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Literary and Rhetorical Terms
English 10 Honors
Tropes
Figures of Thought
(meaning of words)
a Figure of Speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced by like or as "Simile." M-w.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/simile>.
So I was like
Dumb Blonde. Digital image. Deviantart.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://howaboutarainbow.deviantart.com/art/Dumb-Blonde-160950911>.
Examples: You look like a squirrel. That house is as small as a shed
Metaphor a figure of speech which a word or phrase literally denoting
one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to
suggest a likeness or analogy between them “Metaphor." Def. 1. Http://www.merriam-
webster.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/metaphor>.
When Richard stood up to present, he froze in fear.
Metaphor. Digital
image. N.p., 31
May 2011. Web.
23 Aug. 2012.
<http://my.english
club.com/profiles/
blogs/metaphors-
and-
metaphorical>.
Personification
The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.
The tree waved its arms through the night sky.
The mountains looked over the city like a guardian.
SYNECDOCHE
Caroline Shippey
Definition:
“a figure of speech in which a
part is used for the whole or the
whole for a part, the special for
the general or the general for the
special, as in ten sail for ten
ships or a Croesus for a rich
man.”
"Synecdoche." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d.
Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/synecdoc
he>.
Examples:
•Their eyes were glued to the
TV.
-eyes = people watching
TV
•His new wheels were
awesome.
-wheels = car
•That group of white hairs
looks happy.
-white hairs = elderly
people
"Royalty Free Stock Photo: Success - Older People Giving Thumbs Up.
Image: 7766845." Dreamstime. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-success-older-
people-giving-thumbs-up-image7766845>.
"Absolute Tragedy: 90% of U.S. Babies Regularly Watch TV." -
Informationliberation. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://www.informationliberation.com/?id=21886>
8/23/12
a figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another of which it is an attribute or with
which it is associated
"Metonymy." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metonymy>.
Uncle Sam want’s you! – The US government wants you!
"Smaller Financial Advisor | DBJ Associates." Smaller Financial Advisor | DBJ Associates. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://www.dbjassociates.com/tag/smaller-financial-advisor/>.
{
Irony the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning
"Irony." Merium-Webster. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/irony>.
Verbal Irony. Digital image. Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://verbal-irony-examples-literature-picture.gofunnyblog.no-ip.org/>.
Ironic Bird. Digital image. Types of Irony. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://grupo04andis.blogspot.com/2009/11/types-of-irony.html>.
“statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true” Webster, Merriam. "Paradox." Def. 2a. Merriam-Webster. N.d. Print.
“I must be cruel
to be kind” -- Hamlet
"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times...“ -- A Tale of Two
Cities
Paradox (noun)
Gibben, Mark. Liar Paradox. Digital image. Paradox. Mark Gibben, May 1997. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://instruct.westvalley.edu/lafave/Paradoxes.html>.
Oxymoron a figure of speech that
combines contradictory terms.
"Oxymoron Alert: “Ethical Cheating―." Ethics Alarms. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://ethicsalarms.com/2011/05/24/oxymoron-alert-ethical-cheating/>.
"Phocabulary." - Oxymoron. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://www.phocabulary.com/oxymoron>.
Examples: He has a cold sweat. The watch had a dull shine. She hated to love him.
"Romney and Hythe’s Little Understatement and Other Attractions." Romney
and Hythe’s Little Understatement and Other Attractions » The Cat's Blog.
N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://blog.thecatsdiary.com/2011/05/16/romney-and-hythes-little-
understatement-and-other-attractions/>.
Flickr. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://www.flickr.com/groups/mycountryroad/discuss/7215760
6654725973/>.
Understatement
Definition:
to represent as less than is
the case "Understate." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 23 Aug.
2012. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/understatement>.
Examples:
-Hurricane Katrina gave
the ground a little
moisture.
-The Grand Canyon is a
ditch.
Litotes An understatement, especially that in which an affirmative (agreement) is expressed by the negative of its contrary for rhetorical
effect.
• Examples: "How was that
AWESOME ride we just went on?"
"Not bad."
• "I just ran a marathon, no big deal"
"Litotes." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Litotes?s=t>.
Bandaged person in wheel chair. Digital image. Litotes. Shruti Chandra Gupta, 12 Oct. 2007. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://literaryzone.com/?p=143>.
“Overstatement or exaggeration for the sake of emphasis”
Examples: - I am so hungry I could eat a horse. -He is as skinny as a toothpick
Martin, Man. Man About to Eat Horse. Digital image. Beyond." A Wild Exaggeration Such as That Hoary Old Chestnut, "I'm so Hungry, I Could Eat a Horse.N.p., 17 Dec. 2011. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://manmartin.blogspot.com/2011/12/hyperbole-december-17-figures-of-speech.html#!/2011/12/hyperbole-december-17-figures-of-speech.html
Harris, W. "Literary Terms." Literary Terms. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://www.taylor.k12.ga.us/~wharris/literary_terms.html>.
Emma Schellpeper
Schemes
Figures of Speech
(order of words or phrases)
“The rhetorical contrast of ideas by
means of parallel arrangements of
words, clauses, or sentences” "Antithesis." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antithesis>.
Examples:
-Give me liberty or
give me death
-Man proposes God
disposes
Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death. Digital image. Max Grace. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://maxgrace.wordpress.com/2010/03/23/235-years-ago-today-give-me-liberty-or-
give-me-death/>.
Emma Schellpeper
Chiasmus Noun. A reversal In the order of words in
similar phrases or clauses
Examples: "By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail" -Ben Franklin
"You should eat to live not live to eat"
Chiasmus Book cover picture. Digital image. Best Life Quotes, Quotes About Life, Inspirational Quotes About Life. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://bestlifequotesblog.com/never-let-chiasmus-quotes-fool-you/>.
"Chiasmus." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chiasmus?s=ts>.
"Best Life Quotes | Quotes About Life | Inspirational Quotes About Life." Never Let Chiasmus Quotes Fool You. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://bestlifequotesblog.com/never-let-chiasmus-quotes-fool-you/>.
Anaphora
It is the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of several consecutive sentences or verses to emphasize an image or a
concept. The effect is to influence the person reading it. "WikiAnswers - What Is an Example of an Anaphora." WikiAnswers - The Q&A Wiki. Web. 26 Aug. 2010.
<http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_an_example_of_an_anaphora>.
Famous example is from
Winston Churchill: “We shall not flag or fail. We
shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on
the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence
and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island…”
"Meet the Multiples: Emily and Sophie Holding Charlotte and Olivia: Two Sets of Twins: Photo Gallery of Twins, Triplets and More Multiples." Twins - Multiples - Multiple Birth - Twin Pregnancy - Having Twins - Identical Twins - Triplets Quadruplets Quintuplets Sextuplets - Parenting Twins. Web. 26 Aug. 2010. <http://multiples.about.com/od/picturesphotos/ig/Photo-Gallery--Twins--Triplets/Multiple-Multiples-Gallery.htm>.
Anaphora The repetition of a word or phrase at the start of
successive clauses
Sally ate a grilled cheese sandwich. Sally ate barbeque potato chips next. Sally ate a Fuji apple lastly. Sally ate a delicious lunch today.
EXAMPLE:
Nordquist, By Richard. "Anaphora - Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Anaphora - Figure of Speech." Grammar and Composition - Homepage of About Grammar and Composition. Web. 25 Aug. 2010. <http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/anaphora.htm>.
"Girl Cheese Boy Cheese — LetsTalkMomTalk." Lets Have Fun Blogging about Our Mommy Experiences — LetsTalkMomTalk. Web. 26 Aug. 2010. <http://letstalkmomtalk.ca/?p=73>.
"Green Baby Guide | 2009 | March." Green Baby Guide | Earth Friendly, Budget Friendly. Web. 26 Aug. 2010. <http://greenbabyguide.com/2009/03/>.
"Apples | Our Products | B.C. Tree Fruits." B.C. Tree Fruits | Marketing Okanagan Fruit Since 1936. Web. 25 Aug. 2010. <http://www.bctree.com/products/apples/fuji.php>.
Abby Hylton
Apostrophe a form of address to an object or idea
Rhetorical Question a question asked merely for effect with no answer expected
“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
Other Good Stuff to Know
Alliteration
"Alliteration Pictures." Alliteration Pictures. N.p., n.d.
Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://alliterationexample.blogspot.com/2010/03/alliter
ation-pictures.html>.
"What's Cooking in First Grade…." Alliteration in First Grade? N.p.,
n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://castlehillschool.com/sites/zlaket/tag/alliteration-in-
first-grade/>.
Definition:
the repetition of usually initial consonant
sounds in two or more neighboring words
or syllables
Examples:
-She sells sea-shells by the sea
shore
-Mary’s mother makes marvelous
macaroni.
"Alliteration." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/alliteration?show=0>.
Assonance
A resemblance of sounds.
Also called vowel rhyme. A rhyme in which the same
vowel sounds are used with different consonants in
the stressed syllables of the rhyming words.
Example: Dead in the middle of
little Italy, little did we know
that we riddled two middle
men who didn't do diddily. "==." Ms. Henderson's English Wiki. N.p., n.d.
Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://hendyenglish.wikispaces.com/AP
Glossary>.
Onomatopoeia (noun)
“The naming of a thing or action by
a vocal imitation of the
sound associated with it” Webster, Merriam. "Onomatopoeia.“ Def. 1. Merriam-Webster. N.d. Print.
Examples: Hiss
Buzz
Splash
Click
Bridget Killilea
Bredin, Sheila. Dog Barking. Digital image. Find out Why Do Dogs Bark? N.p., 21 Feb. 2012. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://artsydog.com/blog/why-do-dogs-bark/>.
AN IMPLIED OR INDIRECT REFERENCE ESPECIALLY IN
LITERATURE; ALSO :THE USE OF SUCH REFERENCES
ALLUSION
"Allusion." Merium- Webster. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allusion>.
Book. Digital image. Graphics Fuel. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012 . <http://www.graphicsfuel.com/2010/10/psd-book-template-icons/>.
Open book. Digital image. Stand Fast Books. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://standfastbooks.net/ggissues.htm>.
Archetypes the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies
"Archetype." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archetype>.
"Http://blogs.suntimes.com/shinyobjects/gandalf.jpg." Http://blogs.suntimes.com/shinyobjects/gandalf.jpg. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://blogs.suntimes.com/shinyobjects/assets_c/2009/10/gandalf-12643.html>.
Gandalf shows Frodo the way to destroy the ring, the wise old wizards always know what has to be done.
Definition Example
“style of speaking or writing as
dependent upon choice of words”
“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this…”
-Exert from Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettyburg Address.”
Diction
“Diciton." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/synecdoche>.
Words. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.teamtriad.org/home/2012/4/2/abusing-your-words.html>.
“The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln." The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm>.
Caroline Shippey 8/23/12
Denotation to serve as an indication of
"Denote." Def. 1.
Http://www.merriam-webster.com.
N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/denote>.
The lack of color in the grass denotes that there has been a
drought.
Digital image. N.p., 2 May
2011. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
<http://publicintelligence.net/ala
bama-virginia-tornado-
destruction-photos/>.
CONNOTATION An idea or feeling that a word invokes in a person
despite its
literal or figurative meaning.
The car's engine was very
greasy.
The home shone warmly in
the distance.
the way in which linguistic elements (as words) are put
together to form constituents (as phrases or clauses)
Source: Clip art
Examples:
The young man carries the lady.
The lady carries the young man.
"Syntax." M-w.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/syntax>.
Syntax, Basic Sentence Structure. Digital image. Pdfcast.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 23
Aug. 2012. <http://pdfcast.org/pdf/english-syntax-basic-sentence-structure>.