nd c

, Fraouse

Aix-ulou

Maison de la Recherche Bt 26, 5, alle Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Available online 12 June 2011

question of the Vasconian facies signication: dened by F. Bordes objective is to propose here a regional balance for the lithicindustries of the Pyrenean chain and piedmont. This balance isdesigned as a step in developing a program of collective researchinvolving researchers interested in the Mousterian on both sides ofthe Pyrenees.

The series presented here, with the exception of those fromRoman shelter, come from the northern part of the Pyrenees chain(Fig. 1). Sites belong to various geomorphological and geologicalcontexts (plain, plateau, mountains), and include an open air site

* Corresponding author.E-mail addresses: celine.thiebaut@wanadoo.fr (C. Thibaut), vincent.mourre@

inrap.fr (V. Mourre), pierre.chalard-biberson@culture.gouv.fr (P. Chalard), david.colonge@wanadoo.fr (D. Colonge), coudenneau.aude@orange.fr (A. Coudenneau),

Contents lists availab

Quaternary In

journal homepage: www.el

Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198deschamp@univ-tlse2.fr (M. Deschamps), gatounz@hotmail.fr (A. Sacco-Sonador).1. Introduction

Recent syntheses about the Mousterian of the Northern side ofthe Pyrenees cover all aspects of Neanderthal groups subsistence(Jaubert and Bismuth, 1996; Jaubert, 2005, 2007). The Tarrago-naeCapellades workshop provided an interesting opportunity fordeveloping a new synthetic balance for the nal Mousterian lithicindustries of the Pyrenees during MIS 3. As in other areas, thequestion of Mousterian lithic industries variability is a sizzling onein the context of the Pyrenees but it has been slightly discussed forthis region up to now. It has mainly been addressed through the

on typological basis (1953), this facies is considered by this authoras the expression of a cultural group using ake cleavers. Thisinterpretation has been discussed by different authors and iscoming to light again thanks to renewed technological analysis ofclassical Vasconian series. The synthetic balance proposed here ismainly based on the authors recent or current studies of lithicindustries from ve Pyrenean sites (Olha II, Calavant, Noisetiercave, Mauran, Roman shelter) and on a review of the availableliterature as exhaustive as possible, at least for the north side. Evenif it is difcult to compare the results of these analyses to thosepublished by other authors, it is worth attempting this exercise. The1040-6182/$ e see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd adoi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.028a b s t r a c t

The Mousterian of the North side of the Pyrenees has been the subject of several synthesis includingrelatively recent ones dealing with all the aspects of the Neanderthal groups subsistence. The TarragonaeCapellades workshop provided an interesting opportunity for developing a new synthetic balanceregarding the nal (MIS 3) Mousterian of the Pyrenees, with an emphasis on data regarding lithicindustries and resulting from the recent research on the North side with a few incursions on the Southside. Some comparisons are taking shape, opening new research trails which still largely remain toexplore, but which reveal the Pyrenees as a much less impermeable natural boundary than might bethought a priori. In the region, a technical diversity is perceptible. It is characterized by the use of veryvaried raw materials, the display of different aking methods and the production of tools with diversiedtechnical and morpho-functional characteristics. Despite this important diversity, several series sharesome characteristics that allow sketching a technical geography whose interpretation remains to bediscussed case by case. Some areas thus dened coincide with entities traditionally interpreted ascultural, as in the case of the Vasconian.

2011 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA.Lithic technology of the nal Mousteria

Cline Thibaut a, Vincent Mourre b,*, Pierre ChalarMarianne Deschamps f, Agata Sacco-Sonador g

a Pacea/Umr 5199, Les Hauts Arthmes, 84560 Mnerbes, Franceb Inrap Mditerrane, Traces/Umr 5608, 561 rue tienne Lenoir, km Delta, 30900 Nmesc SRA Midi-Pyrnes, Traces/Umr 5608, DRAC, 32 rue de la Dalbade, BP 811, 31080 Tould Inrap GSO, Traces/Umr 5608, Dardennes hautes, 46300 Le Vigan, Francee Lampea/Umr 6636, LAMPEA e MMSH, 5, Rue du Chteau de lHorloge, BP 647, 13094f Traces/Umr 5608, Maison de la Recherche Bt 26, 5, alle Antonio Machado, 31058 Tognd INQUA.on both sides of the Pyrenees

, David Colonge d, Aude Coudenneau e,

nce, France

En-Provence Cedex 2, Francese Cedex 9, France

le at ScienceDirect

ternational

sevier .com/locate/quaint

(Calavant), an open air site originally backing on a rocky bar(Mauran), rock shelters (Roman, Olha), and a cave (Noisetier).Utilized raw materials are quite diverse, and the fauna associatedwith the lithic implements varies depending on sites and studiedlevels. Except in Mauran, fauna indicates a temperate climate. It canbe relatively diversied as in Roman (red deer and horse aredominant), Noisetier and Olha II (red deer is dominant), or almost

2. Series

2.1. Olha II, layer Askf-1

Olha shelter is located inCambo-les-Bains (Pyrnes-Atlantiques).It is locatedat the footof a limestonebaroverlookingOlhaCreek, a fewtens ofmetres upstreamof its conuencewith theNiveRiver (Laplace

Fig. 1. Location of the mentioned sites.

xes

od

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198 183monospecic as in Mauran (bison almost exclusively; Table 1).After presenting the considered levels at each site, stressing the

technical similarities and differences, a comparative approach willallow denition of a number of clusters of lithic series with rela-tively homogeneous technical traits.

Table 1Synthesis of the available data for the studied levels.

Site name Site type Level/layer Age (years BP) Techno-comple

Olha II Rock shelter lev. Askf-1 Between 60 000and 40 000*

Lato sensu Discwith cleaversCalavant Open air site surface Unknown Lato sensu Discodcleavers and handa

Mauran Cliff foot lev. XV2 Between 41 000and 47 000**

Stricto sensu Discowith denticulates

Noisetier Cave layer 1 Between 39 700and 45 100 ***

Accumulation ofdifferent industries

Roman Rock shelter lev. E between 42 100and 44 300****

Stricto sensu Disco

Roman Rock shelter lev. H Between 43 300and 45 700*****

Stricto sensu Disco

Roman Rock shelter lev. I Between 42 000and 52 000******

Stricto sensu Disco

Roman Rock shelter lev. K Between 50 300and 55 900******

Stricto sensu Disco

*Based on biochronology, **based on 13 ESR dates, ***based on 5 SMA C14 dates, ****bU/Th dates.and Mroc, 1954). Olha II was excavated by G. Laplace and lies a fewmetres away from the Olha shelter explored by E. Passemard (1936).

Three units are distinguished in the stratigraphic sequence ofOlha II, each consisting of several layers. Within the interm-ediate unit, the Askf-1 clayey-sandy layer is characterized by

Associated fauna Climate/environment Number oflithic artifcats

Varied: Red deer, Bovids,Rhinoceros, Horse

Temperated 1256withxes

Not preserved Indeterminate 1101

d Monospecic: Bison Cold, steppic 2738

Varied: mainly Red deerand Ibex

Temperated, wooded 422

d Varied: Red deer,Horse, Aurochs

Mediterranean temperate,semi open

2592

d Varied: Horse,Red deer, Aurochs

Cold, steppic 371

d Varied: Horse,Red deer, Aurochs

Cold, steppic 1341

d Varied: Red deer,Horse, Aurochs

Mediterranean temperate,semi open

2330

ased on 1 SMA C14 dates, *****based on 2 SMA C14 dates, ******based on 4 and 6

a concentration of ashes and charcoal fragments (Laplace and Saenzde Buruaga, 2000).

The lithic remains were rst studied by Laplace and Saenz deBuruaga (2000) according to the analytical and structuraltypology method (Laplace, 1972). The lithic series from Askf-1 layerwas recently reviewed and discussed from a technologicalperspective in a study dedicated to the Vasconian and its meaningwithin the Mousterian facies (Deschamps, 2008, submitted, inprogress; Deschamps and Mourre submitted). The data presentedhere result from the analysis of all the cores and tools, as well asa sample of the raw products.

2.2. Calavant

Calavant Turon is a hill at 431m asl, located 10 km southwest ofTarbes (Hautes-Pyrnes). The sediments are Mio-Pliocene detritalmaterials of the Cieutat-Orignac cone. After the surface discovery ofa few artifacts by T. Barragu, the site was regularly surveyed anda thousand pieces were collected (Barragu et al., 1993). A rescueexcavation showed that no archaeological layer was preserved(Jarry, 2000). Lithic artifacts from the surface collection and theexcavation were recently studied for a university thesis (Sacco-Sonador, 2008).

2.3. Mauran

The Mauran deposit is backed with a calcareous rock bar that

cannot be earlier than the Last Interglacial. Biochronology conrmsthis estimate. ESR dates were obtained by R. Grn from dentalsamples from the main archaeological level; they range between31 700 2100 and 47 400 3400 a, with an average age of44 3 ka (Grn in Farizy et al., 1994).

Lithic and faunal remains taphonomic study shows thatdisturbances in the deposit were limited (Farizy et al., 1994, p.239). Fauna is largely dominated by bison (98.9%) and theacquisition of carcasses was performed at the end of the season,between late summer and early fall (Rendu, 2007). The lithicindustry was the subject of publications and detailed work(Girard et al., 1975; Jaubert, 1993; Farizy et al., 1994; Jaubert andMourre, 1996; Thibaut, 2001; Thibaut et al. in press). Presentedhere are the rst unpublished results of a useewear analysisrealized in the framework of the collective research project DesTraces et des Hommes (Thibaut and Coudenneau, in Thibautet al., 2008).

2.4. Noisetier Cave

Noisetier Cave is located in the middle of the French Pyrenees inthe Neste Valley, on the commune of Frchet-Aure (Hautes-Pyr-nes). It is a small cave 20 m long, 3e4 mwide and 3e6 m high. Itopens approximately 825 m asl and at a relative height of 145 mabove the bottom of the valley. First excavated by M. Allard in 1987and 1992, it has been the subject of a new interdisciplinary researchprogram since 2004 (Mourre et al., 2008a, 2008b). The deposit was

toucque

27

25denticulates

11

31

54

13

8

32

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198184belongs to a pre-Pyrenean range, the eastern massif of Petites Pyr-nes. Located 60 km south of Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), itdominates the Garonne valley on its right bank. This privilegedlocation has two advantages: (1) it allows the control of a crossingtrack used by large herbivores characterized by seasonal migrationsand gregarious behavior; (2) lithic rawmaterials and freshwater arelocally available (Geneste and Jaubert, 1999; Rendu, 2007). Thesuccession of alluvial formations indicates that the sequence

Raw materials (%) Production methods Handaxes Cleavers Refre

int (94, 2), quartzite (3, 4),quartz (1, 6 ), ophite (0, 4),lydite (0, 2), sandstone (0, 1),indet (0, 2)

Lato sensu Discodprevailing, productionof small elungatedakes from prismatic cores

n 1 n 4 n

int (86, 1) quartzite (11, 7)quartz (0, 7), others (1, 5)

Lato sensu Discodprevailing, polyedral cores

n 34 n 3 n

int (38, 3), quartzite (36, 9),quartz, shales, granite, gneiss,microgranite, lydite, ophite,tourmaline, poudingue,sandstone

Stricto sensuDiscod prevailing

None None n

quartzite (65), shale (14),lydite (11), int (8)

Lato and stricto sensuDiscod, Levallois,Kombewa

n 1 n 1 n

int (88, 3), quartz (4, 8),limestone (4, 3), shales (2),others (1, 4 )

Stricto sensu Discodprevailing, Kombewa-likeaking on int

None None n

int (65, 8), limestone(18, 6), shales (9, 7),quartz (5, 4), quartziteand calcite (0, 6)

Probable Discod(based on products)

None None n

int (54, 2), quartz (33, 6),limestone (11), others (1, 2)

Stricto sensu Discodprevailing, bipolar-on-anvilaking (limestone)

None None n

int (40, 8 ), quartz (32, 5),limestone (16, 5), shale (9, 7)

Stricto sensu Discodprevailing, Kombewa

None None n quartzite and granite (0, 5) aking (int and limestone)0 ie 9.3% Denticulates,notches, scrapers

Kill andbutchery site

Farizy et al., 1994,Thibaut et al. in press.

ie 24% Scrapers,denticulates

Temporaryhabitat

Mourre et al., 2008aet b, Mourre andThibaut, 2008

ie 7.4% Denticulates,partialy retouchedtools, scrapers, notches,Upper Palaeolithictype tools

Short occupationhabitat

Bischoff et al., 1988,Vaquero, 1992, 1997,1999, Vaquero et al.,2001, Chacn, 2000,2009, Chacn et al. 2007,Chacn et Fernndez-Laso,2007, Fernndez-Laso et al.2010; Thibaut, 2007

ie 16% Denticulates,partialy retouchedtools, scrapers,notches

Short occupationhabitat

ie 4.5% Denticulates, notches,scrapers

Short occupationhabitat

ie 6.2% Denticulates, partialyretouched tools, notches

Temporaryhabitatexplored to more than 1 m depth, and the substrate has not yetbeen reached. This sequence contains various archaeological levelscorresponding to a temperate episode of MIS 3 according to bio-chronological data (microfauna and large mammals) and radio-carbon AMS dating (Mourre et al., 2008a, 2008b). The resultspresented here relate to layer 1, the main archaeological leveldocumented to date, and include previously unpublished dataconcerning petroarchaeology.

hed toolsncy

Small tools types Site function References

1 ie 36.8% Scrapers,denticulates

Habitat Laplace and Mroc,1954, Laplace andSaenz de Buruaga,2000, Deschamps, 2008

ie 1.9% Scrapers, Indeterminate Sacco-Sonador, 2008

InteC. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary2.5. Roman shelter, levels E, H, I and K

Roman shelter is located about 50 kmwest-northwest of Barce-lona, in the commune of Capellades (Anoia, Catalonia). It belongs tothe large set of sites of Cinglera del Capell. It opens to the northwest,50m above the Anoia River and on its right bank. Roman shelter hasa stratigraphic sequence of several tens of metres with more than 30levels of the Upper Pleistocene (Bischoff et al., 1988), most of which

Fig. 2. Proportion of raw maternational 247 (2012) 182e198 185belong to Middle Palaeolithic and a single one to Aurignacian(Vaquero, 1992; Carbonell et al., 1994; Vaquero et al., 2001). Thesubstratewas reachedonly locally ina surveyconductedbyA.Romanat the beginning of the 20th century. Lithic site industry was thesubject of many studies (Vaquero, 1992, 1997, 1999; Vaquero et al.,2001; Chacn, 2000, 2009; Chacn et al., 2007; Chacn andFernndez-Laso, 2007). Here, a new technological analysis of levelE, H, I and K (Thibaut, 2007) is presented.

rials in the studied series.

3. Lithic industries

The number of lithic artifacts and the diversity of raw materialsused vary fromone studied lithic series to another (Table 1 and Fig. 2).

3.1. Raw materials

Although they are relatively diversied according to the sitesgeomorphological contexts (Table 1), most of the sources of rawmaterials are located in a nearby or local environment (

Calavant

22,718,9

7,40,1

7,110,3

16,9

26,3

1,9 1,98,5 11,6

20,5

3,2

15,010,3

17,8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Raw

block

hamm

ersto

nes

core

s

cortic

al fla

kes

partly

natur

al flak

es

natur

al bac

k flak

es

ordin

ary f

lakes

debord

ant

flakes

Kom

bewa fla

kes

Leva

llois f

lakes

shapin

g flak

es

%

flint n = 764quartzite n = 110

Olha II, Askf-1

6,6 6,9

39,1

16,3

1,55,6

31,0

15,9

4,23,8 2,4

14,39,5

26,2

4,84,87,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Raw

block

hamm

ersto

nes

core

s

cortic

al fla

kes

partly

natur

al flak

es

natur

al bac

k flak

es

ordin

ary f

lakes

debord

ant fl

akes

Kom

bewa fla

kes

Leva

llois f

lakes

shapin

g flak

es

%

flint n = 711 quartzite n = 42

18,1

7,6

23,7

12,2

3,16,1

43,3

8,515,4

5,5 7,6

16,512,6 15,5

2,91,40

10

20

30

40

50

60

Raw

bloc

k

hamm

ersto

nes

core

s

cortic

al fla

kes

partly

natur

al flak

es

natur

al bac

k flak

es

ordin

ary f

lakes

debord

ant fl

akes

Kom

bewa fla

kes

Leva

llois f

lakes

shapin

g flak

es

%

flint n = 293quartzite n = 278

0,6 1,76,1

14,5

57,5

9,1 9,12,3 2,3

18,2

1,11,16,7

1,78,9

2,3 2,3 2,3

11,4

40,9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Raw

block

hamm

ersto

nes

core

s

cortic

al fla

kes

partly

natur

al flak

es

natur

al bac

k flak

es

ordin

ary f

lakes

debord

ant fl

akes

Kom

bewa fla

kes

Leva

llois f

lakes

shapin

g flak

es

%

quartzite n = 179shale n = 44

Roman K

0,3

9,3

24,6

1,4 0,63,5

7,6

39,3

6,85,1

12,7

4,74,1

17,0

0,6

40,9

21,6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

raw

block

hamm

ersto

nes

core

s

cortic

al flak

es

partly

natur

al flak

es

natur

al bac

k flak

es

ordin

ary f

lakes

debord

ant

flakes

Kom

bewa

flakes

Leva

llois f

lakes

shapin

g flak

es

%

flint n = 354 Roman I

7,8

36,441,6

2,63,811,3

7,52,6

6,52,6

18,915,1

1,9 1,9

32,1

7,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

raw

block

hamm

ersto

nes

core

s

cortic

al fla

kes

partly

natur

al flak

es

natur

al bac

k flak

es

ordin

ary f

lakes

debord

ant fl

akes

Kom

bewa fla

kes

Leva

llois f

lakes

shapin

g flak

es

%

flint n = 77

Roman H

3,4

48,3

24,1

3,4

25,0

8,312,5

6,913,8

16,7

25,0

4,28,3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

raw

block

hamm

ersto

nes

core

s

cortic

al fla

kes

partly

natur

al flak

es

natur

al bac

k flak

es

ordin

ary f

lakes

debord

ant

flakes

Kom

bewa fla

kes

Leva

llois f

lakes

shapin

g flak

es

%

flint n = 29 Roman E

0,1

8,9

35,1

24,6

2,5 1,0

15,88,8

7,6

14,9

5,23,5

12,3

28,1

5,3

15,810,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

raw

block

hamm

ersto

nes

core

s

cortic

al fla

kes

partly

natur

al flak

es

natur

al bac

k flak

es

ordin

ary f

lakes

debord

ant fl

akes

Kom

bewa fla

kes

Leva

llois f

lakes

shapin

g flak

es

%

flint n = 772

Mauran

limestone n = 171 limestone n = 53

limestone n = 24 limestone n = 57

Noisetier 1

Fig. 4. Proportion of the different technological categories in the studied series.

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198 187

InteC. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary188and E), either, for level H, with the removal of a large part of theproduction (small akes in int represent 86% of the series). Vari-ability of debris and chunks proportion is directly linked to the rawmaterials and to the degree of homogeneity of the blocks. Theytherefore give no information about the general organization of theproduction andmake it difcult to compare themanagement of thedifferent raw materials.

Sandstone and granite hammers are present in Noisetier Cave(n 6). In Mauran, quartzite, andalousite schist and quartz pebbleswere used as hammers. The lack of raw or tested pebbles anda certain decit in cores and cortical akes in Noisetier cave couldindicate import of raw quartzite and schist akes. In Olha II, thehigh proportion of raw quartzite pebbles could represent a reserveof blocks to be aked. Hammerstones are also present but have notyet been studied.

No int core or int raw block has been unearthed in NoisetierCave. Flint is imported as raw or retouched akes, which can besharpened in the site as shown by the high proportion of retouched

Fig. 5. Discoid debitage: n 1e4 int and quartzite pseudo-Levallois points from Mauran (1994); n 7, quartzite pseudo-Levallois point from Noisetier cave (drawing by V. Mourre).rnational 247 (2012) 182e198tools (20% of the int pieces versus 5.5% for quartzite). Lydite is alsopresent in the form of akes, ake fragments, and debris. Schistseems to have been preferred to make bifaces, as indicated by thehigher proportion of schist shaping akes and the presence ofa biface in this raw material. An economy of raw material seems toexist at the Noisetier Cave, including selective use of granite andsandstone as hammers and schist for shaping operations.

As in Noisetier Cave, allochtonous rawmaterials are imported asusable products, while the ones available in the surroundings arepartly imported in the form of raw blocks, large akes or cores inOlha II. In this site, ophite was only used tomake cleavers, importedas nished tools even if this rock is present in the Nive River. Thesite thus shows a real economy of rawmaterials sensu Perls (1991).

In Calavant, int cores as well as cortical and partially corticalint akes are considerably over-represented compared to the fulldebitage akes. It is possible that this raw material only passedthrough the site:int, imported in the formof roughblocks, itwouldhavebeenakedon the spot, and thena largepartof the full debitage

Farizy et al., 1994); n 5e6, int and quartzite Discoid core from Mauran (Farizy et al.,

Fig. 7. Flint Discoid core from Olha shelter (drawing by M. Deschamps).

Fig. 6. Discoid debitage: n 1e8 and 11, int, limestone and quartz pseudo-Levallois points fra akes lower face) (drawing by C. Thibaut).

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198 189products would have been exported. According to these data, Cala-vant seems to have been a production site, intermediate betweenthe int outcrops and a consumption site where the full debitageproducts would have been carried. The presence of a few retouchedpieces, andof 34bifaces and54 shapingakes, indicates that this siteis also a place of consumption. Whatever the interpretation of thisseries may be, it should be remembered that it is a surface site.

In Mauran, the aking of raw blocks on-site is evident, consid-ering the high proportion of int and quartzite cores and corticalakes. However, the low proportion of full debitage quartzite akescould indicate removal of this kind of artifact. A quite originalschema would imply a production of int and quartzite akes and

om Roman shelter; n 9e10 and 12, int Discoid cores from Roman shelter (n 12 is on

InteC. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary190the exportation of quartzite akes only. However, the over-representation of quartzite cortical akes may be a consequence ofa limited exploitation of cores.

In Roman shelter, the elements corresponding to the differentstages of the reduction sequencefor the two main raw materials(int and limestone) are present in proportions varying accordingto the level and the raw material. Regarding technological cate-gories of the int and limestone artifacts from levels K and E, onecan only note the strange similarity between their respectiveproportions. All the elements are present from acquisition to use forint as for limestone, even if the hammerstones are absent fromlevel K. The full debitage akes are present in large proportions andreect the on-site abandonment of the vast majority of the productpieces. In H and I levels, the proportions of the different techno-logical classes signicantly differ from those of the previous levels.Variations depending on the raw materials are also evident. H levelis characterized by a small amount of lithic remains, a very highproportion of small and very small int akes (78.9%), anda signicant proportion of limestone debris and chunks (30%). Flintartifacts reect a short occupation with in-site production, retouchand use of a few akes (10% of retouch and resharpening akes) andremoval of a signicant part of the products as well as some coresprobably. Limestone seems to have been exploited according toa completely different strategy: some raw blocks have beenbrought in, part has then been aked, but the poor quality of someof these blocks related to the presence of diaclases and their

Fig. 8. Quartzite Levallois akes from Nornational 247 (2012) 182e198heterogeneity is probably the origin of the high proportion ofdebris and chunks, inducing a low proportion of full debitageproducts (ordinary and core-edge akes). Similar interpretationscan be proposed for the artifacts of level I. Small and very small intakes represent 82% of the series. For all levels of the Romanshelter, the debitage of the blocks proceeded to exhaustion asshown by the small dimensions of some cores and some pseudo-Levallois points. However, the high proportion of small and verysmall akes can be partly explained here by the removal of a largepart of the production. Limestone akes of full debitage are betterrepresented, while the debris and chunks are present in propor-tions similar to the series of previously mentioned levels (27%). Forthis level, a less important part of the limestone akes may havebeen exported. For the different levels, quartzite and sandstonewere brought as raw or retouched akes. This is also the case forquartz, except for K and M levels where they were partly aked on-site. For the different studied archaeological levels, it seems that theshelter was used differently: for levels K and E, it could be used asa temporary habitat while for levels H and I, the occupation couldbe linked to temporary and shorter stays (Vallverd et al., 2005).

3.3. Production methods

Discoid debitage dominates in all analyzed series. However,different variants are present. Discoid debitage sensu stricto (Boda,1993) oriented towards the production of pseudo-Levallois points

isetier cave (drawing by V. Mourre).

InteC. Thibaut et al. / Quaternaryis present at Mauran on int and on quartzite (Jaubert, 1993), at theNoisetier Cave on quartzite (Fig. 5) and in different levels of AbriRoman on limestone, on int and sometimes on quartz (Fig. 6). Onthe other hand, Olha II and Calavant Discoid debitage seems moreoriented towards the production of short pieces with a peripheralcutting edge or of core-edge akes (Fig. 7). The assemblage isa Discoid debitage lato sensu, included in the broader variability ofthis concept and characterized at minimum by the centripetalexploitation of surfaces with clearly dened roles (debitage surfacevs. platform preparation surface), using nearly parallel fractureplanes and with a low degree of predetermination (Mourre, 2003).

Besides this Discode debitage, Levallois debitage is present onquartzite at the Noisetier Cave (Fig. 8). Bipolar-on-anvil debitagewas identied in Mauran and in level I of the Roman shelter ona limestone core (Fig. 9). Small elongated and at pebbles withmarks resulting from percussion on anvils along their longer axisare present in Mauran and Noisetier Cave (Fig. 9). The function ofthis kind of object is still mysterious. Indications of aking on akeslower face are present in Roman, level E and in Noisetier Cave. Forthe latter site, it appears to be a way to start a Discoid debitagemore than a distinct method. Olha II series includes a few prismaticcores showing the negatives of small elongated akes producedrecurrently (Fig. 10). The latter are, however, poorly regular and donot appear to have been retouched. To date, those artifacts cannotbe identied with a clear lamellar production.

Olha II, Calavant and Noisetier cave series also demonstrate theproductionof large tools includinghandaxes andcleavers (Fig.11). Inaddition to the tools themselves, shaping akes and characteristic

Fig. 9. N 1, at quartzite pebble fractured on anvil from Mauran (Farizy et al., 1994); n

limestone core aked on anvil from Roman shelter (drawing by C. Thibaut, retting by Mrnational 247 (2012) 182e198 191by-products are present. The cleavers mainly belong to type0 (Tixier, 1956).

3.4. Retouched tools

The proportion of retouched tools, although quite variable, isstill relatively low whatever the raw material is. Only the int toolsfrom Roman level H represent more than 40% of the blanks largerthan 25 mm, but this represents only 12 artifacts. In Noisetier Cave,although scarce, the retouched tools represent 20% of the intakes larger than 25 mm, and 37% excluding the shaping akes.However, in this site, int has perhaps been imported as akesalready partly retouched. The main part of the production was thusintended to be used unretouched. With the exception of Calavant,int retouched tools are usually more abundant than those inquartzite or limestone. Retouched tools are dominated by dentic-ulates in Mauran and in the different levels of the Roman shelter,even if there is an increase in the proportion of the scrapers in levelE. Scrapers are prevailing in Olha II and Calavant. The NoisetierCave tools are more diversied and are characterized by a majorityof akes with an irregular, often steep and sometimes convergentretouch together with scrapers and denticulates.

It seems difcult to establish any connection between the Pyr-enean series considered here and the classical typological facies ofthe Mousterian, because the composition of the toolkits seeminuenced by the available raw materials. However, Olha II shelterseries was attributed to Vasconian (Deschamps, 2008, submitted).Calavant and Noisetier cave series share afnities with the

2, at shale pebble fractured on anvil from Noisetier cave (photo by J. Viguier); n 3,. Vaquero).

InteC. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary192Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition (MTA) on the one hand, becauseof the presence of handaxes, and with the Vasconian on the otherhand, because of the presence of cleavers (Mourre et al., 2008b;Mourre and Thibaut, 2008; Sacco-Sonador, 2008). The studiedseries of Roman shelter havemany similarities with the industry ofMauran (stricto sensu Discoid debitage, prevailing denticulates,absence of handaxes and cleavers); the latter has been interpretedas a Denticulate Mousterian (Farizy et al., 1994; Thibaut, 2005).

3.5. Useewear analysis

Among the studied series, only that of Mauran has hada useewear analysis so far. The blanks bearing interpretable wea-ring are predominantly linked to butchery activities.

Altogether, 172 lithic artifacts were analyzed. This sampleincludes all the tools, all the pseudo-Levallois points and a few rawakes. Among them, only 54 pieces had unmistakable useewearsspread over 64 zones. The activities could be identied for 48zones; on 10 others the performed action has been identied butnot the worked material (transverse action, n 6 and longitudinalaction, n 4); for the last 6, the gesture and the worked materialhave not been recognized.

Mauran lithic industry is characterized by the predominance oftwo raw material groups with different petrographic features: thepre-Pyrenees ints and the quartzites from the primary axial chainavailable in the alluvial formations of the Garonne River. Butchery

Fig. 10. Prismatic core from Olha shernational 247 (2012) 182e198largely dominates the spectrum of activities carried out, both withint and quartzite blanks (Figs. 12 and 13). Nevertheless, it shouldbe stressed on the one hand the greatest diversity conducted withint blanks and on the other hand the lack of wearing related towoodwork on quartzite blanks. The low efciency of quartzitecutting-edges for wood scraping was experimentally observed inthe framework of the collective research project "Des Traces et deHommes" (Thibaut et al., 2009a). Ligneous bers ll the gapsbetween the quartz grains constituting the edge and deprive it of itssharpness, which then prevents the tool from entering the workedpiece of wood (Thibaut and Coudenneau, in Thibaut et al.,2009b).

The importance of hide working must be put into perspective asit mostly relates to fresh skin cutting, which can be linked to skinremoval preceding butchery operations. A quartzite pseudo-Levallois point could have been used to pierce the skin with anindeterminate freshness.

Woodwork is represented by a larger number of akes usedscraping. Only two int denticulates were used for sawing wood. Apoint bounded by a notch has been used in a punctiform contactwith a rotary movement to drill into wood.

During butchery operations, two main materials and differenttypes of blanks and tools were used. Except for an artifact, thedenticulates used for butchery bear traces of repeated or strongcontacts with a hard material such as bone (Fig. 14). The latterwere therefore probably used for cutting and disarticulation

lter (drawing by M. Deschamps).

International 247 (2012) 182e198 193C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternaryactivities. The functionality of these tools for such tasks is more-over conrmed experimentally (Thibaut and Coudenneau, inThibaut et al., 2007). A scraper, two quartzite pseudo-Levalloispoints and a regular ake made of andalousite schist have beenused for butchery, but do not bear characteristic disarticulationwear marks. They were therefore probably used to remove themeat. It seems that tools have been used at various stages of thebutchery process according to their morpho-functional charac-teristics. Contrary to a previously suggested hypothesis (Thibaut,2005), it appears that all types of denticulates (Thibaut, 2003,2005) were used for butchery. A few artifacts were used toscrape hard material such as bone. It is highly likely that thisactivity is directly linked to the fracturing of bison bones, welldocumented in Mauran.

One tip of a quartzite pseudo-Levallois point shows a bendingfracture. Its step fracture reminds the ones produced using pointsas spear-heads (Coudenneau in progress; Fischer et al., 1984;OFarrell, 2004). This fracture is accompanied by two continuouslined-up quadrilateral asymmetric scales, with hinge fractures. Aninterpretation of the point as related to its use as spear-head ispossible but not certain: this type of fracture can also occur duringbutchering activities such as disarticulation (Coudenneau inprogress).

The set of activities identied in Mauran may be correlateddirectly or indirectly to the acquisition and processing of animalcarcasses. Woodwork can result from shaft or spear manufacture.Only dry hide scraping is somewhat out of place, but this activity

Fig. 11. N 1, int handaxe from Calavant; n 2, shale handaxe from Noisetier cave; n 3, cleaver in undetermined material from Noisetier cave; n 4, int handaxe from Olhashelter; n 5, ophite cleaver from Olha shelter (photo n 1e3 by J. Viguier and n 4e5 by Ph. Jugie MNP Les Eyzies e Dist. RMN).

Fig. 12. Proportions of activities identied in Mauran according to useewear analysisand depending on raw material.

InteC. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary194remains uncertain. More than an intense practice of dry hide workon the site, it may reect a one-time work implemented to addressa particular need (ligature scraping?).

According to useewear analysis results, the predominance ofdenticulates may be interpreted as a single functional objectiveresponse: carving and/or dismembering of bison carcasses. TheDenticulates Mousterian of Mauran would reect an economic orfunctional facies, as previously suggested by Jaubert (Jaubert et al.,1990; Jaubert, 1999). In other economic contexts, Mauran Nean-derthals might have produced industries dominated by other typesof tool. . Clauds work on MTA showed that the handaxes weremainly used for butchering activities (Claud, 2008). Thus, the lack ofhandaxes in Mauran could therefore indicate that at least twodifferent groups coexisted in southwestern France, one usinghandaxes for its butchery work and the other denticulates.

4. Site function

Site functional interpretation for the different studied series is ofuneven difculty. For Mauran, the faunal assemblage and the

Fig. 13. Mauran tools and related activitrnational 247 (2012) 182e198useewear analysis results indicate an occupation related to theacquisition and processing of bison carcasses (Farizy et al., 1994;Rendu, 2007). Other studied sites are more difcult to interpret.For the deposits of the French side, this difculty is particularlylinked to the conservation of the studied levels. Archaeologicallevels unearthed in shelter or cave context result in an accumula-tion of occupations, in which respective characteristics are some-times difcult to understand.

The faunal (Costamagno et al., 2008) and human remains(Mourre et al. 2008a) unearthed in Noisetier Cave demonstrate thatthe site was not only a hunting camp. The presence of two decid-uous young Neanderthal teeth seems incompatible with the stay ofa group including only hunters. Similarly, the predominance of reddeer is inconsistent with a hunt oriented towards mountain speciessuch as ibex. It is therefore possible that the cave was used asa living place, even if for temporary stays. This assumptionmay alsobe offered for Roman shelter, E and K levels. Calavant site orRoman levels H and I can match with brief occupations whosenature seems difcult to specify (transitional living place, huntingcamp, specialized but brief activity-oriented site).

ies (photo and CAD by C. Thibaut).

InteC. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary5. Regional comparisons

5.1. Raw materials

Most of the considered series indicate the use of local rawmaterials and conrm the diversity of materials knapped by thePaleolithic humans. This exibility of Neanderthal knappers seemssystematic, and gave them a technical freedom that can be

Fig. 14. Mauran denticulates and use marks (photo by C. Trnational 247 (2012) 182e198 195considered not as a simple adaptation of methods of lithicproduction to environmental constraints, but as the capacity toovercome certain technical constraints inherent in the used rawmaterials. The only example of materials circulating over 100 kmknown to date in the considered area is provided by the NoisetierCave industry. The only real example of raw material economy isgiven by the ophite cleavers production in the western part of theconsidered area.

hibaut and A. Coudenneau, drawing, by C. Thibaut).

5.2. Methods of debitage

Discoid debitage is very widespread. It is mainly orientedtowards the production of thick akes with peripheral cutting-edges and of core-edge akes. Discoid debitage of pseudo-Levallois points seems less common and is conned to theeastern half of the Pyrenees range.

For the Olha I Fs series, to date only a relatively old study isavailable (Passemard, 1936). One of the authors (M.D.) undertookan updated technological study of all the sequence and plans tostart new eldwork on this site. For the other French series,Levallois debitage is present only in Tournal (bear level), in Noi-setier cave, in necs (Duran, 2002, 2005) and, as raw importedproducts, in layer 7 of Belvis (Maroto et al., 2005). In these series,this method was used on quartzite although this material does notnaturally lend itself to this kind of debitage. This indicates a strongfunctional or cultural constraint.

The debitage of elongated elements from small prismatic coresseems a characteristic of the western end of the considered region

did not t the typological and technological denitions of this tool.In Noisetier Cave and Olha I, cleavers in conformity with thesedenitions are present, some showing very reduced dimensions(4e6 cm in length). Handaxes are present in Olha I and II, Haregui(Senz de Buruaga and Ebrard, 2004), Calavant and Noisetier cave.

6. Provisional synthesis

A complete comparative approach of all the series unearthed onboth sides of the Pyrenees is still lacking. The synthesis cannevertheless highlight interesting research tracks and sketch a newcircum-Pyrenean technical geography (Fig. 15):

In the west, deposits have delivered series characterized bya Discoid debitage lato sensu with a production of small elon-gated pieces from prismatic cores, with cleavers and somehandaxes. These features are at least present from Cantabria tothe central part of the mountainous chain, i.e. in Noisetier Cave.

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198196(Olha II, Gatzarria; Deschamps, 2008). The same debitage wasfound in the Cantabrian Mountains in Castillo and Morn series(Mallo Fernndez et al., 2004). The produced akes were rarelyretouched, or never in some series, and their interpretation is stilldifcult in the absence of functional analysis.

The bipolar-on-anvil debitage was identied only in seriesstudied here, and its presence has perhaps not been systematicallyreported or recognized in previous studies. A cursory examinationof the Tournal cave industry allowed identication of this method,not previously reported for this site. The axial split fracture on anvilof small and at pebbles is documented in Mauran, and in NoisetierCave as well as in Tournal cave, where small at quartzite pebblesquite similar to those of the other two sites were identied.

5.3. Macro-outillage

Handaxe shaping and cleaver production seem characteristic ofsome series of the northwest Pyrenees, with an eastern limit so farrepresented by Noisetier Cave. Towards the west, cleavers arepresent in Cantabria, in particular at Castillo and Morn, and inGalicia (Benito del Rey, 1976, 1981; Cabrera Valds, 1984; VillarQuinteiro and Llana Rodriguez, 2001). Towards the east, cleaverswere reported in Mauran (Farizy et al., 1994) and Tournal cave(Tavoso, 1987) with a single specimen in each site. The review ofthese artifacts by one of the authors (V.M.) demonstrated that theyFig. 15. Map of the different areas currently identieThe movement of int from Chalosse and Barn to the centralPyrenees seems to conrm that this geographical area hasa certain anthropological value.

The stricto sensu Discoid debitage, the Levallois debitage onquartzite and the axial split fracture on anvil of small and atpebbles have been described only in series located east of theAure Valley.

What meaning should be given to the geographical distributionof these few technical characters? Is this the expression of differentindustrial groups (sensu Livache, 1981)? At least two technologicalentities seemed to occupy the vast territory of the Pyrenees and itspiedmont at the end of the Paleolithic. The rst seems to sharesome of the characteristics used by Bordes (1953) to deneempirically the Vasconien, this facies which he considered asproblematic because of the association of cleavers, tools with a highcultural signicance, and diversied tool sets hardly tting hisinterpretative model of the Mousterian facies (Deschamps andMourre submitted, Deschamps in progress). Can the meaning ofthe second group be seriously discussed while the functional dataare still partial? The Noisetier Cave industry combines character-istics of both groups and seems to indicate a contact area. Has thiscave been occupied by groups with different technical traditions?The Pyrenean Middle Paleolithic still offers more questions than itprovides answers and conrms itself as an exciting research eld.d in the circum-Pyrenean technical geography.

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The authors acknowledge all the people who facilitated thestudy of the lithic series presented here, especially J. Jaubert forMauran, J. Barragu for Calavant, J.-J. Cleyet-Merle for Olha,E. Carbonell, M. Vaquero and M.-G. Chacn for Roman.

The Noisetier cave excavations are nanced by the FrenchMinistre de la Culture and the Conseil gnral des Hautes-Pyr-nes. The authors also wish to thank the Frchet-Aure munici-pality for its condence, the inhabitants of the village for theirwarm welcome and the volunteer excavators who contributed tothe success of the eldwork, particularly J. Viguier for the picturesof the archaeological material.

C. Thibaut benetted from a Lavoisier grant (French Ministredes Affaires trangres) for her work on the Roman shelterindustries. M. Deschamps benetted from a Bourse du patrimoinegrant (French Ministre de la Culture) for her work on theVasconian.

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Lithic technology of the final Mousterian on both sides of the Pyrenees1 Introduction2 Series2.1 Olha II, layer Askf-12.2 Calavant2.3 Mauran2.4 Noisetier Cave2.5 Roman shelter, levels E, H, I and K

3 Lithic industries3.1 Raw materials3.2 Reduction sequences and raw materials economy3.3 Production methods3.4 Retouched tools3.5 Usewear analysis

4 Site function5 Regional comparisons5.1 Raw materials5.2 Methods of debitage5.3 Macro-outillage

6 Provisional synthesisAcknowledgementsReferences