 35

Krasnozems 6,5 60 5,5 12 38

Main types of soil

Tundra

Sod-podzolic

Main types of soil

• Russia• Ukraine• Belarus• etc

• Chernozemvery fertile and produces a high agricultural yield

Main types of soil

30 % of world chernozem are concentrated in Ukraine

The most common soil types in Ukraine

Soils are characterized by noticeable Ukrainian Polissya deficiency of most trace elements, in the steppe zone of microelements content is average, in the steppe zone - increased. General pattern is to increase the content of trace elements from northwest to south-eastern.

Ways and sources of soil contamination

Adding mineral and organic fertilizers. The use of pesticides in agriculture and forestry. Use of wastes of livestock farms, poultry farms, individual farms,

wastewater and sludge as organic fertilizer and to moisture. Unauthorized discharges of solid and liquid domestic or industrial

waste (natural landfills). Sedimentation of chemicals from atmospheric industrial emissions

and motor vehicles. Sedimentation of radionuclides due to accidents at nuclear

reactors. Temporary storage or permanent burial of household and industrial

waste.

SOIL CONTAMINANTS - are chemicals, biological organisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths) and their metabolic products that are in “the wrong place in the wrong time and in the wrong quantity”.

SOIL CONTAMINANTS

SOIL CONTAMINANTS

Biological Chemical

Microorganisms in the domestic and some industrial solid and liquid wastes

Made purposefully Dischargedaccidentally

• Pesticides• Fertilizer• Plant growth

regulators• Soil Structure-

forming chemicals

• Heavy metals• Polymeric materials• Oil and oil products• Detergents

Soil contamination - is this content in soil chemical and biological pollutants that endanger the health of man by direct contact with contaminated soil or through contact with the soil environment according to ecological chain:

soil - atmosphere – humansoil - water – humansoil - plant - humansoil - water - plant - animal - human.

Routes of chemicals from the soil into the human body

Soil

Ambient Air

Plants

Animals

Underground water

Surtfacewater

Water organimsFood

Drinkingwater

Food

Respiration

Human

Medical and biological significance of soil:

Transformation of solar energy. A Leading link cycle of matter in nature. Impacts on the water quality of water sources. Generates the chemical composition of food. Influences on the quality of the air. Endemic value (endemic diseases). Place of deposit, transformation, destruction, migration of

exogenous chemicals. Formation of artificial biogeochemical provinces (ekzohimichna pathology).

Epidemiological significance (infectious disease). The natural environment for disposal of domestic and

industrial wastes.

SOIL AND HEALTH

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Classes of diseases

Diseases

Intestinal infections

A) bacterial origin:cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid A and B, dysentery, kolienteryt, salmonellosis;B) viral etiology: viral epidemic hepatitis A (Botkin's disease), hepatitis E virus, polio, enterovirus (Coxsackie, ECHO) infection, rotavirus infection

Respiratory infections Tuberculosis

Zooantroponozy Tularemia, leptospirosis, brucellosis

Infections of external covers Anthrax, tetanus, gas gangrene

Geo helminthiasis Trichuriasis, ascariasis, hookworm disease

ENDEMIC DISEASES

Name of disease Cause

Endemic fluorosis Excess of fluoride. Daily demand 3,2-4,2 mg

Endemic caries Lack of fluoride

Water nitrate methemoglobinemia The concentration of nitrates in water more than 45 mg / l

Molybdenum gout Excess of molybdenum. Daily demand 0.1-0.3 mg

Endemic goiter Lack of iodine. The daily requirement of 0.1 - 0, 2 mg (not <0.05 or> 0.5 mg)

Urovskaya disease orKashin-Beck disease

High content of Sr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ag, F against low Ca content

Selena disease: Daily demand 0,05-0,2 mg1) Keşan disease, Lower content2) Selenozis Higher content

Boric enteritis (boroz) Excess of boron

Endemic nephropathy Excess silicon. The daily requirement of 20 - 30 mg

Endemic mikromerkurializm Excessive levels of mercury in the soil

EXOCHEMICAL PATHOLOGY

Substance Disease

Lead Saturnism hepato-, nephro-, neuro-, hematotoksychnist, enteropathy, mental retardation in children, a carcinogen (cancer of the kidney, leukemia)

Cadmium Disease of Ittai-Ittai (c Fukui, Toyama Prefecture, Japan, about 3000 of cases). Osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hypochromic anemia, nephrotoxicity, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects

Arsenic (Chelyabinsk region, Russia)

Chrome Cr6+ cause carcinogenic (cancer of the esophagus)

Methylmercury Minamata Disease (1953-1956, Japan, Minamata Bay, 130 diseased, 1964-1965, Niigata prefecture, 180 diseased). Hepato-, gonad-, embryotoxicity, reproductive toxicity

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Yusho disease (Kyushu, Japan> 1000 diseased). Hepato-, neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, hyperkeratosis, chloracne, transplacental revenues.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polytropic effects: liver, kidney, central nervous system, blood, carcinogenic effect

Dioxins 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2000 times more toxic for strihnin (1990, Ufa, Russia). Polytropic action, sharp immunosuppression, carcinogenic effects, chloracne

Sanitary protection of soil is a complex of measures to limit the ground in mechanical, chemical and biological pollutants to values that

not violate the self-cleaning process, not lead to accumulation in cultivated plants harmful

substances in quantities hazardous to health, not lead to pollution of air, surface and underground

waters, not restrict the use of soil in agriculture.

Sanitary clearing of settlements is a complex planning, organizational, sanitary and economic measures for the collection, temporary storage, exportation (transportation), disposal and recycling, formed in populated areas in order to preserve public health and general uporyadzhennya.

Sanitary clearing

Collection and

temporary

storage

removal

(transportation)

Disposal

and utilization

Household waste - the remains of substances and objects that formed as a result of household and commercial activity that can not be used in place of education, and their accumulation and storage violates sanitary environment.

Composition of solid waste:1) recyclables (paper, cardboard, textiles, metal,

leather and others) - 25% of the mass of waste;2) an organic part - 60-70% of which is easily decayed

- 20-30%;3) ballast (glass, stones, etc..) - 6.8%;

4) fuel materials (coal, wood, rubber, etc..) - 8-10%.

• In the countries of the EEC produced 150 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW).

• Solid wastes: in Germany - 52 million tons, Britain, France and Italy - to 30-40 million tons

• Ukraine has accumulated nearly 17 million tons or 40 million m3 of solid waste.

• In cities formed 1-1.5 m3 of solid waste and 0.5-1 kg of solid industrial waste per capita.

The annual accumulation of solid waste

Requirements for methods of disposal of solid waste

1. Reliability disposal.2. Speed disposal.3. Preventing the proliferation of flies.4. Inaccessibility to rodents.5. Preventing decay and air pollution.6. Prevention of pollution of surface and ground

waters.7. Maximum utilization.

Classification of methods for disposal of solid waste

By technology

1) Biotermal (fields plowing, improved dumps, landfills warehousing, field composting biokamerы, factories biotermichnoyi processing; rural private households - compost piles, greenhouses);

2) thermal (incinerators with or without the use of heat energy produced while getting pyrolysis fuel gas and oil);

3) chemical (hydrolysis);4) mechanical (separation of waste,

followed by recycling, pressing into building blocks);

5) mixed

By result

1) Recycling (rework waste into organic fertilizer, biofuels, recycled metal for industrial use as energy consumption)

2) Liquidation (burial ground, dumping at sea, incineration without heat)

Methods of solid waste disposal in Western European countries

CountryQuantity of

waste (million

tons / year)

Proportion (%) of waste neutralized

Burning Landfills Composting Utilization

Great Britain 30,0 8 90 0 2

Sweden 3,2 47 34 3 16

Portugal 2,65 0 85 15 0

Italy 17,5 16 74 7 3

Hungary 4,9 12 88 0 0

Germany 25,0 36 46 2 16

France 22,0 44 45 7 4

Finland 2,5 2 83 0 15

In Ukraine, most of the solid waste is neutralized at 656 municipal landfills, smaller at 4 incineration plants.

Thank You for Your Attention !